Journal articles on the topic 'Kunama language'

The Kunama are a people of western Eritrea. Kunama (/ku1naa23ma2/) is their selfname, and they call their language /ku1naa23ma1 au23ra2/ or /ki1naa23ma1 ɲeel23a2/ but this is usually referred to by Western scholars simply as ‘Kunama’. It is a language of the Nilo-Saharan phylum, though its family affiliations within that phylum are still a matter of debate; cf. Bender 1989; Ehret 1989. Overall, Kunama has approximately 100,000 speakers. It comprises seven lects (John Abraha Ashkaba 1999), the most widely known of which are Barka (/ba2ka2/) and Marda (/mar2da32/). The present work is based on the latter, though the differences between these two lects is not very great.

Njerep is a language on the edge of extinction. It is no longer spoken on a regular basis, nor is it even known well by anyone speaker. There are now, in fact, only five people who remember the language well enough to produce fragments of speech or who remember songs in the language. Our aim in this paper is to document the language to the extent possible. We have collected a wordlist of the language, a number of songs and other bits of text which, fragmentary though they are, permit some insights into the structure of the language, its genetic affiliation and its former importance in the region. Since we view language as a cultural artifact intimately connected to both the culture and the history of its speakers, the paper begins with a brief discussion of Njerep ethnography and history. We then look at evidence for the genetic affiliation of Njerep, and follow this with a description of its structural characteristics. Appendices are included which contain the Njerep wordlist, transcriptions of songs and, finally, genealogical information on the remaining speakers, which gives some insight into the sociological aspect of language contraction.

ABSTRACTThe study investigated reading in four African languages that use either syllabic Ge'ez (Tigrinya and Tigre languages) or alphabetic Latin scripts (Kunama and Saho). A sample of 385 Grade 1 children were given letter knowledge, word reading, and spelling tasks to investigate differences at the script and language levels. Results showed that the syllable based Ge'ez script was easier to learn than the phoneme-based Latin despite the bigger number of basic units in Ge'ez. Moreover, the syllable based teaching of alphabetic Saho produced better results than alphabetic teaching of Kunama. These findings are discussed using the psycholinguistic grain size theory. The outcomes confirm the importance of the availability of phonological units in learning to read.

In view of its sociolinguistic situation and its mother tongue language policy Eritrea qualifies as an excellent site for comparatively investigating the acquisition and use of literacy in nine different languages (Tigrinya, Tigre, Afar, Saho, Bidhaawyeet, Kunama, Nara, Bilen and Rashaida) using three different scripts (syllabic Geez, alphabetic Latin and consonantal-alphabetic Arabic) within one and the same cultural and educational context. This contribution presents first results of a literacy survey with 670 Eritreans (which is part of a larger NWO-WOTRO research project). It goes into the respondents' level of literacy, their use of reading and writing in a number of societal domains, their use of the different scripts, and their preferences for the different scripts. A main outcome of the survey is that both, religion and ethnolinguistic group membership, play an important role in the use and positive evaluation of specific scripts. The majority of respondents report a preference for either Geez or Arabic, the scripts of the holy books of the Coptic Orthodox Church and Islam respectively, whereas the Latin alphabet, notwithstanding the official support it gets and the fact that it is used for six out of nine Eritrean languages, hardly plays a societal role.

<p class="Abstract">ABSTRACT</p><p class="IsiAbstrakabstractcontent"><em>The process of meaning realization to the target language may involve the change of meaning. This change leads to the variation of meaning depth, breadth, and height. This is caused by the differences of linguistic features between the target language and source language. Therefore, the difficulties of finding equivalent words in target language may force translators to use other words which do not have the exactly similar meaning. However, this becomes a phenomenon in translation studies. This research aims to know the variation of interpersonal meaning breadth of a bilingual text. The primary data of this research is the sentences of first bilingual text taken from Seribu Kunang-Kunang di Manhattan translated into A Thousand Fireflies in Manhattan. There were 281 sentences are analysed. The result shows that those sentences found to have different variations. The most frequently variations found in this short story are the first variations in which element functions in the source text and target text have one difference. First variation has 28,82% then followed by zero variation with 23,48%. Whereas other sentences is classified as the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth variation of interpersonal meaning breadth with percentage of 18,14%, 4,62%, 3,20%, 14,23% and 7,47%. These variations occurring in the first bilingual text Seribu Kunang-Kunang di Manhattan translated into A Thousand Fireflies in Manhattan seems to be done to maintain the correspondence in the target language.</em></p><strong>Keywords: </strong>bilingual, breadth meaning, interpersonal, translation, variation of meaning,

This research produced research in the language of the development of Balinese language. In the search for the texts of Bali Kuna's motion inscriptions, the Middle Balinese literary works, and Modern Balinese languages ??as the data source showed a relatively long period of time. In accordance with this problem, this study used comparative historical linguistic theory. Meanwhile, methodologically at the stage of providing data, it applied the observational method in the written data, and interview method for the oral Balinese language data. In the data analysis section, the method applied is equivalent to the basic technique of speech organ whispering (phonetic articulatory). The result of analysis showed that the phonological evoluted by the sign of sound changing. Thus, the changes found consisted of (1) sound absorption which theoretically included in afferesis, syncope, haplology; (2) metathesis; (3) unusual sounds; (4) vowels and consonants changing.

Abstract Xenophon’s account of the Battle of Cunaxa has been much praised by ancient and modern critics for its vividness (enargeia). Plutarch states that he brings the events right before our eyes, making us participate in the dangers. However, critics have been reticent about how this effect is created. This paper tries to explain the vividness with recent enactivist theories of cognition: the selective focus on certain aspects of scenes is in alignment with the way humans perceive objects in the real world. Less vivid passages do exist but are still narrated in a dynamic fashion. However, greater prominence is given to enactive passages, thus creating a high degree of vividness.

Artiklis uuritakse vene keele mõju eesti keele sõnavarale ja morfosüntaksile; venemõjulise sõnavara käsitluses võetakse kriitiliselt kokku varasemate uurimuste tulemusi, venemõjulise morfosüntaksi käsitluses aga esitatakse rida uusi vene mõju kandidaate eesti keele grammatika erinevates valdkonda-des. Artiklis väidetakse, et võõrmõjulise morfosüntaksi uuringute „mahajäämuse“ põhjused võrreldes sõnavaraga ei ole niivõrd ideoloogilised, kuivõrd ontoloogilised. Grammatikauuenduste tekkimine ja juurdumine ei saa kunagi olla ainult teise keele mõju tulemus. Seetõttu on väliseid uuenduste ajendeid raske uurida eraldi sisemistest ajenditest. Artiklis jõutakse järelduseni, et vene keele mõju eesti keelele positsioneerub oma ulatuselt Thomasoni ja Kaufmani (1988) laenuskaalal teise ja kolmanda intensiivsusastme vahel.

Since the late 1860s, the missionaries of the Swedish Evangelical Mission (SEM) and their local colleagues initiated the production of dozens of literary works in Eritrea. The most notable of these is the translation of the Bible into four Eritro-Ethiopian languages: Oromo, Tǝgre, Tǝgrǝñña and Kunama. This article attempts to present the Bible translation story from a polygonal view, a hexagonal view to be specific: (1) the pioneers of the translation works; (2) backgrounds of some of the key translators; (3) the cities (countries) where the works continued; (4) the time spent to complete and print the translated Bibles; (5) the years that some of these workers stayed for in the translation projects; (6) and some memorable stories of the translation and production process. The combination of these six lines of narration, like the connected sides of a polygon, will not only give a more interconnected presentation of the entire Bible translation works if considered as one big package, but also show how a work such as the translation of the Bible that requires the combined efforts of local and foreign workers can produce a worthy result when the respective contributions of both groups of workers are given their due space and recognition.

This article discusses areas observed on geolinguistic maps showing Finnic or Finnic-like features in Latvian subdialects possibly resulting from Finnic influence. The Latvian dialect material analysed for this study shows that several such areas can be identified based on their phonetics and morphology: the Livonic dialect, the Selonic subdialects, certain Selonic subdialects on both banks of the Daugava River, certain subdialects in the former Leivu territory in northeastern Latvia near Alūksne and Gulbene, and a few subdialects in Zemgale near Bauska and Vecsaule where the Krevin Votians were settled. The shortening of word endings and generalisation of third-person verb forms is also quite regularly encountered in the subdialects spoken around Preiļi in Latgale. The least amount of language material is available about the Ludza Estonians or Lutsis who lived in eastern Latgale where their influence is seen in the tone system of the local subdialects. Kokkuvõte. Anna Stafecka: Läänemeresoome mõju võimalikud jäljed läti murrakute foneetikas ja morfoloogias. Artikkel käsitleb läänemeresoome ja läänemeresoomepäraste joonte maa-alalist levikut läti murretes. Läti murdeainestik, mida on selle uurimuse jaoks analüüsitud, näitab, et foneetilise ja morfoloogilise eripära põhjal on võimalik määratleda mitu sellist mõjuala: liivipärased murded, teatud seeli murrakud Daugava jõe mõlemal kaldal, teatud Kirde-Läti Alūksne ja Gulbene ümbruse murrakud ajaloolisel leivu alal ning mõned semgali murrakud Bauska ja Vecsaule lähistel, kus kunagi elasid kreevini vadjalased. Sõnalõppude lühenemist ja kolmanda isiku verbivormide üldistumist on üsna regulaarselt märgitud ka Latgales Preiļi ümbruse murrakutes. Vähem on selliseid andmeid Ida-Latgalest Ludza eestlaste ehk lutside kunagistelt asualadelt. Siiski on seal lutsi mõju nähtav kohalike murrakute toonisüsteemis.

Artikkel käsitleb Salomo Heinrich Vestringi eesti-saksa sõnaraamatut „Lexicon Esthonico Germanicum”, mis on koostatud 18. sajandi alguses ja ilmus trükituna esmakordselt alles 1998. aastal. Vestring sündis Pärnus ja töötas enamiku oma elust seal pastorina. Sellepärast on ootuspärane, et sõnaraamat kajastab suuresti tollast Pärnu ümbruse ja laiemalt Edela-Eesti keelepruuki. Artiklis käsitletaksegi sõnaraamatus esivaid Edela-Eesti kohanimesid, muud sõnavara ning fonoloogilisi ja morfoloogilisi erijooni. Ilmneb, et suurel osal sellest sõnavarast ja grammatilistest erijoontest on vasted ka liivi keeles, eriti Põhja-Lätis kõneldud Salatsi liivi keeles. Vestringi esitatud ainesest tuleb esile selliseidki keelejooni, mis on hiljem tuntud üksnes liivi keelest. See annab alust arvata, et kunagi on Edela-Eesti murded olnud liivi keelele veel lähedasemad kui 20. sajandil, ning toetab seisukohta, et Edela-Eesti murded ja liivi keel on varem moodustanud ühtse edelaläänemeresoome murdekontiinumi.South-western Estonian places and language in Salomo Heinrich Vestring’s dictionary. The article concerns the Estonian- German dictionary „Lexicon Esthonico Germanicum” by Salomo Heinrich Vestring which was compiled in early 18th century and first published in 1998. Vestring was born in Pärnu and spent most of his life working there as a pastor. Therefore it is not surprising that the dictionary largely reflects contemporary language use of Pärnu area and south-western Estonia in general. The article discusses south-western Estonian place names, other vocabulary and characteristic phonological and morphological features occurring in the dictionary. It appears that a large part of the vocabulary and characteristic features of grammar have cognates in Livonian, particularly in Salaca Livonian spoken in northern Latvia. Vestring’s material even includes language features that are later only known to exist in Livonian. This gives a reason to believe that south-western Estonian dialects have earlier been closer to Livonian than in the 20th century and supports the view that south-western Estonian dialects and Livonian used to form a single south-western Finnic dialect continuum.

A study was conducted to know about the ethno-veterinary methods used by poultry producers (commercial and backyard) in the Kymore Plateau region of Madhya Pradesh's Jabalpur district. A prestructured questionnaire was developed for this purpose and 132 poultry farmers from the Shahpura, Kundam, Patan, and Jabalpur blocks of the Jabalpur district were interviewed directly. Direct perception, town walks, meeting passers-by, group meetings and gatherings with critical sources were also used to obtain information (i.e., customary pioneers, augmentation specialists and executives of village improvement advisory groups). The interviews were conducted in Hindi, the local language. Herbs/plants/parts of plants such as turmeric, garlic, guava, custard apple, ginger, pomegranate, sahjan, bamboo, and tobacco are used by poultry farmers for the treatment of different diseases, according to ethno-veterinary information and traditional managemental practice. The main constraints of poultry producers in the research study areas were poor disease prevention, control, and lack of disease awareness and management abilities. Programs should be designed in such a way that research and extension activities are focused on identified constraints. Aside from that, farmer skill development through training and farm service enhancement are critical. However, further research, documentation, and validation are required before these ethno-veterinary methods can be implemented on a large scale.

RESUMENEn este artículo se analiza la imagen y el contexto histórico de tres filmes colombianos de la década de los sesenta y setenta: Los hijos del subdesarrollo de Carlos Álvarez (1975), Chircales de Marta Rodríguez y Jorge Silva (1972) y Camilo Torres Restrepo de Diego León Giraldo (1966). El análisis tiene como objetivo revelar las estrategias discursivas empleadas por el cine político marginal para reproducir el tan anhelado efecto de objetividad. De esta manera, la selección del género documental, el uso de la voz en off, la inclusión de imágenes de alto impacto y el desarrollo de una argumentación bien fundamentada, fueron las estrategias retóricas empleadas por los cineastas de la época para persuadir al espectador sobre la objetividad del discurso fílmico. Estas conclusiones amplifican uno de los temas reseñados en el libro Cine Político Marginal. Las formas de representación de una ideología de disidencia (1966-1976), publicado en enero de 2015. PALABRAS CLAVE Cine colombiano, historia, lenguaje cinematográfico, objetividad, persuasión.ÑUGAPA KAI WATAKUNAPI KASCHIS CHUNG CHASALLATA PUSAG CHUNGA WATAPISUGLLAPIKai mailla kilkaipi kawachiku sug parlu kai kimsa kunakuna nukanchipa alpapi kusaskakuna kawachiskakuna kai watapi kanchis chunga pusag chunga. Kai wambra sug iacha runapa Carlos Alvarez suti chasallata, chircales Marta Rodriguez, Jorge Silva ( 1972) chasallata kai runakuna Camilo Torres Restrepo de Diego Leon Giraldo pai nunakume kawachingapa imasami allika tukuikunata kawachinga ima suma kawariskasina pai munaska. Chasallata parlanakume imasami kallariskakuna sug ruraikuna kawachispa subrigcha ñugpa kaugsai chasallata kunaura kaugsai kaipi kawachiku sug kilkai sug pangapi Politico Maarginal rispa parlaspa kai watakunapi. (1966 -1976).IMA SUTI RIMAI SIMI:Kawachispa atun llagtapi, parlu, rimai, ruraikuna, llullarispa.BETWEEN TRUTH AND ILLUSION: THE PARADIGM OF OBJECTIVITY IN MARGINAL POLITICAL CINEMA OF THE SIXTIES AND SEVENTIES IN COLOMBIAABSTRACTIn this article, the image and the historical context of three Colombian films from the sixties and seventies are analyzed: Los hijos del subdesarrollo by Carlos Álvarez (1975), Chircales by Marta Rodríguez y Jorge Silva (1972), and Camilo Torres Restrepo by Diego León Giraldo (1966). The objective of the analysis is to reveal the discursive strategies employed by marginal political cinema to reproduce the desired effect of objectivity. In this manner, the selection of the documentary genre, the use of voice-over, the inclusion of high impact images and the development of a well-supported argumentation, were the rhetorical strategies employed by the filmmakers of the time to persuade the spectator about the objectivity of the film’s discourse. These conclusions are an extension of the themes covered in the book Marginal Political Cinema. The Forms of Representation of a Dissident Ideology (1966-1976), published in January 2015.KEYWORDSColombian cinema, cinematographic language, history, objectivity, persuasion. arteymemoria_ENTRE LA VÉRITÉ ET L’ILLUSION : LE PARADIGME DE L’OBJECTIVITÉ DANS LE CINÉMA POLITIQUE MARGINAL DES ANNÉES SOIXANTE ET SOIXANTE-DIX EN COLOMBIERÉSUMÉDans cet article, l’image et le contexte historique de trois films colombiens des années soixante et soixante-dix sont analysés : Los hijos del subdesarrollo (Les fils du Sous-développement) de Carlos Álvarez (1975), Chircales de Marta Rodríguez y Jorge Silva (1972), et Camilo Torres Restrepo de Diego León Giraldo (1966). L’objectif de l’analyse est de révéler les stratégies discursives employées par le cinéma politique marginal pour reproduire l’effet désiré d’objectivité. De cette façon, la sélection du genre documentaire, l’utilisation du voice-over, l’inclusion des images à fort impact et le développement d’une argumentation bien étayée, ont été les stratégies rhétoriques employées par des cinéastes de l’époque pour persuader le spectateur sur le l’objectivité du discours du film. Ces conclusions sont une extension des thèmes examinés dans le livre Cinéma politique marginale. Les formes de représentation d’une idéologie dissidente (1966-1976), qui a été publié en Janvier à 2015.MOTS-CLEFSCinéma colombien, langage cinématographique, histoire, objectivité, persuasion.ENTRE A VERDADE E A ILUSÃO: O PARADIGMA DA OBJETIVIDADE NO CINEMA POLÍTICO MARGINAL DOS ANOS SESSENTA E SETENTA NA COLÔMBIA.RESUMOEste artigo se analisa a imagem e o contexto histórico de três filmes colombianos da década dos sessenta e setenta: “Los hijos Del subdesarrollo” de Carlos Álvarez (1975), “chircales de Marta Rodríguez e Jorge Silva” (1972) e Camilo Torres Restrepo de Diego León Giraldo (1966). A análise tem como objetivo revelar as estratégias discursivas empregadas pelo cinema político marginal para reproduzir o tão anelado afeto de objetividade. Desta maneira, a seleção do gênero documental, o uso da voz em off, a inclusão de imagens de alto impacto e o desenvolvimento de uma argumentação bem fundamentada, foram as estratégias retóricas empregadas pelos cineastas da época para persuadir ao espectador sobre a objetividade do discurso fílmico. Estas conclusões amplificam um dos temas resenhados no livro Cine Político Marginal. “Las formas de representación de una ideología de disidencia” (1966-1976), publicado em janeiro de 2015.PALAVRAS CHAVESCinema colombiano, história, linguagem cinematográfico, objetividade, persuasão. Recibido el 10 de septiembre de 2015 Aceptado el 19 de noviembre de 2015

Abstract Background Short birth intervals, defined by the World Health Organization as less than 33 months, may damage the health and wellbeing of children, mothers, and their families. People in northern Nigeria recognise many adverse effects of short birth interval (kunika in the Hausa language) but it remains common. We used fuzzy cognitive mapping to systematize local knowledge of causes of kunika to inform the co-design of culturally safe strategies to address it. Methods Male and female groups in twelve communities built 48 maps of causes and protective factors for kunika, and government officers from the Local Government Area (LGA) and State made four maps. Each map showed causes of kunika or no-kunika, with arrows showing relationships with the outcome and between causes. Participants assigned weights for the perceived strength of relationships between 5 (strongest) and 1 (weakest). We combined maps for each group: men, women, and government officers. Fuzzy transitive closure calculated the maximum influence of each factor on the outcome, taking account of all relationships in the map. To condense the maps, we grouped individual factors into broader categories and calculated the cumulative net influence of each category. We made further summarised maps and presented these to the community mapping groups to review. Results The community maps identified frequent sex, not using modern or traditional contraception, and family dynamics (such as competition between wives) as the most influential causes of kunika. Women identified forced sex and men highlighted lack of awareness about contraception and fear of side effects as important causes of kunika. Lack of male involvement featured in women’s maps of causes and in the maps from LGA and State levels. Maps of protective factors largely mirrored those of the causes. Community groups readily appreciated and approved the summary maps resulting from the analysis. Conclusions The maps showed how kunika results from a complex network of interacting factors, with culture-specific dynamics. Simply promoting contraception alone is unlikely to be enough to reduce kunika. Outputs from transitive closure analysis can be made accessible to ordinary stakeholders, allowing their meaningful participation in interpretation and use of the findings. Plain English summary For people in Bauchi State, northern Nigeria, kunika describes a short interval between successive births, understood as becoming pregnant again before the previous child is weaned. They recognise it is bad for children, mothers and households. We worked with 12 communities in Bauchi to map their knowledge of the causes and protective factors for kunika. Separate groups of men and women built 48 maps, and government officers at local and state level built four maps. Each group drew two maps showing causes of kunika or of no-kunika with arrows showing the links between causes and the outcome. Participants marked the strength of each link with a number (between 5 for the strongest and 1 for the weakest). We combined maps for women, men and government officers. We grouped similar causes together into broader categories. We calculated the overall influence of each category on kunika or no-kunika and produced summary maps to communicate findings. The maps identified the strongest causes of kunika as frequent sex, not using modern or traditional contraception, and family dynamics. Women indicated forced sex as an important cause, but men focused on lack of awareness about contraception and fear of side effects. The maps of protective factors mirrored those of the causes. The groups who created the maps approved the summary maps. The maps showed the complex causes of kunika in Bauchi. Promoting contraception is unlikely to be enough on its own to reduce kunika. The summary maps will help local stakeholders to co-design culturally safe ways of reducing kunika.