Academic literature on the topic 'Kurdistan, history'
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Journal articles on the topic "Kurdistan, history"
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Karimi, Sara Zandi. "History of Ardalānids (1590-1810) by Sharaf al-Dīn bin Shams al-Dīn." Kurdish Studies 5, no. 1 (May 11, 2017): 56–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ks.v5i1.420.
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This article is a critical translation of the “History of the Ardalānids.” In doing so, it hopes to make available to a wider academic audience this invaluable source on the study of Iranian Kurdistan during the early modern period. While a number of important texts pertaining to the Kurds during this era, most notably the writings of the Ottoman traveler Evliya Chalabi, focus primarily on Ottoman Kurdistan, this piece in contrast puts Iranian Kurdistan in general and the Ardalān dynasty in particular at the center of its historical narrative. Thus it will be of interest not only to scholars of Kurdish history but also to those seeking more generally to research life on the frontiers of empires.Keywords: Ẕayl; Ardalān; Kurdistan; Iran.ABSTRACT IN KURMANJIDîroka Erdelaniyan (1590-1810)Ev gotar wergereke rexneyî ya “Dîroka Erdelaniyan” e. Bi vê yekê, merema xebatê ew e ku vê çavkaniya pir biqîmet a li ser Kurdistana Îranê ya di serdema pêş-modern de ji bo cemawerê akademîk berdest bike. Hejmareke metnên girîng li ser Kurdên wê serdemê, bi taybetî nivîsînên Evliya Çelebî yê seyyahê osmanî, zêdetir berê xwe didine Kurdistana di bin hukmê Osmaniyan de. Lê belê, di navenda vê xebatê de, bi giştî Kurdistana Îranê û bi taybetî jî xanedana Erdelaniyan heye. Wisa jî ew dê ne tenê ji bo lêkolerên dîroka kurdî belku ji bo ewên ku dixwazin bi rengekî berfirehtir derheq jiyana li ser tixûbên împeretoriyan lêkolînan bikin jî dê balkêş be.ABSTRACT IN SORANIMêjûy Erdellan (1590-1810)Em wutare wergêrranêkî rexneyî “Mêjûy Erdellan”e, bew mebestey em serçawe girînge le ser Kurdistanî Êran le seretakanî serdemî nwê bixate berdest cemawerî ekademî. Jimareyek serçawey girîng le ser kurdekan lew serdeme da hen, diyartirînyan nûsînekanî gerîdey ‘Usmanî Ewliya Çelebîye, ke zortir serincyan le ser ‘Kurdistanî ‘Usmanî bûwe. Em berheme be pêçewanewe Kurdistanî Êran be giştî, we emaretî Erdelan be taybetî dexate senterî xwêndinewekewe. Boye nek tenya bo twêjeranî biwarî mêjûy kurdî, belku bo ewaney le ser jiyan le sinûre împiratoriyekan twêjînewe deken, cêgay serinc debêt.
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Dick, Samme. "Rekindling the Flame: Zoroastrianism in Iraqi Kurdistan." Kurdish Studies 7, no. 2 (October 25, 2019): 161–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ks.v7i2.511.
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This article examines the emergence of Zoroastrianism in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq since 2015 as a new religion inspired by Kurdish nationalism, feminism, ecologism and humanism. The author argues that the emergence of Zoroastrianism at this particular time is due to a combination of the rise of the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant in 2014, legislative change and the importance some Kurdish nationalists historically attached to Zoroastrianism as the suggested original religion of the Kurds. The article outlines the historical context of Zoroastrianism in Kurdistan, and then explores the origins, beliefs and organisational structure of Kurdish Zoroastrianism. Also discussed are the legislative changes enabling the rise of the movement since 2015. This study draws on interviews with Kurdish Zoroastrian leaders as well as with representatives from the World Zoroastrian Organization, the Kurdistan Regional Government’s Ministry of Endowments and Religious Affairs and the Alliance of Iraqi Minorities.ABSTRACT IN KURMANJIJi nû ve pêxistina agir: Baweriya Zerduştî li Kurdistana IraqêEv gotar, li ser peydabûna Zerduştiyê li Herêma Kurdistanê ya Iraqê hûr dibe, ku ji 2015an vir ve wek dînekî nû yê ji netewegeriya kurd, femînîzm, ekolojîzm û humanîzmê îlham wergirtî tê dîtin. Nivîskar îddia dike ku peydabûna Zerduştiyê ya bi taybetî wê demê ji ber hejmareke sedeman e: di 2014an de peydabûn û xurtbûna Dewleta Îslamî li Iraqê û Levantê, guherîna qanûnî û girîngiya nêrîna hin netewegerên kurd ku ji aliyê dîrokî Zerduştiyê wek dînê resen ê kurdan dibînin. Gotar, çarçoveya dîrokî ya Zerduştiyê li Kurdistanê bi kurtî rave dike û paşê li kok, bawerî û avahiya rêxistinî ya Zerduştiya kurdî dikole. Ji hêleke din, nîqaş dike ku guherînên hiqûqî ji 2015an vir ve rê li ber xurtbûna tevgerê vekiriye. Ev xebat xwe dispêre hevpeyvînên bi rêberên Zerduştiyên kurd re ligel hin şandeyên ji Rêxistina Zerduştiyan a Cîhanê, Wezareta Bexş û Karên Dînî ya Hikumeta Herêma Kurdistanê û Hevpeymaniya Kêmîneyên Iraqê.ABSTRACT IN SORANIGeşandinewey agireke: Zerdeştêtî le Kurdistanî ÊraqdaEm babete timaşay rewşî wediyarkewtinî Zerdeştêtî dekat le Kurdistanî Êraqda, le sall 2010da wek ayînêkî nwê debînrêt ke le netewegerîy kurdî, fêmênîzm, jîngeparêzî û mirovparêzî îlham werdegirêt. Nûser bangeşey ewe dekat ke derkewtinî Zerdeştêtî lem kateda ke Dewlletî Îslamî Da'îş le Şam û Êraq le 2013 ser helldeda û be yasa rêgey pê dedirêt, şitêkî giringe bo gerranewey kurd bo ayînî neteweyî xoy wek ewey ke hendêk kurdî neteweperist basî deken. Babeteke rîşey mêjûyî Zerdeştêtî le Kurdistan nîşan dedat, herwaş rîşey bawerr û binaẍey damezrawey Zerdeştêtî dedate ber roşnayî. Dîsan guftugoy gorranî yasa lew bareyewe bote hoyî derkewtinî em ayîne le 2015da. Em babete legell serok û bawerrdaranî Zerdeştîy le Kurdistan û damezrawey Zerdeştîyanî cîhanî û legell wezaretî karubarî ayînî le ḧukumetî herêmî Kurdistan û damezrawey kemînekanî Êraqda çawpêkewtinî encam dawe.ABSTRACT IN ZAZAKINewe ra geşkerdişê adirî: Kurdîstanê Îraqî de zerduştîyeNa meqale qayîtê zerduştîye kena ke sey bawerîya newîye serra 2015î ra nat Herêmê Kurdîstanî yê Îraqî de vejîyaye û hetê neteweperwerîya kurdan, femînîzm, dorûverperwerîye û merdimperwerîye ra îlham girewt. Nuştox musneno ke vejîyayîşê zerduştî yê ê demî çend sebeban ra qewimîya: hêzdarbîyayîşê DAÎŞ yê serra 2014î, vurîyayîşê qanûnî û tayê neteweperwerê kurdan ê ke tarîx de giranî daye zerduştîye ser ke aye sey dînê kurdan o eslî pêşnîyaz bikerê. Na meqale xulasaya kontekstê tarîxî yê zerduştîya Kurdîstanî dana û dima esl, bawerî û awanîya rêxistinan yê zerduştîya kurdan ser o cigêrayîş kena. Ser o kî vurîyayîşê qanûnî munaqeşe benê. Nê vurîyayîşî serra 2015î ra nat vejîyayîşê tevger kerd mumkîn. No cigêrayîş roportajanê bi serekanê kurdan ê zerduştîye û bi temsîlkaranê Rêxistina Zerduştîyan a Dinya, Wezaretê Ewqaf û Kar û Barê Dînî yê hukmatê Herêmê Kurdîstanî û Yewîya Eqalîyetanê Îraqî esas gêno
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Bajalan, Djene Rhys. "On the frontiers of empire: Culture and power in early modern “Iranian” Kurdistan." Kurdish Studies 5, no. 1 (May 17, 2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ks.v5i1.417.
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This article will provide a broad (although by no means comprehensive) overview of the development of modern scholarly historical writing pertaining the Middle East’s Kurdish community prior to the end of the First World War. It seeks to highlight some of the important pioneering scholars who shaped the field during its twentieth century as well as more recent flurry of academic activity that has, since the turn of the twenty-first century, resulted in a publication of a number of important works that have greatly expanded our knowledge of Kurdish history. However, it will also endeavour to highlight some of the deficits in the existing historiography, most notably relating to Kurdistan in the early modern period (the early sixteenth to early nineteenth century) and, more specifically, the relatively underdeveloped nature of the literature on “Iranian” Kurdistan during this era. In doing so, it hopes to provide context for the three articles published in this issue of Kurdish Studies, all of which examine issues relating to culture and power in early modern “Iranian” Kurdistan.ABSTRACT IN KURMANJILi ser sînorên împeretoriyê: “Hêmana Îranî” di dîroka pêş-modêrn ya Kurdistanê deEv gotar dê nirxandineke berfireh (lê ne giştgir) a nivîsarên li ser dîroka gelê kurd ê li Rojhilata Navîn yên berî xelasiya Şerê Cîhanî yê Yekem. Ew dê dêneke taybet bide ser çendîn zanyarên serkêş ku di sedsala bîstan de meydana dîroknivîsiya kurdî ava kirine û herwiha berê xwe bide ser berbelavbûna vê dawiyê ya çalakiyên akademîk –ji çerxa sedsala bîst û yekê ve– ku çendîn berhemên girîng jê derçûne û bi vê yekê re zanyariya me ya li ser dîroka kurdan gelek berfirehtir kirine. Lê belê, gotar dê herwiha hewl bide ku hindek valahiyên dîroknivîsiya heyî berçav bike, bi taybetî valahiya xebatên li ser Kurdistana di serdema pêş-modêrn (ji serê sedsala şanzdehan heta serê sedsala hevdehan) de, û, bi rengekî hûrbijêrtir, paşmayîbûna nisbî ya lêkolîn û nivîsarên li ser Kurdistana “Îranî” ya di vê serdemê de. Bi vî awayî, gotar dil dike çarçoveyekê dabîn bike ji bo her sê gotarên di vê hejmara Kurdish Studies de, ku hemû jî berê xwe didine wê mijarê ku em dikarin wek “Hêmana Îranî” di Kurdistana pêş-modêrn de bi nav bikin.ABSTRACT IN SORANILe ser sînorekanî împiratorî: “Hokarî Êranî” le Kurdistanî pêş-modêrn daEm wutare raçawkirdineweke giştîye (bellam nek giştgire) le ser nûsrawekanî sebaret be mêjûy kurdî le Rojhellatî Nawerast ber le axîrî Şerrî Cîhanî Yêkem. Wutareke serincêkî taybet debexşête ser çend zanyarêkî pêşengî ke le sedey bîst da biwarî mêjûnûsî kurdîyan durist kirdûwe, bellam herwa çaw le berfirawanbûnewey em duwayîyey –serî sedey bîst û yekewe– çalakiye akadamîkekan dekat ke çendîn berhemî girîngî lê we derçûwe û bew pêyeş zanyarîyekanman sebaret be mêjûy kurd ziyadtiryan kirdûwe. Wutareke hewllî eweş dedat ke hêndek kêmasiyêkî mêjûnûsîy hawçerxîş destnîşan bikat, be taybetî ewaney le merr Kurdistanî seretakanî serdemî modêrn (le ewelî sedey şanzde ta ewelî sedey hewde), herwa be rengekî deqîqtir çaw le paşmanewey lêkollînewe w nûsrawekanî le babet Kurdistanî “Êranî” lew serdeme da dekat. Bem şêweye, wutareke çarçowêk dabîn dekat bo her sê le wutarî em jimarey Kurdish Studies, ke hemûyan serinc dedene ew babetey ke detwanîn wekû “Hokarî Êranî” le Kurdistanî pêş-modêrn da be naw bikeyn.
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Rafaat, Aram. "The shaky foundations of the 1926 annexation of Southern Kurdistan to Iraq." Kurdish Studies 6, no. 2 (October 29, 2018): 197–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ks.v6i2.457.
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Between 1921 and 1925, the Kurds of Southern Kurdistan participated in three main political processes in Iraq. These processes were the election of Faisal Ibn Hussein as the King of Iraq in 1921, the election of the Iraqi Constituent Assembly in 1924, and the Mosul Province referendum organised by the League of Nations in 1925. The British used the Kurds’ participation as a foundation for the annexation of Southern Kurdistan to Iraq. However, this article argues that these three processes cannot be considered as legitimate foundations as the majority of Kurds voted against these processes or were excluded from participation. ABSTRACT IN KURMANJIBingehên lawaz ên îlhaqa Kurdistana başûr bi ser Iraqê ve li sala 1926anDi navbera salên 1921 û 1925an de li Iraqê, kurdên başûrê Kurdistanê tevlî sê prosesên siyasî yên sereke bûn. Yek ji van prosesan hilbijartina Faysal ibn Huseyin wek qralê Iraqê bû li sala 1921an, yek hilbijartina Meclisa Avakar a Iraqê bû li sala 1924an, û referandûma wilayeta Mûsilê bû ku sala 1925an ji hêla Cemiyeta Neteweyan ve hatibû encamdan. Brîtanyayê tevlîbûna kurdan wek bingehek bi kar anî ji bo îlhaqa başûrê Kurdistanê bi ser Iraqê ve. Lê belê, îddiaya vê gotarê ew e ku ev her sê proses nabin wek bingehên rewa bêne qebûlkirin ji ber ku piraniya kurdan reya xwe li dijî van prosesan dan an jî rê li ber beşdariya wan hate girtin. ABSTRACT IN SORANIBinema lerzokekanî likandinî başûrî Kurdistan be 'Êraqewe le 1926 daLe nêwan 1921 ta 1925 da, kurdekanî başûrî Kurdistan le sê proseyî siyasîy serekî le 'Êraq da beşdarîyan kird. Ew sê proseyeş brîtîbûn le hellbijardinî Feyselî kurî Husên wek padşayî 'Êraq le 1921, hellbijardin bo Encumenî Damezrênerî 'Êraqî le 1925, we rîfrandomî wîlayetî Mûsill ke le layen Komelleyî Gelan le 1925 da rêk xira. Berîtanya em beşdarîkirdiney kurdî wek binema bo likandinî başurî Kurdistan be 'Êraqewe be kar hêna. Bellam, em babete argumêntî ewe dekat ke em sê proseye nakrêt wek binemay şer'î bo likandinî başurî Kurdistan be 'Êraqewe hejmar bikrên çunke zorîney kurd dengiyan le dijî ew sê proseye da yan bêbeş kiran le beşdarîkirdin.
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Mohammed, Zana Othman, and Ranjdar Mohammed Azeez. "History of Kirkuk during the British mandate period." Journal of University of Raparin 10, no. 2 (June 29, 2023): 142–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/vol(10).no(2).paper6.
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In the late years of World War I (1914-1918), the Ottoman-controlled regions faced a new condition. The city of Kirkuk, as a part of Kurdistan's territory, was not deprived of these new transformations and events.
This research aimed to investigate the history of Kirkuk during the British mandate period. The study found that the arrival of the British in southern Kurdistan, particularly Kirkuk, had a historical background, dating back centuries before the British conquest of the city of Kirkuk in 1918, particularly due to the presence of natural resources in the area. The study also found that Kirkuk residents, as part of Kurdistan's territory, were exhilarated about nationalism after the fall of Ottoman oppression and the arrival of English authorities and that its population had publicly expressed their nationalism desires, for independence and unity with Kurdistan.
The study also reveals that the British have tried in every way to cut off the area from Kurdistan and the Kurdish national movement after the national stance on Kirkuk residents became clear. Kirkuk residents have also broadly supported Sheikh Mahmud and announced him as their leader, and they fully cooperated with him in this regard, which is due to the national sentiment that has developed in the city of Kirkuk.
In the study, we found that in a referendum conducted by the United Nations to resolve the Mosul state issue, residents in Kirkuk mostly agreed to be part of Iraq, even though there were votes demanding independence. Kirkuk people were also generally dissatisfied with the issue of appointing Faisal asking for Iraq, and stood against it, publicly expressing that they would prefer to unite with Kurdistan when Faisal was appointed as crown king to Iraq.
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Park, Bill, Joost Jongerden, Francis Owtram, and Akiko Yoshioka. "On the independence referendum in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and disputed territories in 2017." Kurdish Studies 5, no. 2 (October 26, 2017): 199–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ks.v5i2.445.
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On 25th September 2017, the eligible voters of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq were given the opportunity to respond ‘yes’ or ‘no’ to the question, posed in Kurdish, Turkmen, Arabic and Assyrian: “Do you want the Kurdistan Region and the Kurdistani areas outside the administration of the Region to become an independent state?” The aim of this note is to give an empirically focussed account of the independence referendum. The note has been written by four members of a delegation which spent one week in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) with the purpose of observing the referendum. The key point that we draw from these observations is that the referendum and associated aspiration for independence, which potentially could have unified the different political factions in the KRI, has in fact cruelly exposed divisions.
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ALLISON, Christine. "Oral History in Kurdistan." Journal of Kurdish Studies 2 (January 1, 1997): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/jks.2.0.519234.
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ALLISON, Christine. "Oral History in Kurdistan." Journal of Kurdish Studies 2, no. 1 (April 14, 2005): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/jks.2.1.519234.
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Ostor, Akos. "Kurdistan: In the Shadow of History.:Kurdistan: In the Shadow of History." American Anthropologist 102, no. 4 (December 2000): 883–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2000.102.4.883.
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Begikhani, Nazand, Wendelmoet Hamelink, and Nerina Weiss. "Theorising women and war in Kurdistan: A feminist and critical perspective." Kurdish Studies 6, no. 1 (May 27, 2018): 5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ks.v6i1.432.
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In this introductory article to the special issue Women and War in Kurdistan, we connect our topic to feminist theory, to anthropological theory on war and conflict and their long-term consequences, and to theory on gender, nation and (visual) representation. We investigate Kurdish women’s victimisation and marginalisation, but also their resistance and agency as female combatants and women activists, their portrayal by media and scholars, and their self-representation. We offer herewith a critical perspective on militarisation, women’s liberation, and women’s experiences in times of war and peace. We also introduce the five articles in this issue and discuss how they contribute to the study of women and war in two main areas: the wide-reaching effects of war on women’s lives, and the gendered representation and images of war in Kurdistan. ABSTRACT IN KURMANJIBîrdoza jin û şer li Kurdistanê. Perspektîveke femînîst û rexnegirîDi vê nivîsara danasîner a hejmara taybet a li ser Jin û Şer li Kurdistanê de, em mijarê behsê bi bîrdoza femînîst, bîrdoza mirovnasiyê ya şer û pevçûnan û encamên wan yên demdirêj, û bîrdoza zayend, netewe û nîşane (ya ditinî) ve girêdidin. Em li ser vederkirin û mexdûrkirina jinên kurd lêkolînê dikin, her wekî meseleya berxwedan û îradeya şervanên jin û çalakvanên mafên jinan, û pirsên ku çawa medya û lêkolîner qala wan dikin û çawa ew jî xwe didin nîşan. Em her weha perspektîveke li ser leşkerîkirin, azadkirina jinan û tecrubeyên jinan di heyamên şer û aştiyê de pêşberî xwendevanan dikin. Di ber re, em danasîna her pênc nivîsarên vê hejmarê jî dikin û girîngiya wan a ji bo lêkolînên jin û şerî di du warên sereke de guftûgo dikin: encamên berfireh yên şer li ser jiyana jinan, û nîşane û dimenên zayendî yên şer li Kurdistanê. ABSTRACT IN SORANIBe Tiyorîkirdinî rewşî jinan û ceng le Kurdistan: Goşenîgayekî fêmînîstî w rexnegiraneLem çend wutare da, ke melefêkî taybete be jinan û ceng le Kurdistan, hewlman dawe ke kogîrîyek bikeyn le ruwangey fêmînîstî w tiyorîy antropolojî leser ceng û milmilanê w akame dirêjxayenekanyan le layek û herweha tiyorîy regez, netewe w têruwanînî nwênerêtîkirdin le layekî dîke. Ême xwêndineweman kirdûwe bo kêşey bequrbanîbûn û perawêzxistinî jinan. Le heman kat da mijarî berxodan û xorêxistinî jinan wek cengawer û çalakanî mafî jinan û wêney ewan le rageyandin û lenêw lêkolînewe zanistiyekan û têruwanînî xoşyan da. Ême herweha têruwanînî rexnegiraneman leser mijarî çekdarî, azadîy jinan û ezmûnî jinan le katî ceng û aştî da xistote rû. Lem melefe taybete da, pênc wutarman pêşkêş kirdûwe w eweman nîşan dawe keçon le dû layenî giringewe tîşk xirawete ser mijareke: karîgerîy firawanî ceng le ser jiyanî jinan, herweha nuwandin û wêney regezî jinan le ceng le Kurdistan da.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Kurdistan, history"
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Morad, Kawa. "Stranbêjî in contemporary Iraqi Kurdistan : discourses of history, heritage, and tradition." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/27055.
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This thesis examines stranbêjî, a traditional style of singing in Kurdish, and its performers in contemporary Iraqi Kurdistan, Badinan region. The thesis argues that stranbêjî, as a cultural social practice and as a musical style, is changing form not only because of its interaction with audio-visual technologies as other studies often highlight in passing, but also in response to a nascent popular music culture, societal and “inter-ethnic” sensibilities, all of which compel performers to adopt new aesthetics and politics of performance and popularity. I ascribe this to performers’ novel understandings of their arts and their re-conceptualizations of themselves as active social agents in the cultural, musical and political spaces within which they operate in Iraqi Kurdistan. To prepare the social and political backdrop for those discussions, the thesis first provides a comprehensive ethnography of the tradition, its performers and overall aesthetics, as it exists today in Badinan, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). It then turns to scrutinize the effects of recording and institutional practices surrounding the tradition, as well as examining the political capital it represents in the context of identity politics and nation-building. It explores institutional practices, and how they are saturated with notions of modernity, progress, multiculturalism, and pan-Kurdish identity politics. Ultimately, the thesis approaches stranbêjî as a site and a practice around, and through which discourses of history, belonging, self, community and nation are expressed, performed, and negotiated. In focusing on the ways in which stranbêjî and its performers adapt to social, political, and cultural forces and trends, this thesis contributes to a better understanding of notions of persistence and continuity with regard to cultural traditions in modernity.
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Tawfeeq, Bewar. "Kurdistan, l’état introuvable? : la région autonome du Kurdistan d'Irak, la Turquie et les grandes puissances 1990-2010." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MON30076.
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Cette recherche doctorale présente l'intérêt d'étudier la question kurde, qui est l'une desquestions politiques les plus récurrentes dans l'histoire du Moyen-Orient depuis plus d'unsiècle. Cette question est celle d’un peuple qui oscille selon les estimations entre vingt-cinq etquarante millions d’habitants, et d’une langue qui connaît plusieurs déclinaisons régionales.La question de son devenir est un sujet majeur au Proche-Orient. Cette question estl'incarnation et le reflet du problème de la mauvaise planification et démarcation desfrontières politiques entre les pays du Moyen-Orient. Il est vrai que le traité de Sèvres, signéen 1920, prévoyait la création d’un État kurde indépendant. Mais trois ans plus tard, en 1923,le traité de Lausanne nia cette promesse d’indépendance en passant sous silence lesprétentions kurdes quant à la création de leur État.Après le traité de Lausanne, les Kurdes se retrouvent donc sans État. Le pays desKurdes, le « Kurdistan », est réparti sur quatre États principaux : la Turquie, l’Iran, l’Irak et laSyrie. Depuis lors, la question kurde est devenue plus difficile et complexe, car à ce momentlà,le processus de nettoyage ethnique, la marginalisation forcée, la violation des droitskurdes, la négation de l'identité kurde et le morcellement des terres pétrolières et agricolesavaient déjà commencé. En conséquence, les révoltes et soulèvements ont éclaté contre lesÉtats-nations où étaient dispersés les Kurdes. La présente thèse propose d’examiner les causesprincipales de l’échec du projet kurde d’« établir d'un État kurde indépendant » qui durejusqu’à aujourd’hui, malgré l'arrivée de cette question à des niveaux très élevés dans lesdiscussions régionales et internationales, en particulier en ce qui concerne les droitsnationauxThis doctoral research presents the interest in studying the Kurdish question, which isone of the most recurrent political issues in the history of the Middle East for more than acentury. This question is that of a people oscillating between an estimated twenty-five andforty million inhabitants and a language with several regional variations. The question of itsfuture is a major subject in the Middle East. This question is the incarnation and reflection ofthe problem of the bad planning and demarcation of political boundaries between thecountries of the Middle East. It is true that the Treaty of Sevres signed in 1920, provided forthe creation of an independent Kurdish state. On the contrary, three years later, in 1923, theTreaty of Lausanne denied this promise of independence by ignoring the Kurdish pretensionsto the creation of their state.After the Treaty of Lausanne, the Kurds are therefore without a state. The Kurdishcountry, called "Kurdistan", is spread over four main states: Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria.Since then, the Kurdish question has become more difficult and complex because at that timethe process of ethnic cleansing, forced marginalization, violation of Kurdish rights, denial ofKurdish identity, fragmentation of oil and agricultural lands had already begun. As a result,revolts and uprisings erupted against the nation-states where the Kurds were scattered. Thisthesis proposes to examine the main causes of the failure of the Kurdish project of"establishing an independent Kurdish state" which lasts until today, despite the arrival of thisissue at very high levels in regional and international discussions, particularly with regard tonational rights
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Stavhagen, Niclas. "Bilden som röst för ett rop på hjälp : En semiotisk bildanalys av svenska pressbilders iscensättning av folkmordet på den kurdiska befolkningen i Irak 1988." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-40605.
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An important starting point for the thesis is the enormous importance of photography as a source for historical research. Earlier in history, this approach has not been obvious among many historians, but recent decades’ new trends have emerged that have changed the attitude towards the image as historical source. Against this background, the main purpose of the thesis is to study how the Swedish media have chosen to portray the genocide of the Kurdish population in Iraq in 1988. The material consists of photographs that has been published by Swedish newspapers from 1988. In order to visualize general patterns, trends and a symbolism in the images, the methodological approach has been based on a semiotic image analysis where the image has been placed in a context while analyzed from two levels. In addition to this, a cultural theoretical perspective has also formed the theoretical framework for the thesis. Here, the starting point has been that the photographs published in the Swedish press papers reflected a cultural as well as a historical context in which they existed in. The results of the thesis have shown that the imagery has testified to a clear tendency to create clear dividing lines between male and female individuals in the photographs. The research have showed that women and children got strong positions as victims while the men usually became absence or they became more dominant in the situations when they showed up. When it came to the context in which the images were published, it showed that the photographs usually came to be placed in context where they came to symbolize or manifest events that concern parts of the genocide. Sometimes images also came to complement each other like a story where each part had to manifest certain parts of the story.
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Alsayid, Mohammed M. A. "Peace education in Iraqi Kurdistan schools : an analysis of human rights and history education curriculum." Thesis, Coventry University, 2015. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/1026a656-95ee-452b-a2c5-a2c5f41e50d6/1.
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Reforming the education system to reflect a new vision of society is part of many peacebuilding efforts in post-conflict societies. Accordingly, the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) is currently implementing a wide range of reforms in the education system in Iraqi Kurdistan. This research is a qualitative study of the KRG’s efforts to implement a peace education curriculum. It uses critical discourse analysis to investigate the Human Rights Education (HRE) textbooks content for Grades 5 and 7 (ages 11 and 13) and the History Education (HE) textbooks content for Grades 5, 6, 7 and 8 (age 11 to 14). The study also focuses on the policy and strategies of the Ministry of Education (ME) in implementing these subjects; the teaching methods used; and how effectively the knowledge, values and skills involved have been disseminated. The approach adopted by the ME to peace education is top down and experiences significant resistance from teachers and parents. Moreover, the curriculum reforms lacked consideration of the hidden and null curricula. The research highlights how HRE contents are primarily focused on cognitive development of awareness of rights and responsibilities rather than acquiring social skills and a critical approach, and that the content was not contextualised to the reality of Iraqi Kurdistan. Furthermore, the research found that the HE curriculum focuses on the history of Iraq, Kurdistan and Islamic history and presents a message that glorifies war; it is not open to different narratives or interpretations and does not foster critical debate or an enquiry-based approach. The curriculum contents included concepts and statements that appear to instigate violence and build divisions between Muslims and non-Muslims. Despite the achievements of the ME in improving the education system there are many challenges such as weak infrastructure, lack of professional development and resistance through the wider cultural context. The methods of teaching are what Freire terms the ‘banking system’, authoritarian and not learner-centred, which largely reflects the social fabric of Kurdish society. The research identified many challenges facing teachers including the level of their commitment, skills, specialization and capacity-building. However, it also found positive support for HRE among students and teachers.
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Wilcox, Andrew. "Orientalism and imperialism : Protestant missionary narratives of the 'other' in nineteenth and early twentieth century Kurdistan." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/16754.
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Through an examination of the letters, reports and published writings of the missionaries of two distinctive Protestant missions active in the Kurdish region during the nineteenth century, this thesis explores the Orientalist and imperialist qualities of missionary knowledge production. It demonstrates the diversity of Protestant missionary thought on the subject of the Orient and the individual nature of missionary knowledge production during this period. Equally importantly the study allows for a critical examination of the Orientalist critique in the context of missionary activity and a contextualised assessment of missionary complicity with imperialism. The findings of the study show that the Orientalism of the Anglican ‘Assyrian Mission’ and that of the American Presbyterian ‘West Persia Mission’ share common characteristics but, importantly, diverge diametrically in the meanings ascribed to the differences perceived to separate ‘Oriental’ from ‘Occidental’. This diversity in the representative style of the two missions can be linked to their opposed objectives in relation to proselytisation and thus suggests that their knowledge production was not solely determined by Orientalist discourse but also influenced by other discursive factors. Given Edward Said’s recognition of the diversity of the phenomenon of Orientalism it is therefore of great value to attempt to map some of this vast and divergent terrain of ideas. My thesis thus suggests that a meaningful division can be made within the Orientalist discourse between expressions of an Orientalism of essential difference and that of an Orientalism of circumstantial difference. Concerning imperialism, the study argues that, although these missionaries can be considered imperialists in an unwitting and indirect sense, care needs to be taken in the application of this label. My argument is that association with and contribution to textual attitudes which promote ideas of ontological or cultural superiority are a very different activity to conscious engagement in projects of imperial expansion; and that this needs to be recognised. Furthermore the standard model of a political metropolitan center determining the fate of its activities in the periphery is reversed in the case of these missionaries, where religious concerns drove engagement against political interests.
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Alsancakli, Sacha. "Le Šarafnāma de Šaraf Xān Bidlīsī (ca. 1005/1596-1597) ˸ composition, transmission et réception d’une chronique des dynasties kurdes entre les Safavides et les Ottomans." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCA143.
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Le Šarafnāma est un ouvrage écrit en persan par Šaraf Xān Bidlīsī (949-1009/1543-1600), gouverneur kurde de la principauté de Bidlīs, en 1005/1596-1597 environ. Il s’agit d’une chronique des dynasties et tribus kurdes, commençant avec la dynastie des Marwānides, à la fin du IVe/Xe siècle, pour se terminer avec les événements de l’année 1005/1596-1597 et le récit de l’histoire des Diyādīnides de Bidlīs, lignée dont était issu l’auteur. La chronique est composée d’une introduction (muqaddima) et de quatre ṣaḥīfas (livres). À cette chronique, l’auteur a également ajouté un épilogue (xātima) constitué par des annales ottomanes et safavides. Il existe, à ce jour, une quarantaine de manuscrits du Šarafnāma encore existants. Notre première tâche a été d’identifier ces manuscrits et de les consulter, sous forme physique ou numérique, afin de les comparer et de produire un stemma codicum des copies de l’ouvrage. Une fois ceci fait, notre recherche a plus particulièrement porté sur les manuscrits produits du vivant de l’auteur, dans les années 1005-1007/1596-1599, ainsi que sur les copies effectuées au XIe/XVIIe siècle, soit le siècle suivant la composition de l’ouvrage. Après une première partie consistant en une étude générale sur le travail historiographique de Šaraf Xān, nous avons, dans une deuxième partie, étudié spécifiquement les trois manuscrits transcrits de sa main ou sous sa supervision, afin de mettre en lumière le caractère réfléchi et collaboratif du processus de composition de l’ouvrage. Dans la troisième partie, nous nous sommes intéressés à la dizaine de manuscrits produits au XIe/XVIIe siècle à Bidlīs, Kilīs, Alep et dans la région d’Ardalān, et aux processus de réappropriation et de réinterpréation de l’oeuvre originale visible dans ces copiesThe Šarafnāma is a book written in Persian by Šaraf Xān Bidlīsī (949-1009/1543-1600), Kurdish governor of the principality of Bidlīs, in about 1005/1596-1597. It is a chronicle of Kurdish dynasties and tribes, starting with the Marwānid dynasty, at the end of the 4th/10th century, and concluding with the events of the year 1005/1596-1597 and the story of the Diyādīnids of Bidlīs, the author’s own household. The chronicle is composed of an introduction (muqaddima) and four ṣaḥīfas (books). The author has also added an epilogue (xātima), which is an annalistic history of the Ottomans and the Safavids. There are around forty extant manuscripts of the Šarafnāma. Our first task has been to identify and physically or digitally consult these manuscripts, in order to compare them and produce a stemma codicum of the book’s copies. Once this was done, we have focused our research on the manuscripts copied during the author’s lifetime, in the years 1005-1007/1596-1599, as well as on the copies made in the 11th/17th century, immediately following the book’s composition. The first part of our work is a general study of Šaraf Xān’s historiographical outlook. In the second part, we have studied the three manuscripts transcribed by the author or under his supervision, in order to highlight the thought out and collaborative nature of the book’s composition. In the third part, we have focused on the dozen manuscripts produced in the 11th/17th century in Bidlīs, Kilīs, Aleppo and the Ardalān region, and on the processes of reappropriation and reinterpration of the original work manifest in these copies
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Kuruüzüm, Umut. "Expanding war, expanding capital : production, labour, and contradictions of contemporary capitalism in the Kurdistan region of Iraq." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2018. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3799/.
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This thesis explores a heterogeneous migrant labour force, particularly Kurdish workers from the south-east of Turkey, working in a private steel mill outside Erbil, the capital of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The wider context is one of war, population displacement, political disintegration, and economic fluctuation. The dissertation builds on ethnographic fieldwork conducted over a period of 16 months between November 2014 and February 2016 in the south-west of Erbil, ten miles away from the town of Gwer, the ISIS–Iraqi Kurdistan war front. It demonstrates how political and economic fragmentation created a zone for the appropriation and super-exploitation of cheap material and human resources and facilitated an expansion of unregulated capitalism. In this process, capitalist production became freed from the cost and constraint of a moral economy of labour, as political disintegration and Kurdish nationalism created consent and coercion for the corporate control of local resources. Industrial production constituted a field of experimentation in labour relations for both management and labourers, in a manner exemplary of contemporary capitalism. The dissertation opens with a discussion of relational and holistic approaches to the expansion of capitalism and inequality; it then moves to examine the Hiwa neighbourhood as a frontier landscape between the relative stability and security of Iraqi Kurdistan and the insecurity and uncertainty of the war zones of Iraq, Syria and Eastern Turkey. Chapters 1 and 2 describe how production and destruction, formal and informal economies, and deregulation and criminalization are interconnected and integral to the recycling of war scrap on which the expansion of the steel mill depends. Chapters 3 and 4 turn from the environment to labour, and examine the heterogeneous work force composed of migrant men from India, Syria, Turkey, Iran, and the rest of Iraq. Their labour has been made cheap through distinct formal and informal work practices within the wider dynamics of war, displacement, and informalization in the region. Complementary to this structural analysis, Chapters 5 and 6 turn to individual life stories of migrant labourers, focusing on how they experience incertitude, from gruelling everyday uncertainties concerning unstable work to life-threatening disease. In so doing, the thesis aims to document the moral and material consequences of contemporary capitalism in Iraqi Kurdistan for migrant labour at a more intimate level.
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Haner, Murat. "The Freedom Fighter: A Terrorist''s Own Story." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1479818030113573.
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Cerny, Johannes. "Deconstructing ethnic conflict and sovereignty in explanatory international relations : the case of Iraqi Kurdistan and the PKK." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/17972.
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This study is essentially a critique of how the three dominant paradigms of explanatory international relations theory - (neo-)realism, liberalism, and systemic constructivism - conceive of, analytically deal with, and explain ethnic conflict and sovereignty. By deconstructing their approaches to ethnic identity formation in general and ethnic conflict in particular it argues that all three paradigms, in their epistemologies, ontologies and methodologies through reification and by analytically equating ethnic groups with states, tend to essentialise and substantialise the ethnic lines of division and strategic essentialisms of ethnic and ethno-nationalist elites they set out to describe, and, all too often, even write them into existence. Particular attention, both at the theoretical and empirical level, will be given to the three explanatory frameworks explanatory IR has contributed to the study of ethnic conflict: the 'ethnic security dilemma', the 'ethnic alliance model', and, drawing on other disciplines, instrumentalist approaches. The deconstruction of these three frameworks will form the bulk of the theoretical section, and will subsequently be shown in the case study to be ontologically untenable or at least to fail to adequately explain the complex dynamics of ethnic identity formation in ethnic conflict. By making these essentialist presumptions, motives, and practices explicit this study makes a unique contribution not only to the immediate issues it addresses but also to the wider debate on the nature of IR as a discipline. As a final point, drawing on constitutive theory and by conceiving of the behaviour and motives of protagonists of ethnic conflict as expressions of a fluid, open-ended, and situational matrix of identities and interests without sequential hierarchies of dependent and independent variables, the study attempts to offer an alternative, constitutive reading of ethnic and nationalist identity to the discourses of explanatory IR. These themes that are further developed in the empirical section where, explanatory IRA's narratives of ethnic group solidarity, ethno-nationalism, and national self-determination are examined and deconstructed by way of the case study of the relations between the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and the Iraqi Kurdish ethno-nationalist parties in the wider context of the political status of the autonomous Kurdistan Region of Iraq. With this ambition this study makes an original empirical contribution by scrutinising these relations in a depth unique to the literature.
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Ilbiz, Ethem. "The impact of the European Union on Turkish counter-terrorism policy towards the Kurdistan Workers Party." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14280/.
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This study seeks to examine the impact of the EU on Turkish counter-terrorism policies towards the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK). It analyses what impact it has had within three distinct periods: the pre-Helsinki European Council (1984-1999) period, the post-Helsinki European Council (1999-2004) period, and the post-Brussels European Council (2004-2013) period. It conceptualizes and empirically investigates the EU’s norm diffusion role by relying on the concept of “Rule Adoption”, and by utilising two norm diffusion mechanisms: the “Conditionality” and the “Socialization” mechanism, and their domestic and EU-level determinants. The thesis argues that when the EU has promoted democratisation in Turkey, it has also implicitly impacted on Turkey’s counter-terrorism policies. It argues for this thesis by generalizing from the following empirical findings: When the EU has provided a credible membership prospect to Turkey, and when the PKK attacks have been at a low-level, then the EU conditionality mechanism has been influential on Turkey’s adoption of EU promoted norms. However, when there has been no membership prospect and high levels of PKK violence, it has been the openness of Turkish political actors that has resulted in rule adoption, in which the social learning of the Turkish political actors has led to the adoption of EU promoted norms as an appropriate way to solve existing terrorism problems.
Books on the topic "Kurdistan, history"
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Dilʹārā, Mardūkhī, and Iran. Majlis-i Shūrā-yi Islāmī. Kitābkhānah, Mūzih va Markaz-i Asnād, eds. Tārīkh-i Kurdistān: 1330-1344 qamarī = History of Kurdistan. Tihrān: Kitābkhānah, Mūzih va Markaz-i Asnād-i Majlis-i Shūrā-yi Islāmī, 2013.
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1932-, Tandberg Olof G., and Şakelî Emced translator, eds. Çewsawekanî zewî, "Kurdistan": Jordens förtryckta, Kurdistan. Swêd: Çapxaney Ararat, 1988.
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Zakī, Muḥammad Amīn. Kurdistan tarihi. 2nd ed. Yenişehir, Ankara: Beybun Yayınları, 1992.
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Zakī, Muḥammad Amīn. Kurd u Kurdistan. Mehabad: Intishārāt-i Sayyidiyān, 1990.
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Meiselas, Susan. Kurdistan: In the shadow of history. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.
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Meiselas, Susan. Kurdistan: In the shadow of history. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.
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van, Bruinessen Martin, ed. Kurdistan: In the shadow of history. New York: Random House, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Kurdistan, history"
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Ezzatyar, Ali. "Sunni, Shia, and Kurd: A Brief History of Islamism in Kurdistan." In The Last Mufti of Iranian Kurdistan, 9–45. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56324-8_2.
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Kirmanj, Sherko. "National Identity, Self-Images and Picturing Others in History School Textbooks of the Kurdistan Regional Government." In Multiple Alterities, 307–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62244-6_14.
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Soave, Anna, and Bozhan Hawizy. "Rebuilding Tajeel: Strategies to Reverse the Deterioration of Cultural Heritage and Loss of Identity of the Historic Quarters of Erbil, Kurdistan, Iraq." In The Urban Book Series, 75–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22762-3_6.
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Leezenberg, Michiel. "Religion in Kurdistan." In The Cambridge History of the Kurds, 477–505. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108623711.020.
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"Ottoman Kurdistan, 1850–1908." In A Modern History of the Kurds. I.B. Tauris, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755600762.ch-004.
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"Ottoman Kurdistan, 1800–50." In A Modern History of the Kurds. I.B. Tauris, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755600762.ch-003.
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"Kurdistan Before the Nineteenth Century." In A Modern History of the Kurds. I.B. Tauris, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755600762.ch-002.
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Yadirgi, Veli. "The Political Economy of Kurdistan." In The Cambridge History of the Kurds, 166–202. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108623711.007.
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"Front Matter." In Settlement History of Iraqi Kurdistan:, 1–6. Harrassowitz Verlag, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvzgb7qm.1.
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"FORMER WORK OF THE ANTIQUITIES SERVICE." In Settlement History of Iraqi Kurdistan:, 21–40. Harrassowitz Verlag, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvzgb7qm.10.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Kurdistan, history"
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"Teaching the History of Kurdistan through Visual Art." In International Visible Conference on Educational Studies and Applied Linguistics. Tishk International University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23918/vesal2021v18.
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Pobedonostseva-Kaya, Angelika O., and Artyom I. Kirpichenok. "Seharane: Guarding the Identity of Kurdistan Jews." In Current Issues in the Study of History, Foreign Relations and Culture of Asian Countries. Novosibirsk State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1268-0-118-123.
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"The Impact of History School Curriculum on the Identity of Youth Living in Kurdistan." In International Conference on Accounting, Business, Economics and Politics. Ishik University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23918/icabep2018p19.
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Chukov, Vladimir S. "Kurdish migration waves to Rojava (Northern Syria)." In 6th International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Center for Open Access in Science, Belgrade, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.e-conf.06.07085c.
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This study aims to present the Kurds and the Kurdish migration waves to Rojava (Northern Syria). The accumulation of huge Kurdish masses on the territory of today's Syria is the result of millennial waves of migration caused by the turbulent events in the Middle East. The article analyzes: The Kurdish settlements in Syria; The French colonial authorities; The French colonial policy in the Middle East; The migration flow to Syria. The authors of the in-depth study of modern Syrian Kurdistan, The Question of Syrian Kurdistan – Reality, History, Mythologisation, argue that in the twentieth century there were two main waves of migration to northern Syria. One is expansionist and the other is restrictive. They form the current profile of the Kurdish community in Syria.
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Chukov, Vladimir S. "Kurdish migration waves to Rojava (Northern Syria)." In 6th International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Center for Open Access in Science, Belgrade, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.e-conf.06.07085c.
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This study aims to present the Kurds and the Kurdish migration waves to Rojava (Northern Syria). The accumulation of huge Kurdish masses on the territory of today's Syria is the result of millennial waves of migration caused by the turbulent events in the Middle East. The article analyzes: The Kurdish settlements in Syria; The French colonial authorities; The French colonial policy in the Middle East; The migration flow to Syria. The authors of the in-depth study of modern Syrian Kurdistan, The Question of Syrian Kurdistan – Reality, History, Mythologisation, argue that in the twentieth century there were two main waves of migration to northern Syria. One is expansionist and the other is restrictive. They form the current profile of the Kurdish community in Syria.
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B. Al-Gailani, Mohammad. "Structural and Tectonic History of the Sedimentary Basin in Northern Iraq and the Kurdistan Region." In GEO 2010. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.248.015.
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Mika, Hardi. "The role of history in future studies." In REFORM AND POLITICAL CHANGE. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdiconfrpc.pp184-194.
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"The role of history in future studies History is one of the fields of human research and has a strong relationship with politics, political studies and future studies. Future studies are considered a new field in effective and developed scientific research and have an essential role in politics since they influence each other. Future research fields are enhanced by taking advantage of other human and scientific research fields or using interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary methods. One of the fields that future researchers cannot disregard is historical research. This research focused on the two different directions: the fields of future research and history, i.e., past events, on the one hand, their future and scenarios on the other. The research seeks to answer some main questions: What is the common ground and relationship between history as a field of human research with future research? What is the function and purpose of both fields? What are their common keywords? Where will history assist the science of future research? The importance of the research is that working on the relationship between history and future science will keep history away from the past. It also makes future studies more realistic in identifying and cooperating with politics, political reform, management, and other aspects of society and choosing a better future among futures ahead of any society and individual. Moreover, historical research and academic centers in Kurdistan have been less likely to apply history as a science to understand the future. The research aims to find common ground and the effective relationships between the two fields of futures and history and link them by analyzing their content, tasks and methods. The research methodology is descriptive-analysis and has benefited from historical and comparative methods to explain the definitions, emergence, and common grounds for both research's variables."
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Ameen, F., H. Koyi, and A. O. Ibrahim. "Propagtion History of the Deformed Front of the Northwestern Segment of the Zagros Fold Thrust Belt, Kurdistan Region." In 73rd EAGE Conference and Exhibition incorporating SPE EUROPEC 2011. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20149114.
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أحمد, خطاب. "التاريخ السياسي والعسكري لمدينة أربيل من خلال كتاب العِبَرْ لابن خلدون." In Second International Scientific Conference On The History Of Kurds And Kurdistan Entitled: Erbil in Historical Sources: Reading & Evaluation. Salahaddin University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31972/ischkk19.005.
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محمد, شوكت. "المعالم العمرانية لمدينة إربل من خلال تاريخ ابن المستوفي (ت: 637هـ/1239م )." In Second International Scientific Conference On The History Of Kurds And Kurdistan Entitled: Erbil in Historical Sources: Reading & Evaluation. Salahaddin University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31972/ischkk19.004.
Full textReports on the topic "Kurdistan, history"
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Mahdi, Juwan, and Yarjanik Kerob. The Language of the Armenian Ethno-Linguistic Subgroup in Kurdistan Region of Iraq from the Last Generation to Today. Institute of Development Studies, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2023.003.
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This topic is significant because it considers the language of an ethno-religious group, the Armenian people, in Iraq with non-Arab or Kurdish origins. The Armenian people did not originate from Iraq but from Armenia, one of the smaller countries in the former Soviet Union. Many Armenians were forced to migrate in 1915 to different countries in the Middle East due to ethnic cleansing under the Ottomans. This study explores the different methods by which the Armenian community has maintained its native Armenian language during its history in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). To this end, the study includes a comparison of how the language was viewed and maintained across two successive generations of Armenians in KRI. The findings show that the first generation is divided into those who speak Armenian and those who assimilated and speak Kurdish. Those who no longer speak Armenian prioritised integration and moved away from their mother tongue. This posed a threat to the ongoing maintenance of the language in these communities. However, the younger generation has worked to revive its mother tongue by learning it in schools established in the region approximately 20 years ago.