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1
Protopapas, Georgios. "KURDISH AWAKENING AND THE SYRIAN CRISIS." Ali sodobni varnostni izzivi res potrebujejo povsem nove pristope?/ Do Contemporary Security Challenges Really Require Entirely New Approaches?, VOLUME 2012/ ISSUE 14/3 (September 30, 2012): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.14.3.2.
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The Syrian crisis has been creating the preconditions for a Kurdish awakening in the sensitive region of the Middle East. The paper tries to analyse the prospects for Kurdish revolution that could redraw the borders of the Middle East with the creation of the “Greater Kurdistan”. The understanding of the greater Kurdish matter is approached through three significant parameters that relate to the regional politics and correlations. The first parameter is the Kurdish problem in Turkey and the role of the separatist organisation called “Worker Party of Kurdistan” (PKK), the second one is the Iraqi Northern Kurdistan a semi-autonomous region that could be used as precursor of the “Greater Kurdistan” and the third one relates the possibility of the Kurdish minority to create an autonomous Kurdish enclave in Syria. Nonetheless, there is no apparent and coordinated effort by the different Kurdish communities towards the creation of the Greater Kurdistan through a general uprising. Sirska kriza ustvarja razmere za kurdsko vstajo v občutljivi regiji Bližnjega vzhoda. Avtor v članku poskuša analizirati možnosti za kurdsko revolucijo, ki bi lahko spre- menila meje Bližnjega vzhoda z oblikovanjem velikega Kurdistana. Za razumevanje širše problematike Kurdistana uporabi tri glavne parametre, ki so povezani z regio- nalno politiko in medsebojnimi odnosi. Prvi parameter je problem Kurdov v Turčiji in vloga separatistične organizacije, imenovane Delavska stranka Kurdistana (PKK). Drugi parameter je iraški Kurdistan na severu države, deloma avtonomna pokrajina, ki bi lahko pomenila predhodnico velikega Kurdistana, tretji parameter pa je povezan z možnostjo, da kurdska manjšina ustvari avtonomno kurdsko enklavo v Siriji. Vendar pa ni zaznati očitne in usklajene namere različnih kurdskih skupnosti, da skozi vsesplošno vstajo ustanovijo veliki Kurdistan.
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Dick, Samme. "Rekindling the Flame: Zoroastrianism in Iraqi Kurdistan." Kurdish Studies 7, no. 2 (October 25, 2019): 161–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ks.v7i2.511.
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This article examines the emergence of Zoroastrianism in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq since 2015 as a new religion inspired by Kurdish nationalism, feminism, ecologism and humanism. The author argues that the emergence of Zoroastrianism at this particular time is due to a combination of the rise of the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant in 2014, legislative change and the importance some Kurdish nationalists historically attached to Zoroastrianism as the suggested original religion of the Kurds. The article outlines the historical context of Zoroastrianism in Kurdistan, and then explores the origins, beliefs and organisational structure of Kurdish Zoroastrianism. Also discussed are the legislative changes enabling the rise of the movement since 2015. This study draws on interviews with Kurdish Zoroastrian leaders as well as with representatives from the World Zoroastrian Organization, the Kurdistan Regional Government’s Ministry of Endowments and Religious Affairs and the Alliance of Iraqi Minorities.ABSTRACT IN KURMANJIJi nû ve pêxistina agir: Baweriya Zerduştî li Kurdistana IraqêEv gotar, li ser peydabûna Zerduştiyê li Herêma Kurdistanê ya Iraqê hûr dibe, ku ji 2015an vir ve wek dînekî nû yê ji netewegeriya kurd, femînîzm, ekolojîzm û humanîzmê îlham wergirtî tê dîtin. Nivîskar îddia dike ku peydabûna Zerduştiyê ya bi taybetî wê demê ji ber hejmareke sedeman e: di 2014an de peydabûn û xurtbûna Dewleta Îslamî li Iraqê û Levantê, guherîna qanûnî û girîngiya nêrîna hin netewegerên kurd ku ji aliyê dîrokî Zerduştiyê wek dînê resen ê kurdan dibînin. Gotar, çarçoveya dîrokî ya Zerduştiyê li Kurdistanê bi kurtî rave dike û paşê li kok, bawerî û avahiya rêxistinî ya Zerduştiya kurdî dikole. Ji hêleke din, nîqaş dike ku guherînên hiqûqî ji 2015an vir ve rê li ber xurtbûna tevgerê vekiriye. Ev xebat xwe dispêre hevpeyvînên bi rêberên Zerduştiyên kurd re ligel hin şandeyên ji Rêxistina Zerduştiyan a Cîhanê, Wezareta Bexş û Karên Dînî ya Hikumeta Herêma Kurdistanê û Hevpeymaniya Kêmîneyên Iraqê.ABSTRACT IN SORANIGeşandinewey agireke: Zerdeştêtî le Kurdistanî ÊraqdaEm babete timaşay rewşî wediyarkewtinî Zerdeştêtî dekat le Kurdistanî Êraqda, le sall 2010da wek ayînêkî nwê debînrêt ke le netewegerîy kurdî, fêmênîzm, jîngeparêzî û mirovparêzî îlham werdegirêt. Nûser bangeşey ewe dekat ke derkewtinî Zerdeştêtî lem kateda ke Dewlletî Îslamî Da'îş le Şam û Êraq le 2013 ser helldeda û be yasa rêgey pê dedirêt, şitêkî giringe bo gerranewey kurd bo ayînî neteweyî xoy wek ewey ke hendêk kurdî neteweperist basî deken. Babeteke rîşey mêjûyî Zerdeştêtî le Kurdistan nîşan dedat, herwaş rîşey bawerr û binaẍey damezrawey Zerdeştêtî dedate ber roşnayî. Dîsan guftugoy gorranî yasa lew bareyewe bote hoyî derkewtinî em ayîne le 2015da. Em babete legell serok û bawerrdaranî Zerdeştîy le Kurdistan û damezrawey Zerdeştîyanî cîhanî û legell wezaretî karubarî ayînî le ḧukumetî herêmî Kurdistan û damezrawey kemînekanî Êraqda çawpêkewtinî encam dawe.ABSTRACT IN ZAZAKINewe ra geşkerdişê adirî: Kurdîstanê Îraqî de zerduştîyeNa meqale qayîtê zerduştîye kena ke sey bawerîya newîye serra 2015î ra nat Herêmê Kurdîstanî yê Îraqî de vejîyaye û hetê neteweperwerîya kurdan, femînîzm, dorûverperwerîye û merdimperwerîye ra îlham girewt. Nuştox musneno ke vejîyayîşê zerduştî yê ê demî çend sebeban ra qewimîya: hêzdarbîyayîşê DAÎŞ yê serra 2014î, vurîyayîşê qanûnî û tayê neteweperwerê kurdan ê ke tarîx de giranî daye zerduştîye ser ke aye sey dînê kurdan o eslî pêşnîyaz bikerê. Na meqale xulasaya kontekstê tarîxî yê zerduştîya Kurdîstanî dana û dima esl, bawerî û awanîya rêxistinan yê zerduştîya kurdan ser o cigêrayîş kena. Ser o kî vurîyayîşê qanûnî munaqeşe benê. Nê vurîyayîşî serra 2015î ra nat vejîyayîşê tevger kerd mumkîn. No cigêrayîş roportajanê bi serekanê kurdan ê zerduştîye û bi temsîlkaranê Rêxistina Zerduştîyan a Dinya, Wezaretê Ewqaf û Kar û Barê Dînî yê hukmatê Herêmê Kurdîstanî û Yewîya Eqalîyetanê Îraqî esas gêno
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Park, Bill, Joost Jongerden, Francis Owtram, and Akiko Yoshioka. "On the independence referendum in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and disputed territories in 2017." Kurdish Studies 5, no. 2 (October 26, 2017): 199–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ks.v5i2.445.
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On 25th September 2017, the eligible voters of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq were given the opportunity to respond ‘yes’ or ‘no’ to the question, posed in Kurdish, Turkmen, Arabic and Assyrian: “Do you want the Kurdistan Region and the Kurdistani areas outside the administration of the Region to become an independent state?” The aim of this note is to give an empirically focussed account of the independence referendum. The note has been written by four members of a delegation which spent one week in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) with the purpose of observing the referendum. The key point that we draw from these observations is that the referendum and associated aspiration for independence, which potentially could have unified the different political factions in the KRI, has in fact cruelly exposed divisions.
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روستم, شیلان. "Opposition in Kurdistan Region." Journal for Political and Security Studies 2, no. 3 (June 1, 2019): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.31271/jopss.10020.
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Khudtur, Shawn O., and SafaaAldden M. Gaznai. "Penal Protection of Environment from Oil Operators Pollutants." Koya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 2 (November 3, 2020): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/kujhss.v2n2y2019.pp183-190.
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Today, the protection of the environment has assumed an even more prominent position with the rapid industrialization resulting not only in the overuse of our limited natural resources but also causing the pollution of the environment. One of the most serious environmental dilemmas we face is oil pollution. The wastes of oil operators, if not treated properly, will inevitably lead to pollution of the environment and may cause life-threatening disasters for all creatures and for many years. Hence, the entire ecosystem could be irreversibly damaged that cost normal life of the mankind. With the beginning of oil industry in Kurdistan Region of Iraq mainly post 2003, the legislator in Kurdistan initiated to issue two laws with the aim of organizing its oil sector and protecting Kurdistan’s environment with its three elements of soil, water and air. Being recent to and lacking experience of the authorities in Kurdistan Region about Oil operations and its negative impacts had reflected on the contents of those two laws. Thus, they were issued with a number of legal loopholes that hindered them to achieve the objectives of environmental security, particularly Environment Penal Protection. In this context, considering the importance of this topic in Kurdistan Region of Iraq, this research attempts to explain and evaluate these two laws, addressing the issues with identifying potential legal solutions to prevent oil pollution infringements in the region which will be a contribution to the development of Kurdistan Region of Iraq.
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Ahmad, Paiman Ramazan. "The Politics of Oil in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq." Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public Management Science 17, no. 3 (December 31, 2018): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32565/aarms.2018.3.1.
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This research is aimed at identifying the role of petroleum revenues in the Kurdistan Region for better economic efficiency and sovereignty of the Kurdistan Region in the future. This study identifies some root causes of deficiency of revenue usage generally, as well as specific causes in the Kurdistan Region. Further, the study looks at the various factors that affect oil production in the Kurdistan Region and compares it to the Federal Government. This study seeks to show how the Kurdistan Region generates the oil reserves regionally, despite the difficulties it encounters with the Federal Government due to the constitutional ambiguity. The research analysis concludes the importance of energy efficiency for the Kurdistan Region both economically and politically.
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Qader, Sanh Shareef. "Right to Self-determination: Iraqi Kurdistan Region and Kosovo as A Case Study." Twejer 3, no. 3 (December 2020): 1033–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31918/twejer.2033.28.
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The Iraqi Kurdistan region and Kosovo have their own struggles in exercising their right to self-determination. Both regions became victims as a result of trying to achieve independence. However, Kosovo's independence was successful, while the Kurdistan region's attempt for independence was not. It must be assumed that there must be reasons for the failure of independence in the Iraqi Kurdistan region, as well as Kosovo's successful independence. The international community's interests, in both cases, have to be explored as well. In other words, what are the reasons for the failure of the Kurdistan region's independence and the success of Kosovo independence? Further, this paper aims at defining self-determination and then providing a historical review of the Iraqi Kurdistan region, Kosovo's struggle for achieving the right to self-determination, and also a precise analysis of both cases. The methodology used in this paper is pure library research; focusing mainly on secondary sources. This paper legally recommends that the KRG must try to negotiate with the Iraqi federal government following a bilateral agreement under the supervision of international mediation whereby the Kurdistan region can have the right to secede when a constitutional violation is taken place by the federal government. Kurdistan region must review its relations with all international actors, which play a main role in the Middle East and make a lobby group by including separatists groups and other Kurds who live abroad to gather support for its independence in the future. Keywords: Self-Determination, Kurdish Autonomy, Iraqi Kurdistan Region, Kosovo and Serbia, International Community.
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Kakarash, Zana Azeez. "Kurdistan Region Network Infrastructure Design." UHD Journal of Science and Technology 2, no. 2 (September 2, 2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdjst.v2n2y2018.pp15-23.
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Digital communications play fundamental role in everyday life. Requests for e-services and e-applications obviously will grow rapidly on networks. Although In Kurdistan Region, There are many potential barriers, however design and implementing national digital Backbone Infrastructure is a vital and challenging task for the government to improve public sector efficiency. For the purpose of this research to get a sense of which barriers are more likely than others, A survey was conducted among the Kurdistan ICT professional. Moreover, One of the main focuses of this study is offering KRG a comprehensive, secure network infrastructure design with minimum latency, high availability, and maximum performance. Finally the possibility of using cloud computing within the context of normal government operations and public services in general has been discussed.
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Shakali, Swara. "The problems of 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum." Конфликтология / nota bene, no. 2 (February 2021): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0617.2021.2.33448.
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This article sheds light on the situation related to 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum. Leaning on the primary sources, it is demonstrated that the party officials of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan warned the leadership of the Kurdish Regional Autonomy of Iraq represented by the Kurdistan Democratic Party about the consequences of shortsighted policy. The disputed territories, which are the subject of discussion between the leadership of the Autonomy and Baghdad, were controlled by the troops of the Central Government. The Iraqi leadership has also reduced the funds from the federal budget for supporting the government employees of the Autonomy. It resulted in payment arrears and mass disturbances in the Autonomy. The novelty of this research lies in the fact that this topic has not previously received due attention in the Russian sources. This article is first within the Russian Kurdish Studies to introduce the primary sources in Sorani (Kurdish dialect). It cannot be asserted that these problems have been resolved conclusively; the blame falls on the shortsighted and irrational policy of the Kurdistan Democratic Party, or even personally Masoud Barzani, who was removed from his office as result of the referendum. The representatives of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan denounced the detrimental consequences of holding the referendum in the existing conditions.
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SOFI, DASKO HASAN, and AZAD OTHMAN SALIH. "The Iranian Foreign Policy towards Kurdistan Region–Iraq 2003-2018." Twejer 3, no. 3 (December 2020): 913–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31918/twejer.2033.25.
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After the US invasion of Iraq and the fall of Ba’ath-regime in 2003, the Kurdistan Region-Iraq became one of the main issues in Iranian foreign policy in the region. Although there have been several changes in Iranian foreign policy respecting its relationship with the Kurdistan Regional Government at various times, there has been no change in its strategy towards the region regarding its political independence and the right to self-determination of its people. The significant historical, cultural, and neighbourly relations that exist between Iran and the Kurdistan Region could become the basis for relations between the two parties for the sake of common interests and benefits and to establish peace and stability in the region. The main objective of this research is as follows: to clarify Iranian foreign policy towards the Kurdistan Region-Iraq and to explain the future horizon of the relations between the two parties in light of the current reality and based on the vital interests of the two parties in general. Keywords: Iran, Kurdistan Region, Foreign Policy, Ba’ath Regime, Shi’ism.
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Siakian, Varoujan K. "Geological Maps in the Kurdistan Region." UKH Journal of Science and Engineering 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.25079/ukhjse.v2n1y2018.pp39-42.
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In all countries, an accurate geologic map is needed to understand the Earth’s resources. It is the vital source of information for various aspects of land-use planning, such as assessment of oil wealth, utilization of the decision-makers, and planners. In the Iraqi Kurdistan Region, unfortunately, detailed geological maps at a scale of 1:20,000 are not available, especially along the extreme northern and northeastern parts where minerals showing exist there. However, geological maps at a scale of 1:1,00,000 and 1:2,50,000 are available, but they cannot be utilized for the above-mentioned uses.
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Hama, Yohan Othman, and Ibrahim Saeed Fathulla. "The Role of Media’s Security upon Counter Terrorism Threat in Kurdistan Region." Journal of University of Human Development 6, no. 3 (August 26, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v6n3y2020.pp10-24.
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The objective of this research is to detect the role of Asayesh (Security directorate)’s media on public awareness upon counter-terrorism issues in Kurdistan region. A range of Kurdistan region’s university academic members have been taken as survey sample.
Through a questionnaire form the research which sought the opinions of a representative sample of academic staff at formal Universities in Kurdistan region as they considers elite of society, and their opinions and evaluations matter , and have to be taken for consideration. The Respondents were invited to complete the questionnaire to indicate the cons and pros of Asayesh (security) directorate’s media in Kurdistan region, in particular upon public awareness upon terror and security issues.
The research concludes that academic members of Kurdistan region universities still depend on television as media platform to be aware of Asayesh’s public announcements on counter terrorism issues , they also emphasize that their messages affects their perceptions towards issues of counter-terrorism.
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Omar Issa, Salih, and Barzan Jawhar Sadeq. "Political Trust in Kurdistan Reginal Government “A Field Study in Kurdistan Region”." Twejer 2, no. 2 (June 2019): 185–254. http://dx.doi.org/10.31918/twejer.1922.6.
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Jirjees, Shevan. "CLIMATIC ANALYSIS FOR PIRMAM AREA, KURDISTAN REGION, IRAQ." Iraqi Geological Journal 53, no. 1E (July 1, 2020): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.53.1e.6ry-2020-07/06.
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Voller, Yaniv. "COUNTERING VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN IRAQI KURDISTAN: STATE-BUILDING AND TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY." International Journal of Middle East Studies 46, no. 2 (April 10, 2014): 351–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743814000142.
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AbstractThe struggle against gender-based violence in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region has witnessed some significant achievements since the late 1990s. A subject long excluded from public discourse in the region, it has now moved increasingly into the mainstream, compelling the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) to take legal and practical measures against such practices as honor killings, female genital mutilation, and domestic violence. This article traces the sources of these shifts in the KRG's stance, looking especially at the role of transnational women's rights networks in the region. It highlights these networks’ successful strategy of binding their cause to the KRG's endeavor to legitimize and consolidate its contested sovereignty over the Kurdistan Region. In doing so, the paper addresses an underexplored subject in the literature on women's rights campaigns in the Kurdistan Region and contributes to the study of transnational advocacy as a source of normative change.
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Hussein, Dalsooz Jalal. "Hydrocarbons support the global diplomacy of the Kurdistan Region." SENTENTIA. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, no. 2 (February 2021): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/1339-3057.2021.2.34661.
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This article empirically examines the competition of the world’s counties for the establishment of their diplomatic relations with non-state actor. It is underlined that the government of the Kurdistan region, which has used “soft power” to draw attention of the states. Among other tools, hydrocarbons (oil and gas) placed the main soft power policy of the Kurdistan government for its global movement. It is proven that the economic and hydrocarbon ambitions have led states to overpass their traditional understanding of global diplomacy; and this further inspires some of the previously antagonistic states to reshape their relations with non-state actor towards considering a close partner. The drawn conclusions correlated with the idea that the Kurdistan government would be more actively involved in the global diplomacy due to its oil and gas wealth.
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Abdullah, Harith Qahtan, and Abbas Fadel Atwan. "Expansion of borders in the Kurdistan region and local and regional positions." Tikrit Journal For Political Science 3, no. 11 (March 1, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/poltic.v3i11.98.
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The borders of Kurdistan represent an important point in Kurdish thought. They represent the hope of establishing their national state. The circumstances of the war on terrorism in Iraq and Syria have led to the emergence of what is known as a "propaganda" and the formation of a global front in its struggle. And with the signs of the collapse of the Syrian state and the weakness of the Iraqi state in the face of the "dashing" in the beginning. These circumstances led to the emergence of the role of the Kurdistan region in the confrontation "ISIS" and maintain the administrative border in the three provinces of Kurdistan in addition to the province of Kirkuk. That the circumstances of the war on terrorism created new international conditions on the Middle East arena, which will generate many problems between the Kurdistan region and the central government of Baghdad, as well as other problems between the region, Syria, Turkey and Iran. The war on terrorism has made countries free to fight the opposition groups under the name Terrorism by their classification. The Turkish side is fighting the PKK within the borders of the Kurdistan region, and this war can develop in a post-"warlike" phase. The war in Syria is also contradictory to vision and not resolved to a specific side and Iran's position on developments is encouraging.
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Jassim, Hamed M. "The Obstacles and Opportunities of the Mineral Resources in the Kurdistan Region, Iraq." Iraqi Geological Journal 54, no. 2D (October 31, 2021): 98–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.54.2d.8ms-2021-10-27.
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The Kurdistan Region in Iraq is located in the extreme northeastern part of the Arabian Plate which is in a collision since the Late Cretaceous with the Iranian Plate. Therefore, large ophiolite bodies have been thrust along the northeastern margins of Kurdistan Region; accordingly, different metallic mineral can be associated with igneous and metamorphic rocks at Penjween, Qalat Diza and Rawandouz vicinities, besides, radioactive minerals like uranium and thorium. Moreover, large and long thrust fault has developed along the northern and northeastern parts of the Kurdistan Region. Along the plane of this huge thrust fault, hydrothermal liquids have deposited different metallic minerals as showings, especially between Zakho and Amadiyah towns. We have presented and discussed the discipline of mineral investment in Kurdistan Region, the announced minerals’ blocks for investment by the Ministry of Natural Resources in the Kurdistan Regional Government, the encouraging factors and obstacles of investments. To fulfill the scope of this work, we have used the best available and updated data as acquired from different sources. The main obstacles which contributed to the backwardness and non-development of the mining industry in the Kurdistan Region can be summarized in the nonexistence of a valid and promising mineral investment law which can attract the big international mining companies to invest in the region, adding to the nonexistence of comprehensive, detailed and mineral exploration studies which can give confident figures of the mineral and ore reserves in the region. The non-availability of a specialized mining education institution which prepares mining expertise and mining engineers who can lead the progress in this regard could count as another hurdle.
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Latifi, Ali, and Shiva Jalalpoor. "Analysis of Israel's Foreign Policy Concerning Iraqi's Kurdistan (2003-2015)." Journal of History Culture and Art Research 6, no. 3 (June 16, 2017): 864. http://dx.doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v6i3.961.
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<p>Analysis of the Israel's Foreign Policy is one of the important issues concerned by the researchers of the international and regional affairs. Israel's Foreign Policy in years 2003-2015 has witnessed a lot of events. In these years, transformation of the Iraq's internal structures including the fall of the Baath Regime in Iraq and appearance of the terroristic group of Dashi (ISIS) in this country has provided new opportunities and challenges for the Israel's Foreign Policy. In this regard, establishment of a republic system in Iraq and the reinforcement of the Kurdish streams, specially during the current transformations and the increasing desires for the independence in Iraqi's Kurdistan, have paved the way for Israel to intensify its activities in the region. In this regard, the current study has approach the issue of Israel's Foreign Policy concerning Iraqi's Kurdistan during the years 2003-2015 with a descriptive analytic method. The achieved results show that the political reasons (alliance of the periphery and development of the strategic depth in closeness to Iran), economic (accessing the energy and mineral resources in Iraqi's Kurdistan, the importance of the Kurdistan's hydro-politic resources for Israel and the Israel's economical influence from the Nile to the Euphrates), military-security (presence in the strategic environment of Iran and the external threats in the Middle East, creation of an environmental crisis un the Kurdish region of the Middle East, weakening the Iraqi's central government and disintegration of this country, Israel's security-intelligence expansion, acquiring a strategic territory and getting out of isolation and the resolving the its legitimacy crisis, controlling the currents of thought in this region), all have been influential in thein Israel's Foreign Policy Concerning Iraqi's Kurdistan. </p>
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Osman, Fatima, Noralfishah Sulaiman, and Uzair Bhatti. "Motives and Barriers of Female Entrepreneurship in the Kurdistan Region." 12th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 12, no. 1 (October 8, 2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2021.12(69).
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The involvement of Kurdish women in nationalistic revolutions has left many astonished. Kurdistan's history is enriched with many women that have had leadership roles in political, religious, and even military positions. This research examined the life of modern working women in Kurdistan that have turned to entrepreneurship to break from societal ties in addition to expressing their creativity and unique skills while continuing to meet their responsibilities as daughters, wives, and mothers. The purpose of this research was to answer questions regarding the motives of female entrepreneurs as well as the general and gender-based barriers that female entrepreneurs face in the Region. According to Al-silefanee (2019), the entrepreneurial ecosystem consists of two significant elements, the entrepreneur and the environment in which the entrepreneur operates. Regardless of how new the idea of entrepreneurship is to KRI, the region has the chance to build-up the entrepreneurship ecosystem by encouraging entrepreneurship through the development of an environment that facilitates entrepreneurial youth and initiate economic growth. Keywords: Female Entrepreneurship; Online Businesses; Entrepreneurship Motives.
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Kozhukhar, B. "THE CONFLICT AMONG KURDS IN THE KURDISTAN REGION OF IRAQ." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 142 (2019): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2019.142.3.
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Kurds are an Iranian ethnic group that compactly resides in a large geographical area, at the junction of Asia Minor, the Caucasus, the Iranian Highlands, and Mesopotamia, called Kurdistan. Currently, the region is divided between four states - Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Syria. Ethnic Kurdistan has been constantly in a state of instability since the 20th century. Because of this, the Kurdish issue is one of the most pressing problems in recent history and is at the forefront of the political life of the Middle East region. Kurds are the most numerous people who, at the present stage of human development, do not have their own statehood and have existed for a long time without autonomy. For a long period of time, they have been fighting for self-determination, and Iraqi Kurdistan has a major role to play in it. It is this region that has made the most progress in the political sphere, notably thanks to the creation of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in 1946. For almost half a century, under unfavorable conditions, its activities have helped to develop a new political culture and the so-called "pluralism of thoughts". The split within this party has shown that no national movement is unitary and combines the interests of different social and political groups. Further deepening of the contradictions, in addition to the difficult situation of Iraq in the international arena, resulted in armed conflict. During the civil war, both Kurdish parties from other countries and the armed forces of Iraq, Iran and Turkey intervened in it. In fact, the inter-Kurdish conflict in Iraqi Kurdistan has become a significant step towards the realization of the issue of autonomy.
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I. Aziz Baban, Muaid, and Tebin S. Mahmood. "NORMAL TYMPANOMETRIC WIDTH IN SULAYMANIYAH GOVERNORATE - KURDISTAN REGION- IRAQ." Journal of Sulaimani Medical College 11, no. 2 (June 21, 2021): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jsmc.10304.
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Ahmad, Saman Hussien. "Schools and educational centers for American Missionary and their effects on the educational situation in the Ottoman Kurdistan in the nineteenth century." Journal of University of Raparin 7, no. 2 (April 15, 2020): 262–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/vol(7).no(2).paper12.
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After American missionaries arrived to the regions of Ottoman Empire in the beginning of the 19th century and when they started their activities, the Kurds as one of the nations who were living within the Ottoman Empire, attracted the attention of missionaries. Therefore they opened their office in the Kurdish cities and started their activities. As it has been known that most of the activities of American missionaries were intellectual and educational activities, as a result they opened many schools, professional schools and even they established universities in some cities of Kurdistan, many girls and boys studied in these schools. This study is about (American Missionaries’ educational centres in Kurdish cities in Ottoman Empire in 19th century). This study attempts to illustrate the impact of these schools that were established by American Missionaries and how they were operated. This paper is divided into three parts. First part is about the appearance of American missionaries’ activities in the region of Kurdistan. In this part we will try to briefly describe how they came to Kurdish regions and how they worked and what were their activities. The second part is about the American missionaries’ educational centres in Kurdistan. It endeavours to show the educational activities of American missionaries in Kurdistan regions, and then it will illustrate the importance of these educational centres in Kurdistan regions. The third part is about the effect of American missionaries’ educational centres on the situation of education in Kurdistan. It will evaluate the impact of these educational centres on the education in Kurdistan and on the situation of education in Kurdistan.
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Mossaki, Nodar Z. "TURKISH EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN IRAQI KURDISTAN: HISTORY AND CURRENT SITUATION (GÜLEN SCHOOLS AND THE MAARIF FOUNDATION)." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 4 (14) (2020): 280–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-4-280-294.
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This article is devoted to the activity of Turkish educational institutions in Iraqi Kurdistan, which have been active in the region since the beginning of the 1990s. The article shows the importance of Turkish educational institutions in Kurdistan in promoting a positive image of Turkey and forming a pro-Turkish stratum among the local elite. Fethullah Gülen’s educational structures are present in all the provinces of Kurdistan; they are considered the most prestigious ones and are very popular among the local elite. The Gülen empire system came in full force in 2008 with Işık University (titled Tishk International University since 2018), which has become a centre of attraction not only for residents but also for part of the Kurds of Turkey who come to South Kurdistan to study. The conflict between R. T. Erdogan and the Gülen structures that broke out at the end of 2013 resulted in pressure from Turkey on the Kurdistan authorities to force the latter to close the Gülen institutions. However, the Kurdistan leadership rejected Turkey’s demands, claiming the significant contribution of Gülen schools to the development of the region. It was only after the so-called military coup attempt in Turkey on July 15–16, 2016, which Gülen was accused of organizing, that the Kurdistan authorities formally closed Hizmet educational institutions and transferred their management under the control of the Kurdistan authorities. The Turkish authorities, having failed to get the Kurdistan leadership to either close or hand over Gülen schools, in the autumn of 2018 began a fairly active expansion of the network of schools of the Maarif Foundation, established under Turkey’s Ministry of Education. As a result, the conflict between the Turkish authorities and the Gülen movement only led to the expansion of the Turkish schools’ network in this region, which is an important factor of the foreign policy vector of the authorities in this region.
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Sissakian, Varoujan K., and Hassan O. Omer. "Slope Stability Problems Along the Main Roads in the Kurdistan Region." Academic Journal of Nawroz University 7, no. 4 (December 21, 2018): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v7n4a290.
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The Kurdistan Region is covered by the relevant net of roads. Since the major parts of the Kurdistan Region are mountainous; therefore, the majority of them are in snake curve form. Construction of roads in mountainous areas will destroy the natural slopes, and when not treated; then different types of landslides will occur. Accordingly, the unstable slopes will cause a lot of risk to the traffic along the roads; endangering the driving along those roads; especially during winter season, and during and/ or shortly after heavy rain showers. The majority of the roads in the Kurdistan Region are planned, designed and constructed without considering the geological conditions, which include four parameters: 1) Type of the rocks and soils, 2) Dip direction and amount, 3) Intensity of joint planes, and 4) Weathering grade of the rocks. These are not considered due to: 1) Cost, 2) Construction’s duration, 3) Choosing easier paths, 4) Absence of experience, 5) Absence of modern technology, 6) Absence of road construction codes, and 7) Ignorance of the factor of safety. We studied different examples from roads in the Kurdistan Region and presented different types of slope stability problems. Moreover, we presented recommendations to keep the stability along unstable slopes.
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Saeed, Kurdistan Salim. "The problem of the distribution of competencies between the federal authorities and the authorities of the Kurdistan Region." Journal of University of Human Development 3, no. 4 (December 31, 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v3n4y2017.pp27-50.
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The federal system in Iraq was constitutionally adopted in 2004 in Article 4 of the Transitional Administrative Law of the State. It was subsequently adopted in the 2005 Constitution of Iraq. Article 1 states that "Iraq is a single, sovereign and independent federal state, (Article 117) in the Kurdistan Region and its existing authorities, a federal territory and defined the terms of reference of both the federal government and the terms of reference of the regions in the fourth and fifth of it. The constitutional organization contained in the Iraqi constitution has defined the terms of reference of the federal government exclusively, and gave broad powers to the governments of the regions, with the definition of some common competencies, and accordingly the Kurdistan Regional Government is the general jurisdiction and the federal government with exceptional jurisdiction, which supports the authority of the Kurdistan Region constitutionally Independence and internal sovereignty, But the process of application of these materials accompanied by different problems generated multiple political and economic problems between the parties, which led to shortcomings in the federal democratic experiment in Iraq The study dealt with this issue through two sections, the first deals with the terms of reference of the federal government and regional governments according to the Constitution of 2005. The second addresses Problems of the exercise of the functions of the federal government and the Kurdistan Regional Government.
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Alsancakli, Sacha. "Historiography and language in 17th-century Ottoman Kurdistan: A study of two Turkish translations of the Sharafnāma." Kurdish Studies 6, no. 2 (October 29, 2018): 171–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ks.v6i2.456.
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In the closing decades of the 11th/17th century, two Turkish translations of the Sharafnāma were produced in the Kurdish princely courts of Bidlīs and Pālū. The translators were Muḥammad Bēg b. Aḥmad Bēg, a great-great-grandson of Sharaf Khān II, the author of the work, and Sham‘ī, a secretary at the court of Amīr Yanṣūr Bēg, prince of Pālū. While their works differed in style and purpose, both men offered a reflection on the demise of Persian and increasing prestige of Turkish in Ottoman Kurdistan. In the case of Sham‘ī, this was supplemented by a more general observation on the various languages of the region. Evidence also suggests that while Persian was replaced by Turkish in the princely courts of Ottoman Kurdistan, some Kurdish literati and scholars instead chose to write part of their works in Kurdish. This article is a comparative study of Muḥammad Bēg and Sham‘ī’s translations, followed by a brief analysis of the associated sociolinguistic developments. ABSTRACT IN KURMANJIDîroknivîsî û ziman di Kurdistana Osmanî ya sedsala 17an de: Vekolînek li ser du wergerên tirkî yên ŞerefnameyêDi dehsalên dawî yên sedsala 11an/17an de, du wergerên tirkî yên Şerefnameyê li serayên mîrgehên Bidlîs û Palûyê hatin nivîsandin. Wergêrên van metnan Mihemed Beg kurê Ehmed Beg, kurê nevîçirkekî Şeref Xanê duyem ê nivîskarê berhemê yê eslî, û Şem’î, munşiyekî Emîr Yensûr Begê mîrê Palûyê bûn. Tevî ku armanc û şêweyê karên wan cuda bûn jî, herdu wergêran amaje bi lawazketina zimanê farsî û bilindbûna qîmeta zimanê tirkî li Kurdistana Osmanî kir. Li gel vê yekê, Şem’î herwiha nêrîneke giştî li ser zimanên cihê yên herêmê pêşkêş kir. Wekî din, tevî ku tirkî li serayên mîrên Kurdistana Osmanî dewsa farsî girt, hin zanyar û rewşenbîrên kurd tercîh kir ku beşek ji berhemên xwe bi kurdî binivîsînin. Ev gotar nirxandineke berhevdayî ya wergerên Şem’î û Mihemed Beg e, li gel pêdeçûneke kurt li ser pêşketinên civakî-zimanî yên pê ve girêdayî. ABSTRACT IN SORANIMêjûnûsî w ziman le Kurdistanî 'Usmanîy sedey 17hem da: twêjîneweyek bo dû wergêrranî turkîy ŞerefnameLe duwa deyekanî sedey 11hem/17hem da dû wergêrranî turkîy Şerefname le dîwanî mîrayetîy Bedlîs û Pallû berhem hatin. Wergêrrêkîyan Miḧemed begî kurrî Eḧmed beg bû, ke newey newey nûserî xudî berhemeke, wate Şerefxanî dûweme, wergêrrekey tirîş Şem'î, sikritêr le koşkî mîr Yensûr beg mîrî Pallû bû. Le katêk da karekanyan le rûy stayl û amancewe cuda bûn, herdû piyawekan amajey lawazbûnî zimanî farsî û hellkişanî payey zimanî turkî le kurdistanî 'Usmanî xiste rû. Le ḧalletî Şem'î da, eme be têrwanînêkî giştî ziyatir le merr zimanekanî herêmeke tewaw kira. Bellgekan ewe pêşniyar deken ke le katêk da le dîwanî mîrayetîy Kurdistanî 'Usmanî da zimanî farsî be zimanî turkî cêgay degorêtewe, hendêk le roşinbîr û zana kurdekan eweyan hellbijard ke beşêk le karekanyan be kurdî binûsinewe. Em babete twêjîneweyekî berawirdkarîye bo herdû wergêrranekeyi Miḧemed beg û Şem'î, we kurte hellsengandinêkî peywest bew geşesendine komellayetî-zimanewaniyey be duwa da dêt.
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King, Diane E. "Eshiretan in Kurdistan." International Journal of Middle East Studies 53, no. 3 (August 2021): 488–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743821000799.
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The “eshiret” (‘eşîret in the romanized Kurmanji Kurdish alphabet) is a highly variable and situated concept and social and political entity in Kurdistan, the homeland of ethnic Kurdish people. This essay is based on regular ethnographic fieldwork I have been conducting in part of Kurdistan, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. My first research stint was in the mid-1990s, and I was there most recently in 2016. During the early period of my research, I had a great deal of contact with people in nonurban settings for whom an eshiret may be an important social category and contributor to individual identity.
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Ahmad, Dr Ahmad Fathulla. "The impact of Psychological Empowerment and Organizational Justice on Perceived Organizational Performance." International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science 8, no. 3 (2022): 01–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaems.83.1.
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The study aimed to investigate the influence of psychological empowerment and organizational justice on perceived organizational performance at public sectors in Kurdistan region of Iraq. The research provided empirical evidence regarding the role of psychological empowerment and organizational justice on perceived organizational performance. The current study applied quantitative research, a questionnaire was used to collected data from the participants (employees, supervisors, and managers) from public sector in Kurdistan region of Iraq. The sample size for the current study was 114 units. The study developed two research hypotheses to measure the current study. The findings revealed that the first research hypothesis was supported which stated that psychological empowerment has a positive and significant influence on perceived organizational performance at public sector in Kurdistan region of Iraq, furthermore the second research hypothesis was supported which stated that organizational justice has a positive and significant influence on perceived organizational performance at public sector in Kurdistan region of Iraq. However, it was found that the highest value was for the psychological empowerment effect on perceived organizational performance.
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Sissakian, Varoujan K. "The Minerals Wealth in the Kurdistan Region, Iraq." UKH Journal of Science and Engineering 2, no. 2 (December 17, 2018): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25079/ukhjse.v2n2y2018.pp23-36.
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The Kurdistan region covers the northern and northeastern parts of Iraq which forms the extreme northeastern part of the Arabian Plate. It is colliding with the Eurasian Plate. The collision has caused thrusting parts of the ophiolite inside Iraq from Iran, besides the hydrothermal fluids which have deposited different metallic minerals. The Kurdistan region is characterized by the presence of metallic minerals such as Fe, Zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), Cu, Cr-Ni, and Mn, besides uranium and thorium. The formation of these minerals is associated with the development of the tectonic framework. The major tectonic events are associated with the Tethys development and movement of the Arabian Plate toward the Iranian Plate. Most of the metallic mineralization’s are of the Alpine-type, of Cretaceous age. Some Zn-Pb showing is related to early Alpine activities. Uranium and thorium are of Cretaceous and Jurassic ages. The actual mineral wealth of the Kurdistan region is not known, due to the lack of detailed geological data. However, based on the available data, it is expected that the region is promising for Cu, Fe, Zn, and Pb, besides the radioactive minerals. A critical review is presented to show the potential of the metallic minerals wealth in the region. Moreover, recommendations are given to have a better view of the minerals wealth.
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Bamisile, Olusola, Foyin Olubiyo, Mustafa Dagbasi, Humphrey Adun, and Ifeoluwa Wole-Osho. "Economic Analysis and Performance of PV Plants: An Application in Kurdistan Region of Iraq." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 8, no. 3 (October 2, 2019): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.8.3.293-301.
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In this study, photovoltaic (PV) technology development over the years is reviewed. The use of PV power plants to solve inadequate power supply in Kurdistan is also analysed. PV power application is one of the most developed renewable energy applications but still not commercialized in somw countries. In this paper, three different locations will be evaluated in Kurdistan for PV plant installation. The research will investigate the best location for PV plant installation in Kurdistan, check the viability of the proposed plants and compare the performance of a fixed and a double axis tracking system. A 10 MW PV plant is developed and simulated based on economic terms. The results from the analysis shows that the simple payback period for a 10 MW PV plant in all the locations considered is between 6.8 and 7.2 years. Also, the installation with two-axis tracking system gave the lowest simple payback period (6.8 years). The PV plant is viable considering other economic indicators like; IRR, NPV, annual life cycle savings and BCR. The yearly savings of the system for one of the locations considered is US$1,573,327 with a dual axis tracking system. ©2019. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved
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Atwan, Abbas Fadhel. "Iraqi-Turkish relations and their impact on Kurdistan Region 2003-2017." Tikrit Journal For Political Science, no. 15 (May 11, 2019): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/poltic.v0i15.132.
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The recent developments in the region, especially Iraq and Syria, represented a historic opportunity for the Kurds, which made them an important player with international support and paved the way for partition and federalism. There is no dispute that the referendum is consistent with general principles such as the right of peoples to self-determination, Others with the Iraqi constitution and mechanisms of independence recognized, but it strengthens the position of the region in negotiations with Baghdad, has raised the date of a referendum on the independence of the Kurdistan region on 25 September 2017 And the political situation in Iraq and Turkey after the referendum of the Kurdistan region, As a result of the failure of each of them to agree to reject the results of the referendum secession of the Kurdistan region and the intensification of sanctions on the region, but also strengthened military and security cooperation between their countries after months of tension between them.
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Hussein, Rizgar Saed, Sardar Sabri Othman, Sabir Sadiq Abdulkhaliq, Murad Muzafer Hamze, Kamaran Ibrahim Yousif, and Hushyar Yaseen Sulaiman. "The Effect of Planning for Unexpected Events: A Case Study of COVID-19 in the Kurdistan Region." Twejer 4, no. 2 (December 2021): 1329–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31918/twejer.2142.28.
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Abstract The COVID-19 epidemic was founded in December 2019 in Wuhan city in China. It continues to spread across the world. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), by the end of March 2020, COVID-19 had led to more than 1000,000 confirmed infections and 10,000 deaths in 110 countries – and the numbers are increasing quickly. At the time of writing this report, more than 2,000,000 cases of the virus have been recorded worldwide. Kurdistan Region is not excluded from recording new cases. However, the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) has taken some vital steps at the beginning to block the threat of COVIC-19, especially when some cases have been reported in neighbours countries such as Iran and Turkey. Still, at the time of writing this report, more than 200 cases have been confirmed here in Kurdistan Region. This paper aims to determine the effectiveness of planning in reducing the risk of COVID-19 and the number of infections and saving lives in the Kurdistan Region. The questionnaire technique was used to collect the data, and the questions were self-generated. In this study, the planning on unexpected events was surveyed in Kurdistan Region-Iraq. Data was collected from 323 randomly selected respondents in 2020 through using a survey questionnaire. The result of this study indicated that the relationship between most planning variables and unexpected events is significant.
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Khezri, Haidar. "Kurds, Jews, and Kurdistani Jews: Historic Homelands, Perceptions of Parallels in Persecution, and Allies by Analogy." Religions 13, no. 3 (March 17, 2022): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13030253.
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This article highlights the positive relations between the Jewish and the Kurdish nations, maintained mainly by Kurdistani Jews until their displacement to Israel in the mid-20th century. These positive relations have been transmitted through their oral traditions, documented by both communities and travelers to Kurdistan, and validated by several scholars who studied the Jews of the region, Kurdistan, and Jewish-Kurdish relations. The dearth of historical documentation of both societies has resulted in a ‘negative myth’ used by the enemies of the Kurds and the Jews to dehumanize them before the 20th century, and therefore delegitimizing their right to statehood in modern times. From the 16th century onward, there is more solid evidence about the Kurdistani Jews and their relations with Kurdish neighbors. There are considerable and certain parallels between the two nations in terms of their oral traditions as well as linguistic and literary practices. The historical ties between the Jews and their neighbors in Kurdistan formed a fruitful ground for the relations between the Jewish people of Israel and the Kurds since 1948. Despite the exodus of almost the entire Kurdistani Jewish population to the State of Israel, Kurdistani Jews have largely retained their identity, culture, and traditions and have effectively influenced Israel’s policy towards the Kurds. The often-secret relations between the Kurdish movement in Iraq and Israel since 1960 played an important role in the global security policy of the Jewish nation in the Middle East, and in effect served to keep Baghdad from becoming involved in the Arab-Israeli conflict on one hand, and allowed the Kurdish liberation movement in Southern/Iraqi Kurdistan to survive on the other. These ties were reinforced by the sense of a common fate and struggle for statehood, persecution and genocides, feeling of solidarity, mutual strategic interests, humanitarian and economic dimensions, in post-1988 Halabja Massacre, the operation of the US led coalition against Iraq in 1991, and 2003 Invasion of Iraq. Since the Arab Spring, the military interventions against the self-proclaimed caliphate, Islamic State (IS), and the referendum for an independent Kurdish state in northern Iraq in 2017, this relationship allegedly has extended to include the relationships between Israel and the Kurds in Western/Syrian and Eastern/Iranian Kurdistan as well. Notably, Israel was the only state that publicly supported the creation of an independent Kurdish state. With all the development the Kurdish question has paved in the 21st century, the article concludes that the majority of the Kurds of the 21st century can be described as a ‘pariah people’ in Max Weber’s definition and meditation of the term and Hannah Arendt’s ‘rightless’, who ‘no longer belong to any community’, while describing the different aspects of the political, economic, and cultural calamity of Jews, refugees, and stateless people at the beginning of the 20th century.
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Chomani, Kamal, and Dastan Jasim. "Kurdish Allies and Kurdish Enemies: Turkey’s New War Against The PKK." Commentaries 2, no. 1 (February 14, 2022): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/tc.v2i1.2101.
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This paper focuses on the post-2015 Turkish warfare against the Kurdistan Workers’ Party PKK in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, and the long-running relationship between the Turkish state and the ruling Barzani family. The commentary presents an overview of the interests behind the Ankara-Erbil coalition and the wider stakes in the current conflict It is argued that the Turkish military operations not only have taken a great toll on the civilian population of the KRI and the ecology of the region, but destabilizes the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. A full-blown civil war in the KRI between the PKK and KDP provoked by Turkey could be the final straw removing the last of the post-Islamic State stability in Iraq.
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Hussein Saeed, Haval. "The Kurdish educational curriculum: an unreflected philosophical base." Problemy Wczesnej Edukacji 31, no. 4 (December 31, 2015): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0008.5651.
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At this point in time, in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, an educational philosophy underpinning the educational system is being neither reflected upon nor consciously implemented. This serious situation is the subject of this research and will be presented using logical and political explanations as well as analytical methodology. The facts and conclusions included will be assessed for accuracy. The entire contents of the educational plan and curriculum of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region will be explained in a manner that is both understandable and problematized when necessary. Later in the study, the current curriculum and programmes in Iraq, and especially the educational system of Iraq, will be more generally explained and analyzed. At another point, as education and philosophy are discussed, an attempt will be made to determine whether there is any relation between the current educational model and a philosophy. At a final point, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq’s educational philosophy is discussed with a view to analyzing its impact, if any, on the educational system and curricula. In addition, the study looks at whether the aim and philosophy of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq’s education system is clear and understandable by international standards.
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Krarup, Thure. "Drømmen om et Kurdistan." Udenrigs, no. 1 (March 1, 2008): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/udenrigs.v0i1.119461.
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Den kurdiske region har etableret sig som Iraks succeshistorie. Her er sikkerhed, økonomisk vækst og politisk stabilitet, hvilket har givet næring til drømmen om en selvstændig kurdisk stat. Fremtiden for den plagede kurdiske befolkningsgruppe er dog langt fra sikker i et Irak, hvor hensynet til kurderne meget vel kan drukne i landets politiske kaos og storpolitiske overvejelser.
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Abas, Kamaran A., Hani N. Hermiz, and Tahir R. Al-Khatib. "Comparative Productive Performance of Local Hens in Erbil- Kurdistan Region." Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A 16, special (October 10, 2013): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10323.
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Ali, Abbas Mohamed, Shareef Maulod Shareef, and Tarik Ahmed Rashid. "Automatic License Plate Recognition in Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI)." Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A 17, no. 3 (June 25, 2015): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10417.
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Ahmad, Saman A., and Ali A. Askari. "Ethnobotany of the Hawraman Region of Kurdistan Iraq." Harvard Papers in Botany 20, no. 1 (June 2015): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3100/hpib.v20iss1.2015.n8.
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Ahmed, Dr HoshyarAmin, LukmanQaderAbdulrahman Ruanduzy, and PakistanHamadamin Yousif. "BREAST CANCER AMONG WOMEN OF ERBIL.IRAQ'S KURDISTAN REGION." International Journal of Advanced Research 4, no. 9 (September 30, 2016): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/1475.
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Fawzee, Meeran Akram, Samira M. Salh, and Slahaddin A. Ahmed. "Statistical Distribution of Rainfall in Kurdistan-Iraq Region." Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science 30, no. 4 (January 15, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.23851/mjs.v30i4.662.
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Study the statistical distribution for rainfall is important to know the behaviour of the rainfall series and to know the most frequently rainfall amount in each month. Five statistical distribution were applied on Sulaimani, Erbil and Duhok rainfall series for the period (1941-2017) except Duhok (1944-2017). These distributions were Gamma(3P), Weibul(3P), Earlang (3P), Normal and General extreme value. Kolmogrove-Semirnov, Anderson-Darling and Chi-Square goodness of fit test were used to know the best fit distribution from these five distributions.
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Hassan, Rebwar, Nadhir Al-Ansari, Salahalddin S. Ali, Ammar A. Ali, Twana Abdullah, and Sven Knutsson. "Dukan Dam Reservoir Bed Sediment, Kurdistan Region, Iraq." Engineering 08, no. 09 (2016): 582–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/eng.2016.89054.
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Abdulla, Nyaz, Hozak Wrya, and Osman Durmaz. "Green Product Perception in Kurdistan Region of Iraq." Black Sea Journal of Management and Marketing 1, no. 1 (August 25, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47299/bsjmm.v1i1.29.
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Increasing awareness on different environmental issues has driven a shift in the way consumers go about their lives. There has been a change in consumer’s state of mind toward a green lifestyle. People are effectively attempting to reduce their negative effect on the environment, but not to a great extent and yet to evolve. Organizations and businesses, however, have seen this change in consumer’s state of mind and are attempting to pick up an edge within the competitive market by exploiting the potential in the green market industry. The current study introduces the concept of green marketing and looks into the various ways in which different consumer attributes are related to the concept of green marketing. A conceptual framework is presented and the information is analyzed on the basis of the framework.
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Al-Bazzaz, Pishtewan. "Prospects of kidney transplantation in Iraqi Kurdistan region." Zanco Journal of Medical Sciences 16, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.15218/zjms.2012.0001.
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Haji, Idrees Ramadhan. "The investment environment in the Kurdistan region of Iraq and its effect on attracting investment for the time period (2006-2016)." Journal of University of Human Development 3, no. 3 (August 31, 2017): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v3n3y2017.pp158-183.
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It kicks off search of a problem that it is in spite of the presence of some ingredients key to the economy of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and of the natural, human and financial resources, but there is a lack clear and real investments, whether it is domestic or foreign, so there is an urgent need to create and that are related to encouraging and attractive investment environment largely political, security and economic stability. From this point of research is to analyze the investment environment in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, as well as determine aspects of attracting domestic and foreign funds and economic sectors of the capital. To achieve this goal, the research on descriptive analysis and comparative analysis of the reality of the investment environment in the Kurdistan region of Iraq on the basis of the available data and information support. The most important findings of the research that the investment environment in the Kurdistan region of Iraq weak and need a lot of administrative and economic changes in the area of creation of elements to attract local and foreign investment. And then propose a number of proposals from the most important need for government intervention to adopt a clear and appropriate strategies concerning the basic components of the investment environment by giving role and priority to the private sector alongside the public sector, and make some adjustments in the investment law for the benefit of investors on the one hand, and the specificity of the sectors in the Kurdistan Region of On the other hand.
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Ismael, Dhuha Saad, Rohat Zada, and Prabhu M. "An Exploration of Job Stress among Health Care Work Force." Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management 16, no. 4 (December 13, 2021): 146–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24083/apjhm.v16i4.1255.
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Objectives: The aim of this study is unique and will be useful in elucidating the level and sources of job stress among nurses working in government and private sector health institutions in the Kurdistan Region. This research could be useful in developing future nursing and healthcare manpower planning policies. In this research work, the objective is to evaluate the job stress among hospital nurses in the Kurdistan region. The research part basically explains about work-related stress and how it is harmful to the health of the employees. Methods: With the help of questionnaires, the authors collected primary data from the nurses working in 34 public and 56 private hospitals all over the Kurdistan region. To collect the data author used a simple random sampling method. The proposed study is descriptive in nature and authors collected data from 252 staff nurses working in the Kurdistan region. To do the analysis author used statistical tools like descriptive statistics, mean, cluster, chi-square, and correspondence analysis. To analyses, the data author used statistical software package SPSS 28. Results: The results reveals that the ranking of four job stress domains like job factor, organizational factors, interpersonal relations factors and environmental factors. In that the interpersonal relations factors are ranked number one and the second rank is organizational factors third one is environmental factors and the last one is job factor. Conclusions: In Kurdistan region hospital staff nurses stressed due to routine shift and poor organizational structure are mostly influenced on organizational factors that are why it’s ranked number one among the four domains.
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Dalsooz, Jalal Hussein. "DIPLOMACY OF THE KURDISTAN REGION OF IRAQ IN THE AGE OF TERRORISM." RUDN Journal of Political Science 21, no. 1 (December 15, 2019): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1438-2019-21-1-43-55.
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In this paper, we empirically study the effects of terrorism on the para-diplomacy of Kurdistan Region of Iraq during the last two decades. The research paper analyses the form of diplomacy, in the current age, has covered new style, in particular, when the new actors (non-state actors) are playing significant roles. In this regard, the Kurdistan region government as non-state actor has successfully used terrorism as a great instrument to attract the attention of the world community and created broad its paradiplomatic relations with actors around the world. In turn, we find suggestive evidence that the Kurdistan Region Government should further enhance the ability of its foundations to sustain its relations with world community. Our findings are consistent with the idea that the threat of terrorism is never going to be end, thereby it is not easy for the state-actors to keep their eyes away from the role of any world actors (including non-state actors).
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Mackertich, David S., and Adnan I. Samarrai. "History of hydrocarbon exploration in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq." GeoArabia 20, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 181–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia2002181.
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ABSTRACT The Kurdistan Region of Iraq has witnessed extraordinary levels of exploration activity since the first exploration well to be drilled in over two decades was spudded in 2005. Since then almost 200 wells have been drilled encountering recoverable reserves estimated to be in excess of 15 billion barrels of oil equivalent. Whilst the region is in close proximity to many of the giant and supergiant fields of Iran and Iraq, the reservoirs in which discoveries have been made are largely different. In Iraq a large percentage of discovered reserves reside in Cenozoic and Cretaceous sediments capped by Cenozoic evaporite sequences. Over much of Kurdistan, particularly the north and northeastern parts of the region, Cenozoic strata are absent. A decade ago many were doubtful that significant quantities of hydrocarbons could be trapped in the absence of the Cenozoic evaporite sequences. Furthermore, whilst the presence of large surface structures and significant oil seeps were encouraging to some, to others it fueled concerns about trap leakage. Today the majority of the surface anticlinal features in Kurdistan have been drilled, but remain to be fully evaluated. Almost all of the exploration activity in Kurdistan has taken place on 2-D seismic with vertical exploration wells. In the last few years, a number of 3-D seismic surveys have been acquired and these will undoubtedly lead to production and reserve enhancements in parallel with increased subsurface complexity. Following a decade of exploration, three fields have been fully appraised and have a reasonable early production history: Tawke, Taq Taq and Khurmala. Reserve additions in the Tawke Field have been significant as a result of increased production performance due to better than originally anticipated reservoir properties, better pressure communication and additional reserves found in older reservoirs. It is probable that similar trends will occur in other fields and discoveries. Whilst a small number of horizontal wells have been drilled, advanced techniques used for producing from tight fractured carbonates such as multilateral wells, hydraulic fracturing, selective completions, proping and water injection have not as yet been used in the region. Almost all wells in Kurdistan have been drilled on surface or near subsurface structures within the foreland or the fold belt. Some wells have drilled through thrusts, more often by accident as opposed to on purpose. There have been virtually no dedicated wells for pure sub-thrust plays or stratigraphic traps although hydrocarbons have been found below significant thrusts and also beyond apparent structural closure in some structures. Challenges remain in what is a structurally complex and recently deformed region. High levels of exploration and appraisal activity persist and new pipeline infrastructure is under construction. It is likely that the Kurdistan Region of Iraq will develop to become an important contributor to world oil and gas production. This paper aims to summarise the first decade of exploration and appraisal activity in Kurdistan Region of northern Iraq. Due to the paucity of technical papers on this subject, this document draws upon the authors’ own knowledge and material published by companies operating in the region.
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Noori, Tazhan Muhammad, and Chnar Abdullah Rashid. "EXTERNAL AUDITOR’S RESPONSIBILITY REGARDYING TO GOING CONCERN ASSUMPTION IN HIS/HERS REPORT: CASE OF KURDISTAN REGION/ IRAQ." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 5 (May 31, 2017): 138–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i5.2017.1846.
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This research mainly focused on the external auditors’ responsibilities in Kurdistan regarding the going concern assumption which consider the future financial conditions of the companies. We interviewed two professional individuals in the Directorate of financial supervision office who are auditing both governmental organizations and private sectors in Kurdistan region. Likewise, 4 owners of the companies who have faced bankruptcy risk in Kurdistan have been interviewed as well. Their main job was manufacturing before they have failed. The purpose of this research is to persuade the companies and external auditors that the external auditor can play a significant role in recommending the companies to improve their financial situations.