Academic literature on the topic 'Kurdistan, social conditions'

The Kurdistan Region is in the stage of economic development in various sectors, and sometimes economic development requires labor. Allowing and bringing foreign labor depends partly on how much the local labor fulfills the needs of the Kurdistan Region, bringing foreign workers sometimes is discussed as critical by the authorities, despite the lack of employment and local labor, but it is allowed to bring foreign labor, foreign workers have a number of social dimensions, which may affect their living conditions. This study aims to determine the living conditions of foreign workers in Erbil. The research method is quantitative method through the use of questionnaire tool, (381) foreign workers in male and female gender were taken as the study’s sample. Then analyzing the data with the use of the program (SPSS), we came to the conclusion that foreign workers in Erbil feel comfortable and safe, cultural differences have not become a problem and obstacle in front of them regarding religion and food, and they quickly adapt to the culture of Kurdistan Region. Foreign workers are more likely to have no social security and have been asked for inappropriate work, The male faces more social, psychological, healthy, economical, and legal problems than the female. Finally, some suggestion and recommendation have been presented to the related parties and the researches that will be done after this research.

Kamal Majid provides an insider's assessment of the history, political dynamics, major players and current social and economic conditions in the Kurdish region of Iraq. The author outlines a state of exception that has had an ambiguous and sometimes turbulent relationship both with the previous Baﺀth regime and the present Baghdad government which ultimately replaced it. The powerful rival groups of Jalāl Ṭalabānī and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) and Masﺀūd Barazānī and the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) vie for power, control of oil resources and pipelines as well as lucrative trans-national smuggling routes at a time when services have deteriorated and material components of infrastructure have been sold off to Iran. The picture of a region run by the Peshmerga militias of the ruling parties and plagued by corruption and influence peddling in a world of shifting alliances between Turkey, occupation forces and Iran is a dim one.

Kurds are an Iranian ethnic group that compactly resides in a large geographical area, at the junction of Asia Minor, the Caucasus, the Iranian Highlands, and Mesopotamia, called Kurdistan. Currently, the region is divided between four states - Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Syria. Ethnic Kurdistan has been constantly in a state of instability since the 20th century. Because of this, the Kurdish issue is one of the most pressing problems in recent history and is at the forefront of the political life of the Middle East region. Kurds are the most numerous people who, at the present stage of human development, do not have their own statehood and have existed for a long time without autonomy. For a long period of time, they have been fighting for self-determination, and Iraqi Kurdistan has a major role to play in it. It is this region that has made the most progress in the political sphere, notably thanks to the creation of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in 1946. For almost half a century, under unfavorable conditions, its activities have helped to develop a new political culture and the so-called "pluralism of thoughts". The split within this party has shown that no national movement is unitary and combines the interests of different social and political groups. Further deepening of the contradictions, in addition to the difficult situation of Iraq in the international arena, resulted in armed conflict. During the civil war, both Kurdish parties from other countries and the armed forces of Iraq, Iran and Turkey intervened in it. In fact, the inter-Kurdish conflict in Iraqi Kurdistan has become a significant step towards the realization of the issue of autonomy.

Handicrafts as one of the most important elements of cultural heritage are receiving wide attention.efforts to develop them at the national, regional and international levels are increasing in order to emphasize the economic, social and cultural importance they occupy as part of national identity. some countries are focusing on the development of crafts and handicrafts, as their products have a role in attracting tourists, achieving social well-being and enhancing domestic output through the creation of income-guaranteed jobs and the active operation of capital, in addition to their pivotal role in human building. Because of the importance of handicraft industry, the subject of this study(geographical analysis of cottage industries in the Kurdistan region of Iraq)came to reveal the reality of cottage industries in the Kurdistan region, and because of the geographical and historical status of the study area, the research contained the concept of industrial crafts, their importance in the regional environment, and their types, some proposals and solutions were presented in order to promote these crafts and overcome the problems The study found that the geographical factors in the Kurdistan region, especially the spread of the population in different ways, and the subsequent different historical spatial conditions, in turn led to the diversity of crafts and handicrafts, and in the end the study came to a number of conclusions and recommendations that try to develop the pros and reduce the negatives.

Social capital is a latent wealth and property arising from a society's members' mental and psychological readiness to give up personal interests and engage in collective action. Social capital is a form of capital that potentially exists in all human societies. For flourishing and actualizing social capital, factors must be transformed, and special conditions must be satisfied that are seldom and difficult to meet. This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the strengthening of social capital through the role of government. The study was applied research, and in terms of data collection method, it was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of the study was the citizens of Iraqi Kurdistan in 2020. One thousand subjects were selected using the convenience sampling method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Content validity and measurement model results were used to evaluate the validity and reliability of measurement tools. The questionnaires’ validity and reliability results were confirmed. Structural equation modeling through Smart PLS 3 was used for data analysis. The hypothesis testing results showed that the economy, geography and environment, and culture and society would strengthen social capital through government. According to the value obtained for the model fit index, 0.54, the overall model’s goodness of fit was confirmed.

Prevalence studies on oral conditions affecting children are rare worldwide, and none of them was conducted in in Erbil/Kurdistan region/Iraq. The aims in the this study were to determine the prevalence and distribution of oral conditions which include both lesions and normal variations in group of patients referred to a main, public specialized poly clinics dental center. A prospective cross-sectional study was performed, the including data collected were age, gender, and site of a condition. The examination of the patients was performed under standardized conditions; using artificial light, disposable gloves, retractors, and mirror with sterile gauze to hold tip of the tongue. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22; Fisher’s exact test; and Chi-square test. A sample of 520 children, aged range (0–13) years included in this study, 265 (51.0%) were males and 255 (49.0%) were females, divided into three age groups; 100 (19.2%) were <5 years, 274 (52.7%) were 5–9 years, and 146 (28.1%) were 10–13 years. The prevalence of oral conditions was significantly higher in 5–9 years (52.7%). The most commonly clinically diagnosed oral conditions were fissure tongue (13.1%), followed by gingivitis (9.0%) and dentoalveolar sinus (8.3%). As a first study in this age group in Erbil/Kurdistan region/Iraq, oral conditions are relatively common in the sample examined; dentist and dental practitioner should be aware for their recognition and referral for management.

Countries seek to attract foreign investment because of the benefits that expect and the positive effects which these investments can have on their economies. However, these investments are looking for a safe of investment environment to work in their conditions of economic safety and legislation and regulations that would facilitate their work freely without restrictions or government control; as well as, the security and political stability, which is a prerequisite for directing these investments to a certain economy. This is clearly in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq. Thus, given the importance of the tourism sector in the economies of most countries and its clear role in economic and social development, many countries have given their attention to tourism investment, which is an important source of their economic resources. Developing countries have started developing plans and strategies based on field scientific studies and theory for the development of the tourism sector and development. This is so that this sector is the cornerstone of the pyramid interest of the power in most developed countries and territories including the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Where, the territory occupies an important place through its geographical location and its potential tourism in different directions and diversity of tourism characteristics. Based on the above, the selection of foreign direct investment and its impact on the development of the tourism sector in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq has been the subject of research. This aimed in identifying the reality of direct investment in Kurdistan Region and its impact on the development of the tourism sector. Thus, identifying the most important challenges facing, it so that it can make a number of proposals which contribute to addressing these challenges.

This study identifies and examines drivers and barriers toward effective integrated and sustainable management and governance practices based on ecosystem services’ perspective of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq’s water management area. A combination of a systematic literature review and 28 individuals from Ankawa, Kasnazan, Haran City, Eskan, Bakhtiari, Tairawa, Mastufi, Khabat and Saiudawa were randomly interviewed. The decisions to use residents of these areas are based on their location as well as mixed challenges and conditions regarding water supply and use based on their social and economic statuses. The responses were analysed using NVivo 12 and the results of the study indicated that there have been substantial increases in environmental and ecosystem services awareness has been a key driver of heightening sustainability initiatives in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Additionally, the study reveals that lacking coherence between actors and sectors concerning natural resource governance is a major obstacle to undermining sustainable water management initiatives. It is inferred through the established findings that sound leadership, localized, decentralised management structures, and sustainable developments are pivotal for enhancing the water management efforts in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Moreover, local water suppliers, residents, farmers and decision-makers are encouraged to adopt additional and sound water monitoring practices to improve ecosystem services and valuable contributions toward improving human beings’ well-being.

The content of this research talks about the health situation in the cities of southern Kurdistan in the nineteenth century, which its population was suffering from poverty, back wardness illiteracy, destruction, high taxes rates and bad political conditions, due to the bad economic, social and political circumstances, beside these, a variety of dangerous diseases like (plague, cholera, malaria, fever, diarrhea and vomiting.) had spread in (Sulaimani, Kirkuk, Hawler, Ramanduz, Amedi) durnng the years (1820, 1821, 1830, 1831,1832, 1845, 1865, 1871, 1889, 1900 …), which caused great economic, social, political losses and health disasters. sometimes they caused the death of nearly half of these cities population. Low health awareness and lack of health service forced the inhabitants of these areas to resort to alternative medicine, magic and sorcery and the shrine of the righteous. The indifference and neglecting of the health sector by Ottoman Empire caused frequent health disasters, despite the fact that the Ottoman state had opened several hospitals and quarantine centers in both cities Sulaimani and Kirkukein the seventieth of the nineteenth century , but they were not provided enough budget as compared to the military sectors , the laste money was allocated for the helth sector, no hospitals or governmental health centers were found in cities like Hawler , Koya , Rawandz and the Amedi tell the beginning of the twenentieth century.

Background: Mortality and causes of death are among the most important statistics used in assessing the effectiveness of a country’s health system. Several countries do not have information systems for collecting these data, and they must therefore be estimated from surveys. Objective: This study analyzes mortality data retrieved from official government databases in Iraqi Kurdistan to describe ten-year trends in natural causes of death. Methods: Data for natural causes of death, reported from 2009 to 2018, were extracted from the databases of the Registration Bureau of Births and Deaths and of the Forensic Medicine of the Province of Sulaymaniyah. A sample of 16,433 causes of death was analyzed. Results: Causes of death were coded according to the ICD-10 classification. Overall, cardiovascular diseases were the leading cause of mortality (52.6%), followed by neoplasms (17.7%), infectious and parasitic diseases (8.9%), and genitourinary diseases (6.3%). Neonatal conditions, congenital anomalies, and neurological conditions each accounted for less than 1% each. Numbers of natural deaths by cause and cause-specific mortality rates have been estimated for the entire Region of Iraqi Kurdistan. Comparisons with other sources suggest that there is a substantial amount of underreporting, especially in relation to deaths of infants and under-five children. Conclusion: Our findings confirm that the region is facing a burden of non-communicable diseases, coupled with high proportions of infectious diseases. However, the lack of effective vital statistics with combined under-reported data collection highlights the need for implementation of health monitoring systems. Advancements in generating high-quality data are essential in improving health and reducing preventable deaths. The establishment of a novel Health Information System is discussed.

This thesis explores a heterogeneous migrant labour force, particularly Kurdish workers from the south-east of Turkey, working in a private steel mill outside Erbil, the capital of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The wider context is one of war, population displacement, political disintegration, and economic fluctuation. The dissertation builds on ethnographic fieldwork conducted over a period of 16 months between November 2014 and February 2016 in the south-west of Erbil, ten miles away from the town of Gwer, the ISIS–Iraqi Kurdistan war front. It demonstrates how political and economic fragmentation created a zone for the appropriation and super-exploitation of cheap material and human resources and facilitated an expansion of unregulated capitalism. In this process, capitalist production became freed from the cost and constraint of a moral economy of labour, as political disintegration and Kurdish nationalism created consent and coercion for the corporate control of local resources. Industrial production constituted a field of experimentation in labour relations for both management and labourers, in a manner exemplary of contemporary capitalism. The dissertation opens with a discussion of relational and holistic approaches to the expansion of capitalism and inequality; it then moves to examine the Hiwa neighbourhood as a frontier landscape between the relative stability and security of Iraqi Kurdistan and the insecurity and uncertainty of the war zones of Iraq, Syria and Eastern Turkey. Chapters 1 and 2 describe how production and destruction, formal and informal economies, and deregulation and criminalization are interconnected and integral to the recycling of war scrap on which the expansion of the steel mill depends. Chapters 3 and 4 turn from the environment to labour, and examine the heterogeneous work force composed of migrant men from India, Syria, Turkey, Iran, and the rest of Iraq. Their labour has been made cheap through distinct formal and informal work practices within the wider dynamics of war, displacement, and informalization in the region. Complementary to this structural analysis, Chapters 5 and 6 turn to individual life stories of migrant labourers, focusing on how they experience incertitude, from gruelling everyday uncertainties concerning unstable work to life-threatening disease. In so doing, the thesis aims to document the moral and material consequences of contemporary capitalism in Iraqi Kurdistan for migrant labour at a more intimate level.

This study seeks to examine the impact of the EU on Turkish counter-terrorism policies towards the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK). It analyses what impact it has had within three distinct periods: the pre-Helsinki European Council (1984-1999) period, the post-Helsinki European Council (1999-2004) period, and the post-Brussels European Council (2004-2013) period. It conceptualizes and empirically investigates the EU’s norm diffusion role by relying on the concept of “Rule Adoption”, and by utilising two norm diffusion mechanisms: the “Conditionality” and the “Socialization” mechanism, and their domestic and EU-level determinants. The thesis argues that when the EU has promoted democratisation in Turkey, it has also implicitly impacted on Turkey’s counter-terrorism policies. It argues for this thesis by generalizing from the following empirical findings: When the EU has provided a credible membership prospect to Turkey, and when the PKK attacks have been at a low-level, then the EU conditionality mechanism has been influential on Turkey’s adoption of EU promoted norms. However, when there has been no membership prospect and high levels of PKK violence, it has been the openness of Turkish political actors that has resulted in rule adoption, in which the social learning of the Turkish political actors has led to the adoption of EU promoted norms as an appropriate way to solve existing terrorism problems.

Nashville, Tennessee, is home to nearly fifteen thousand ethnic Kurds. They have come in four distinct groups over the course of two decades to escape the hardship and horror of brutal central government policies, some directed toward their extinction. Many of that number are young people who were infants or toddlers when they were whisked away to the safety of temporary way stations prior to their arrival in the United States. What that means is that these youth have spent the majority of their formative years within the context of the American culture. This thesis is a study of how they view their place within and/or apart from that culture and the one into which they were born, the Kurdish one. My contention is that they all live a double life. Over the course of a seven-month period in 2013, I conducted recorded interviews with eleven Kurds in Nashville, ages 16-26. Most were young women but all represented a healthy cross-section of experience as third-culture kids. What I discovered is presented in three chapters dealing with the issues of emigration/immigration, gender, and identity. That is prefaced by a brief history of the Kurdish nation and of their movement out of Kurdistan, as well as a discussion of my fieldwork procedures and products. My interviewees present their perspectives on each of these issues through select transcript portions provided in each chapter. My thesis was direct: young Kurds in Nashville live a duality in which neither part, American or Kurdish, is equally valued or shared at all times. They live in two worlds but are not and, perhaps, cannot be fully invested in either. That is what their words spoke to me. But just as clearly, there was an unrivaled individuality in the way that every one of the eleven related to each community of which they were a part. Some were closer to one than the other while others attempted a seemingly uncomfortable straddle. Either way, they managed the hand they were dealt as they deemed proper and most did so remarkably well.

La présente thèse porte sur l'étude de certains aspects socio-économiques de l'histoire iranienne. En examinant les situations économiques des villes, des villages et des nomades dans deux provinces occidentales de l'Iran –celle de Hamadân et du Kurdistan d'Ardalân (aujourd'hui la province de Kordestân) – au début du XVIII siècle, nous nous proposons d'éclairer différents aspects de la vie urbaine et rurale et de mettre en relations entre les villes, les villages et les nomades dans les régions considérées. Nous mettons à contribution, dans notre thèse, des sources inédites et peu exploitées. Il s'agit des registres de recensement établis par les Ottomans pendant leur occupation des régions occidentales de l'Iran, dans la première moitié du XVIIIe siècle. Dans les registres, conservés aux Archives de la Présidence du Conseil à Istanbul, la liste des contribuables et celles des impôts sont établies en détail pour chaque agglomération ou groupe tribal. Nous avons choisi comme objet d'étude deux registres, TT907 et TT1066, qui concernent respectivement la province de Hamadân et la province du Kurdistan d'Ardalân. Les recensements ne fournissent que des listes de contribuables et de montants d'impôts. Pour tirer le meilleur parti de ces documents administratifs, nous avons établi des bases de données qui reprennent presque tous les renseignements des registres. Pour exposer le résultat de l'analyse de ces bases de données, nous avons dressé des tableaux, des graphiques et des cartes de différents types. Ce travail est complété par une bibliographie et des index
The present thesis is intended as an investigation of certain socio-economic aspects of the Iranian history. By examining the demographic and economic situation of cities, villages and nomads in two western provinces of Iran –Hamadân and Kurdistan of Ardalân (today the province of Kordestân) - at the beginning of the eighteenth century, we try to clarify various aspects of the urban and rural life and to throw light on urban-rural relations in the areas considered. This study will use some unexplored Ottoman documents, the tahrîr defterleri, or cadastral records, of western Iran. Now preserved in the Archives of the Prime Ministry in Istanbul, Turkey, these records are the products of several Ottoman occupations of Iran between the late sixteenth and early eighteenth centuries. These registers record in detail the names of each settlement of tribal group, its administrative affiliation, and a list of tax payers and amounts of taxes. To draw the best party from these administrative document, we established databases that contain almost all the information of the registers. To expose the result of the analysis of these databases, we show tables, graphs and maps of various types. This work is supplemented by a bibliography and indices

Purpose Aside from their oncology condition, cancer patients often experience many ancillary problems, including negative physical symptoms, social isolation, spiritual suffering, and often psychological distress. Supportive care services can be defined as services designed to help patients, their families, and caregivers with their experiences during the diagnosis, treatment, follow-up, and palliative stages of the cancer journey. In an extensive review of the literature, we identified no previous studies that have investigated the SCNs of cancer patients in Iraq or any other Middle Eastern countries. Therefore, this study aims to determine the SCNs of cancer patients in Iraq. Methods The present cross-sectional study and data was conducted in Rezgary teaching and Nankaly Oncology Hospital in the Kurdistan Federal Region of Iraq. A total of 300 eligible cancer patients were invited to participate in the study from February to August, 2018. Eligibility criteria included: 18 years or above; having a definite diagnosis of any type of cancer; physically or mentally able to participate in the study; and being aware of exact diagnosis for at least three months. Results In 15 items of the SCNs, more than 60% of the participants reported that their needs were unmet. Most frequently, unmet needs were related to health system and information, physical and daily living, psychological, and patient care and support domains, and most met needs were related to physical and daily activity domains. Conclusions Kurdish cancer patients had many unmet needs and there is a need for establishing additional supportive care services and educational programs to increase quality of life in Kurdistan Region- Iraq.

"Introduction: Military and political crises and conflicts have been part of the reality of many countries of the world, which are witnessing political, economic, social, intellectual, cultural and sectarian changes that have made violence and terrorism an essential material for expressing the content of the conflict and its extensions, then turning to other societies. In mid-2014, Iraq was subjected to a fierce attack by the so-called Islamic State (ISIS) on the governorates of Mosul, Kirkuk, Salah al-Din, Diyala and Anbar, which led to the occupation of some of them by the organization's forces, and thus led to the forced migration of hundreds of thousands of people to the safe provinces. Stable, the extension of this crisis and its various effects made it a strategic challenge for Iraq that requires exceptional national efforts to achieve stability and ensure the return of the displaced to their areas of residence within a legal framework of a humanitarian nature. The problem of the study: The problem of the research lies in answering several questions that were raised in the study, which are what are the reasons that led to this forced migration and mass displacement, and what are the challenges facing the displaced and displaced in Kirkuk, and how to coexist amid the charged atmosphere in the city of Kirkuk, which is threatened by invasion from Before the forces of the organization, and how to reach solutions that satisfy all parties and end this crisis and ensure the dignified return of the displaced families to their homes after the liberation of the region and the restoration of security to it. Study hypothesis: The hypothesis that the researcher starts from in order to answer the questions raised by the problematic, confirmed or denied by the data of the study. Therefore, the absence of a unified national strategy that addresses the crisis of forced displacement and mass displacement in Iraq in general and in Kirkuk in particular and responds to the requirements of their relief and return to their areas would reduce the The quality of the humanitarian response policy and achieve social justice befitting the life of the Iraqi citizen. The importance of the study: The importance of this research comes since the crisis of forced displacement and mass displacement began in mid-2014, after ISIS took control of the northern and central regions of Iraq, the humanitarian emergency in Iraq became more severe, according to United Nations estimates, as the number of displaced people in Iraq exceeded Nearly three million displaced people, while more than eight million people are in need of humanitarian assistance, and with the lack of funding by the United Nations, and the presence of the Iraqi government and the Kurdistan Regional Government also under economic pressure as a result of the war on ISIS, the protection of human rights and the provision of assistance are at risk Also at great risk. Objectives of the study: 1- Getting to know the international evidence for the displaced. 2- The impact of the characteristics of the displaced in Kirkuk and the effects of the crisis. 3- Knowing the national efforts to curb the effects of the crisis. 4- Defining the general framework for the sustainable solutions required to ensure the success of return or resettlement cases. Study methodology: The study adopted the analytical method of an inductive nature based on reality, as a method in proving the hypothesis in order to reach the research objectives. Structure of the study: The study was divided into two sections. The first section included the challenges facing the displaced in Kirkuk, which included three main axes: first the political and security challenges, secondly the economic challenges, and thirdly the social challenges. The second topic dealt with the procedures used to deal with the crisis, which was divided into the situation The government from the crisis, the position of local associations and international organizations from the crisis, and finally the proposed solutions to end the crisis of forced displacement and displacement in Iraq in general and Kirkuk in particular. Results of the study: The study reached several results, including 1- The relief programs and the humanitarian response policy were unable to mitigate the economic, social and psychological impact of the displaced, which deepened the severity of the crisis and its repercussions. 2- Doubling the national and international effort is a necessity to limit the spillover effects of the crisis, provided that these efforts are linked and encapsulated by legal frameworks. 3- Returning to the liberated areas is among the most sustainable solutions. Therefore, the return of the displaced must be accompanied by achieving stability, providing services and security. Sources study: The sources of the study varied from the reports of the High Commission for Human Rights in Iraq, UNICEF, Amnesty International of the United Nations, and the reports of the International Organization for Migration and other organizations that used to issue their periodic reports and in numbers on the tragic conditions experienced by the Iraqi diaspora, including the book The Displacement Crisis in Safe Iraq. And protection issued by the Cisfire Center for Civilian Rights in London, the national report on human development in Iraq, the reports of the World Food Program, and other sources in the course of the study. "