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Journal articles on the topic 'Kurdistan, social conditions'
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1
Mustafa, Kamaran abdulla, and Izaddin Abdalsamad Rasool. "The living conditions of foreign workers: a field study in Erbil city." Journal of University of Raparin 11, no. 1 (July 9, 2024): 522–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/vol(11).no(1).paper21.
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The Kurdistan Region is in the stage of economic development in various sectors, and sometimes economic development requires labor. Allowing and bringing foreign labor depends partly on how much the local labor fulfills the needs of the Kurdistan Region, bringing foreign workers sometimes is discussed as critical by the authorities, despite the lack of employment and local labor, but it is allowed to bring foreign labor, foreign workers have a number of social dimensions, which may affect their living conditions. This study aims to determine the living conditions of foreign workers in Erbil. The research method is quantitative method through the use of questionnaire tool, (381) foreign workers in male and female gender were taken as the study’s sample. Then analyzing the data with the use of the program (SPSS), we came to the conclusion that foreign workers in Erbil feel comfortable and safe, cultural differences have not become a problem and obstacle in front of them regarding religion and food, and they quickly adapt to the culture of Kurdistan Region. Foreign workers are more likely to have no social security and have been asked for inappropriate work, The male faces more social, psychological, healthy, economical, and legal problems than the female. Finally, some suggestion and recommendation have been presented to the related parties and the researches that will be done after this research.
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Majid, Kamal. "An assessment of conditions in the Kurdish region of Iraq." Contemporary Arab Affairs 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550910802597631.
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Kamal Majid provides an insider's assessment of the history, political dynamics, major players and current social and economic conditions in the Kurdish region of Iraq. The author outlines a state of exception that has had an ambiguous and sometimes turbulent relationship both with the previous Baﺀth regime and the present Baghdad government which ultimately replaced it. The powerful rival groups of Jalāl Ṭalabānī and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) and Masﺀūd Barazānī and the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) vie for power, control of oil resources and pipelines as well as lucrative trans-national smuggling routes at a time when services have deteriorated and material components of infrastructure have been sold off to Iran. The picture of a region run by the Peshmerga militias of the ruling parties and plagued by corruption and influence peddling in a world of shifting alliances between Turkey, occupation forces and Iran is a dim one.
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Kozhukhar, B. "THE CONFLICT AMONG KURDS IN THE KURDISTAN REGION OF IRAQ." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 142 (2019): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2019.142.3.
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Kurds are an Iranian ethnic group that compactly resides in a large geographical area, at the junction of Asia Minor, the Caucasus, the Iranian Highlands, and Mesopotamia, called Kurdistan. Currently, the region is divided between four states - Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Syria. Ethnic Kurdistan has been constantly in a state of instability since the 20th century. Because of this, the Kurdish issue is one of the most pressing problems in recent history and is at the forefront of the political life of the Middle East region. Kurds are the most numerous people who, at the present stage of human development, do not have their own statehood and have existed for a long time without autonomy. For a long period of time, they have been fighting for self-determination, and Iraqi Kurdistan has a major role to play in it. It is this region that has made the most progress in the political sphere, notably thanks to the creation of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in 1946. For almost half a century, under unfavorable conditions, its activities have helped to develop a new political culture and the so-called "pluralism of thoughts". The split within this party has shown that no national movement is unitary and combines the interests of different social and political groups. Further deepening of the contradictions, in addition to the difficult situation of Iraq in the international arena, resulted in armed conflict. During the civil war, both Kurdish parties from other countries and the armed forces of Iraq, Iran and Turkey intervened in it. In fact, the inter-Kurdish conflict in Iraqi Kurdistan has become a significant step towards the realization of the issue of autonomy.
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Muhammed, Salwa Tofiq. "Geographical analysis of cottage industries in the Kurdistan region of Iraq." Twejer 4, no. 1 (May 2021): 1107–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31918/twejer.2141.25.
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Handicrafts as one of the most important elements of cultural heritage are receiving wide attention.efforts to develop them at the national, regional and international levels are increasing in order to emphasize the economic, social and cultural importance they occupy as part of national identity. some countries are focusing on the development of crafts and handicrafts, as their products have a role in attracting tourists, achieving social well-being and enhancing domestic output through the creation of income-guaranteed jobs and the active operation of capital, in addition to their pivotal role in human building. Because of the importance of handicraft industry, the subject of this study(geographical analysis of cottage industries in the Kurdistan region of Iraq)came to reveal the reality of cottage industries in the Kurdistan region, and because of the geographical and historical status of the study area, the research contained the concept of industrial crafts, their importance in the regional environment, and their types, some proposals and solutions were presented in order to promote these crafts and overcome the problems The study found that the geographical factors in the Kurdistan region, especially the spread of the population in different ways, and the subsequent different historical spatial conditions, in turn led to the diversity of crafts and handicrafts, and in the end the study came to a number of conclusions and recommendations that try to develop the pros and reduce the negatives.
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Khayati, Chiman. "Investigating the Role of Governmental Factors Affecting Social Capital (Case Study: Iraqi Kurdistan)." Technium Sustainability 1, no. 2 (December 9, 2021): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/sustainability.v1i2.5387.
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Social capital is a latent wealth and property arising from a society's members' mental and psychological readiness to give up personal interests and engage in collective action. Social capital is a form of capital that potentially exists in all human societies. For flourishing and actualizing social capital, factors must be transformed, and special conditions must be satisfied that are seldom and difficult to meet. This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the strengthening of social capital through the role of government. The study was applied research, and in terms of data collection method, it was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of the study was the citizens of Iraqi Kurdistan in 2020. One thousand subjects were selected using the convenience sampling method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Content validity and measurement model results were used to evaluate the validity and reliability of measurement tools. The questionnaires’ validity and reliability results were confirmed. Structural equation modeling through Smart PLS 3 was used for data analysis. The hypothesis testing results showed that the economy, geography and environment, and culture and society would strengthen social capital through government. According to the value obtained for the model fit index, 0.54, the overall model’s goodness of fit was confirmed.
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Abdullah, Banaz A., Shaheen A. Ahmed, and Ali F. Mohammad Alzubaidee. "Prevalence and Distribution of Oral Conditions among Dental out Patients Children Aged 0–13 Years Attending Khanzad Polyclinic Center in Erbil City." Polytechnic Journal 10, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.25156/ptj.v10n2y2020.pp81-86.
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Prevalence studies on oral conditions affecting children are rare worldwide, and none of them was conducted in in Erbil/Kurdistan region/Iraq. The aims in the this study were to determine the prevalence and distribution of oral conditions which include both lesions and normal variations in group of patients referred to a main, public specialized poly clinics dental center. A prospective cross-sectional study was performed, the including data collected were age, gender, and site of a condition. The examination of the patients was performed under standardized conditions; using artificial light, disposable gloves, retractors, and mirror with sterile gauze to hold tip of the tongue. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22; Fisher’s exact test; and Chi-square test. A sample of 520 children, aged range (0–13) years included in this study, 265 (51.0%) were males and 255 (49.0%) were females, divided into three age groups; 100 (19.2%) were <5 years, 274 (52.7%) were 5–9 years, and 146 (28.1%) were 10–13 years. The prevalence of oral conditions was significantly higher in 5–9 years (52.7%). The most commonly clinically diagnosed oral conditions were fissure tongue (13.1%), followed by gingivitis (9.0%) and dentoalveolar sinus (8.3%). As a first study in this age group in Erbil/Kurdistan region/Iraq, oral conditions are relatively common in the sample examined; dentist and dental practitioner should be aware for their recognition and referral for management.
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Mohammed, Assad H. "Foreign Direct Investment and its Impact on Development of the Tourism Sector in Kurdistan Region – Iraq." Journal of University of Human Development 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v4n1y2018.pp80-89.
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Countries seek to attract foreign investment because of the benefits that expect and the positive effects which these investments can have on their economies. However, these investments are looking for a safe of investment environment to work in their conditions of economic safety and legislation and regulations that would facilitate their work freely without restrictions or government control; as well as, the security and political stability, which is a prerequisite for directing these investments to a certain economy. This is clearly in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq. Thus, given the importance of the tourism sector in the economies of most countries and its clear role in economic and social development, many countries have given their attention to tourism investment, which is an important source of their economic resources. Developing countries have started developing plans and strategies based on field scientific studies and theory for the development of the tourism sector and development. This is so that this sector is the cornerstone of the pyramid interest of the power in most developed countries and territories including the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Where, the territory occupies an important place through its geographical location and its potential tourism in different directions and diversity of tourism characteristics. Based on the above, the selection of foreign direct investment and its impact on the development of the tourism sector in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq has been the subject of research. This aimed in identifying the reality of direct investment in Kurdistan Region and its impact on the development of the tourism sector. Thus, identifying the most important challenges facing, it so that it can make a number of proposals which contribute to addressing these challenges.
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Sulaiman Zahid Sulaiman, Karwan Obaid Hamad, and Simbarashe Ranson Andrea. "Drivers and barriers towards sustainable water management in Erbil Kurdistan Region of Iraq." World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences 6, no. 1 (May 30, 2022): 010–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2022.6.1.0033.
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This study identifies and examines drivers and barriers toward effective integrated and sustainable management and governance practices based on ecosystem services’ perspective of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq’s water management area. A combination of a systematic literature review and 28 individuals from Ankawa, Kasnazan, Haran City, Eskan, Bakhtiari, Tairawa, Mastufi, Khabat and Saiudawa were randomly interviewed. The decisions to use residents of these areas are based on their location as well as mixed challenges and conditions regarding water supply and use based on their social and economic statuses. The responses were analysed using NVivo 12 and the results of the study indicated that there have been substantial increases in environmental and ecosystem services awareness has been a key driver of heightening sustainability initiatives in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Additionally, the study reveals that lacking coherence between actors and sectors concerning natural resource governance is a major obstacle to undermining sustainable water management initiatives. It is inferred through the established findings that sound leadership, localized, decentralised management structures, and sustainable developments are pivotal for enhancing the water management efforts in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Moreover, local water suppliers, residents, farmers and decision-makers are encouraged to adopt additional and sound water monitoring practices to improve ecosystem services and valuable contributions toward improving human beings’ well-being.
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Hussain Ahmd, Saman, and Rewas Fatah muhamad. "The health situation in the cities of Southern Kurdistan in the nineteenth century." Journal of University of Raparin 11, no. 3 (July 9, 2024): 504–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/vol(11).no(3).paper21.
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The content of this research talks about the health situation in the cities of southern Kurdistan in the nineteenth century, which its population was suffering from poverty, back wardness illiteracy, destruction, high taxes rates and bad political conditions, due to the bad economic, social and political circumstances, beside these, a variety of dangerous diseases like (plague, cholera, malaria, fever, diarrhea and vomiting.) had spread in (Sulaimani, Kirkuk, Hawler, Ramanduz, Amedi) durnng the years (1820, 1821, 1830, 1831,1832, 1845, 1865, 1871, 1889, 1900 …), which caused great economic, social, political losses and health disasters. sometimes they caused the death of nearly half of these cities population. Low health awareness and lack of health service forced the inhabitants of these areas to resort to alternative medicine, magic and sorcery and the shrine of the righteous. The indifference and neglecting of the health sector by Ottoman Empire caused frequent health disasters, despite the fact that the Ottoman state had opened several hospitals and quarantine centers in both cities Sulaimani and Kirkukein the seventieth of the nineteenth century , but they were not provided enough budget as compared to the military sectors , the laste money was allocated for the helth sector, no hospitals or governmental health centers were found in cities like Hawler , Koya , Rawandz and the Amedi tell the beginning of the twenentieth century.
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Salih, Shahla O., Stefania Moramarco, Daniele Di Giovanni, Sivar A. Qadir, Haveen H. Alsilefanee, Faiq B. Basa, and Leonardo Emberti Gialloreti. "Ten-Year Mortality Trends and Natural Causes of Death in the Iraqi Kurdistan." Open Public Health Journal 14, no. 1 (July 13, 2021): 264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944502114010264.
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Background: Mortality and causes of death are among the most important statistics used in assessing the effectiveness of a country’s health system. Several countries do not have information systems for collecting these data, and they must therefore be estimated from surveys. Objective: This study analyzes mortality data retrieved from official government databases in Iraqi Kurdistan to describe ten-year trends in natural causes of death. Methods: Data for natural causes of death, reported from 2009 to 2018, were extracted from the databases of the Registration Bureau of Births and Deaths and of the Forensic Medicine of the Province of Sulaymaniyah. A sample of 16,433 causes of death was analyzed. Results: Causes of death were coded according to the ICD-10 classification. Overall, cardiovascular diseases were the leading cause of mortality (52.6%), followed by neoplasms (17.7%), infectious and parasitic diseases (8.9%), and genitourinary diseases (6.3%). Neonatal conditions, congenital anomalies, and neurological conditions each accounted for less than 1% each. Numbers of natural deaths by cause and cause-specific mortality rates have been estimated for the entire Region of Iraqi Kurdistan. Comparisons with other sources suggest that there is a substantial amount of underreporting, especially in relation to deaths of infants and under-five children. Conclusion: Our findings confirm that the region is facing a burden of non-communicable diseases, coupled with high proportions of infectious diseases. However, the lack of effective vital statistics with combined under-reported data collection highlights the need for implementation of health monitoring systems. Advancements in generating high-quality data are essential in improving health and reducing preventable deaths. The establishment of a novel Health Information System is discussed.
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Abdullah Sabir, Rizgar. "The Role of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) to Encourage International Investments in the Kurdistan Region-Iraq." Academic Journal of Nawroz University 11, no. 1 (February 7, 2022): 30–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v11n1a1236.
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International accounting standards, which were renamed the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), have received global acceptance, as the rapid transformations in financial and economic relations, and the liberalization that they involved in the economy in trade and markets, deepened the need to establish a unified international approach in accounting that keeps pace with these developments. Because of the disparity and difference between countries in the accounting principles, accounting practices, and preparing the financial statements that would lead to the ambiguities and contradictions in the information and results contained in those financial statements. There are continuous efforts by the Central Bank of Iraq to implement international standards through the trend towards requesting financial data from banks according to international standards. Therefore, the banking sector, by its modernity and the challenges it faces daily, needs a high degree of financial disclosure and transparency in the financial reports, which are reflected in the banks’ financial position and performance. The financial statements look similar in form among different companies, but there is a difference among them in terms of content, due to the difference in the social, economic, and legal conditions in the external and internal environment of the companies. In reality, there are no specific accountings standards belong to the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Therefore, this study aims to discover the extent to which the international financial reporting standards’ application contributes to encouraging foreign investment in the Kurdistan Region.
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Tezcür, Güneş Murat. "Violence and nationalist mobilization: the onset of the Kurdish insurgency in Turkey." Nationalities Papers 43, no. 2 (March 2015): 248–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2014.970527.
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According to theories of nonviolent resistance, violence is counterproductive and undermines the ability of a movement to achieve mass support. At the same time, studies of ethnic insurgencies suggest that violence is the only available method of mobilization in political systems characterized by entrenched ethnic hierarchies. Engaging with these arguments, this article addresses a historical puzzle: What factors explain the timing and ability of the PKK's (Partiye Karkerên Kurdistan) rise as the hegemonic Kurdish nationalist organization in Turkey between the late 1970s and 1990? The article argues that studies that identify Kurdish nationalism as a reaction to repressive policies of the Turkish state without paying attention to prevailing social conditions and oppositional strategies fail to provide a satisfactory response. It argues that the rise of the PKK was primarily a function of its ability to gain support among the peasantry in deeply unequal rural areas through its strategic employment of violence. It also identifies four causal mechanisms of PKK recruitment based on rich archival and field research: credibility, revenge, social mobility, and gender emancipation.
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Nicola, Silvia-Lucretia, and Shahen Mohammed Faraj. "Should I stay, or should I go? Migration attitudes after the financial crisis (2014‐19) among students from Halabja (KRI)." Journal of Contemporary Iraq & the Arab World 14, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 201–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jciaw_00030_1.
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Students from the University of Halabja were asked in a survey conducted in April 2019 about their attitudes towards emigration in the wake of a prolonged financial crisis burdening the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) since 2014. While these students are not yet migrants, researching the reasons for their envisaged migration helps to better understand the challenges they face. Despite a continuous development of its post-secondary education sector, the KRI still struggles with low absorption rates of graduates. At the same time, the KRI exhibits a growing youth bulge, as well as high unemployment levels among its young population. These unfavourable conditions might cause a brain drain, pushing the educated youth to leave the country in search of better financial means, as well as waves of social unrest as seen throughout Iraq and the wider Middle East. First results show that more than half of the surveyed students have considered emigrating. Local job opportunities would, however, diminish their percentage.
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Karim, Muaf Abdulla, Jamal Kareem Shakor, Bootan Hasan Ahmed, Dlzar Omer Qadir, and Saleem Saaed Qader. "Control Rate of Diabetic and Hypertensive Adult Patients in Association with Demographic and Healthy Behaviour Factors in Garmian- Kurdistan Region." Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research 1, no. 2 (December 18, 2016): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24017/science.2016.1.2.3.
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Hypertension and diabetes mellitus (DM) are the two major inter-correlated risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, which considered as the major causes of morbidity and mortality. This study is set up to determine control rate, and the social demographic and health related behaviours risk factors in association with control rate in hypertensive and/or diabetes patients who are under treatment. Cross sectional study was carried out in this study. Data have been collected by well-trained paramedics through direct interviews using structured questionnaire with the participants. A conventional sampling which is one of the main types of non-probability method was used for collecting data. SPSS version 16 was used for analysing data. 338 patients were recruited into the study, 150(44.1%) of participants with hypertension,88(25.9%) with diabetes and the rest 100(29.4%) with both diseases. Patients who diagnosed with hypertension weremore under control 83 (55.3%) in comparison with diabetic23(26.1%) and patients who were diagnosed both conditions 18(18.0%). High control rate was observed in hypertension patients compared to diabetes and those diagnosed both conditions. Cor morbidity was the main cause of uncontrolled rate.
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Ahmed, Ammar Shihab, and Ahmed Ismaeel Qader. "Economic and social impacts of channeling investments towards development areas Low Humanity Case Study of Zalam Factories in Huraman Region - Kurdistan Region." Journal of University of Human Development 2, no. 1 (January 31, 2016): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v2n1y2016.pp186-201.
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The investment is one of the most important channels used by the states for the promote economic development.Investment is a crucially important for many states in developing regions, thereby contributing directly and indirectly ofproviding the region's opportunities for new employment, and that leads to the development of skills of workers from thearea, especially if the investment is based on modern technology as well as is influential in economic and social aspectsdirectly. Furthermore, this activity creates a forehand and background linkages between economic sectors, as well ascontribute increase in benefit indirectly.In this sense, the government's role is clear in directing and allocating those investments to the leastdeveloped areas in order to achieve economic and human development through follow distributional policies investmentswhich is prepared by the Investment Authority.
The empirical result shows that Project (Subject of the study) have a positive contribution to the nationalincome and add-Value of gross product by (10.323) and (12.154) million dollars a year, respectively. This study alsofound that investment had a positive effect on Job creation and providing 119 jobs for local residents. Lastly, TheKurdistan region government should adopt a comprehensive plan and provide essential services to encourage localinvestors in the less developed regions and impose conditions on the investment in order to give job opportunities to thelocal residents, which are contributes to the economic and human development.
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Mohammad, Fawzia Abdullah, and Abdullah Khurshed Abdullah. "The Nature and Types of Social Problems for Displaced Women." Journal of University of Raparin 9, no. 3 (June 29, 2022): 655–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/vol(9).no(3).paper28.
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This research aims to identify the social, economic, health, psychological, educational and housing problems of the displaced woman. The method used in this research is the analytical method. And its importance is reflected in the knowledge of social problems, in addition to the fact that it is a scientific increase in sociology libraries. Several theories were used, including the functional constructivist theory, which focuses on concepts such as, stability, cohesion, cooperation, and solidarity, and that the parts of society at the two jobs consist of school, family, security, religion, law, and that the negative impact of the family is manifested in certain circumstances. Perhaps the most severe conditions of war and internal and external conflicts. And the theory of social conflict in Karl Marx, who believes that all phenomena arise at the economic level in society, and determines the nature of society as a whole. And his political organization.From the perspective of the Holy Qur’an, it came with a set of laws and legislations, for the sake of humanity and in order that a person does not betray his fellow human being. After identifying the social problems of the displaced women in the host community by relying on definitions and theoretical directions, this research reached the most important results: A displaced woman is a person who left her original country without her will for fear of exploitation. Marx and Durkheim define that all social problems may be due to the presence of cause and effect , and that the problem of displaced women, based on the opinions of the two scholars, may be due to political conflicts and the result of displacement, then the displaced women are exposed to social problems of all kinds. According to the statistics conducted in the Kurdistan Region in (2018), unemployment rates were calculated at (9%) for citizens of the region, especially exposure of displaced women to unemployment in the host community. At the end of the research, the researchers presented some recommendations and suggestions that may be useful in addressing the problems of the displaced in the future.
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Taha, Aihan. "Planning Policies and Public Health in Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) and Its Policies to Combat COVID-19 in Duhok City." Journal of Public Policy and Administration 9, no. 1 (May 13, 2024): 80–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/jppa.2553.
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Purpose: The Kurdistan region of Iraq had been affect by the covid pandemic like the rest of the part in the world and Duhok city specifically faced several problems as the city and health policy were not ready to ace the crises. It had a negative impact on the sustainability of health sector specifically the economic side. This study tries to identify the problems to achieve tan appropriate standard of good health among Kurdistan's general population, especially in the city of Duhok, to ensure more equitable access to health services throughout the country's social and geographic expansion, take into account poverty and to strive to get better treatment, understand the condition of the city of Duhok via COVID-19, and how the government deals with the medical system in this condition, protect and encourage the right to health care for individuals and create equality in the health care system for both genders, beliefs and positions. Methodology: Through conducting the qualitative research approach by using two types for collecting data ( Data Collection Methods) which are primary data and secondary data, primary data for collecting direct information from patients and IDPs and refugees to know their health conditions and whether they are satisfied or not for public health system, physicians as well to know their treatment to patients, and secondary data to gather information from health directorate in Duhok city, camp health administration and humanitarian health organizations to understand better the situation. Findings: The findings of the study indicates that the pandemic struck at a time when public faith in the government was low, the economy was damaged by lower oil sales income, protests were common across the country, and violent extremist acts were on the rise. COVID-19 has worsened long-standing and sometimes deep-seated political, economic, social, and security issues. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a dramatic loss of human life around the world, posing an unprecedented challenge to public health, food systems, and the workplace. The pandemic's economic and social impact is devastating: tens of millions of people are at risk of falling into extreme poverty, while the number of undernourished people is currently estimated to be nearly 690 million, By the end of the year, the number could have risen to 132 million. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Food security, public health, and employment and labor issues, particularly worker health and safety, all intersect during the COVID-19 crisis. However, in Azadi hospital we cannot talk to people because of virus, the risk of contracting COVID-19 via an infected person's feces appears to be low. The COVID-19 virus may cause intestinal infection and be found in feces, according to some data.
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Khodadadi, Zahra, Elham Kavyani, Susan Laei, and Maryam Eslampanah. "Identifying and prioritizing the components of resilient schools with emphasis on students' academic performance." Journal of Adolescent and Youth Psychological Studies 3, no. 3 (2022): 363–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.61838/kman.jayps.3.3.27.
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Background and Aim: By taking measures, schools can provide coping skills and life management tools to help teachers and students to manage daily stress and bring positive effects on students' academic performance and health. Therefore, the current research was aimed at identifying and prioritizing the components of resilient schools. Methods: The method of the current research was a combination (qualitative-quantitative) which was first used with the qualitative method-database analysis and then in the quantitative part, the hierarchical analysis method was used. It was also practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population of this research included faculty members, specialists and school administrators of Kurdistan province. In order to select the sample, 16 people were selected by purposive sampling method. For the validity of the findings, the formal method was used, and for the reliability, the agreement coefficient method between the coders was used, and the value was 0.90. Results: The findings showed that the components of resilient schools include 5 core components and 21 sub-components. Based on this, causal conditions include 4 themes (comprehension of life skills, communication, promotion of social status and development of students' capabilities); contextual conditions including (facilities, teaching-learning process and leadership); Intervening conditions include (salaries and benefits, attention to students' needs); The strategies include (extra-curricular activities, training, support for teachers, development of participation, the appropriateness of the content of textbooks, refreshment) and the consequences include (self-awareness, mental health and promotion of public health). The components, the criterion of learning life skills, provision of extracurricular activities, facilities, rights and benefits, and self-awareness were in high priority compared to other criteria. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be said that paying attention to the mentioned criteria in schools can become an environment in order to strengthen the all-round resilience of teachers and students, and as a result, their professional and academic growth.
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Mohammed, Othman, and Hoshyar Rasul. "Assessment of the Affecting Elements on the Quality of Life and Human Well-Being in Congested Urban Centers; Case Study: Sulaymaniah City." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 26, no. 2 (May 3, 2019): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.26.2.07.
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This Study is an empiric- analytical research in city planning discipline was conducted in Sulaymaniyah city from Dec. 2015 until July 2017. Geographically Sulaymaniah situates north-east of Republic of Iraq. Like many other urban centers, Sulaymaniyah city as one of the congested urban areas in Kurdistan Region, is almost over populated and congested, resulting in accumulated problems in health-, economical-, services, technical-, social- and planning affairs, which leads to permanent degrading of the natural, and social environment and thus impact on the quality of life, Thus the main concern of this study is firstly finding out the reasons facts indeed responsible for the above described unsatisfied situations and then try to answer the questions whether planning methods (if any) manage to prepare answers to these urgent problems overwhelming the city? The study believes that the cardinal reasons for this situation are the effects of combinations of triple facts, namely: the exponential growth of human population in general- and accompanied problems-, the destroyed balance between rural and urban areas and the political vision of administrative machinery that focus on urban centers by neglecting countryside. The cumulative effect of these facts could be observed in form of many distinctive and at the same time interlocking elements leads to the problems that mentioned above. Among many elements involving, the study handles, analyzes and discusses only the elements indeed responsible for destroying the visual, physical and health conditions of the city inhabitants in Sulaymaniyah. Used criterion in determining these elements are the terms: active element, Passive Element, Critical element, and buffer element, which give the adequate answer to the arise questions.
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Alabbas, Alaa Abdul-Kareem, and Abbas Oudah Abdulkhudhur Alumery. "Comparative Study of Environmental Protected Areas Laws and Legislation Between Iraqi and Its Neighbors." International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 17, no. 7 (November 30, 2022): 2045–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170705.
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Natural reserves are of great environmental importance as well as being an economic and social resource, as their sites are distinguished as a unique geographical area, those with unique biodiversity, or other unique matters. Countries enact laws, regulations, and legislation regarding these nature reserves to protect them from deterioration, abuse, or over-exploitation of natural resources. From here began the research problem represented by the presence of weaknesses and gaps in the articles of the natural reserve system that negatively affected the management and safety of the reserves compared to regional laws and instructions. The descriptive approach was used in the current study. Accordingly, the most important laws and legislation of some neighbouring and regional countries of Iraq were reviewed, such as the Saudi Executive Regulations for the year 2020, Egyptian Law No. 102 of 1983, and the Jordanian System No. 29 of 2005, as well as Kurdistan Region Regulation No. 9 of 2011. The most important articles of each law and regulation mentioned above were reviewed. The basic subjects were developed for the purpose of comparison, such as requirements, standards, management of the reserve, prohibitions, and activities inside the reserve, as well as the issuance of special instructions for these laws and regulations. The findings show that the instructions for regional countries with sobriety and strength in legislation are stronger than the Iraqi nature reserves system. Also, the study mentioned the most important conditions, standards, and requirements for choosing a reserve.
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Talabani, JM, AI Ali, AM Kadir, R. Rashid, F. Samin, D. Greenwood, and AWM Hay. "Long-term health effects of chemical warfare agents on children following a single heavy exposure." Human & Experimental Toxicology 37, no. 8 (October 25, 2017): 836–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327117734620.
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In the 1980s, villages in the Kurdistan region of Iraq were exposed to chemical weapons (CWs), which killed and injured thousands of civilians. There has been no clinical assessment of the long-term effects of CWs exposure on those injured. We report the first such evaluation of CW effects on long-term health of children. Patients from the CW-exposed areas were interviewed to assess previous and current clinical history and underwent clinical examination. The status of organs known to be targets of CWs, including skin, eyes, respiratory and neuromuscular systems, was assessed. Children of similar age and social background, but with no history of CW exposure, were selected as a control population. Results showed that 70% of children in the CWs group had chronic health problems in contrast to 3.3% in the unexposed group ( p < 0.0001). Fifty-five per cent of the CW-exposed group had long-term visual impairment but none in the unexposed population. Thirty-six per cent of the CW-exposed group had chronic dermatological conditions compared with 0.8% of the unexposed group ( p < 0.0001), 31% of the CWs group had neurological sequelae compared with 0.4% of the unexposed group ( p < 0.0001) and 51% of the CWs group had long-term respiratory problems compared with 1.5% of the unexposed group ( p < 0.0001). Respiratory complaints including asthma, chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis were particularly common. Our study suggests that CWs used were probably a combination of sulphur mustard and organophosphate nerve agents. Results also indicate that the prevalence of acute and chronic health problems following exposure to CW agents appear to be higher in children compared with reported data in adults.
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Aqrawi, ZAki Mati, and Rebar Fatah Muhammad. "Analysis the Estimates of Inequality Human Development Index to Determine the Efficiency of Human Resources By the Distribution Disparity Between Iraq's Population With Reference to Kurdistan Region." Journal of University of Human Development 2, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v2n2y2016.pp103-120.
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quire access to a continuous human development is relying on real development policies, that are based ondealing with the various interconnected aspects of society, through supporting the investment aspects within the potentialof individuals and the fight against poverty and to reduce unemployment, as well as the development of health, educationand income and achieve relative justice in the distribution among population, leading to the development progressaccording to gender equality and the empowerment of citizens, various categories of promising to participate in thecommunity, in addition to the decision-processors to cope the demographic and environmental pressures .Human Development indicate through its traditional index to the level of achievement of the areas that have beenmentioned in although of this index does not indicate conclusively measure of the true levels of human development inall countries accuracy due to the influence of many factors, including differences in regulations, economic conditions,political privacy, and others, so it was necessary to find alternatives, by developing indicators of (AHDI) and index ofinequality and other necessary indicators required to be more realistic, so it was in this research analysis the estimatesof inequality human development index detailed for its three dimensions in Iraq for the years 2012, 2013 and 2014through the introducing of inequality factor in the calculation of these elements, and to assess the inequality humandevelopment index based its equation which is:The results showed the inequality index equal to (0.464 0.579 0.505) depending on the its inequalitydimensions, which were values (0.622 , 0.334 , 0.481) (0.622 , 0.328 , 0.626) (0.727 , 0.559 , 0.477) for each of thehealth, education and income, respectively, for the years mentioned, while the value of the original human developmentor traditional evidence is equal (0.590 , 0.642 , 0.694). This indicates the existence of a difference between the twoindexes which were calculated using the formula:) 105 (This difference is due to the lack of equality between the original and inequality indexes as a result of the lackof full equality in society, as it achieved equal to the indexes at achieving full equality, but in the case of inequality, i tsindex will be less than the original, and this which appeared in this research, that means it compatible with fundamentalstheory and previous studies in this area. Were also analyzed the results of the contrast between the two indexes in theKurdistan Region and analyze comparisons between the values at the level of the region and the center.Based on the findings and conclusions a number of suggestions were putted in order to reach an advanced levelof human development in Iraq, the most important achievement of the overall human security and openness to theoutside world in the presence of a rational policy-based management supported consciously social correlative andcomponents and qualified manpower institutions advanced levels contribute to the comprehensive development, theperformance of human resources and achieve the aspirations of individuals in the community
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Mousavi, Batool, Mohammad Reza Soroush, Mehdi Masoumi, Shahriar Khateri, Ehsan Modirian, Hamid Shokoohi, Mohammad Javad Fatemi, et al. "Epidemiological Study of Child Casualties of Landmines and Unexploded Ordnances: A National Study from Iran." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 30, no. 5 (September 16, 2015): 472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x15005105.
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AbstractBackgroundDespite landmine-risk education programs and extensive demining activities on the Western border of Iran, landmines and unexploded ordnance (UXOs) still cause civilian and child casualties three decades after the Iraq-Iran war (1980-1988). The objective of this study was to understand the epidemiological patterns and risk factors of injury in child casualties of landmines and UXOs in Western and Southwestern Iran.MethodsChildren who were 18 years old or younger at the time of study and who sustained injuries from landmines and UXOs were identified through a search at the Iranian National Veterans Registry. These children participated in a 5-day gathering. The information on socioeconomic status, health-related issues, quality of life, health care utilization, and clinical profiles concerning the landmine and UXO injuries were collected. The method of data collection consisted of three component surveys: health interview, social survey, and medical examinations. Social surveys and health interviews were conducted in a face-to-face method by utilizing a questionnaire consisting of 39 questions addressing household and individual components, including information on time and type of injuries, physical activity, mental health, and quality of life. A comprehensive team of physicians in different subspecialties evaluated and examined children to assess the current medical and psychiatric conditions and physical activity, and recommended and arranged further medical, rehabilitation, or surgical planning.ResultsSeventy-eight child casualties were identified and participated in the study. The mean age of the participants at the time of study was 16.11 years old (SD=2 years). The mean age of victims at the time of injury was 8.2 years (SD=3.12 years; ranged from 2 to 15 years old). Sixty-seven (85.9%) of the children were male. Provinces of Kurdistan and Kermanshah had the highest number of casualties, with a total number of 54 children (68.3%). Eighty percent of the injuries were caused by landmines, and UXO explosions were reported in 20% of the cases. Overall, 24 children (30%) had received some landmine-risk education before or after the events. Sixty percent of the explosions had happened in the morning between 9:00amand 12:00pm. Playing and grazing livestock were the most prevalent activities/reasons at the time of injury, which were reported in 77% of the subjects. Sixty-three percent of incidents had multiple casualties and in only 13 explosions were the children the only victims of the explosion. The most prevalent injuries were amputations in 41 subjects (52.56%), followed by hearing loss in 23 subjects (29.5%). Amputations were more common in upper extremities (62%) than in lower extremities (38%).ConclusionLandmines and UXOs comprise a significant safety hazard to the children living in the Western border of Iran decades after the Iraq-Iran War. The large number of injuries and lack of risk training among victims suggest that landmine cleanings and landmine-risk education should be age-specifically targeted and expanded substantially.MousaviB,SoroushMR,MasoumiM,KhateriS,ModirianE,ShokoohiH,FatemiMJ,HemattiMA,SoroushM,Ghassemi-BroumandM,RassafianiM,AllamiM,NouriF,YavariA,GanjparvarZ,KamyabM,MirsadeghiSA,Epidemiological study of child casualties of landmines and unexploded ordnances: a national study from Iran.Prehosp Disaster Med.2015;30(5):472–477.
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Khalifa, Avin Abdulqadir, and Diar Mardan Mhamad. "Anaalysis of the text of Sabris poem(Mercy that one breth), of Sabri according to the path of unity." JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES 7, no. 4 (December 31, 2023): 198–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/lang.7.4.10.
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This paper is an analysis of the text of the poem (Mercy which one breath) of (Sabri), which consists of two parts in the first part we highlighted a brief about ( Sabri) and the political and social conditions of the poets time, especially in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (Sabri) is as a sufi poet, he has always sought divine love, he is considered the classical poet of Kirkuk. he followed the path of Nali and saleem for Kurdish,he chose the title (Sabri) in has poems, he was a poet who always tried to kill himself in order to attain divine love, in the second part, we will practice some of our analytical methods for the text of the poem of (Mercy that is one breath) of (Sabri) has presentend .
We have found that the poet in this poetic text he had a special mindset and a real experiment in addition, the poet used a mixture of Kurdish, Arabic and Parian.
He wrote his poems in the Sorani dialect ,his poetic images have been duties creative, they have a special rhythm and melody, in terms of weight and over head.he used more weights for adversity for example, a(15)point weight, we have tried to look at this poetic text critically the poet is at the end of his life in this poetic text he mixes the pain of Kurdistan’s situation at the hands of the in readers with a love that is addicted to the in fidelity or betrayal of the in readers, then he returns to a divine love. Finally, we have reached some conclusion of the study.
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Arif Fatah, Hemn. "The impact of cultural elite on public opinion formation in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq." Journal of Kurdistani for Strategic Studies, no. 10 (October 21, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.54809/jkss.vi10.339.
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The intellectual elite has an important position and a great interest in all societies, especially in the integrated societies and the developed societies globally, they are told the mind of society, and for this reason, this research is entitled (the influence of the intellectual elite on public opinion in the Kurdistan region- Iraq), this research is an attempt to define the intellectual elite in general and the intellectual elite in Kurdistan region in particular. The researcher wants to point out that the national duty and responsibility falls on these elite at different stage. Therefore, the aim of research is to determine the role, influence and interest of these elite on the Kurdish society, and also wants to determine the level of influence and ability of these elite on public opinion. At the same time, it tried to identify and clarify all the obstacles that have become an obstacle to these elite and the reasons for reducing their efficiency and activity in Kurdish society.To answer the research questions, the researcher used a descriptive and analytical method, the descriptive method use to introduce the concepts and terms used in the research, as well as the analytical method for analyzing the acquired information. It is clear that the research community is Kurdistan region. In addition to the written and available sources, the researcher benefited from intellectuals and university professors by meeting with them, and here he reached to an conclusion : that the intellectual elite in Kurdistan region was not able to be at all required level in bad conditions, crises, political and social problems by affecting public opinion and proving its impact. On the one hand, this is a subjective reason and belongs to the Kurdish intellectuals themselves, and on the other hand, the political environment of the region is not an appropriate environment.
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BAYBURDYAN, VAHAN. "DEVELOPMENTS OF THE KURDISH QUESTION IN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN." COUNTRIES AND PEOPLES OF THE NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST, 2018, 122–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.52837/18291422-2018.31-122.
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After the 1979 Islamic revolution in Iran, the leaders of the Kurdish parties and organizations that had been in exile during the shah regime, returned to their motherland. One of the influential Kurdish parties, the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan brought forth the following slogan: “Democracy to Iran, autonomy to Kurdistan”. But this demand for autonomy was rejected by the Islamic regime and its leader Imam Khomeini with the argumentation that the idea of autonomy for small nations paved the way for separatism and segregation of Iran. Thus, the government brought forward the principle of the administrative and cultural so-called self-management of the regions populated by small nations. This was rejected by the Kurds and other small nations living in Iran. The negotiations between the Islamic regime and different Kurdish political forces brought no result and the confrontation between the two parties sometimes turned into armed clashes. During the 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq war the Iranian government wanted peace in the Iranian Kurdistan as this would guarantee a stable and secure rear under conditions of war. The article shows that there is no unity between the leaders of Kurdish society, they have quite different views concerning the needs of the Kurdish people and as a rule they represent political positions and objectives contradicting each other. Presently the Iranian authorities have adopted a policy of avoiding apparent clashes with the Kurds. The government makes social and economic reforms in the regions populated by Kurds, they build roads, create jobs, etc. Hassan Rouhani, the president of the Islamic Republic of Iran tries to demonstrate a policy of some liberalization in the Kurdish regions.
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Maltz, Elliot, Robert Walker, Razhan Omar Muhammad, and Jay Joseph. "A biosocial gender analysis of entrepreneurial behaviors in conflict zones: evidence from Iraqi-Kurdistan." Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, July 4, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jeee-10-2022-0315.
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Purpose This study aims to uses biosocial gender theory to describe successful entrepreneurial behavior in conflict zones. Specifically, the authors investigate how the reliance on agentic (assertive, individual focused) behavior and communal (facilitative and friendly) behavior lead to differential outcomes depending on the physical gender of the entrepreneur exhibiting the behavior. Design/methodology/approach The authors developed a conceptual framework based on extant literature. To test the framework, the authors gathered survey data from Iraqi-Kurdish entrepreneurs who have been living in a state of war since the late 1980s and use a novel analytical method to deal with the limitations inherent in gathering survey data in conflict zones. Qualitative data is presented to generate a better understanding of the survey results. Findings The findings indicate females who are successful in taking on the traditional male role of entrepreneur in conflict zones engage in lower levels of agentic behavior compared to their male counterparts. Successful entrepreneurs (male and female) rely extensively on communal behavior in their ventures. When it comes to community development, male entrepreneurs engaging in agentic behavior, seem to mentor aspiring entrepreneurs more than females. Females relying on communal behavior engage in more mentoring of aspiring entrepreneurs than males. Originality/value An understanding of the unique gender dynamics underlying entrepreneurial behavior in conflict zones remains incomplete. The study introduces evidence that gender differences, as well as social factors, combine with the unique characteristics of conflict zones resulting in different behavioral paths to entrepreneurial success. The analytical method introduces some statistical tools to scholars attempting to understand the unique conflict zone context. As such, the study provides guidance for scholars working in this context, as well as NGO’s and other institutions seeking to train entrepreneurs and improve economic conditions in conflict zones.
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Lafaye, Caroline Guibet. "Leaving the PKK: Toward a process-oriented model of disengagement." Violence: An International Journal, April 7, 2022, 263300242210811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26330024221081145.
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While the involvement in terrorist organizations and social movements has generated a plethora of literature, little work exists on the exit from these two types of collectives. In order to grasp the plurality of factors involved in these processes, we based ourselves on an empirical sociological survey of 64 activists of the Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan (PKK). This party experienced a major wave of departures from the guerrilla movement in the early 2000s. The micro-sociological study of desistance trajectories make it possible to develop a relevant explanatory model of disengagement combining attention to diachronicity, the identification of micro-level turning points and meso-level windows of opportunity. After recalling the conditions under which the survey was carried out, we will show how desistance brings into play a certain relationship to time, key moments which, in the case of the PKK, concern not so much state repression as the internal dysfunctions of the party, as well as the “possibilities” that open up for the actors, either during moments of the party restructuraction or in civilian life.
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Cruz, Melany, Kaveh Ghoreishi, and Sara Minelli. "Reflections on Divine Violence: Forum on the Actuality of Benjamin’s ‘Critique of Violence’ at Its Centenary, Part III." Contexto Internacional 45, no. 1 (April 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-8529.20234501e2021038.
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Abstract Walter Benjamin published his influential essay ‘Critique of Violence’/‘Zur Kritik der Gewalt’ in 1921, and the work has troubled and provoked thinkers across disciplines for over a century now. This Forum gathers a group of scholars in philosophy, political science, international relations and legal studies to reflect on the actuality of Benjamin’s essay for contemporary critical theory. Melany Cruz, Kaveh Ghoreishi and Sara Minelli engage Benjamin on ‘divine violence.’ As Cruz notes, lynching in contemporary Mexico has become a recurrent phenomenon in nota roja outlets. Due to its brutality, perceptions of lynching have been reduced to a form of uncivilised and irrational crime. In opposition to this perspective, Cruz theorises the political dimension of the violence of lynching by drawing from Benjamin and argues that such violence symbolically and affectively dramatises the suspension of ‘mere life’ in which the communities enacting the lynchings are immersed in the current conditions of neoliberal Mexico. In this way, it is possible to claim that lynching, in Benjamin’s terms, constitutes a form of divine violence that has the capacity to reveal and communicate the need to end the fear- and anger-provoking condition of ‘mere life.’ In the second section, Ghoreishi and Minelli propose a reading of ‘divine’ as opposed to ‘mythical violence’ that brings out the radical elements of some contemporary struggles by interpreting some examples of strike which took place in Iranian Kurdistan (Rojhilat) in the last forty years. They understand the revolutionary ‘general strike’ considered by Benjamin as what Jesi has called a ‘suspension of time,’ bringing ‘normal’ economic and social relations to a halt. In this sense, the general strikes in Kurdistan can be said to bring the mythological temporality of oppression to an end. These struggles, in which new forms of collectivity have emerged and been experimented, should, therefore, be seen as anticipations of the ‘divine violence’ that puts an end to ‘mythical violence.’
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Regattieri, Eleonora, Luca Forti, Russell N. Drysdale, Giorgio Mannella, John C. Hellstrom, Cecilia Conati Barbaro, Daniele Morandi Bonacossi, and Andrea Zerboni. "Neolithic hydroclimatic change and water resources exploitation in the Fertile Crescent." Scientific Reports 13, no. 1 (January 13, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-27166-y.
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AbstractIn the first millennia of the Holocene, human communities in the Fertile Crescent experienced drastic cultural and technological transformations that modified social and human-environments interactions, ultimately leading to the rise of complex societies. The potential influence of climate on this “Neolithic Revolution” has long been debated. Here we present a speleothem record from the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, covering from Early Neolithic to Early Chalcolithic periods (~ 11 to 7.3 ka, 9000–5300 BCE). The record reveals the influence of the Siberian High on regional precipitation, and shows large hydroclimatic variability at the multicentennial scale. In particular, it highlights wetter conditions between 9.7 and 9.0 ka, followed by an abrupt reduction of precipitation between 9.0 and 8.5 ka, and a wetter interval between 8.5 and 8.0 ka. A comparison with regional and local archaeological data demonstrates an influence of recorded hydroclimatic changes on settlement patterns (size, distribution, permanent vs. seasonal occupation) and on the exploitation of water resources by Neolithic to Chalcolithic populations. Our record does not show prominent hydroclimatic changes at 9.3 and 8.2 ka, thus not supporting direct influence of such rapid and widespread events on the process of Neolithization and its cultural dispersal.
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سلطان, أياد شاكر, and ريباز محمد حسين محمد. "إمكانية تطبيق موازنة البرامج والأداء ودورها في ترشيد الإنفاق الحكومي." Al-Ghary Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences 15, no. 4 (July 30, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.36325/ghjec.v15i4(1).5409.
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المستخلص يهدف البحث إلى تسليط الضوء على مفهوم وأهمية موازنة البرامج والأداء كأحد الأساليب الحديثة لإعداد الموازنات العامة والتي فرضتها الحاجة الفعلية لتطوير أسس إعداد الموازنة العامة نتيجة لزيادة تدخل الدولة في مفاصل حياة المجتمع لتحقيق التنمية الاقتصادية والاجتماعية, إذ أن أستمرار الدول بأتباع الأسلوب التقليدي في إعداد الموازنة العامة يؤدي وبتوالي السنوات إلى تضخم حجم النفقات العامة دونما حاجة فعلية إلى هذه الزيادة. علية وبغية ترشيد الإنفاق الحكومي في موازنة إقليم كوردستان جاء البحث لتوضيح كيفية تطبيق أسلوب موازنة البرامج والأداء وذلك بعد إجراء أستقراء تحليلي لواقع الموازنة العامة في الإقليم من حيث خصائصها وموطن القوة والضعف فيها. هذا إلى جانب تصميم أستبانة من ثلاثة محاور وزعت على عينة من الدوائر الحكومية التي ترتبط موازنتها بالموازنة العامة للإقليم للوقوف على المشاكل التي تكتنف الأسلوب التقليدي في إعداد الموازنة العامة من جهة, وبيان مدى إمكانية تطبيق أسلوب موازنة البرامج والأداء ودورها في ترشيد الأنفاق العام من جهة أخرى.وقد تمخض البحث عن جملة من الأستنتاجات أهمها وجود زيادة مستمرة في النفقات العامة سنة بعد أخرى بسبب التوسع في بند الرواتب والأجور نتيجة التعيينات الكثيرة في القطاع العام فضلا عن ضعف القطاع الخاص في جذب الأستثمارات وأستقطاب الأيدي العاملة, كما وضع الباحثان بعض المقترحات أمام إنظار الجهات المعنية للنهوض بواقع الموازنة العامة أهمها ضرورة الأتجاه نحو تطبيق موازنة البرامج والأداء على أعتبار أنها أكثر الأساليب الحديثة أستخداما سواء في الدول المتقدمة أو النامية إلى جانب تهيئة المتطلبات والظروف اللازمة لتطبيقها سواء من الناحية الفنية أو الأعلامية من خلال توعية قيادات الأجهزة الحكومية بأهمية تقبل التغيير.الكلمات المفتاحية: الموازنة التقليدية , موازنة البرامج والأداء , ترشيد الإنفاق الحكومي.AbstractThe research aims to shed light on the concept and importance of program and performance budget as one of the modern techniques of preparing public budgets, which was imposed by the actual need to develop the foundations of preparing the public budget as a result of increasing the state intervention in the life of society to achieve economic and social development. The continuity of preparing the public budget according to the traditional technique by countries ,will lead over the year to increase the volume of public expenditure without any real need to such increase. In order to rationalize the government tunnels in the budget of the Kurdistan Region, the research came to clarify how to apply the technique of program and performance budged, after an analytical analysis of the public budget in the region in terms of its characteristics and the place of strength and weakness, as well as, a questionnaire has been designed involves three axes, which were distributed to a sample of governmental directories that has a relationship with the public budget, to show the problems of the traditional technique and the ability of apply the budget of program and performance. The research comes to a number of conclusions the most important of which is the presence of a continuous increase in public expenditure year after year due to the expansion of the provision of salaries and wages as a result of the many appointments in the public sector as well as the weakness of the private sector in attracting investment and attracting labor, as the researchers put some proposals to the attention of the concerned authorities for the advancement of the public budget among these of the need for the direction towards the implementation of programs and performance budget as the most modern methods used in both developed and developing countries as well as the creation of the necessary requirements for the application and conditions either technically or through the media by the consciousness the leaders of government agencies to accept the change.Key words: traditional budged, budged programs and performance, rationalization of government spending.