Journal articles on the topic 'Kurukh language'

Change is the nature of every living language for better communication. These changes can be phonological, morphological, syntactical and lexical, because of various linguistic affects. The synchronic and diachronic study of language proves that it enriches the vocabulary of the language. Another reason for the enrichment of vocabulary is through morphological word formation process which are mainly inflectional, derivational, compounding and reduplication, etc. Reduplication is implicit to phonological (sounds and prosodic units) and morphological (word constituents) components. It occurs in many languages and helps in the formation of new words. The present study concentrates on the process of reduplication Kurukh and the role of reduplication in acquiring vocabulary.

This article, largely based on interviews with language activists, investigates Kurdish language-in-education policy in Turkey since the early 2000s. It attempts to answer the following questions: How has Kurdish language education developed in Turkey from 2004 to 2020? What has been the impact of the educational activities on reversing the language shift from Kurdish to Turkish? I argue that the most important contribution has been on the elite or academic level with a widening of the Kurdish-reading and writing elite. Yet, the language shift from Kurdish to Turkish continues. Abstract in Kurmanji Têkoşîna li hember guhastina ziman: Perwerdehiya zimanê kurdî li Tirkiyeyê Ev gotar, ya ku bi giranî xwe dispêre hevpeyvînên ligel aktîvîstên ziman, ji destpêka salên 2000î û vir ve li Tirkiyeyê li polîtîkaya perwerdehiya zimanê kurdî an jî di nav polîtîkayên perwerdehiyê de li cihê zimanê kurdî vedikole. Gotar, hewl dide bersiv bide van pirsan: Ji sala 2004an heta 2020an li Tirkiyeyê perwerdeya zimanê Kurdî çawa bi pêş ketiye? Bandora çalakiyên perwerdehî yên li ser berovajîkirina guhastina ziman ya ji kurdî bo tirkî çi bûye? Ez nîqaş dikim ku tevkariya herî girîng li ser elîtan an jî asta akademîk bûye bi berfirehbûna elîtên xwîner û nûserên kurdî. Lê guhastina zimên a ji kurdî bo tirkî berdewam e. Abstract in Zazaki Duştê ravurîyayîşê ziwanî de lebitîyayîş: Tirkîya de perwerdeyê kurdkî Bi roportajanê çalakîkeranê ziwanî ra, nê nuşteyî de serê 2000an ra nat polîtîkaya Tirkîya ya perwerdeyê kurdkî ser o cigêrayîş yeno kerdene. Na xebate kena ke cewabê nê persan bido: 2004 ra heta 2020 perwerdeyê bi ziwanê kurdkî Tirkîya de senî aver şîyo? Tesîrê çalakîyanê perwerdeyî yê ke ravurîyayîşê ziwanê kurdkî bi tirkî bêro apeygirewtene, çi bî? Ez ana ver ke tesîro tewr muhîm beşdarîya elîtan yan zî sewîyeya elîtan a akademîk a ke wendoxî û nuştoxîya kurdkî kena hîraye. Ancî, ravurîyayîşê ziwanî yê kurdkî ver bi tirkî hîna dewam keno. Abstract in Sorani Available in Print and PDF versions.

This article describes the basic aspects of the phonology of Kurmuk, a previously undescribed language belonging to the Northern Burun subbranch of the Western Nilotic family. After a morpho syntactic overview, the treatment of the phonology includes syllable structure and word shapes, vowels and vowel alternation, consonants and consonant alternation, and tones and tonal processes.

This article argues that Kurmuk, a little-described Western Nilotic language, is characterized by a syntacticized topic whose grammatical relation is variable. In this language, declarative clauses have as topic an obligatory preverbal NP which is either a subject, an object, or an adjunct. The grammatical relation of the topic is expressed by a voice-like inflection of the verb, called orientation here. While subject-orientation is morphologically unmarked, object-oriented and adjunct-oriented verbs are marked by a subject suffix or by a suffix indicating that the topic is not subject, and adjunct-orientation differs from object-orientation by a marked tone pattern. Topic choice largely reflects information structure by indicating topic continuity. The topic also plays a crucial role in relative clauses and in clauses with contrastive constituent focus, in that objects and adjuncts can only be relativized or contrastively focalized if they are coded as topics. Moreover, some types of adverbial clauses require adjunct-orientation.

The article considers ways of replenishing the toponymical vocabulary of the Lezgin language. Particular attention is paid to the issue of transforming proper names of the Lezghin language by transonymization, derivation and transformation. Natural and artificial ways of transonymization are analyzed. Detected are the onomastic fields from which toponymical units are formed and some features ofl otonymical names in Lezghin toponymy. The research is carried out on the toponymical material collected by the author on the territory of the Akhtyn, Dokuzparin, Kurakh, Magaramkent and Suleiman-Stalsky districts of Republic of Daghestan

Objective: To describe the audiological profile, clinical features and briefly summarize the speech and language development of a child with Kabuki syndrome (KS). KS is a rare malformation syndrome that usually presents with mental retardation and multiple congenital anomalies including ear diseases and hearing loss. Methods: Design: Case report Setting: Tertiary Public University Hospital Subject: One patient Results: A five-year-old female diagnosed with KS at age three presented with moderate to severe conductive hearing loss in the right ear with a drop at the high frequencies and moderate to severe conductive sloping hearing loss in the left ear. She also had fluctuating tympanometric findings. She was fit with binaural hearing aids. Conclusion: Ear diseases and hearing loss should immediately be considered in patients diagnosed with KS. A comprehensive audiological and otolaryngological evaluation should also be performed when presented with a KS case. Keywords: Kabuki syndrome, Niikawa-Kuroki syndrome, hearing loss, multiple anomalies

Tribes or adivasis are considered to be the parasites of the forests, thinking that they cannot exist without depending on the forest resource. But the trend has changed after the relocation of the tribes from forest to the periphery of the forest areas. Their way of living, language, food habits, occupation, leisure and entertainment, socio-cultural setup everything has changed drastically. The study exposes both in park and outside the park tribal settlements, to show the differences in their living conditions, socio-economic activities, leisure activities among men and women of these hadis. The study mainly focuses on the Jenu Kuruba tribe who is more in number in and around the National Park than the other tribes, like the Betta Kuruba and Yerava. Under India Eco-development Project the inpark 54 hadi tribes (1568 families), are being relocated (250 families already relocated), gradually. This has brought in major impact on the tribes who are inside the park. The inpark hadi tribes are also exposed to other places like Coorg, as wage earners in coffee estates. Thus the exposure to other places for livelihood purpose and the rehabilitation programmes has changed the traditional tribes to modernisation. Key words: Nagarahole National Park, Hadi, Tribes, Leisure, Jenu Kuruba, Ashram School, and Social aspect.

AbstractThe Low-Back-Merger Shift (LBMS) is a major North American vowel chain shift spreading across many disparate dialect regions. In this field-based study, we examine the speech of fifty-nine White Western Massachusetts speakers, aged 18–89. Using diagnostics in Becker (2019) and Boberg (2019b), we find the LBMS emerging at the expense of the Northern Cities Shift (Labov, Yaeger, & Steiner, 1972) and traditional New England features (Boberg, 2001; Kurath, 1939; Nagy & Roberts, 2004). In Becker's LBMS model (2019:9), the low-back merger (lot-thought) triggers front-vowel shifts. Our results suggest that local social meaning can sometimes override this chronology such that the front-vowel shifts occur before the low-back merger, even as the overall configuration comes to match Becker's predictions. Sociosymbolic meaning associated with the older New England system has led to a different temporal ordering of LBMS components, thus providing new theoretical and empirical insights into the mechanisms by which supralocal patterns are adopted.

This article discusses the under-researched sonic aspect of belonging to Kurdishness in Turkey: listening to or hearing the language, so-called passive exposure, without necessarily speaking it. Drawing on ethnographic, in-depth interviews and participant observation across five different field sites in Turkey, this article illustrates that in Turkey, where the public space for Kurdish soundscape is limited, passive exposure to the Kurdish language within family environments acts as major means of transmission of belonging. This discussion contributes to the literature on boundary-making by illustrating that the absence of passive exposure hinders some of the means of boundary-making such as self-ascription. Abstract in Kurmanji Avakirina Kurdîniyê li Tirkiyeyê: Merûziya pasîf wekî nîşaneke sînorê Ev gotar hêla dengî ya aîdiyeta Kurdîniyê li Tirkiyeyê, ya kêm-lêkolînkirî nîqaş dike: guhdarîkirin an bihîstina zimên, ango merûziya pasîf, bêyî şertê axaftina bi wî zimanî. Li gor hevdîtinên kûr ên etnografîk û çavdêrîkirina beşdarî ya li 5 qadên cuda yên li Tirkiyeyê, ev gotar nîşan dide ku dema qadên giştî ji bo derdora dengî ya kurdî bisînor bin, merûziya pasîf a zimanê kurdî di nav derdorên malbatî de dibe rêya sereke ya raguhastina aîdiyetê. Ev nîqaş tevkariya edebiyata li ser çêkirina-sînoran dike bi nîşandana wê yekê ku nebûna merûziya pasîf dibe asteng ji bo hin rêyên çêkirina-sînoran; bo nimûne, ji bo xwe-lêbarkirinê. Abstract in Zazaki Tirkîya de Awankerdişê Kurdbîyayîşî: Marûzîya Pasîfe Sey Nîşanê Sînoran No nuşte cîhetê vengî yê Tirkîya de kurdbîyayîşî yo ke bes cigêrayîş nêdîyo, ey ser o vindeno: marûzîya pasîfe, yanî bê ke merdim yew ziwan qisey bikero, la ê ziwanî biheşno yan goşdarî bikero. Bi roportajanê xorînanê etnografîkan û panc waranê Tirkîya yê cîya-cîyayan de nîyadarîya beşdaran ra, na meqale musnena ke rayapêroyîya Tirkîya de ke tede manzaraya vengî ya kurdkî sînorkerdî ya, uca dorûverê keyeyan de ziwanê kurdkî rê bi hewayêko pasîf marûzbîyayîş beno wasitaya weşanê endamîya komelî ya bingeyêne. Na munaqeşeya ke kemerêk nana ro lîteraturê sînorronayîşî ser, nawnena ke eke marûzîya pasîfe çin bo, tayê îmkanê sînorronayîşî, sey xotedehesibnayîşî, asteng benê. Abstract in Sorani Available in print and PDF versions.

Knowledge of English is one of the supports for the easy generation in facing the development of an increasingly advanced era. The purpose of implementing the English language course program is to provide knowledge of English to the younger generation in Upunyor Hamlet, Werwaru Village. The implementation of the English language course is carried out every week on Saturday afternoons for 2-3 hours of meetings. The trainees are the younger generation in Upunyor Hamlet. The results of the training showed that the implementation of the English language training carried out by KKN PSDKU UNPATTI students was running quite smoothly and there were no significant obstacles, this could be seen from the enthusiasm of the younger generations of Upunyor Hamlet in participating in the training from the beginning to the end of the meeting. From the results during the training, it was clear that the trainees understood and understood English quite well, which can be seen from the results of the practice of speaking English. Abstrak: Pengetahuan bahasa inggris menjadi salah satu penunjang para generasi mudah dalam menghadapi perkembangan zaman yang semakin maju. Tujuan pelaksanan program kurkus bahasa inggris yaitu untuk memberikan pengetahuan berbahasa inggris kepada generasi muda di Dusun Upunyor, Desa Werwaru. Pelaksanaan kursus bahasa inggris dilaksanakan setiap minggu di hari sabtu sore selama 2-3 jam pertemuan. Peserta pelatihan yaitu generasi mudah di Dusun Upunyor. Hasil pelatihan menunjukkan bahwa pelaksanaan pelatihan bahasa inggris yang dilaksanakan oleh mahasiswa KKN PSDKU UNPATTI terbilang berjalan cukup lancar dan tidak ada kendala berarti, hal tersebut dapat terlihat dari antusiasnya para generasi mudah Dusun Upunyor dalam mengikuti pelatihan dari awal hingga akhir pertemuan. Dari hasil selama pelaksanaan pelatihan terlihat jelas bahwa para peserta pelatihan cukup memahami dan mengerti berbahasa bahasa inggris yang dapat dilihat dari hasil praktek berbahasa inggris.

This obituary outlines the life and work of Kadri Yıldırım, a prominent Kurdish scholar and the first professor of Kurdish studies in Turkey. It focuses on his early life and medrese education and highlights his contribution to the field of Kurdish studies and his scholarly and political efforts for the Kurdish language to become a language of education in Turkey. Abstract in Kurmanji Bi bîranîna Qedrî Yildirim (1959-2021) Ev bîrname xulaseyeke jiyan û xebatên Qedrî Yildirim e, ku zanyarê kurd ê mezin û profesorê ewil ê kurdnasiyê li Tirkiyê bû. Nivîsar bi taybetî li ser xortaniya wî û perwerdeya wî ya li medreseyan radiweste, digel xebatên wî yên kurdnasiyê û karên wî yên siyasî û zanistî ji bo ku zimanê kurdî bibe zimanekî perwerde li Tirkiyê. Abstract in Sorani Le yadî Qadrî Yelldirîm (1959-2021) Em bîrnameye bas le jiyan û karekanî Qadrî Yelldirîm, zanayekî gewrey kurd û yekem profîsorî lêkollînewey kurdî le Turkya dekat. Em nûsîne giringî dedat be seretay jiyanî û xwêndinî le medrese û tîşk dexate ser destkewtekanî le bwarî lêkollînewey kurdî û, herweha hewlle syasyekanî bo be fermîkirdnî zmanî kurdî lenawenî perwerde û fêrbûn le Turkya da. Abstract in Zazaki Seba yadkerdişê Qedrî Yildirimî (1959-2021) No nuşteyê yadkerdişî xulasaya cu û keda Qedrî Yildirimî ya ke zanyaro kurdo namdar û Tirkîya de profesorê kurdolojî yo verên bî. Nuşteyî de bale dîyena cuya ey a rewe û perwerdeyê ey ê medresan ser. Ser o kî giranîye dîyena beşdarîya kurdolojî û lebatanê ey ê zanistî û sîyasîyan ser seba ke kurdkî Tirkîya de bibo ziwanê perwerdeyî.

Semantic studies of verbal lexemes as a special class of words that are significant and central in the sentence remain an urgent issue in modern linguistics. The article reveals the functioning of standards of comparison (the term introduced be Maya Cheremisina to denote common natural references used in comparative constructions to evaluate, estimate or grade the effect caused by an action) with the verbs meaning “negative impact on the object”. The study is based on the material of the Yakut language and literature. The paper uses a lexico-semantic approach and the method of continuous sampling for collecting the material from lexicographic sources and fiction.Verbs of physical negative impact on the object are divided into the following subgroups: 1) verbs damaging an object; 2) verbs striking an object; 3) verbs of great impact on the object, harming it up to bringing it to death. In comparative constructions with the verbs of this lexical-semantic group two types prevail: 1) constructions using the affix -lyy; 2) constructions with the postposition kurduk ʽas if, likeʼ. In comparative constructions, the situational-emotional type of comparison is more common. Standards of comparison are used mainly when describing a mental state, various situations or the appearance of something. Verbs with the meaning of striking as a standard of comparison in the Yakut language are mainly used to describe sudden shock or confusion. Verbs with the meaning 'beat with a whip, rod or willow' and verbs with the meaning ʽsting, buttʼ are compared to an action that occurs all of a sudden, impetuously. Verbs with the meaning ʽhit, prick, stab a thing with an objectʼ are used when comparing an action with a description of any sound, noise or physiological actions that happen with the body. Verbs with the meaning 'deteriorate an inanimate object or damage some part of it' are mainly used to describe the appearance of something.

Summary This paper explores the intriguing and hitherto neglected question of contact between Edward Sapir (1884–1939) and members of the Prague Linguistic Circle (1926–1939) concerning the development of phonemic theory. The point of departure is Cain’s (1980) conjecture that the Prague Anglicists (Mathesius, Trnka, and Vachek) were more likely to have encountered the writings of Sapir than Sapir was to have read Jakobson’s and Trubetzkoy’s Czech and Russian publications. Sapir’s published theoretical works provide no evidence of contact with or knowledge of classical Prague School phonology. However, a thorough study of the relevant Prague School publications reveals that three of Sapir’s theoretical writings and three of his language monographs were well known to some of its members. Interestingly, three of the seven references to Sapir by the Anglicists appear in their German and Czech writings, while the largest number of references to Sapir occur in Trubetzkoy’s published scholarly works and letters written primarily in German and Russian. Trubetzkoy’s letters provide valuable supplementary evidence of personal communication between him and Sapir. Collation of material in the letters with passages in Trubetzkoy’s publications reveals that Sapir and members of the Prague School (Jakob-son, Mathesius, Trubetzkoy) were in personal contact from 1929, three years after the founding of the Circle. It also emerges that Trubetzkoy had read Sapir (1925) in a copy of the journal Language which Mathesius had lent to him as early as 1928, while Sapir had read vol. 1 of the Travaux and commented favorably on it to Trubetzkoy in 1929. Although Sapir and the Prague School developed their views on phonemic theory independently, Trubetzkoy’s articles and letters occasionally reveal fairly technical discussion of theoretical points and problems in the phonological systems of specific languages raised by Sapir. Finally, the letters provide convincing evidence that Trubetzkoy and Sapir shared an ongoing professional concern with advancing the cause of phonology in the international linguistic community. Sapir and members of the Prague School expended considerable effort toward a favorable reception of phonology by the American linguists (e.g., Leonard Bloomfield, Boas, Kent, Kurath, and Twaddell). In this connection, Sapir was very actively involved in the American branch of the Internationale phonologische Arbeitsgemeinschaft from its inception in 1932 during the Second International Congress of Phonetic Sciences in Amsterdam. Although Sapir and Trubetzkoy appear never to have met in person, the IP A turned out to serve as a pivotal link between Sapir and Trubetzkoy and, by extension, between the Linguistic Society of America and the Prague Linguistic Circle.

AbstractWe successfully ported the suite of codes developed by R. L. Kurucz for stellar atmosphere modelling, abundance determination and synthetic spectra calculation, to run under GNU-Linux. The ported codes include ATLAS 9 and ATLAS 12 for 1-D plane-parallel atmosphere model calculation, DFSYNTHE, which calculates the Opacity Distribution Functions (ODF) to be used with ATLAS 9, WIDTH to derive chemical abundances from measured line Equivalent Widths (EW) and SYNTHE to calculate synthetic spectra. The codes input and output files remain fully compatible with the VMS versions, while the computation speed has been greatly increased due to the high efficiency of modern PC CPUs. As an example, ATLAS 9 model calculations and the computation of large (e.g. 10 nm) synthetic spectra can be executed in a matter of minutes on any mainstream laptop computer. Arbitrary chemical compositions can be used in calculations (by using ATLAS 12 through opacity sampling or by calculating ad-hoc ODFs for ATLAS 9). The large set of scripting languages existing under Linux (shell, perl, python. . .) and the availability of low-cost multiprocessor Linux architectures (such as Beowulf) makes the port highly effective to build model farms to produce large quantities of atmosphere models or synthetic spectra (e.g. for the production of integrated light synthetic spectra). The port is hosted on a dedicated website including a download section for source codes, precompiled binaries, needed data (opacities, line lists and so on), sample launch scripts and documentation.

This Natural Langauge processing is carried particularly on English-Kannada/Telugu. Kannada is a language of India. The Kannada language has a classification of Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, and Kannada. Regions Spoken: Kannada is also spoken in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra. Population: The total population of people who speak Kannada is 35,346,000, as of 1997. Alternate Name: Other names for Kannada are Kanarese, Canarese, Banglori, and Madrassi. Dialects: Some dialects of Kannada are Bijapur, Jeinu Kuruba, and Aine Kuruba. There are about 20 dialects and Badaga may be one. Kannada is the state language of Karnataka. About 9,000,000 people speak Kannada as a second language. The literacy rate for people who speak Kannada as a first language is about 60%, which is the same for those who speak Kannada as a second language (in India). Kannada was used in the Bible from 1831-2000. Statistical machine translation (SMT) is a machine translation paradigm where translations are generated on the basis of statistical models whose parameters are derived from the analysis of bilingual text corpora. The statistical approach contrasts with the rule-based approaches to machine translation as well as with example-based machine translation.

Culture and especially for the purpose of formation, which can be considered as the social and institutional manifestation of the state tradition and its essential elements before they become a literary genre or grammatical data. This database has a strong declaration feature with an institutional identity on historical roots for Turkish as one of the ancient languages. In this respect, Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's Speech was examined and evaluated in a linguistic context, with a focus on Turkish and Turkish language education within the fiction of ideal society and state. The speech, which has the feature of a founding text, also contains important data for Turkish education as a strong unification for the development of society and state life. The specified data were subjected to discourse analysis and evaluated by document analysis based on qualitative research. In this respect, the manifestation of the founding will on the function of Turkish education in the founded Republic of Turkey was evaluated from a functional point of view.

Tekst podejmuje problematykę znaczenia motywu odzieży w transformacji głownego bohatera utworu A. Giełasimowa pt. Холод. Nosicielem idei utworu jest artysta - rezyser teatralny i filmowy, zagubiony we współczesnym świecie, którego los stawia w sytuacji granicznej każąc mu przemyślec dotychczasowe wybory życiowe. Elelemntem znaczącycm procesu transformacji bohatera staje się przeobrazenie zewnętrzne - Filippow stopniowo traci wygląd i cechy człowieka Zachodu, by ostatecznie zaadaptować się całkowicie do sposobu ubierania się Rosjan - mieszkańców przestrzeni, w której toczy się akcja utworu. Przemina ta jest sygnałem dojrzewania bohatera do humanitarnego czynu, który dokonuje się w finale powieści.

The foundations of almost all Islamic sciences were laid in the first and second centuries of hijra. With the expansion of the Islamic world since the first century of hijra, the existence of a collective effort to transfer oral information into writing is notable. With the invitation of the prophet Muḥammad to Islam, an unprecedented increase in the culture of writing has been observed. Since the emergence of Islam, the world history scene has witnessed feverish writing activity. Especially in the 2th/8th century, when the transition from oral culture to written culture accelerated, the founding texts of the science of language and religion, which were the carriers of these sciences related to aqāid-kalām, fiqh and uṣūl al-fiqh, tasawwuf, tafsir, and hadith, were compiled. Thanks to the founding texts containing the basic principles, the sciences have had the opportunity to develop by deepening. In this study, the contribution of Fiqh al-akbar, the founding text of the science of creed, to the science of kalam, which has made significant progress, will be discussed. In order for a text to be considered a founding and root, there must be a system that it establishes as the fruit of the tree. In this sense, Fiqh al-akbar established a moderate and defensible belief system. There is an organic link between the most concise faith texts and the most voluminous kalām books. While the creed texts, which consist of writing the goals at the end of the road, are the counting of the principles of faith, the texts of the kalām represent the walking of the road that leads to the goal of faith. Fiqh al-akbar, which marks the end of the road by finishing the roads to be walked, is the first and most important of the milestones of Islamic thought. In this study, the contribution of Fiqh al-akbar, the founding text of the science of aqāid, to the science of kalām will be discussed in the context of its belonging to its author. This text gave direction to Ahl al-Sunna theology, which would be written in the later stages of Islamic thought. In this study, the internal and external contexts of the founding text mentioned will be confirmed in terms of its relative acumen to Abū Ḥanīfa. In addition, the reason for the increase in the commentaries (Sharḥ) of Fiqh al-akbar during the Ottoman period will be shown. As a matter of fact, each annotation strengthens that it belongs to the author. In the annotations, there is no sentence stating that the text does not belong to Abū Ḥanīfa, on the contrary, the authenticity of the belonging is emphasized. Of course, not all the annotations of the relevant text will be included here, but mostly printed works will be emphasized. Theology, prophecy and the hereafter are discussed in Fiqh al-akbar. Here, how theological debates and problems related to the history of theological concepts are handled in the commentaries will be shown. In this article, within the framework of the method discussed as an example, a preparation will be made for further studies to evaluate the topics and concepts of prophecy and the hereafter in the context of commentaries. The point that should be emphasized here is that none of the scholars who commented on the text pointed out that the subject or concept was not discussed in the period of Abū Ḥanīfa. Moreover, from the early period until as late as the 7th/13th century, both theology and bibliography books did not have any doubts about the belonging of Fiqh al-akbar to Abū Ḥanīfa. Moreover, since the early period, both theological and bibliographical works did not have any doubts about Fiqh al-akbar’s belonging to Abū Ḥanīfa.

Актуальность темы исследования вызвана отсутствием работ по выявлению способов передачи рифмы якутского олонхо на другие языки. Работа представляет ценность в области межъязыкового преобразования текста и сравнительно-сопоставительной лингвистики. Целью данной статьи является анализ эмбриональной рифмы олонхо «Нюргун Боотур Стремительный» К. Г. Оросина и способов ее перевода с якутского на русский и с русского на французский языки. Объектом исследования является олонхо К. Г. Оросина «Нюргун Боотур Стремительный». Перевод на русский язык осуществил Г. У. Гермогенов – Эргис. Перевод на французский язык сделан Ж. Я. Карро через язык-посредник (русский). Предметом исследования является эмбриональная рифма в эпических формулах олонхо К. Г. Оросина «Нюргун Боотур Стремительный». Материалом в данной работе послужили тексты олонхо К. Г. Оросина «Нюргун Боотур Стремительный» и его переводы на русский и французский языки.В данном тексте олонхо выявлены 1749 случаев употребления рифмообразующих элементов. Из них наиболее употребительными являются -лаах, -ттан, -гар, -ан, саҕа, курдук, үһү и эбит. В русском варианте перевода количество переведенных рифм составляет 62%, а во французском варианте – 43%. Анализ способов передачи эмбриональной рифмы выявил следующее: при переводе с якутского на русский язык были использованы грамматические трансформации (замена, перестановка), лексические (добавление, опущение), в ходе которых наблюдается потеря экспрессивности; при переводе с русского на французский язык были использованы следующие грамматические трансформации: перестановки, замены, добавления.Есть моменты, когда предметное содержание формул в переводе сохраняется, но, на наш взгляд, из-за утраты правых рифм отрывки перестали восприниматься на слух как поэтические строки. The relevance of the study is caused by the lack of work on the identification of ways of Yakut olonkho rhyme transfer into other languages. The work is valuable in the field of cross-language text conversion and comparative linguistics. The purpose of this article is an analysis of fetal rhyme of "Nyurgun Bootur the Swift" by K.G. Orosin and the methods of its translation from Yakut into Russian and from Russian into French. The object of the research is olonkho by K.G. Orosin "Nyurgun Bootur the Swift." Russian translation was made by G. U. Germogenov – Ergis. Translation into French was made by Yankel Carro through intermediate language (Russian). The subject of the research is embryonic rhyme in epic formulas of K.G. Orosin olonkho "Nyurgun Bootur the Swift." The material of this work was the text of K. G. Orosin "Nyurgun Bootur the Swift" and its translation into Russian and French. This olonkho identified 1749 cases of rhyme forming elements. The most common of them are -laah, -ttan, -gar, -an, saђa, kurduk, үһү and ebit. In Russian translation the number of translated rhymes is 62% and in the French version is 43%. Analysis of ways of embryonic rhyme transfer revealed the following:a) in the translation from Yakut into Russian language was used grammatical transformations (substitution, permutation), lexical (addition, omission) which indicates a loss of expressiveness;b) in the translation from English into French was used the following grammatical transformations: permutation, substitution, addition.There are some moments when the subject matter of the formulas in the translation is preserved and in our opinion it was because of the loss of the right rhyming the passages is no longer perceived by the ear as poetic lines.

As it is known, doing studies on the history of the Middle Ages is very difficult due to the insufficient resources and the fact that the available resources are in different languages ​​such as Persian and Arabic. In this respect, each study on the available resources is of great value. The works named Matla-ı Sa'deyn and Mecma-ı Bahrain, which are the subject of the study, are among the works written in Persian and have survived to the present day. The present work is of great importance especially in terms of the situation of India at that time and the history of the Turks there. In addition, the work is in a valuable position in terms of understanding the political structure of the period and the relations between states. The fact that detailed information about the powerful rulers of the period and their effective political characters is included in the work is of the nature to provide a unique source of information to historians who will work in this field. In the work, the struggle for domination of the powerful statesmen and kings of the period is also among the subjects discussed in the work. As a matter of fact, it is an important issue to present a wide range of topics to researchers in Turkish as titles. In this respect, an effort has been made to facilitate the examination of the work by making translations in order to introduce the work and to ensure that its content is accessible in Turkish. The work consists of two volumes and four parts. The chapter containing the work is the first part of the first volume. In the introduction part, there is the introduction of the work and the author, and in the main part there is the introduction of the work. In the conclusion part, there is an evaluation made about the general opinions about the work.

IntroductionIf human beings have become a geophysical force, capable of impacting the very crust and atmosphere of the planet, and if geophysical forces become objects of study, presences able to be charted over millions of years—one of our many problems is a 'naming' problem. - Bethany NowviskieThe anthropocene "denotes the present time interval, in which many geologically significant conditions and processes are profoundly altered by human activities" (S.Q.S.). Although the narrative and terminology of the anthropocene has not been officially legitimized by the scientific community as a whole, it has been adopted worldwide by a plethora of social and cultural studies. The challenges of the anthropocene demand interdisciplinary efforts and actions. New contexts, situations and environments call for original naming propositions: new terminologies are always illegitimate at the moment of their first appearance in the world.Against the background of the naming challenges of the anthropocene, we will map the emergence and tell the story of a tiny world within the world of media studies: the world of the term 'nanomedia' and its hyphenated sister 'nano-media'. While we tell the story of the uses of this term, its various meanings and applications, we will provide yet another possible interpretation and application to the term, one that we believe might be helpful to interdisciplinary media studies in the context of the anthropocene. Contemporary media terminologies are usually born out of fortuitous exchanges between communication technologies and their various social appropriations: hypodermic media, interactive media, social media, and so on and so forth. These terminologies are either recognised as the offspring of legitimate scientific endeavours by the media theory community, or are widely discredited and therefore rendered illegitimate. Scientific legitimacy comes from the broad recognition and embrace of a certain term and its inclusion in the canon of an epistemology. Illegitimate processes of theoretical enquiry and the study of the kinds of deviations that might deem a theory unacceptable have been scarcely addressed (Delborne). Rejected terminologies and theories are marginalised and gain the status of bastard epistemologies of media, considered irrelevant and unworthy of mention and recognition. Within these margins, however, different streams of media theories which involve conceptual hybridizations can be found: creole encounters between high culture and low culture (James), McLuhan's hybrid that comes from the 'meeting of two media' (McLuhan 55), or even 'bastard spaces' of cultural production (Bourdieu). Once in a while a new media epistemology arises that is categorised as a bastard not because of plain rejection or criticism, but because of its alien origins, formations and shape. New theories are currently emerging out of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary thinking which are, in many ways, bearers of strange features and characteristics that might render its meaning elusive and obscure to a monodisciplinary perspective. Radical transdisciplinary thinking is often alien and alienated. It results from unconventional excursions into uncharted territories of enquiry: bastard epistemologies arise from such exchanges. Being itself a product of a mestizo process of thinking, this article takes a look into the term nanomedia (or nano-media): a marginal terminology within media theory. This term is not to be confounded with the term biomedia, coined by Eugene Thacker (2004). (The theory of biomedia has acquired a great level of scientific legitimacy, however it refers to the moist realities of the human body, and is more concerned with cyborg and post-human epistemologies. The term nanomedia, on the contrary, is currently being used according to multiple interpretations which are mostly marginal, and we argue, in this paper, that such uses might be considered illegitimate). ’Nanomedia’ was coined outside the communications area. It was first used by scientific researchers in the field of optics and physics (Rand et al), in relation to flows of media via nanoparticles and optical properties of nanomaterials. This term would only be used in media studies a couple of years later, with a completely different meaning, without any acknowledgment of its scientific origins and context. The structure of this narrative is thus illegitimate, and as such does not fit into traditional modalities of written expression: there are bits and pieces of information and epistemologies glued together as a collage of nano fragments which combine philology, scientific literature, digital ethnography and technology reviews. Transgressions Illegitimate theories might be understood in terms of hybrid epistemologies that intertwine disciplines and perspectives, rendering its outcomes inter or transdisciplinary, and therefore prone to being considered marginal by disciplinary communities. Such theories might also be considered illegitimate due to social and political power struggles which aim to maintain territory by reproducing specific epistemologies within a certain field. Scientific legitimacy is a social and political process, which has been widely addressed. Pierre Bourdieu, in particular, has dedicated most of his work to deciphering the intricacies of academic wars around the legitimacy or illegitimacy of theories and terminologies. Legitimacy also plays a role in determining the degree to which a certain theory will be regarded as relevant or irrelevant:Researchers’ tendency to concentrate on those problems regarded as the most important ones (e.g. because they have been constituted as such by producers endowed with a high degree of legitimacy) is explained by the fact that a contribution or discovery relating to those questions will tend to yield greater symbolic profit (Bourdieu 22).Exploring areas of enquiry which are outside the boundaries of mainstream scientific discourses is a dangerous affair. Mixing different epistemologies in the search for transversal grounds of knowledge might result in unrecognisable theories, which are born out of a combination of various processes of hybridisation: social, technological, cultural and material.Material mutations are happening that call for new epistemologies, due to the implications of current technological possibilities which might redefine our understanding of mediation, and expand it to include molecular forms of communication. A new terminology that takes into account the scientific and epistemological implications of nanotechnology applied to communication [and that also go beyond cyborg metaphors of a marriage between biology and cibernetics] is necessary. Nanomedia and nanomediations are the terminologies proposed in this article as conceptual tools to allow these further explorations. Nanomedia is here understood as the combination of different nanotechnological mediums of communication that are able to create and disseminate meaning via molecular exchange and/ or assembly. Nanomediation is here defined as the process of active transmission and reception of signs and meaning using nanotechnologies. These terminologies might help us in conducting interdisciplinary research and observations that go deeper into matter itself and take into account its molecular spaces of mediation - moving from metaphor into pragmatics. Nanomedia(s)Within the humanities, the term 'nano-media' was first proposed by Mojca Pajnik and John Downing, referring to small media interventions that communicate social meaning in independent ways. Their use of term 'nano-media' proposes to be a revised alternative to the plethora of terms that categorise such media actions, such as alternative media, community media, tactical media, participatory media, etc. The metaphor of smallness implied in the term nano-media is used to categorise the many fragments and complexities of political appropriations of independent media. Historical examples of the kind of 'nano' social interferences listed by Downing (2),include the flyers (Flugblätter) of the Protestant Reformation in Germany; the jokes, songs and ribaldry of François Rabelais’ marketplace ... the internet links of the global social justice (otromundialista) movement; the worldwide community radio movement; the political documentary movement in country after country.John Downing applies the meaning of the prefix nano (coming from the Greek word nanos - dwarf), to independent media interventions. His concept is rooted in an analysis of the social actions performed by local movements scattered around the world, politically engaged and tactically positioned. A similar, but still unique, proposition to the use of the term 'nano-media' appeared 2 years later in the work of Graham St John (442):If ‘mass media’ consists of regional and national print and television news, ‘niche media’ includes scene specific publications, and ‘micro media’ includes event flyers and album cover art (that which Eshun [1998] called ‘conceptechnics’), and ‘social media’ refers to virtual social networks, then the sampling of popular culture (e.g. cinema and documentary sources) using the medium of the programmed music itself might be considered nano-media.Nano-media, according to Graham St John, "involves the remediation of samples from popular sources (principally film) as part of the repertoire of electronic musicians in their efforts to create a distinct liminalized socio-aesthetic" (St John 445). While Downing proposes to use the term nano-media as a way to "shake people free of their obsession with the power of macro-media, once they consider the enormous impact of nano-technologies on our contemporary world" (Downing 1), Graham St John uses the term to categorise media practices specific to a subculture (psytrance). Since the use of the term 'nano-media' in relation to culture seems to be characterised by the study of marginalised social movements, portraying a hybrid remix of conceptual references that, if not completely illegitimate, would be located in the border of legitimacy within media theories, I am hereby proposing yet another bastard version of the concept of nanomedia (without a hyphen). Given that neither of the previous uses of the term 'nano-media' within the discipline of media studies take into account the technological use of the prefix nano, it is time to redefine the term in direct relation to nanotechnologies and communication devices. Let us start by taking a look at nanoradios. Nanoradios are carbon nanotubes connected in such a way that when electrodes flow through the nanotubes, various electrical signals recover the audio signals encoded by the radio wave being received (Service). Nanoradios are examples of the many ways in which nanotechnologies are converging with and transforming our present information and communication technologies. From molecular manufacturing (Drexler) to quantum computing (Deutsch), we now have a wide spectrum of emerging and converging technologies that can act as nanomedia - molecular structures built specifically to act as communication devices.NanomediationsBeyond literal attempts to replicate traditional media artifacts using nanotechnologies, we find deep processes of mediation which are being called nanocommunication (Hara et al.) - mediation that takes place through the exchange of signals between molecules: Nanocommunication networks (nanonetworks) can be used to coordinate tasks and realize them in a distributed manner, covering a greater area and reaching unprecedented locations. Molecular communication is a novel and promising way to achieve communication between nanodevices by encoding messages inside molecules. (Abadal & Akyildiz) Nature is nanotechnological. Living systems are precise mechanisms of physical engineering: our molecules obey our DNA and fall into place according to biological codes that are mysteriously written in our every cell. Bodies are perfectly mediated - biological systems of molecular communication and exchange. Humans have always tried to emulate or to replace natural processes by artificial ones. Nanotechnology is not an exception. Many nanotechnological applications try to replicate natural systems, for example: replicas of nanostructures found in lotus flowers are now being used in waterproof fabrics, nanocrystals, responsible for resistance of cobwebs, are being artificially replicated for use in resistant materials, and various proteins are being artificially replicated as well (NNI 05). In recent decades, the methods of manipulation and engineering of nano particles have been perfected by scientists, and hundreds of nanotechnological products are now being marketed. Such nano material levels are now accessible because our digital technologies were advanced enough to allow scientific visualization and manipulation at the atomic level. The Scanning Tunneling Microscopes (STMs), by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer (1986), might be considered as the first kind of nanomedia devices ever built. STMs use quantum-mechanical principles to capture information about the surface of atoms and molecules, allowed digital imaging and visualization of atomic surfaces. Digital visualization of atomic surfaces led to the discovery of buckyballs and nanotubes (buckytubes), structures that are celebrated today and received their names in honor of Buckminster Fuller. Nanotechnologies were developed as a direct consequence of the advancement of digital technologies in the fields of scientific visualisation and imaging. Nonetheless, a direct causal relationship between nano and digital technologies is not the only correlation between these two fields. Much in the same manner in which digital technologies allow infinite manipulation and replication of data, nanotechnologies would allow infinite manipulation and replication of molecules. Nanocommunication could be as revolutionary as digital communication in regards to its possible outcomes concerning new media. Full implementation of the new possibilities of nanomedia would be equivalent or even more revolutionary than digital networks are today. Nanotechnology operates at an intermediate scale at which the laws of classical physics are mixed to the laws of quantum physics (Holister). The relationship between digital technologies and nanotechnologies is not just instrumental, it is also conceptual. We might compare the possibilities of nanotechnology to hypertext: in the same way that a word processor allows the expression of any type of textual structure, so nanotechnology could allow, in principle, for a sort of "3-D printing" of any material structure.Nanotechnologies are essentially media technologies. Nanomedia is now a reality because digital technologies made possible the visualization and computational simulation of the behavior of atomic particles at the nano level. Nanomachines that can build any type of molecular structure by atomic manufacturing could also build perfect replicas of themselves. Obviously, such a powerful technology offers medical and ecological dangers inherent to atomic manipulation. Although this type of concern has been present in the global debate about the social implications of nanotechnology, its full implications are yet not entirely understood. A general scientific consensus seems to exist, however, around the idea that molecules could become a new type of material alphabet, which, theoretically, would make possible the reconfiguration of the physical structures of any type of matter using molecular manufacturing. Matter becomes digital through molecular communication.Although the uses given to the term nano-media in the context of cultural and social studies are merely metaphorical - the prefix nano is used by humanists as an allegorical reference of a combination between 'small' and 'contemporary' - once the technological and scientifical realities of nanomedia present themselves as a new realm of mediation, populated with its own kind of molecular devices, it will not be possible to ignore its full range of implications anymore. A complexifying media ecosystem calls for a more nuanced and interdisciplinary approach to media studies.ConclusionThis article narrates the different uses of the term nanomedia as an illustration of the way in which disciplinarity determines the level of legitimacy or illegitimacy of an emerging term. We then presented another possible use of the term in the field of media studies, one that is more closely aligned with its scientific origins. The importance and relevance of this narrative is connected to the present challenges we face in the anthropocene. The reality of the anthropocene makes painfully evident the full extent of the impact our technologies have had in the present condition of our planet's ecosystems. For as long as we refuse to engage directly with the technologies themselves, trying to speak the language of science and technology in order to fully understand its wider consequences and implications, our theories will be reduced to fancy metaphors and aesthetic explorations which circulate around the critical issues of our times without penetrating them. The level of interdisciplinarity required by the challenges of the anthropocene has to go beyond anthropocentrism. Traditional theories of media are anthropocentric: we seem to be willing to engage only with that which we are able to recognise and relate to. Going beyond anthropocentrism requires that we become familiar with interdisciplinary discussions and perspectives around common terminologies so we might reach a consensus about the use of a shared term. For scientists, nanomedia is an information and communication technology which is simultaneously a tool for material engineering. For media artists and theorists, nano-media is a cultural practice of active social interference and artistic exploration. However, none of the two approaches is able to fully grasp the magnitude of such an inter and transdisciplinary encounter: when communication becomes molecular engineering, what are the legitimate boundaries of media theory? If matter becomes not only a medium, but also a language, what would be the conceptual tools needed to rethink our very understanding of mediation? Would this new media epistemology be considered legitimate or illegitimate? Be it legitimate or illegitimate, a new media theory must arise that challenges and overcomes the walls which separate science and culture, physics and semiotics, on the grounds that it is a transdisciplinary change on the inner workings of media itself which now becomes our vector of epistemological and empirical transformation. 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