Relevant bibliographies by topics / Kushans

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Kushans'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Kushans"

1

Shustova, Alla M. "Yuri N. Roerich’s contribution to the study of the Tocharians." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: History. International Relations 21, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2021-21-1-22-28.

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This article deals with Yuri Roerich’s articles “Tocharian Problem”, “The Memory of Tocharians in Tibet” and his “The History of Central Asia”. Roerich concluded that Tocharians of the Ancient Greek authors were identical to the Yuezhi of the Chinese texts. Moreover, he considered the Kushans to be identical to the Yuezhi-Tocharians. He held the initiative to create the International Commission for the integrated study of the Kushan Empire’s history.
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Choi, Kyung Ah. "Multicultural aspects and Religious Development of Early Indian Mahāyana Buddhism." Korean Society of Culture and Convergence 45, no. 8 (August 31, 2023): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33645/cnc.2023.08.45.08.271.

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Indian Mahayana Buddhism has diverse theories regarding its origin, but it is believed that this soteriological religious movement primarily emerged during the Kushan Dynasty. The Kushans, a nomadic people of Central Asia who were skilled in trade, had multicultural characteristics of Greek and Iranian. They embraced Indian religion and culture, and supported Buddhism to legitimize their rule. The creation of Buddha statues in this era had a great influence on the spread of Buddhism beyond India. This era marked an ideological shift, focusing on external power not only sticking to individual performance for the acquisition of the ultimate state. Charity and faithfulness being emphasized, the use of wealth for spiritual purpose was justified. Although the emergence of Mahayana Buddhism is interpreted from the perspective of evolution and development in the history of Buddhism, it is contrary to early Buddhism based on the Shramana tradition of asceticism. Nevertheless these traits of Kushan Buddhism significantly shaped the identity of early Mahayana Buddhism.
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Valeria L., Denisenko. "Transformation of the Funeral Rite of the Peoples of Central Asia on the Territory of North India During the Early Iron Age." Humanitarian Vector 17, no. 3 (October 2022): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-3-78-88.

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The article is dedicated to the historiographical analysis of the transformation of funeral rite of the Pamir Sakas, Yuezhi, Indo-Scythians and Kushans in the process of their migration from Central Asia to the territory of Northern India. The purpose of this study is to trace the gradual assimilation of the nomadic peoples of Central Asia with the settled population of Bactria and Northern India, reflected in the funeral rite. The Early Iron Age of Central Asia and Northern India remains little-studied, if to speak about historical and cultural interactions and routеs of the migration wave. This topic needs an objective and deep study based on a thorough analysis and systematization of available historiographical sources. Extreme paucity of publications dedicated to the funerary monuments correlated with Saki-Indo-Scythians and Yuezhi-Kushans in Northern India is one of the main problems. Funeral practices are among the most important indicators of the cultural interaction between different peoples and cultures. The main method of research is a comprehensive approach suggesting involving data from other sciences – epigraphic, numismatic and historical. The chronological framework of the study is from the II century BC, when Yuezhi and Saki began their massive migrations to the west ‒ to the III century AD, when the fall of the Kushan Empire occurred. In the process of migration, the Sakas and Yuezhi adapted to the cultures around them. Thus, part of the Sakas in Bactria adopted Zoroastrianism, burial mounds of the Yuezhi mostly contain products of local sedentary population. On the territory of Northern India, the Indo-Scythians and Kushans adopted the funerary traditions of the local Buddhist population – burning the dead and placing their ashes in special stupas with other relics. It is important to note that their assimilation took place gradually and even influenced the established funeral practice of Indo-Buddhist. For example, single bones and whole skeletons are sometimes found in stupas, and since the Indo-Scythian period, coins have been placed in stupas with other relics. In this regard, the revealing of new sources about the funerary monuments of Northern India is one of the promising directions.
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Yu., Tan, Berdimuradov A., Khasanov M., and Wang Ji. "Main Results of Archaeological Work in the Surkhandarya River Basin in Uzbekistan." Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 34, no. 4 (December 2022): 191–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2022)34(4).-11.

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Archaeological excavations in the Surkhandarya River Basin show that the nomadic graves of the Rabat necropolis located in the foothill hilly areas of Northern Bactria belong to the second half of the 1st c. BCE — the fi rst half of the 2nd c. CE. This is probably a site of the great Yuezhi. Above-ground burials in naus-type crypts dating from the same period were found on the ruins of the settlement, near the flat part of the Surkhandarya valley, most likely belong to the Yuezhi before the formation of the Kushan Empire. The two types of graves, differing in their form and burial rite, location area, etc., only confirm the fact that the Great Yuezhi and Kushans of the Imperial era are not exactly the same ethnic groups. The discovery of Serkharakat, Chinartep and other necropolises in the upper reaches of the Surkhandarya River confirmed our assumptions about the patterns of distribution of ancient monuments and additionally reveals the diversity of cultural groups of the period from the pre-imperial Yuezhi to the Kushan Empire.
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Ghosh, Suchandra. "Iran and India in the early historic period: A preview of their politico-cultural interface." Studies in People's History 5, no. 2 (October 12, 2018): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2348448918795741.

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The Achaemenid Empire’s expansion towards the Indus basin initiated a new confluence of Iranic and Indian cultures. Alexander’s conquests added a Greek component to this confluence, marked by Aśoka’s Aramaic and Greek edicts. The Seleucids and their successor Greek states in Bactria and other parts of Afghanistan, while continuing their homage to Greek divinities on coins, also incorporated concepts, customs and art inherited from the Achaemenids. Their Saka and Parthian successors continued the same policy as indicated by their cons. It was the Kushans beginning with Kanishka (with Huvishka continuing the practice) who shifted to Iranian gods and goddesses.
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Hinüber, O. v. "Glory of the Kushans. Recent Discoveries and Interpretations, edited by Vidula Jayaswal." Indo-Iranian Journal 58, no. 3 (2015): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15728536-05800056.

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7

Ball, Warwick. "“Band Wagon and Gravy Train”: uses and abuses along the Silk Road." Afghanistan 2, no. 2 (October 2019): 171–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afg.2019.0035.

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The Silk Road as an image is a relatively new one for Afghanistan. It appeals to both the pre-Islamic and the perceived Islamic past, thus offering an Islamic balance to previous identities linked to Bamiyan or to the Kushans. It also appeals to a broader and more international image, one that has been taken up by many other countries. This paper traces the rise of the image of the Silk Road and its use as a metaphor for ancient trade to encompass all contacts throughout Eurasia, prehistoric, ancient and modern, but also how the image has been adopted and expanded into many other areas: politics, tourism and academia. It is argued here that the origin and popularity of the term lies in late 20th century (and increasingly 21st century) politics rather than any reality of ancient trade. Its consequent validity as a metaphor in academic discussion is questioned
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Zahid, Anwar, Sumaira, and Riaz Sadia. "Geo-Strategic Significance of Kandahar for Mughal Empire." Global Social Sciences Review I, no. II (December 30, 2016): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2016(i-ii).02.

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Kandahar is one of the most significant and important region of Afghanistan. It had been ruled by the great dynasties like Greece, Muryans, Kushans, Hindu Shahis, Mongols and the Mughals etc. Because of its significant location, Kandahar remained the bone of contention between different Empires and dynasties. When the Mughal occupied India, it became necessary for them to make a strong hold on Kandahar because of its strategic location that connects Persia with India. Kandahar was a gateway to India from Persia and for the safety of India and Kabul the Mughals were struggling to have strong control over the area. It connects South Asian subcontinent with Central Asia, Middle East and the Persian Gulf. On the other side Persia considered Kandahar as her integral part particularly from the reign of Shah Tahmasp and always remained busy in taking its control from the Mughals. It was necessary for them to take control of Kandahar for accomplishing the Safavid expansion policy. Thus, Kandahar remained a sandwich between two great Empires.
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Bhat, Rashid Manzoor. "An Analytical Study of the Kushan Rule in Kashmir." Journal of Image Processing and Intelligent Remote Sensing, no. 24 (June 2, 2022): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jipirs.24.9.14.

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Kanishka's reign was clearly a time of unprecedented prosperity for Kashmir. There are numerous Kushan art treasures with Buddhist themes scattered throughout the valley, which proves this. The only people who can get to some of these places even now are intrepid explorers. The large number of Kanishka's coins that have been found so far in Kashmir proves this. Vasishka is also known as Vajheshka in records from the time, and it is likely that he was known by this name in Kashmir, which was called Juska until the time of Kalhana. This is another important sign that Kashmir became a famous place in the Kushan empire. In addition to writing about the building projects of the three Kushana rulers and the growth of Buddhism during their time in power, Rajatrangni also mentions Juska's time in power. As the saying goes, "that wise king Jayasvami, who built Juskapura with its Vihara, was also the founder of Jayasvamipura." In this study at attempt has been made to explore and analyse the Kushan rule in Kashmir.
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Bhat, Rashid Manzoor. "An Analytical Study of the Kushan Rule in Kashmir." June- July 2022, no. 24 (July 29, 2022): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jpps.24.9.14.

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Kanishka's reign was clearly a time of unprecedented prosperity for Kashmir. There are numerous Kushan art treasures with Buddhist themes scattered throughout the valley, which proves this. The only people who can get to some of these places even now are intrepid explorers. The large number of Kanishka's coins that have been found so far in Kashmir proves this. Vasishka is also known as Vajheshka in records from the time, and it is likely that he was known by this name in Kashmir, which was called Juska until the time of Kalhana. This is another important sign that Kashmir became a famous place in the Kushan empire. In addition to writing about the building projects of the three Kushana rulers and the growth of Buddhism during their time in power, Rajatrangni also mentions Juska's time in power. As the saying goes, "that wise king Jayasvami, who built Juskapura with its Vihara, was also the founder of Jayasvamipura." In this study at attempt has been made to explore and analyse the Kushan rule in Kashmir.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Kushans"

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Wilson, Paul David. "The Kushans and the Emergence of the Early Silk Roads." Thesis, University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/23222.

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The Kushans were a major historical power on the ancient Silk Roads, although their influence has been greatly overshadowed by that of China, Rome and Parthia. That the Kushans are so little known raises many questions about the empire they built and the role they played in the political and cultural dynamics of the period, particularly the emerging Silk Roads network. Despite building an empire to rival any in the ancient world, conventional accounts have often portrayed the Kushans as outsiders, and judged them merely in the context of neighbouring ‘superior’ powers. By examining the materials from a uniquely Kushan perspective, new light will be cast on this key Central Asian society, the empire they constructed and the impact they had across the region. Previous studies have tended to focus, often in isolation, on either the archaeological evidence available or the historical literary sources, whereas this thesis will combine understanding and assessments from both fields to produce a fuller, more deeply considered, profile. The fundamental question explored throughout this study is whether the Kushans, more than any others, inspired and were instrumental in creating the emerging ‘Silk Roads’ network; or whether it was the birth of the Silk Roads that gave rise to the Kushans.
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Fröhlich, Christine. "Histoire et monnayage des Indo-Scythes et des Indo-Parthes (1er siècle avant notre ère - 1er siecle de notre ère). Catalogue raisonné des monnaies du Cabinet des Médailles." Paris, EPHE, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001EPHE4043.

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Les dynasties indo-scythe et indo-parthe régnèrent en Inde du Nord-Ouest, dans tout le Gandhara pour les Indo-Scythes, et depuis Hérat, en Afghanistan, jusqu'à Mathura, en Inde, pour les Indo-Parthes. Les premiers souverains indo-scythes arrivèrent au Gandhara au début du Ier siècle avant notre ère, et leur dynastie est remplacée par celle des Indo-Parthes aux alentours de notre ère. Ces deux peuples nomades se situent donc entre les derniers Indo-Grecs et en même temps que les premiers Kushans. La thèse proposée aborde toutes les questions posées par les spécialistes, qui sont surtout chronologiques. La reconstruction de l'histoire de ces deux dynasties repose principalement sur les monnaies. C'est pourquoi deux des quatre volumes de la thèse ont été consacrés à la recension des données numismatiques, avec un catalogue de la collection inédite du Cabinet des Médailles de Paris, un recensement des trésors publiés et inédits, et un volume de corpus qui rassemble 10 000 monnaies environ. Le premier volume est dévolu à une étude bibliographique importante, des origines à nos jours, à l'analyse des données textuelles (très rares), archéologiques (peu nombreuses), épigraphiques (difficiles d'interprétation) et iconographiques (essentielles pour la distinction de rois homonymes comme Azès et Abdagasès). Il s'achève par une mise en perspective historique qui permet d'établir la succession des souverains indo-scythes et leur répartition géographique, avec la distinction de trois ateliers monétaires. La question de l'existence d'un ou deux Azès ne peut encore être tranchée. L'ordre de succession des souverains indo-parthes est bien déterminé, région par région. L'originalité du système politique indo-parthe a été mise en valeur: il s'agit d'un pouvoir extrêmement fragmenté, avec un roi plus puissant comme l'étaient Gondopharès et Sasès, et des souverains subordonnés, comme Abdagasès. Le rôle fondamental des satrapes et des dynasties locales a également été dégagé.
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Das, Kushal Kumar [Verfasser], and Sáez Ana J. [Akademischer Betreuer] García. "Deciphering the BH3 code for the neutralization of pro-survival Bcl-2 proteins in membranes / Kushal Kumar Das ; Betreuer: Ana J. García Sáez." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1198973269/34.

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Pons, Jessie. "Inventaire et étude systématiques des sites et des sculptures bouddhiques du Gandhāra : ateliers, centres de production." Thesis, Paris 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA040086.

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Les statues et les reliefs narratifs bouddhiques du Gandhāra présentent des points communs qui justifient la désignation d’un « art du Gandhāra » : le matériau, le sujet et la nature composite. Malgré cette évidente homogénéité, il existe d’importantes variations iconographiques et stylistiques. Cette thèse de doctorat tend à mettre en évidence ces variations afin de produire la première identification et caractérisation des langages stylistiques de l’art du Gandhāra. Les réflexions liminaires sur les contextes géographique, historique et religieux dans lesquels l’art du Gandhāra s’est développé sont suivies de prolégomènes sur les cadres historiographiques et théoriques de la recherche. Ils soulignent l’utilité d’une méthodologie et d’une terminologie appropriées ainsi que la nécessité d’un corpus des sculptures correctement documentées sur lequel une étude stylistique peut se fonder. L’inventaire des sculptures a permis d’identifier et de rassembler dans une base de données électronique environ 5000 oeuvres dont la provenance est attestée. La dernière partie se concentre sur l’identification des écoles, des foyers artistiques, des centres de production et des ateliers gandhāriens ainsi que sur leur caractérisation iconographique et formelle. La présentation suit une progression géographique qui permet de montrer la corrélation entre les niveaux stylistiques et la géographie gandhārienne et de déceler des réseaux d’interaction. Cette thèse propose en conclusion une reconstruction provisoire des routes anciennes de la région, un réexamen des chronologies fondées sur l’étude des styles et une réflexion sur la normalisation géographique des iconographies bouddhiques
Buddhist statues and narrative relieves from Gandhāra share common characteristics thus justifying the designation of “Gandhāran art”. The homogeneity of Gandhāran art is certainly manifest in its material, its subject and its composite nature, yet it is possible to distinguish important iconographic and stylistic variations. This doctoral thesis aims to highlight these variations in order to provide the first identification and characterisation of the various stylistic languages of Gandhāran Buddhist art. The introductory reflections on the geographical, historical and religious contexts within which Gandhāran Buddhist art developed, are followed by prolegomena of the historiographical and theoretical frameworks of the research. These emphasise the need for an appropriate methodology and terminology and the necessity for a corpus of correctly documented pieces on which a stylistic study can be founded. The preliminary inventory of Gandhāran sculptures has identified approximately 5000 pieces of known provenance gathered in an electronic database. The last part focuses on the identification of Gandhāran schools, artistic zones, production centres and workshops and on their characterisation in terms of iconography and form. The review is geographically organised, thus revealing the existing correlation between the stylistic levels and Gandhāran geography and allowing the recognition of various interaction networks. The thesis concludes with an attempt to identify ancient routes, a reassessment of old stylistically based chronologies and a reflection on the geographical normalisation of Buddhist iconographies
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Tsai, Chih-Chung, and 蔡志忠. "A Study on Flora of Kushan Island." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/k5q895.

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碩士
靜宜大學
生態學研究所
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Kushan Island is located in the northeast part of Taiwan. Square measure of the island is about 2.85 km2 and the length of it seacoast are 10 km. The aim of this essay is to establish complete plants checklist on Kushan Island. The quantities of native vascular plant are including 469 species, 328 genus and 125 families. By the ranks of the Familie, Genus, and Species, this essay used plants data on Kushan Island to compared with the Lutao Island, Matsu Islands, Peng-Hu archipelagoes, Taiwan and RyuKyu Islands, which to find out the distribution pattern and the phytogeographical affinities of them. The floristic relationship is expressed by the similarity index of those islands and then discuss what the similarity index are applied to the case. There has following research findings: first, the Pteridophytes of Kushan Island is deeply effected by Taiwan and RyuKyu Islands. In the Lutao and Lanyu Islands where the elements of tropical play an important role, and in the Matsu Islands where affected by South China Flora, as a result, they are less effected by Taiwan and RyuKyu Islands. Accordingly, Kusahn Island is the highest proportion of Pteridophyte species from Taiwan and Ryukyu Islands. Second, in the ranks of the Familie, the top 10 of families native vascular plant in the Kushan Islands which overlap with Lutao Islands (9 families), and the ranking is extremely similar. Except the cosmopolitan families, the top 10 of families plant in the Kushan and Lutao Islands are tropical and subtropical distribution families, that have clear different from Matsu Islands where have the temperate distribution families, such as Rosaceae, and Caryophyllaceae. Because of The level area and man-made interference, the top 10 of herbaceous families in Peng-Hu archipelagoes are such as Convolvulaceae and Chenopodiaceae. Third, On the basis of analysis of geographical distribution of genera of seed plants, Kushan Island shows that has transitional feature. Its means that the more forward northwest, the more “North Temperate Distribution Pattern” increased; the more forward east, the more “Eastern Asia Distribution Pattern” increased; and the more forward south, the more “Tropical and Subtropical Asian Distribution Pattern” and “Malaysian Distribution Pattern” increased. By Rd, Rk, and Rs of the similarity index at Genus level, the similarity of Kushan and Lutao Islands are Highest, and Peng-Hu archipelagoes is the Lowest. The Species plants in these Islands are mainly including “Tropical Type” and “Eastern Asiatic Type”. The former including Lutao Island and Peng-Hu archipelagoes and the latter are Kushan Island and Matsu Islands. By the similarity index at Species level, the similarity of Kushan and Lutao Islands are Highest, and Peng-Hu archipelagoes is the Lowest.
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Aung, Thazin Nwe. "Molecular Mechanisms of Natural Compounds : Compound Kushen Injection (CKI) in Cancer." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/120399.

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Chemotherapy is a treatment that uses cytotoxic drugs to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells. There are many anti-cancer chemotherapeutic drugs used alone or in combination with others to kill cancerous cells, and some of these, are of plant origin. Naturally occurring compounds, such as Taxol, are used in chemotherapy and have very specific, unique, molecular targets. However, according to the World Health Organization (Ekor, 2014), approximately eighty percent of the world’s population depends on natural compounds from traditional medicine and these compounds are widely used in complementary medicine as anti-cancer drugs (Foster et al., 2000). Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) uses treatments that contain multiple natural compounds, a number of which have been claimed to be of therapeutic benefit to cancer sufferers (Chung et al., 2015). Some TCM preparations have shown anti-cancer, anti-migratory and anti-metastatic properties in laboratory settings (Wang et al., 2009;Pan et al., 2011;Qu et al., 2016). Research suggests that TCM natural compound mixtures might synergistically trigger therapeutic benefits through the action of multiple components affecting multiple regulatory signaling targets (Wang et al., 2008). Compound Kushen injection (CKI) is a TCM anticancer agent which has been approved by the Chinese State Food and Drug Administration to treat solid tumors in combination with chemotherapy drugs in clinics for pain relief, cancer metastasis and enhancement of the immune system since 1995, and is used to treat approximately 30,000 patients daily. Although a large body of evidence has suggested CKI has anti-cancer properties (Xu et al., 2011;Gao et al., 2018) the anti-cancer mechanisms attributable to specific compounds within the mixture remain unknown. CKI contains multiple alkaloid and flavonoid compounds and the main bioactive compounds such as matrine and oxymatrine have shown to affect cancer cells in the lab. However, other medicinal herbs containing these two compounds as main components have demonstrated patient toxicity. It is therefore important to better understand the effects of CKI, particularly with respect the contributions of individual compounds within the mixture. In this thesis, I describe a multi-disciplinary approach including analytical chemistry, cellular assays and transcriptome analysis to explore the effects of several major compounds present in CKI. Through the application of a subtractive fractionation method that removed individual compounds one, two or three at a time, I have been able to map these compounds and their interactions to specific pathways based on altered gene expression profiles. This has illuminated the roles of several major compounds of CKI, that on their own, have no, or minimal, activity in our bioassay. This approach has enabled us to identify the interactions between compounds in a mixture as shown by the response of cancer cell cultures. Using a systems biology approach along with cellular migration and invasion assays, I have mapped the activity of related proteins and pathways which may contribute to the migrastatic activity of CKI. Altogether, this thesis presents an initial characterization of the underlying mechanistic changes induced by CKI. First, by comparing differentially expressed genes across treatment combinations generated using our subtractive fractionation approach, I identified specific candidate pathways that were altered by the removal of compounds from the mixture. Second, by using transcriptome data of a breast cancer cell line, the effects of CKI on candidate anti-migratory pathways for six different cancer cell lines were assessed. These experiments identified specific candidate target pathways through which CKI might act. These approaches can be used to understand the roles and interactions of individual compounds from any complex natural compound mixture whose biological activity cannot be associated with purified compounds.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Biological Sciences, 2019
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Shen, Hanyuan. "Bioinformatics in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): Potential anti-cancer mechanisms of Compound Kushen Injection (CKI)." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/120755.

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With thousands of years of clinical practice, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is an enormous resource for both the pharmaceutical industry and daily health care. However, the wide popularization and application of TCM are hindered by the ambiguous explanation of mechanisms with ancient Chinese concepts. In addition, modern pharmacologic methods based on the interaction between single compound drug and target are inadequate to deal with the complex mixtures for TCM formulas which usually contain plant secondary metabolites from several or even dozens of herbs. New high-throughput technologies and bioinformatics methods can provide systematic and holistic ways to understand biological processes. Applying these methods to TCM research, we can clarify complex biological processes that result from hundreds or thousands of molecular interactions between components in TCM and targets in the organism. Therefore, the purpose of my project is to use models for the application of high-throughput sequencing technologies and bioinformatics methods in order to understand the molecular basis of TCM that involve drug-drug and compound-compound interactions. My model TCM, Compound Kushen Injection (CKI) is an anticancer agent clinically used in China since 1995. It’s commonly used as an adjuvant medicine in the treatment of carcinomas for pain relief, activation of innate immune response and reducing side effects of chemo or radiotherapy. Extracted from two herbs, CKI contains multiple alkaloids and flavonoids, which have been shown to be bioactive in previous studies. However, with the exception of several purified, well characterised compounds, the underlying mechanisms of action for CKI are still unclear. In this thesis, I first applied transcriptome analysis and bioinformatics methods as part of a pipeline to investigate interactions between CKI and chemotherapy drugs. With this pipeline, the mechanisms for the opposing effects of CKI combined with doxorubicin compared to 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) were determined, and potential interactions between CKI and chemotherapeutic anticancer agents were revealed. These results are closely related to the clinical usage of CKI and may help refine its clinical application. As my second approach, I applied transcriptome analysis to investigate the role of the two plant extracts that make up CKI in order to determine which plant extract contains the primary bioactivity and to identify how the two plant extracts interact to generate the combined effects from CKI. Altogether, this thesis presents approaches for the application of transcriptome analysis in order to identify the molecular mechanisms perturbed by CKI. I have successfully applied systems-biology based approaches to analyse herb-drug interactions and herbal compatibility and demonstrated these methods are valuable additions to TCM research. In addition, my results have indicated that high-throughput sequencing technologies and bioinformatics methods are powerful tools for linking TCM with modern pharmacologic methods.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Biological Sciences, 2019
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Books on the topic "Kushans"

1

Thakur, Manoj K. India in the age of Kanishka. Delhi, India: Oriental Book Centre, 1998.

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2

Gupta, Parmeshwari Lal. Kuṣāṇa coins and history. New Delhi: D.K. Printworld, 1994.

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3

Prasāda, Abhaya. Kushāṇa sikkoṃ para aṅkita mūrtiyoṃ kā adhyayana. Paṭanā: Jānakī Prakāśana, 2014.

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Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan, ed. Kūshānī starwāke. Kābul: Da ʻUlūmo Akāḍame, 2011.

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Śrivāstava, Rānī. Kushāṇa prastara-mūrtiyoṃ meṃ samāja evaṃ dharma. Dillī: Pratibhā Prakāśana, 1992.

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Singh, A. K. Coins of the great Kushanas. Delhi: Parimal Publications, 1996.

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Mani, Buddha Rashmi. The Kushan civilization: Studies in urban development and material culture. Delhi: B.R. Pub. Corp., 1987.

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Goyala, Śrīrāma. Magadha-Sātavāhana-Kushāṇa sāmrājyoṃ kā yuga. Meraṭha: Kusumāñjali Prakāśana, 1988.

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Mukherjee, Bratindra Nath. The rise and fall of the Kushāṇa Empire. Calcutta: Firma KLM, 1988.

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editor, Jayaswal Vidula 1947, ed. Glory of the Kushans: Recent discoveries and interpretations. New Delhi: Aryan Books International, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Kushans"

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Hancock, James F. "Silk route connections." In Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade, 94–106. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249743.0008.

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Abstract This chapter elaborates the landscape of political power and Silk trade in the Middle East. It consists of eleven subchapters which are about the empires of the Middle East, Roman intrusions into the Middle East, Palmyra as the greatest of the Middle Eastern trading centres, the power of Zenobia, Kushans take the centre of the silk routes, Kushan Connections, Parthia's control of the Terminus, Sasanians taking over, ebbs and flows of the silk route, plague that slowed the trade, and lastly, silk trade after 400 ce.
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Abazov, Rafis. "Parthian Empire and the Kushans." In The Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of Central Asia, 20–21. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230610903_9.

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Kuwayama, Shoshin. "The Kushans, viz. the Dà Yuèzhī." In The World of the Ancient Silk Road, 190–202. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429244582-13.

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Rezakhani, Khodadad. "The Kushan Empire." In Universal- und kulturhistorische Studien. Studies in Universal and Cultural History, 299–331. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-34003-2_12.

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Benjamin, Craig. "An Introduction to Kushan Research." In Silk Road Studies, 31–49. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.srs-eb.4.00038.

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Wiesehöfer, Josef, and Kai Ruffing. "The End of the Kushan Empire." In Universal- und kulturhistorische Studien. Studies in Universal and Cultural History, 261–77. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-36876-0_11.

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Barman, Preetinicha. "Kushan Gaan: Retelling of the Ramayana." In Cultural Forms and Practices in Northeast India, 85–97. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9292-6_7.

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Wagner, Hildebert, Rudolf Bauer, Dieter Melchart, Pei-Gen Xiao, and Anton Staudinger. "Radix Sophorae flavescentis — Kushen." In Chromatographic Fingerprint Analysis of Herbal Medicines, 743–54. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0763-8_62.

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Hu, C., R. Nögel, J. Hummelsberger, and U. Engelhardt. "Monographie 52: Sophorae flavescentis radix (Kushen 苦参)." In Paozhi: Die Aufbereitung chinesischer Arzneimittel, 427–30. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55846-1_57.

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Oluyede, Kehinde. "Rocks of the Northern Part of Kushaka Schist Belts, Northwestern Nigeria." In Geology and Natural Resources of Nigeria, 160–80. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003454908-9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Kushans"

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Mkrtychev, Tigran. "CONCERNING THE PLACE OF BUDDHISM IN KUSHAN BACTRIA." In ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL CULTURES OF CENTRAL ASIA (THE FORMATION, DEVELOPMENT AND INTERACTION OF URBANIZED AND CATTLE-BREEDING SOCIETIES). Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907298-09-5-191-193.

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Parshuto, Vikentii. "New data about the political process of the late Kushano-Sasanian period in bactria." In Antiquities of East Europe, South Asia and South Siberia in the context of connections and interactions within the Eurasian cultural space (new data and concepts). Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907053-34-2-183-186.

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Zav’yalov, Vladimir. "Bactria-Tokharistan in the Kushan-Sasanian period (second half of the 3rd — late 4th centuries AD)." In Antiquities of East Europe, South Asia and South Siberia in the context of connections and interactions within the Eurasian cultural space (new data and concepts). Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907053-34-2-156-158.

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Su, Yifan, Dehui Li, Huanfang Fan, and Chunxia Sun. "Compound Kushen Injection combined with Chemotherapy in Advanced Gastric Cancer." In IMIP 2020: 2020 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Medicine and Image Processing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3399637.3399653.

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Xu, Ting, Patrea Rhea, Tara Conway, Mihai Gagea, Lirong Wu, Zhongxing Liao, and Peiying Yang. "Abstract 6549: Preventive effect of compound Kushen injection in radiation induced lung pneumonitis." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2020; April 27-28, 2020 and June 22-24, 2020; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-6549.

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Пилипко, В. Н. "MATERIALS ON THE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE OLD FORTRESS IN THE CITY OF KERKI." In Hypanis. Труды отдела классической археологии ИА РАН. Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2020.978-5-94375-324-4.203-223.

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В статье публикуются материалы из стратиграфического шурфа № 9, заложенного в нуклеарной части («шахристане») Старой крепости города Керки, расположенного на побережье среднего течения Амударьи. Этими работами установлено, что «шахристан» функционировал практически непрерывно с ахеменидского времени до эпохи Кушан включительно, то есть это поселение можно относить к числу древнейших городов Средней Азии. Город располагался у одной из наиболее важных переправ через эту крупную водную артерию Средней Азии, и это обеспечивало его устойчивое развитие в течение длительного времени. Толщина культурных отложений в шурфе достигает 10 м. Вторая тема, рассматриваемая в статье – трансформация местного керамического производства в период греческого господства в Средней Азии. Предпринята попытка выяснить внутреннюю мотивацию этого процесса и главное – определить хронологические рамки так называемых «переходных комплексов». По мнению автора, радикальные изменения в местном керамическом производстве следует относить к 3 в. до н. э. The article presents materials from stratigraphic trench No. 9 in the nuclear part (shahristan) of the Old Fortress of Kerki located in the middle course of the Amudarya River. The obtained data proves that the ‘shahristan’ functioned continuously from the Achaemenid period till the Kushan time, which makes the settlement one of the oldest cities in Central Asia. The location of the city near one of the most important crossings of the Amudarya contributed to its stable development through centuries. The thickness of the cultural layers in the trench is over ten meters. Another issue considered in the article is the transformation of local pottery production during Greek domination in Central Asia. An attempt is made to investigate the internal motiva tion behind this process and to establish the chronological frames of the so-called ‘transitional assemblages’. The author dates the radical changes in the local ceramic production to the third century B.C.
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Li, Dehui, Huanfang Fan, and Chunxia Sun. "Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial in Treating Primary Liver Cancer by Fufang Kushen Injection Combined with TACE." In 2015 4th International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icseee-15.2016.142.

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Sun, Jian, Qinghui Wen, Yanyan Ma, Lifu Zhang, Han Yan, Bin Fan, Haifeng Zhang, and Kun Teng. "Pharmacokinetic study of peimine and peiminine in rat plasma after oral administration of Danggui-Beimu-Kushen-Pill by LC-MS/MS." In International Conference on Medical Engineering and Bioinformatics. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/meb140741.

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Reports on the topic "Kushans"

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Mao, Qiyuan, Lanchun Liu, Xueqian Wang, Huiling Zhou, Xue Li, Ruijuan Cai, Surui Yuan, and Hongsheng Lin. Compound Kushen injection combined with chemotherapy for patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.2.0063.

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Zhou, Tong, Shuo Wang, Lanxin Zhang, Yuerong Gui, Jun Dong, Dandan Wang, and Bingjie Fan. Efficacy and Safety of Compound Kushen Injection Combined With Oxaliplatin-Based Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Advanced Colorectal Cancer: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.9.0059.

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Huang, Jinsheng, Teng Fan, Yuming Rong, Xujia Li, Qi Jiang, Jun Kan, Huijuan Qiu, Qi Quan, Bei Guo, and Guifang Guo. Efficacy of Aidi injection combined with chemotherapy, radiotherapyor chemoradiotherapy for unresectable esophageal cancer treatment: A meta-analysis and systematic review of 29 randomized controlled trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.9.0020.

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Review question / Objective: In recent years, many articles have shown the significant clinical effects of traditional Chinese medicine for esophageal cancer (EC) treatment. These studies involved Chinese medicine injection, decoction, acupuncture, and moxibustion. Chinese medicine injections, including Aidi injection (Aidi) (Z52020236, China food and Drug Administration; composed of 0.15 g/ml cantharis, 5 g/ml ginseng, 10 g/ml Astragalus and 15 g/ml Eleutherococcus senticosus at a ratio of 0.03:1:2:3. The three plant names have been checked with http://www.theplantlist.org 2022/6/4), Shenqifuzheng injection, Kanglaite injection, compound Kushen injection, and Kangai injection, are widely used to treat cancer in clinical practice because of their efficacy and convenience. Aidi combined with standard treatment, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or chemoradiotherapy (CR) (Aidi-based combination therapy), showed significant efficacy in the treatment of unresectable EC. However, existing studies are limited to small sample sizes, and the efficacy of Aidi in the treatment of unresectable EC has not been confirmed in large-scale phase III clinical trials. Therefore, it is important to derive more convincing results by analyzing all the reported data. Herein, we conducted a literature search for all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that applied Aidi-based combination therapy in unresectable EC treatment, and a meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the efficacy of Aidi-based combination therapy in unresectable EC treatment.
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