Journal articles: 'Kuwait oil well fire'

1

Ginsberg, G. L., W. H. Koch, and G. F. Hoffnagle. "Kuwait Oil Well Fires." Science 256, no. 5056 (April 24, 1992): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.256.5056.426-a.

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Henry, Charles B., and Edward B. Overton. "CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND SOURCE FINGERPRINTING OF DEPOSITIONAL OIL FROM THE KUWAIT OIL FIRES." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1993, no. 1 (March 1, 1993): 407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1993-1-407.

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ABSTRACT Depositional oil and soot derived from the 1991 Kuwait oil field fires produced huge tar mats in the desert. The concentration of oil in the upper 5 cm of the desert surface ranged from 1.16 to 8.92 percent oil by weight as determined by TPH analysis over a 10 km transect in southern Kuwait. The mean concentration of asphaltenes in the tar mat samples was estimated at 62 percent; a greater than 17-fold increase in concentration over unweathered Kuwait crude oil. The remaining oil forming these tar mats is believed to be derived from petroleum that escaped combustion within the well fires. Results from GC/MS analyses characterize the depositional oil as being significantly altered by evaporative weathering. We suspect that evaporation of the depositional oil will continue, further consolidating the weathered oil, sand, and soot into asphalt-like zones which will remain for a very long time as features of the Kuwait desert. Significant quantities of oil residue from the fires also fell into the Arabian Gulf, contributing to what may be the largest man-made oil spill.

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Bonazza, Alessandra, Cristina Sabbioni, Nadia Ghedini, Bernardo Hermosin, Valme Jurado, Juan Miguel Gonzalez, and Cesareo Saiz-Jimenez. "Did Smoke from the Kuwait Oil Well Fires Affect Iranian Archaeological Heritage?" Environmental Science & Technology 41, no. 7 (April 2007): 2378–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es062176s.

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Kang, Guyoung, Taein Kim, Jinkyung Hong, Eun Hea Jho, Kapsung Park, Minkoo Park, Mohsen J. Al-Shammari, Mansour A. Al-Khareji, Minjoo Choi, and Taesang Ha. "Development of biological process for Kuwait crude oil contaminated soil." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 1749–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.1749.

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ABSTRACT Seven hundred ninety-eight oil wells were set fire, damaged, and gushed oil and resulted on a crude oil contaminated area over 300 km2 include dry oil lakes at the end of Iraqi war. The United Nation Compensation Commission (UNCC) recommended remediation of crude oil contaminated soil as physical chemical and thermal processes due to the oil sludge and high concentration of TPH. In this study, indigenous oil-emulsifying bacteria in Kuwait crude oil contaminated soil was cultured via enrichment culture method. Bacterial composition of enrichment culture investigated by phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences obtained through high-throughput sequencing. The majority of enriched bacteria belonged to the order of Flavobacteriales (56.38%), Burkholderiales (16.13%), and Pseudomonadales (12.22%). Using those indigenous microorganisms, biological process consists of bio-washing, biocatalytic, and biopile was operated for 20 days in lab-scale. Initial TPH concentrations measured by hexane extraction method (HEM) and GC-FID method were 46,096 mg/kg and 34,153 mg/kg, respectively. Removal rates of TPH after 20days operation were 68% (HEM) and 86% (GC-FID). Therefore, Kuwait crude oil contaminated soil can be remediated by combine biological process such as bio-washing and biopile process.

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Graf, von Hardenberg Wilko. "La vittima occulta: documentari e impatto ambientale della guerra." PASSATO E PRESENTE, no. 78 (October 2009): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/pass2009-078005.

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- Talks about the devastating impact war has on the environment: an issue that not always has been fully taken into consideration. Nonetheless, the interest of historians and film-makers for the topic has been increasing steadily over time. The forests and fields destroyed by the Americans in Vietnam, the oil wells set on fire by the Iraqis in Kuwait, the Yugoslav factories bombed by Nato air raids are just some of the possible examples of war-related environmental disasters. This article aims at showing some striking cases as they are depicted, beyond traditional historiography, in documentary films and at explaining the main issues at stake from the professional historian's point of view.Keywords: Documentaries, War, Environment, Vietnam, Kuwait, Kosovo.Parole chiave: Documentari, Guerra, Ambiente, Vietnam, Kuwait, Kosovo.

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Jadim, Ramsey, Mirka Kans, Jesko Schulte, Mohammed Alhattab, May Alhendi, and Ali Bushehry. "On Approaching Relevant Cost-Effective Sustainable Maintenance of Mineral Oil-Filled Electrical Transformers." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 20, 2021): 3670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123670.

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Fire and explosion accidents of oil-filled electrical transformers are leading to negative impacts, not only on the delivery of energy, but also on workplace health and safety as well as the surrounding environment. Such accidents are still being reported, regardless of applying the regular maintenance strategy in the power plants. The purpose of this paper is to integrate a sustainability perspective into the maintenance strategy. The problem addressed is: how can we approach the relevant cost-effective sustainable maintenance for oil-filled electrical transformers? For this purpose, an empirical study in a power plant in Kuwait was introduced. The first stage was to carry out a sustainability assessment using the ABCD procedure. In this procedure, gaps to approach sustainability were identified and actions prioritized to close these gaps were demonstrated. Applying this procedure yielded an early fault diagnosis (EFD) model for achieving cost-effective sustainable maintenance using a fault trend chart based on a novel numerical method. Implementing this model resulted in an extension of the lifetime of transformers with suspected failure propagation, leading to a deferral of the replacement investment costs. The principal conclusion of this paper is the importance of viewing the maintenance strategy of transformers from a strategic sustainability perspective, in order to approach relevant cost-effective sustainable maintenance.

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Anonymous. "NCAR to archive Kuwait oil fire data." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 73, no. 7 (1992): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91eo00064.

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Al‐Damkhi, Ali Mohamed. "Kuwait’s oil well fires, 1991: environmental crime and war." International Journal of Environmental Studies 64, no. 1 (February 2007): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207230601125036.

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Deeter, David P. "The Kuwait Oil Fire Health Risk Assessment Biological Surveillance Initiative." Military Medicine 176, no. 7S (July 2011): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-11-00076.

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Daum, P. H., A. Al-Sunaid, K. M. Busness, J. M. Hales, and M. Mazurek. "Studies of the Kuwait oil fire plume during midsummer 1991." Journal of Geophysical Research 98, no. D9 (1993): 16809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93jd01204.

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Luke, W. T., G. L. Kok, R. D. Schillawski, P. R. Zimmerman, J. P. Greenberg, and M. Kadavanich. "Trace gas measurements in the Kuwait oil fire smoke plume." Journal of Geophysical Research 97, no. D13 (1992): 14499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92jd00998.

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King, Michael D. "Directional and spectral reflectance of the Kuwait oil-fire smoke." Journal of Geophysical Research 97, no. D13 (1992): 14545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92jd01043.

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Smyth, Scott B., Leonard K. Peters, Carl M. Berkowitz, Peter H. Daum, and Michael O. Rodgers. "SO2and NOxconversion rates in the Kuwait oil fire smoke plume." Journal of Geophysical Research 99, no. D8 (1994): 16933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94jd00669.

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McKiernan, M. "Sebastiao Salgado Oil Well Burhan Kuwait (1991)." Occupational Medicine 59, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqn146.

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McCain, John C., Daniel W. Beard, and Yusef H. Fadlallah. "The influence of the Kuwaiti oil well fires on seawater temperature in the western Gulf." Marine Pollution Bulletin 27 (January 1993): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(93)90010-h.

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McKenna, D. S., C. J. Hord, and J. M. Kent. "Hydroxyl radical concentrations and Kuwait oil fire emission rates for March 1991." Journal of Geophysical Research 100, no. D12 (1995): 26005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95jd01005.

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Colgan, Jeff D. "Fueling the Fire: Pathways from Oil to War." International Security 38, no. 2 (October 2013): 147–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00135.

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What role does oil play in international security? While the threat of “resource wars” over possession of oil reserves is often exaggerated, the sum total of the political effects generated by the oil industry makes it a leading cause of war. Between one-quarter and one-half of interstate wars since 1973 have been connected to one or more oil-related causal mechanisms. Eight distinct mechanisms exist: resource wars, in which states try to acquire oil reserves by force; petro-aggression, whereby oil facilitates domestic political control of aggressive leaders such as Saddam Hussein or Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini; externalization of civil wars in petrostates; financing for insurgencies, such as Iranian oil money to Hezbollah; conflicts over potential oil-market domination, such as the United States' conflict with Iraq over Kuwait in 1991; control over transit routes, such as shipping lanes and pipelines; oil-related grievances, whereby the presence of foreign workers in petrostates helps extremist groups such as al-Qaida recruit locals; and as an obstacle to multilateral cooperation, such as when an importer curries favor with a petrostate to prevent multilateral cooperation on security issues. Understanding these mechanisms can help policymakers design grand strategy and allocate military resources.

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Haggerty, Julie A., Stephen P. Carley, David B. Johnson, and Amy D. Michaelis. "Development of a Data Management System for the Kuwait Oil Fire Atmospheric Measurement Program." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 75, no. 10 (October 1994): 1813–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1994)075<1813:doadms>2.0.co;2.

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Stevens, R., J. Pinto, Y. Mamane, J. Ondov, M. Abdulraheem, N. Al-Majed, M. Sadek, W. Cofer, W. Ellenson, and R. Kellogg. "Chemical and Physical Properties of Emissions from Kuwaiti Oil Fires." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 7-8 (April 1, 1993): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0555.

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After the Iraqi retreat from Kuwait in 1991, airborne sampling was conducted in the oil fire plumes near Kuwait City and ground-level samples were taken of the air within the city. For the airborne sampling, a versatile air pollution sampler was used to determine the SO2, elemental concentrations, the aerosol mass loadings and SO42− and NO3 concentrations. Striking differences between the black and white plumes were associated with high concentrations of NaCl and CaCI2 measured in the white plumes and large numbers of carbon chain agglomerates in the black plumes. For the ground-based measurements, an annular denuder system was used to determine levels of SO2, SO42−, trace elements, and mass loadings. Certain pollutant levels rose in the city during inversion conditions, when winds were too weak to continue moving the combustion products directly to the Persian Gulf, and the increased levels of Pb and certain trace elements were comparable to those in other large urban areas in Europe. This paper has been reviewed in accordance with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's peer and administrative review policies and approved for presentation and publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

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Carpenter, Chris. "First-Ever Level-4 Multilateral Well in North Kuwait Improves Oil Production." Journal of Petroleum Technology 67, no. 05 (May 1, 2015): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0515-0124-jpt.

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Soulen, Peter F., Michael D. King, Si-Chee Tsay, G. Thomas Arnold, and Jason Y. Li. "Airborne spectral measurements of surface-atmosphere anisotropy during the SCAR-A, Kuwait oil fire, and TARFOX experiments." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 105, no. D8 (April 1, 2000): 10203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999jd901115.

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Smith, T. C. "Are Gulf War Veterans Experiencing Illness due to Exposure to Smoke from Kuwaiti Oil Well Fires? Examination of Department of Defense Hospitalization Data." American Journal of Epidemiology 155, no. 10 (May 15, 2002): 908–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/155.10.908.

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Das, Hirak Jyoti. "National Assembly Elections in Kuwait, 2016." Contemporary Review of the Middle East 4, no. 2 (May 29, 2017): 193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2347798917694758.

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Among the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, Kuwait not only has the oldest constitution but also has a vibrant parliament. Kuwait has sent elected representatives to the National Assembly since 1963 that shares the legislative responsibilities with the Amir. In the last decade Kuwait National Assembly has confronted the government on various issues, especially on corruption charges and incompetence of individual ministers. It has led to frequent disruptions and dissolution of the assembly five times since 2003. The 2016 elections has returned a large number of deputies with inclination to traditional opposition and though it bodes well for democratization in the oil-rich Gulf state, it raises questions about going back to the era of disruptions and dissolutions seen during 2008–2012.

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Literathy, P., M. Quinn, and M. Al-Rashed. "Pollution potential of oil-contaminated soil on groundwater resources in Kuwait." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 7-8 (April 1, 2003): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0697.

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The only natural freshwater resource of Kuwait occurs as lenses floating on the saline groundwater in the northern part of the country, near to the oil fields. Rainwater is the only means of recharge of this limited groundwater resource. This groundwater is used as bottled drinking water and the fresh groundwater aquifer is considered as a strategic drinking water reserve for Kuwait. As a result of the 1991 Gulf War, the upper soil layer has been widely contaminated with crude oil and crude oil combustion products, which are potential pollutants likely affecting the groundwater resources. Significant efforts have been made to assess this pollution. These included: (a) a soil survey for assessing the soil contamination, and (b) leaching experiments to characterise the mobilization of the soil-associated pollutants. Fluorescence measurement techniques were used during field surveys as well as for laboratory testing. In addition, determination of the total extractable matter (TEM), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), and GC/MS measurement of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were performed for the assessments. The laser induced fluorescence (LIF) measurement, having good correlation with the other laboratory measurements, was proved to provide necessary information for the assessment of the oil-contamination level in the desert soil. The subsequent leaching test with water demonstrated the mobilization of the fluorescing compounds (e.g. PAHs), and the alteration in the leaching characteristics of the contamination during the long-term environmental weathering of the oil.

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Parungo, F., B. Kopcewicz, C. Nagamoto, R. Schnell, P. Sheridan, C. Zhu, and J. Harris. "Aerosol particles in the Kuwait oil fire plumes: Their morphology, size distribution, chemical composition, transport, and potential effect on climate." Journal of Geophysical Research 97, no. D14 (1992): 15867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92jd01223.

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Al-Ali, Salah. "Technical and Vocational Education in Kuwait." Industry and Higher Education 13, no. 3 (June 1999): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000099101294555.

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This paper is based on a study designed to evaluate industry's perception of the standard of graduates from Kuwait's Public Authority for Applied Education and Training (PAAE&T). The College of Technological Studies, the College of Business Studies, and the Electricity and Water Training Centre were selected as representative institutions of the PAAE&T. The oil sector, the Ministry of Electricity and Water, and local commercial and industrial banks were chosen as representative of the recipients of PAAE&T graduates. The study was based on extensive field work which encompassed a review of related literature, questionnaires and personal interviews with the General Director of the PAAE&T, selected deans, heads of departments, heads of industrial placement, lecturers, and final-year students. In addition, to evaluate the industrial perspective, questionnaires and personal interviews with key figures in industry, as well as with PAAE&T graduates and their direct supervisors, were conducted. The paper argues that unless the PAAE&T recognizes the value of building strong links with industry, its contribution in tackling the shortage of skilled and semi-skilled Kuwaiti manpower will be below expectations, thus increasing dependence on expatriate workers for years to come.

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Arami, Mitra. "Project Leadership in Oil and Gas Industry: An Empirical Investigation in Kuwait." International Journal Of Innovation And Economic Development 1, no. 6 (2015): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.16.2004.

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Burnout is considered by the World Health Organization an extreme response to cumulative and prolonged occupational stress, with teachers being among the professionals most affected by it. This disease influences physical and psychological well-being, negatively affecting the relationship between teachers and students. It also compromises the quality of teaching, thus inducing absenteeism and increasing professional abandonment. Our study examines the degree of incidence of Burnout affecting Professors from the Portuguese Higher Education Institutions. The first study was carried out on a sample of 520 teachers. A proportion of 41 (7.9%) Higher Education Teachers scored high on Burnout. A second phase of the study was conducted to gather data on socio-demographic and socio-professional characteristics of teachers affected by Burnout. The MBI (Maslach Burnout Inventory) and another questionnaire was built for this purpose and were used to collect the study data. The results indicate the majority of teachers affected by Burnout were female (63.4%). Most of them are between 40 and 59 years old (75.6%) and married (68.3%). Overall, 41.5% had 10 to 19 years of service and 39.0% between 20 and 29 years of service. The teachers with an undetermined contract (48.8%) and temporary contract (36.6%) displayed higher levels of Burnout, but the self-employment worker (4.9%) appears in a residual amount. Teachers most affected by Burnout are from Public Polytechnic Institutes (48.8%), followed by Public University teachers (41.5%). Teacher's Burnout is a serious problem and should be considered by the Higher Education Institutions regarding the development of good teaching practice.

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Wang, Wen He, Hai Xia Li, Zhi Sheng Xu, and Dong Liang. "Safety Assessment of Large-Scale Crude Oil Tank after Fire Process." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.469.

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In recent years, the demand of the crude oil is increasing in the world, and the oil storage tanks are also developing larger and larger. Higher requirements of safety for storage tank, especially safety evaluation of the oil tanks in fire environment, was proposed because the oil tank volume is large, as well the oil is volatile, flowing, inflammable and explosive easily. In the paper, the fire process was simulated by the heat treatment for the key position, and the relationship between mechanical property and heating temperature of large tank after fire was obtained. The strength evaluation for large-scale crude oil storage tank after fire was implemented and the result showed that the strength for large crude oil tank was satisfied with requirement.

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Nazarov, V. P., D.-l. A. Stepanenko, and D.-s. A. Stepanenko. "Rationale for increasing the level of fire safety during preparation of tanks for fire repairs." Technology of technosphere safety 89 (2020): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/tts.2020.3.89.75-85.

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Introduction. According to statistics, Russia is the third largest oil producer in the world. The processing, transportation and storage of such a large volume of petroleum products requires maintaining the constant operability of tank farms. However, a significant number of accidents and fires are occurring at these facilities, which significantly undermines production and economic stability. Goals and objectives. The need to keep reservoir parks in working condition poses a problem of increasing the level of fire and explosion safety of fire repairs. This type of work is often impossible without the use of equipment that can serve as an open source of ignition, which can cause an explosion. Methods. To justify the need to achieve a fire and explosion-proof state of working conditions when preparing the tank for repair, methods of analysis and classification of data on fires that occurred at oil production and refining facilities not only in Russia, but also abroad were applied. Results and discussion thereof. The article calls attention to the process of pre-repair preparation as one of the main causes of accidents at oil-related facilities. More than 34,7 % of the explosions are related to fire repairs. There is a need to improve the regulatory framework relating to the preparation of tanks for repair, as well as the use of modern mechanized mobile treatment plants and the use of highly skilled personnel for the organization of work. Conclusions. The development of various industries, agriculture, and electric heating systems encourages increased demand for oil refining products for the successful implementation of their activities. This demand increases both the number of oil production, transportation and refining facilities and the number of jobs and personnel to service those facilities. Therefore, fire safety of oil and gas industry facilities is a current problem. Key words: reservoir park, fire, oil product, pre-repair, cleaning, gas-freeing, firing.

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Samantray, Ajay K., Qasem M. Dashti, Eddie Ma, and Pradeep S. Kumar. "Upscaling and 3D Streamline Screening of Several Multimillion-Cell Earth Models for Flow Simulation." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 9, no. 01 (February 1, 2006): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/81496-pa.

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Summary Nine multimillion-cell geostatistical earth models of the Marrat reservoir in Magwa field, Kuwait, were upscaled for streamline (SL) screening and finite-difference (FD) flow simulation. The scaleup strategy consisted of (1) maintaining square areal blocks over the oil column, (2) upscaling to the largest areal-block size (200 x 200 m) compatible with 125-acre well spacing, (3) upscaling to less than 1 million gridblocks for SL screening, and (4) upscaling to less than 250,000 gridblocks for FD flow simulation. Chevron's in-house scaleup software program, SCP, was used for scaleup. SCP employs a single-phase flow-based process for upscaling nonuniform 3D grids. Several iterations of scaleup were made to optimize the result. Sensitivity tests suggest that a uniform scaled-up grid overestimates breakthrough time compared to the fine model, and the post-breakthrough fractional flow also remains higher than in the fine model. However, preserving high-flow-rate layers in a nonuniform scaled-up model was key to matching the front-tracking behavior of the fine model. The scaled-up model was coarsened in areas of low average layer flow because less refinement is needed in these areas to still match the flow behavior of the fine model. The final ratio of pre- to post-scaleup grid sizes was 6:1 for SL and 21:1 for FD simulation. Several checks were made to verify the accuracy of scaleup. These include comparison of pre- and post-scaleup fractional-flow curves in terms of breakthrough time and post-breakthrough curve shape, cross-sectional permeabilities, global porosity histograms, porosity/permeability clouds, visual comparison of heterogeneity, and earth-model and scaled-up volumetrics. The scaled-up models were screened using the 3D SL technique. The results helped in bracketing the flow behavior of different earth models and evaluating the model that better tracks the historical performance data. By initiating the full-field history-matching process with the geologic model that most closely matched the field performance in the screening stage, the amount of history matching was minimized, and the time and effort required were reduced. The application of unrealistic changes to the geologic model to match production history was also avoided. The study suggests that single realizations of "best-guess" geostatistical models are not guaranteed to offer the best history match and performance prediction. Multiple earth models must be built to capture the range of heterogeneity and assess its impact on reservoir flow behavior. Introduction The widespread use of geostatistics during the last decade has offered us both opportunities and challenges. It has been possible to capture vertical and areal heterogeneities measured by well logs and inferred by the depositional environments in a very fine scale with 0.1- to 0.3-m vertical and 20- to 100-m areal resolution (Hobbet et al. 2000; Dashti et al. 2002; Aly et al. 1999; Haldorsen and Damsleth 1990; Haldorsen and Damsleth 1993). It also has been possible to generate a large number of realizations to assess the uncertainty in reservoir descriptions and performance predictions (Sharif and MacDonald 2001). These multiple realizations variously account for uncertainties in structure, stratigraphy, and petrophysical properties. Although impressive, the fine-scale geological models usually run into several millions of cells, and current computing technology limits us from simulating such multimillion-cell models on practical time scales. This requires a translation of the detailed grids to a coarser, computationally manageable level without compromising the gross flow behavior of the original fine-scale model and the anticipated reservoir performance. This translation is commonly referred to as upscaling (Christie 1996; Durlofsky et al. 1996; Chawathe and Taggart 2001; Ates et al. 2003). The other challenge is to quantify the uncertainty while keeping the number of realizations manageable. This requires identifying uncertainties with the greatest potential impact and arriving at an optimal combination to capture the extremes. Further, these models require a screening and ranking process to assess their relative ability to track historical field performance and to help minimize the number of models that can be considered for comprehensive flow simulations (Milliken et al. 2001; Samier et al. 2002; Chakravarty et al. 2000; Lolomari et al. 2000; Albertão et al. 2001; Baker et al. 2001; Ates et al. 2003). In some situations, often a single realization of the best-guess geostatistical model is carried forward for conventional flow simulation and uncertainties are quantified with parametric techniques such as Monte Carlo evaluations (Hobbet et al. 2000; Dashti et al. 2002). Using the case study of this Middle Eastern carbonate reservoir, the paper describes the upscaling, uncertainty management, and SL screening process used to arrive at a single reference model that optimally combines the uncertainties and provides the best history match and performance forecast from full-field flow simulation. Fig. 1 presents the details of the workflow used.

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Lestari, Ariesta, and Katriani Puspita Ayu. "Engaging Palm Oil and Hot Spot Area to Mitigate Forest Fires." BIO Web of Conferences 20 (2020): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202001003.

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Forest fire is one of environmental problem happens in Central Kalimantan. The fire does not only damage the forest ecosystem and biodiversity but also threaten the health and socio-economic of local people. Forest fire in Central Kalimantan is widely known as human-made, such as the process of shifting cultivation and land clearing. The expansion of forest into palm oil plantation is often blamed as the cause of forest fire since the forest clearing involves a massive amount of fires. Therefore, this study aims to explore whether the existence of palm oil cultivation contributes to the occurrence of forest fires. We used satellite imagery of hotspot, and overlay it with the land use data to generate the fire risk zone map using geographic information system (GIS) method. Through the map, the risk of fire can be monitored in advance to help the fire authority provide the act of mitigation. The result of this study suggested that risk mapping is vital for forest fire management to mitigate the spread of forest fire. The region to be fire-prone within the palm oil cultivation is suggested to form a preventive act through active forest-fires monitoring. In sum, this study is expected to provide a map of forest fires' risk around the cultivation area, mainly palm oil plantation, and help the fire authorities as well as stakeholders to identify the risk zone for fires prevention in the future.

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Alotaibi, Abdulaziz A. "Budget Policies During and After the Oil Crisis of 2014: Comparative Analysis of Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Kuwait." International Business Research 12, no. 6 (May 16, 2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v12n6p23.

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This paper explored how some Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries employed budget policies to manage their budget deficits in the fiscal years between 2014 and 2018. Empirically, this study attempted to summarize and critically analyze several approaches of economic strategies that countries utilized such as sovereign wealth fund, revenue-increasing policies, and expenditure-reducing policies in response to budget deficits during and after the oil crisis of 2014. Secondary data were gathered from the ministry of finance reports as well as various official documents covering three different GCC countries, which are Saudi Arabia, UAE and Kuwait. The findings of this study showed distinct patterns in a three-country approach to manage their budget deficits. Saudi Arabia and UAE implemented a comparatively more balanced approach between increasing revenues and reducing expenditure. On the other hand, Kuwait focused on reducing their budget expenditures and adopted policies that promoted across the board cuts and is relatively relying more on oil revenues to balance the budget.

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Tètreault, Mary Ann. "Autonomy, necessity, and the small state: ruling Kuwait in the twentieth century." International Organization 45, no. 4 (1991): 565–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002081830003321x.

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To reduce its strategic vulnerability, a small state may enter into a cliency relationship with a more powerful state. Among the consequences of cliency for the small state are the acquisition of resources, which can be used against threatening neighbors as well as against domestic populations, and the reduction of autonomy. In 1899, Mubarak, Kuwait's ruler, entered a cliency relationship with Britain. As a result, Kuwait was able to avoid incorporation into the Ottoman Empire. Although Mubarak and subsequent Kuwaiti rulers lost their foreign policy autonomy, they acquired resources enabling them to enhance their domestic autonomy by suppressing elite groups that were formerly integral participants in governing Kuwait. In 1961, oil revenues enabled Kuwait's rulers to end the cliency relationship and to provide their own resources for repressing or pacifying domestic groups. But the fact that oil revenues proved less effective than cliency in maintaining Kuwait's strategic security illustrates the fundamental security dilemma faced by all small states, even rich ones.

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O'Brien, James L., and John J. Gallagher. "THE MOTHER OF ALL OIL SPILLS AND THE DAWHAT AD DAFI." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1993, no. 1 (March 1, 1993): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1993-1-193.

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ABSTRACT The Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm) produced one of the largest oil spills of all time when Saddam Hussein released millions of barrels of oil from the Mina al Ahmadi terminal in Kuwait into the Arabian Gulf. The resulting massive spill descended on the Saudi Arabian coastline threatening its industrial and environmental resources, as well as the desalination plant intakes that provide fresh water for most of the eastern provinces of the country. A fortuitous combination of geographical features, natural phenomena, and defensive preparations by Saudi Arabia averted a catastrophe of substantial proportions as the “mother of all oil spills” impacted that country.

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Srivastav, S. K., C. S. S. Reddy, A. Bhattacharya, and P. R. Reddy. "Technical note Monitoring the Oil & Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) oil well fire at Pasarlapudi, Andhra Pradesh, India." International Journal of Remote Sensing 19, no. 18 (December 1998): 3515–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/014311698213786.

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Jafarov, Elkhan. "Causes and Consequences of Fire Emergencies on Oil and Gas Platforms." Revista Gestão Inovação e Tecnologias 11, no. 2 (June 5, 2021): 1253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/revistageintec.v11i2.1753.

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This study presents an analysis of the causes and consequences of the largest offshore platform accidents associated with oil and gas production. The research on this problem allows improving the reliability of risk assessment associated with offshore oil and gas production, as well as developing methods for improving the fire safety of oil and gas platforms under various operating conditions.

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Carpenter, Chris. "Fiberglass-Lined Tubing Helps Prevent Asphaltene Deposition in Oil Wells." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 07 (July 1, 2021): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0721-0055-jpt.

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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper IPTC 21441, “First-Time Worldwide Application of Glass-Reinforced Epoxy-Lined Tubing for Prevention of Asphaltene Deposition in Tubing in Oil Wells: A Case Study From Kuwait,” by Reji E. Chinnappan, SPE, Milan Telang, SPE, and Riyad Quttainah, SPE, Kuwait Oil Company, et al., prepared for presentation at the virtual 2021 International Petroleum Technology Conference, 23 March–1 April. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2021 International Petroleum Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission. Asphaltene deposition in production tubing represents a major flow-assurance challenge. Common strategies to mitigate asphaltene deposition downhole include mechanical or solvent cleanouts and chemical inhibition. These are associated with production deferment, high job costs, safety and environmental risks, and operational issues. An operator has addressed this challenge using production tubing lined with glass-fiber-reinforced epoxy (GRE). This technology was implemented in two trial wells. The paper describes the different mitigation strategies employed by the operator and presents the findings of successful trials. Background Jurassic wells of a Kuwait Oil Company asset are producing light crude from a tight matrix-type reservoir located at a depth of 13,000–15,000 ft. Reservoir pressure has depleted from approximately 9,500–10,000 psi to approximately 6,000 psi because of sustained production in the absence of any significant pressure support. Oil production rates per well have diminished to the 500- to 1,000-BOPD range. The oil features high asphaltene onset pressures (4,000–5,000 psi). When considering time-lapse plots of caliper logs from a well where asphaltene deposition used to occur, the plot indicates that significant asphaltene deposition in the well took place below 4,500 ft and progressively increased over time. In approximately 5 months, the average internal diameter of the tubing reduced from 2.75 in. to less than 2 in., thereby constricting the flow significantly and requiring cleaning of the tubing. In extreme cases, the tubing string could be fully plugged. Many field trials with different tools and chemicals using batch and continuous treatment have been conducted in past years to solve this problem but without satisfactory results. Application of GRE-Lined Tubing for Asphaltene Control The operator decided to apply a novel strategy of using tubing internally lined with GRE based on its established ability to retard, and even eliminate, scale nucleation and deposition. The technology uses a thin-walled, solid-filament-wound GRE/fiberglass tube run inside carbon steel production tubing. Cement is pumped into the annulus between the steel tubing and the GRE liner. The ability to prevent asphaltene from sticking to the inner wall of the tubing is attributed to the smoother internal surface. It is also corroborated by a higher Hazen Williams coefficient value of 150 for GRE as compared with 110 for carbon steel pipe, which provides for lesser frictional pressure loss during flow. The GRE liners used by the operator have a surface roughness of 0.00011 in., which, unlike bare steel, is retained over the life of the GRE. The GRE-lined tubing proved to withstand temperatures of up to 280°F and hydrogen sulfide concentrations of up to 50%. This is comfortably more than the process conditions for the trial wells in consideration.

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Gremm, Julia, Julia Barth, and Wolfgang G. Stock. "Kuwait is the Past, Dubai is the Present, Doha is the Future." International Journal of Knowledge Society Research 6, no. 2 (April 2015): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijksr.2015040103.

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Many cities in the world define themselves as ‘smart.' Is this term appropriate for cities in the emergent Gulf region? This article investigates seven Gulf cities (Kuwait City, Manama, Doha, Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, and Muscat) that have once grown rich due to large reserves of oil and gas. Now, with the threat of ending resources, governments focus on the development towards a knowledge society. The authors analyzed the cities in terms of their ‘smartness' or ‘informativeness' by a quantitative survey and by in-depth qualitative interviews (N = 34). Especially Doha in Qatar is well on its way towards an informational city, but also Dubai and Sharjah (both in the United Arab Emirates) make good scores.

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Voloshenko, О. M., V. H. Pohrebniak, M. P. Kulyk, A. V. Pohrebniak, M. P. Shkolnyi, and I. V. Perkun. "IMPROVEMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AT OIL AND GAS OBJECT TERRITORIES BY INCREASING EFFICIENCY OF WATER FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM." Prospecting and Development of Oil and Gas Fields, no. 3(68) (April 4, 2019): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9973-2018-3(68)-38-45.

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An analysis of working conditions of rescue service and operational personnel during a fire has been conducted, when open fire is one of the dangerous factors, especially at the oil and gas object territories. It is also considered to be quite an important environmental factor, which under certain circumstances leads not only to deterioration of working conditions of operational personnel at a particular facility, but also to severe environmental pollution. This is especially true of firefighters, rescuers and other civil protection workers who are subjected to harmful effects of high temperature, thermal radiation, as well as hazardous combustion products while eliminating emergency situations. Improvement of working conditions during emergency rescue operations can be achieved by reducing their conduct time, as well as by increasing a distance between a rescuer and ignition point. This can be achieved by using fire extinguishing solutions with additives of surface active agents and polymers in fire suppression systems. These substances are introduced into fire hoses and pipelines, which allows to increase the expense of extinguishing solution, flow range from the jet nozzle and reduce duration of fire suppression operation. The laboratory conducted experiments allowed to select a specific polymer - polyethylene oxide, its molecular weight and solution concentration, which provides the maximum possible reduction of hydraulic resistance in a fire hose and a jet nozzle.

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Su, Chang, and Wei Jia Su. "Fault Tree Analysis on Hydraulic System Causing Fire of Heavy Self-Dumping Truck." Advanced Materials Research 619 (December 2012): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.619.425.

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The fire accident of heavy mineral self-dumping truck is one of the most serious disaster in mine safety production. Research on the reasons that cause fire accident is an important study for ensuring safety production. By analyzing three elements that constitute self-dumping truck fire accident, the characteristics and easy ignition points as well as major combustion parts of self-dumping truck fire accident, we confirm that the hydraulic system leakage is the major factor that causes fire. To find out the fault reason of hydraulic system oil leakage, we analyze the composition and working principle of self-dumping truck, establish leakage fault tree of hydraulic system. Based on logic relationships between each fault and fire, we get the following conclusion: hydraulic tubing damage is the highest probability event that causes oil leakage fault. In addition, we should pay attention to spare parts management factor, correct driving factor and equipment management factor. We also propose the prevention measures of leakage and fire

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Zhuravlev, V. V. "ELIMINATION OF TUBING-CASING ANNULUS GAS BLOWOUTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OIL AND GAS WELLS." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 1 (February 28, 2016): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2016-1-129-132.

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This article describes the studies of oil and gas wells experiencing gas blowouts. Some methods and means aimed at elimination of tubing-casing annulus gas flows in a well are presented. The new means offered ensure fire safety and increase the industrial security as well.

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Ali, S. Y., O. Al-Saleh, and P. A. Koushki. "Effectiveness of Automated Speed-Monitoring Cameras in Kuwait." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1595, no. 1 (January 1997): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1595-04.

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In 1994 the General Traffic Department installed automatic radar cameras to monitor traffic speed at a number of strategic roadway locations in Kuwait. The aim was to lower the number of high-speed violations and thus reduce road accidents. Recent traffic safety records point to an increase in both the number of violations and the occurrence of road accidents. It is argued in this paper that without live enforcement support and active follow-up of camera-recorded violations, the effectiveness of these cameras in improving road safety is insignificant at best, particularly in the undisciplined driving environment of the oil-rich nations in the Middle East. The speed of traffic was simultaneously measured via radar instruments both at the automatic camera site and at sections approximately 1 km before or after or before and after the cameras at eight camera locations. Measurements were recorded for six 1/2-hr periods at each site for a total of 72 hr over a period of 3 months, so that morning, afternoon, and after-dark hours, as well as different days of the week and roadway types, were covered. Analysis of the speed data showed that for the three daily periods and various roadway types, traffic speeds were consistently higher in sections before or after or before and after the automatic camera at the camera site. Statistical tests indicated that the difference in speed measured at and away from the cameras was at the 99 percent level. The findings demonstrate that in a traffic environment characterized by poor driving behavior, inconsistent and piecemeal driver education programs, and insufficient presence of law enforcement officials, reliance on automatic cameras alone to reduce traffic violations is doomed to fail.

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Satyal, Prabodh, Prajwal Paudel, Ambika Poudel, Noura S. Dosoky, Kiran Kumar Pokharel, and William N. Setzer. "Bioactivities and Compositional Analyses of Cinnamomum Essential Oils from Nepal: C. camphora, C. tamala, and C. glaucescens." Natural Product Communications 8, no. 12 (December 2013): 1934578X1300801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1300801232.

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This work examines the biological activity of essential oils of Cinnamomum camphora leaves, C. glaucescens fruit, and C. tamala root from Nepal. The oils were screened for phytotoxic activity against lettuce and perennial ryegrass, brine shrimp lethality, and antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, insecticidal, and nematicidal activities. C. camphora leaf essential oil was phytotoxic to lettuce, antifungal to Aspergillus niger, and insecticidal, particularly toward midge and butterfly larvae, fruit flies, and fire ants. C. camphora oil was also toxic to brine shrimp and human breast tumor cells. C. glaucescens fruit essential oil showed notable nematicidal activity, as well as termiticidal and mosquito larvicidal activity. The root essential oil of C. tamala was toxic to mosquito larvae and fire ants.

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Carlson, Kimberly M., Robert Heilmayr, Holly K. Gibbs, Praveen Noojipady, David N. Burns, Douglas C. Morton, Nathalie F. Walker, Gary D. Paoli, and Claire Kremen. "Effect of oil palm sustainability certification on deforestation and fire in Indonesia." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 1 (December 11, 2017): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704728114.

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Many major corporations and countries have made commitments to purchase or produce only “sustainable” palm oil, a commodity responsible for substantial tropical forest loss. Sustainability certification is the tool most used to fulfill these procurement policies, and around 20% of global palm oil production was certified by the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) in 2017. However, the effect of certification on deforestation in oil palm plantations remains unclear. Here, we use a comprehensive dataset of RSPO-certified and noncertified oil palm plantations (∼188,000 km2) in Indonesia, the leading producer of palm oil, as well as annual remotely sensed metrics of tree cover loss and fire occurrence, to evaluate the impact of certification on deforestation and fire from 2001 to 2015. While forest loss and fire continued after RSPO certification, certified palm oil was associated with reduced deforestation. Certification lowered deforestation by 33% from a counterfactual of 9.8 to 6.6% y−1. Nevertheless, most plantations contained little residual forest when they received certification. As a result, by 2015, certified areas held less than 1% of forests remaining within Indonesian oil palm plantations. Moreover, certification had no causal impact on forest loss in peatlands or active fire detection rates. Broader adoption of certification in forested regions, strict requirements to avoid all peat, and routine monitoring of clearly defined forest cover loss in certified and RSPO member-held plantations appear necessary if the RSPO is to yield conservation and climate benefits from reductions in tropical deforestation.

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Wang, Yawei, Gaowan Zou, Conglin Liu, and Y. Gao. "Comparison of fire extinguishing performance of four halon substitutes and Halon 1301." Journal of Fire Sciences 39, no. 5 (July 18, 2021): 370–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07349041211030188.

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The Halon 1301 fixed gas fire extinguishing system used in ship engine rooms has been banned from production all over the world, because halon destroys the ozone layer. Therefore, it is necessary to find an environmentally friendly, compatible and efficient alternative firefighting system. In this study, we performed fire extinguishing tests in an ISO9705 standard room for four alternative fire extinguishing agents, as well as Halon 1301. The fire extinguishing efficiency of each agent was determined based on its cooling effect, dilution effect of oxygen concentration, the extinguishing time of the oil pool fire and the re-ignition probability of the wood stack. The test results provide data support for the selection of alternatives of Halon 1301 from the aspect of fire extinguishing efficiency. Among these results, Novec 1230 had the best ability to put out the oil pool fire, and HFC-227ea suppressed the wood stack fire the best. The difference between the cooling ability of each fire extinguishing agent was small, and the inert gas (IG-541) displayed the best ability to dilute oxygen. Hot aerosol required the longest time to extinguish fire. Consequently, under the existing design standards, HFC-227ea had the better firefighting efficiency, more suitable to replace Halon 1301.

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Xue, Zong Zhan, Deng Fa He, and Xiao Heng Wang. "Methods Study on Gas Channeling of In Situ Combustion Development in Developed Heavy Oil Reservoir." Applied Mechanics and Materials 316-317 (April 2013): 834–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.316-317.834.

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Now in situ combustion became one of the ways for the developed heavy oil reservoirs to convert development pattern and improve recovery. After long time steam huff and puff development in heavy oil reservoir, it was obvious that there was a big change on the oil zones and reservoir properties and the reservoir heterogeneity. When it was converted to in situ combustion, the injection gas often break through along the high permeability layers in the fire drive wells that make the sweep area smaller and decrease the reservoir recovery. By analysis on the gas channeling of in situ combustion occurred in the heavy oil reservoirs, the methods was put forward to develop heavy oil reservoir using in situ combustion reasonably including well space infilling, controlling the gas injection rate, adding roam surfactant agent and using fire drive with horizontal well assisted etc. to prevent the condition of gas channeling occurring. It will greatly improve the success and adaptability of the in situ combustion used in vertical wells of the heavy oil reservoir by using these methods. It also will build on basis of the heavy oil reservoir converted to in situ combustion development.

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Issa, Nivine, and Sreya Vempatti. "Oil Spills in the Arabian Gulf: A Case Study and Environmental Review." Environment and Natural Resources Research 8, no. 2 (May 29, 2018): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v8n2p144.

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The following article is a review of oil spills in the Arabian Gulf with a focus on the Kuwait Spill during the Gulf War. The article provides some background on the events leading up to the oil spill, as well as the extent and details of the spill. Impacts on air quality, terrestrial ecology, marine ecology, socioeconomic aspects, and public health are analyzed in detail to assess the extent of damage on various environmental and social components. It was found that significant impacts were incurred on the marine and terrestrial environments, with some negative effects still persisting to our present day. Heavy economic impacts were also incurred in the form of infrastructure damage and loss of productivity. The article further provides a review of various natural, mechanical, and chemical means of remediation utilized during the clean-up efforts and provides a relative comparison of these for potential usage on similar events in the future.

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Mohammed, Firas S., and Farouk K. Shaker. "The Impact of Oil Well Fires on the Free Space Optical Systems." Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science 29, no. 3 (March 10, 2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.23851/mjs.v29i3.628.

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Aerosol particles in oil fire plumes caused crucial air pollution. The smoke plumes from the blazes initially launched 200-400 m into the air and then continued to rise. The presence of liquid and solid aerosols may cause severe disturbance to the propagation of optical and infrared waves, thus can produce harmful effects on the wireless communication systems. In this paper, we analyze the bit error rate (BER), single to noise ratio (SNR), Q- factor and outage performance of single-input single-output (SISO) and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) FSO systems under attenuation of dense smoke conditions. Obtained results demonstrated that the performance of (SISO) FSO link is degraded from the Fog, Smoke and acid-rain Attenuation due to their chemical nature, their size and their concentration. As well, (MIMO) FSO link is a highly efficient way can be minimal smoke pollution effects

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MURRAY, ROBIN L., and JOSEPH K. HEUMANN. "The First Eco-Disaster Film?" Film Quarterly 59, no. 3 (2006): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.2006.59.3.44.

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ABSTRACT When Bertrand Tavernier claims that the Lumièère Brothers' ““Oil Wells of Baku: Close View”” ““may be the first ecological film ever made,”” he seems to be reading the spectacular footage of burning oil wells from an eco-critical perspective. This article examines oil well fire films from 1896 to the present, asking how and why environmental disaster becomes spectacle.

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Wicks, Frank. "The Oil Age." Mechanical Engineering 131, no. 08 (August 1, 2009): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2009-aug-6.

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This article focuses on the Oil Age, which began 150 years ago in Pennsylvania and forecasts suggest that it has only few decades left for extinction. In today’s world, much of the fire comes from petroleum, which was first extracted from the ground for commercial purposes 150 years ago. Whale oil was prized for best light and low soot, but production peaked in the 1840s. This was the decade when Herman Melville sailed on a whaling ship, which inspired Moby Dick. The modern Oil Age can be traced to a well near Oil Creek in the northwestern Pennsylvania community of Titusville, where an enterprise managed by Edwin Drake discovered petroleum on August 27, 1859. It was not the first strike of oil in history, but it was the first that intended to exploit oil commercially as fuel. The petrochemical industry that uses mostly oil and natural gas for feedstock started at the beginning of the 20th century in the form of fertilizers and synthetic plastics and polymers. Today our vehicles have better tires that have resulted from using synthetic polymers rather than natural rubber from trees.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Kuwait oil well fire'

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