Relevant bibliographies by topics / Kwashiorkor Children Malnutrition in children

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Academic literature on the topic 'Kwashiorkor Children Malnutrition in children'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Kwashiorkor Children Malnutrition in children"

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Olorunsogo, Olufunso O. "Erythrocyte membrane (Ca2++Mg2+)-ATPase in human protein-energy malnutrition." Bioscience Reports 9, no. 3 (June 1, 1989): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01114689.

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Calmodulin-free ghost membranes were prepared from erythrocytes of kwashiorkor children and from healthy children in the same age bracket. In the absence of calmodulin, the specific activity of Mg2+-dependent Ca2+-pumping ATPase (Ca2++Mg2+-ATPase) of kwashiorkor membranes was more than 40 percent lower than the specific activity of the normal enzymes, whose maximum velocity was increased by at least four-fold by the modulator protein. In constrast, the maximum velocity of the enzymes of kwashiorkor membranes was enhanced by calmodulin by about 11/2 times the basal activity of the normal enzymes and by 2 times the basal activity of the kwashiorkor enzymes. The affinity of the pump for ATP was lower in the membranes of kwashiorkor children (Km for ATP=30.6±2.8 μM ATP) in comparison to normal membranes (Km for ATP=21.7±2.0 μM ATP). Similarly, calmodulin-affinity of the enzymes, was lower in kwashiorkor membranes than in the normal membranes irrespective of source of calmodulin. Calmodulin from haemolysates of kwashiorkor red cells activated the enzymes of normal and kwashiorkor membranes to the same degree as calmodulin partially purified from the haemolysate of healthy children. A determination of the dependence of the activity of the pump on calcium in the absence and presence of calmodulin reveals that the affinity of the kwashiorkor enzymes for Ca2+ is at least 70 percent lower than that of enzymes of normal membranes. Altogether, these findings suggest that the Ca2+-pumping ATPase of kwashiorkor membranes is less functional than the enzymes of healthy erythrocytes.
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Rajan, Madan Gopal, Rukmini M S, Sulekha Sinha, Anupama Hegde, and Poornima Manjrekar. "TYPICAL DERMATOSIS IN KWASHIORKOR." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 8 (August 1, 2017): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i8.18524.

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Protein-energy malnutrition is the most widespread nutritional deficiency disorder in India, commonly occurring in children aged 6 months-2 years,as per the National Family Health Survey, 2007. The dermatologic manifestations are more florid and characteristic in kwashiorkor than in marasmus.Here, we present a case of a 1½ years old male, with extensive skin lesions, owing to severe malnutrition. Malnourishment is one of the foremostconditions seen in the developing countries. It is essential to provide adequate nutritional support to the growing children and to impart proper education to the mothers with regard to weaning and care during the illness of children aged under 5 years.
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Hone, N. M., and J. K. Fermor. "High-Energy Feeding for Protein-Calorie Malnutrition." Tropical Doctor 17, no. 4 (October 1987): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947558701700410.

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The efficacy of high-energy feeding regimens in the nutritional resuscitation of severely malnourished children is established, but most reports come from specialist units, We devised a high-energy feeding mixture using locally available ingredients and applied it in service conditions on 275 unse1ected children. After an initial stabilization period, children were fed 150 kcal/kg/day and protein 4 g/kg/day. The weight gain achieved for the whole series was 8.93 g/kg/day. For the different diagnostic categories the weight gains were: 12.11 g/kg/day for children with marasmic kwashiorkor; 10.01 g/kg/day for children with kwashiorkor; 7.49 g/kg/day for children with marasmus; and 6.39 g/kg/day for children who were underweight. The hospital case fatality was 4.4%. These figures show that rural hospitals can devise and apply high-energy feeding regimens and obtain results as good as those obtained in specialist units
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Adewusi, S. R. A., S. E. A. Torimiro, and A. A. Akindahunsi. "Prediction of Nutritional Status by Chemical Analysis of Urine and Anthropometric Methods." Nutrition and Health 16, no. 3 (July 2002): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010600201600305.

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A combination of anthropometric and chemical indices was used to investigate the nutritional status of 26 healthy (H) and kwashiorkor (K) children aged 2–5 years and possibly predict the onset of malnutrition. The healthy children had significantly (p > 0.05) higher values for weight, height, middle upper arm circumference and weight/height ratio than kwashiorkor children. The healthy children had significantly higher urinary concentrations of urea, inorganic sulphate and sulphate relative to creatinine, but significantly lower thiocyanate and thiocyanate relative to creatinine than the kwashiorkor children. The results of the present study would tend to indicate that a chemical analysis especially of urea, inorganic sulphate or thiocyanate alone or the ureal creatinine, inorganic sulphate/creatinine or thiocynate/creatinine ratio could be used to predict malnutrition after the initial anthropometric measurements. This study should however be repeated with a large population of volunteers to determine the specific cut-off points for each anthropometric and chemical analysis.
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Fitzpatrick, Merry C., Anura V. Kurpad, Christopher P. Duggan, Shibani Ghosh, and Daniel G. Maxwell. "Dietary intake of sulfur amino acids and risk of kwashiorkor malnutrition in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 114, no. 3 (May 8, 2021): 925–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab136.

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ABSTRACT Background Kwashiorkor is an often-fatal type of severe acute malnutrition affecting hundreds of thousands of children annually, but whose etiology is still unknown. Evidence suggests inadequate sulfur amino acid (SAA) status may explain many signs of the condition but studies evaluating dietary protein intake in relation to the genesis of kwashiorkor have been conflicting. We know of no studies of kwashiorkor that have measured dietary SAAs. Objectives We aimed to determine whether children in a population previously determined to have high prevalence of kwashiorkor [high-prevalence population (HPP)] have lower dietary intakes of SAAs than children in a low-prevalence population (LPP). Methods A cross-sectional census survey design of 358 children compared 2 previously identified adjacent populations of children 36–59 mo old in North Kivu Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Data collected included urinary thiocyanate (SCN), cyanogens in cassava-based food products, recent history of illness, and a 24-h quantitative diet recall for the child. Results The HPP and LPP had kwashiorkor prevalence of 4.5% and 1.7%, respectively. A total of 170 children from 141 households in the LPP and 169 children from 138 households in the HPP completed the study. A higher proportion of HPP children had measurable urinary SCN (44.8% compared with 29.4%, P < 0.01). LPP children were less likely to have been ill recently (26.8% compared with 13.6%, P < 0.01). Median [IQR] intake of SAAs was 32.4 [22.9–49.3] mg/kg for the LPP and 29.6 [18.1–44.3] mg/kg for the HPP (P < 0.05). Methionine was the first limiting amino acid in both populations, with the highest risk of inadequate intake found among HPP children (35.1% compared with 23.6%, P < 0.05). Conclusions Children in a population with a higher prevalence of kwashiorkor have lower dietary intake of SAAs than children in a population with a lower prevalence. Trial interventions to reduce incidence of kwashiorkor should consider increasing SAA intake, paying particular attention to methionine.
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Samad, Noreen, Sadia Jabeen, Amna Liaqat, Iqra Zulfiqar, and Rahat Bano. "Serum analyte levels in children: relationship with malnutrition." International Journal of Food and Allied Sciences 2, no. 1 (August 6, 2016): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21620/ijfaas.2016130-35.

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Malnutrition is the cellular imbalancing among the supply of energy and nutrients which are essential for maintenance, growth and particular functions. It becomes a major cause of mortality of children less than five years of age. The aim of present study to evaluate the serum analytes such as electrolyte (sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca+)), creatinine and blood components in malnourished than healthy children. We had collected the data of 300 malnourished children (100 marasmus, 100 kwashiorkorand, 100 healthy children) with age 6-36 months from Children complex Hospital Multan, Pakistan. Data was analyzed by Paired sample t-test by SPSS software. Then socio-demographic data of their mothers was also collected. The result showed that level of Na+ and creatinine was high whereas, the levels of K+ and Ca+ were lower in both Marasmus and Kwashiorkor than control subjects. The levels of leukocytes, platelets and hemoglobin (Hb) were decreased in both diseases. Erythrocytes (RBCs) level was decreased in Marasmus while increased in Kwashiorkor. It is concluded that inadequate feeding practices, birth order, poverty, illiterate mothers, low nutritional quality of meals responsible for malnutrition. Feasible strategies are needed to address the dietary inadequacies and chronic malnutrition of rural infants.
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Malde, Dr Triya, Dr Gaurang Pabani, Dr Mohmmad Shahid M. Mirza, and Dr Om Prakash Shukla. "Screening for fecal occult blood loss in severely malnourished children." Pediatric Review: International Journal of Pediatric Research 7, no. 8 (December 19, 2020): 420–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17511/ijpr.2020.i08.05.

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Introduction: PEM is the most important and basic hurdle in the triple-M complex of malnutrition,morbidity, and mortality. Very high mortality has been reported in severe PEM. PEM is found toaccount for about 4 million deaths in children. The study aimed to perform a fecal occult blood testin patients in the age group of six months to five years and also to identify the conditions associatedwith fecal occult blood loss in pem patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 indoor patientsof PEM admitted in our pediatric ward were taken as subjects in this study. According to WHO andIAP classification of PEM, severe malnutrition (marasmus, kwashiorkor, and marasmic kwashiorkor)were taken as study group; and mild grades of PEM (grade I and grade II) were taken as a controlgroup. Results: In severe PEM, marasmus (83%) was more common followed by kwashiorkor(14%) and marasmic kwashiorkor (3%); however in mild grades of PEM, grade I PEM was found in58% and grade II PEM was found in 42%. In severe PEM, pallor (64%), hair changes (38%), andtachypnoea(31%) were major clinical signs; while tachypnoea(36%), dehydration (26%), and pallor(20%} were major clinical signs in patients with mild grades of PEM. Conclusion: A positive fecaloccult blood test (FOBT) is strongly associated with moderate to severe anemia in severe PEMpatients. So all patients having a positive FOBT should have a hemogram profile done and thenappropriately treated for anemia.
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Malde, Dr Triya, Dr Gaurang Pabani, Dr Mohmmad Shahid M. Mirza, and Dr Om Prakash Shukla. "Screening for fecal occult blood loss in severely malnourished children." Pediatric Review: International Journal of Pediatric Research 7, no. 8 (December 19, 2020): 420–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17511/ijpr.2020.i08.05.

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Introduction: PEM is the most important and basic hurdle in the triple-M complex of malnutrition,morbidity, and mortality. Very high mortality has been reported in severe PEM. PEM is found toaccount for about 4 million deaths in children. The study aimed to perform a fecal occult blood testin patients in the age group of six months to five years and also to identify the conditions associatedwith fecal occult blood loss in pem patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 indoor patientsof PEM admitted in our pediatric ward were taken as subjects in this study. According to WHO andIAP classification of PEM, severe malnutrition (marasmus, kwashiorkor, and marasmic kwashiorkor)were taken as study group; and mild grades of PEM (grade I and grade II) were taken as a controlgroup. Results: In severe PEM, marasmus (83%) was more common followed by kwashiorkor(14%) and marasmic kwashiorkor (3%); however in mild grades of PEM, grade I PEM was found in58% and grade II PEM was found in 42%. In severe PEM, pallor (64%), hair changes (38%), andtachypnoea(31%) were major clinical signs; while tachypnoea(36%), dehydration (26%), and pallor(20%} were major clinical signs in patients with mild grades of PEM. Conclusion: A positive fecaloccult blood test (FOBT) is strongly associated with moderate to severe anemia in severe PEMpatients. So all patients having a positive FOBT should have a hemogram profile done and thenappropriately treated for anemia.
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Weisstaub, SG, R. Soria, and M. Araya. "Assessing Severe Malnutrition in Bolivian Children. Kwashiorkor in Latin America?" Pediatric Research 53, no. 5 (May 2003): 874. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-200305000-00062.

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Smith, Michelle I., Tanya Yatsunenko, Mark J. Manary, Indi Trehan, Rajhab Mkakosya, Jiye Cheng, Andrew L. Kau, et al. "Gut Microbiomes of Malawian Twin Pairs Discordant for Kwashiorkor." Science 339, no. 6119 (January 30, 2013): 548–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1229000.

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Kwashiorkor, an enigmatic form of severe acute malnutrition, is the consequence of inadequate nutrient intake plus additional environmental insults. To investigate the role of the gut microbiome, we studied 317 Malawian twin pairs during the first 3 years of life. During this time, half of the twin pairs remained well nourished, whereas 43% became discordant, and 7% manifested concordance for acute malnutrition. Both children in twin pairs discordant for kwashiorkor were treated with a peanut-based, ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF). Time-series metagenomic studies revealed that RUTF produced a transient maturation of metabolic functions in kwashiorkor gut microbiomes that regressed when administration of RUTF was stopped. Previously frozen fecal communities from several discordant pairs were each transplanted into gnotobiotic mice. The combination of Malawian diet and kwashiorkor microbiome produced marked weight loss in recipient mice, accompanied by perturbations in amino acid, carbohydrate, and intermediary metabolism that were only transiently ameliorated with RUTF. These findings implicate the gut microbiome as a causal factor in kwashiorkor.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Kwashiorkor Children Malnutrition in children"

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Ditebo, Gaeboloke Precious. "Malnutrition in children : the perceptions of mothers in Botswana." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/31170.

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Malnutrition is one of the serious childhood problems that affect children under five (5) years of age, and is common in developing countries Botswana included. The aim of this study was to explore the perceptions of mothers of children diagnosed with malnutrition in Botswana, specifically at Sekgoma Memorial Hospital, Serowe. The said hospital is a district hospital which renders services to Serowe community and the surrounding villages, as such; participants in this study were from Serowe and other surrounding villages like Mabou, Tshimoyapula, Mmashoro and Mogorosi. Applied research was used as a type of research because it is associated with the researcher’s motivation to assist in solving a particular problem facing a particular community. Collective case study was used as a research design. The researcher explored the perceptions of mothers regarding child malnutrition; through the use of semi-structured interviews. Twelve (12) mothers of children with malnutrition were interviewed using systematic random sampling method and subsequently data was analysed according to Creswell’s model. Literature study was done and the following aspects were discussed: Child malnutrition in developing countries; child malnutrition in Botswana; description of child malnutrition; causes of child malnutrition; symptoms of child malnutrition; treatment of child malnutrition; prevention of child malnutrition; psychosocial implications of child malnutrition on the patient, family and community and social work intervention (therapy and prevention). Literature was also compared with research findings when analysing data. The study revealed that mothers had limited knowledge on malnutrition as a condition, the signs and symptoms thereof; causes; prevention and treatment of child malnutrition. This lack of knowledge made mothers to have wrong perceptions about child malnutrition. It was revealed that mothers did not perceive malnutrition as a serious problem that can result in admission for treatment in a hospital, they expected a different diagnosis. They perceive malnutrition as a secondary diagnosis. The majority of mothers had a Setswana diagnosis for their children’s condition. Mothers perceived the signs and symptoms of malnutrition as those of Thibamo, Phogwana (fontanel), or Ntsana. They interpret malnutrition as a Setswana ailment that can be treated traditionally. Factors that were identified to be contributing to malnutrition among children at Sekgoma Memorial Hospital in Serowe were found to be; lack of knowledge about malnutrition, wrong perceptions of malnutrition by mothers, illiteracy and unemployment, and cultural factors like taking a child to a traditional healer instead of a medical health facility. The study shows that mothers’ social functioning is disrupted by their children’s illness and hospitalization and thus a need for support from the hospital multi-disciplinary team, especially the social worker who is a trained counselor. The social worker should provide ongoing supportive counseling during the process of the child’s illness.
Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Social Work and Criminology
Unrestricted
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Abdulai, Janet Mariama. "The Sierra Leonean rural illiterate mothers' perceptions of the factors related to Kwashiorkor." Virtual Press, 1986. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/459906.

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Twenty Sierra Leonean rural illiterate mothers were querried about their perceptions of the factors related to Kwashiorkor. Demographic data was hand tabulated to determine the frequency of parents' occupations, pregnancies, live and stillbirths, living and dead children, and causes of children's deaths. Chi-square analyses were done to assess the distribution of responses to questions about 19 beliefs which the researcher thought were related to Kwashiorkor. Student t-test was used to determine the differences in the total number and outcome of pregnancies between women who agreed and disagreed about the role of four of the factors which tended to show or showed significance with chi-square analyses.The families were subsistence farmers. In addition, 65 percent or the husbands had other jobs. Combined, the 20 women had 191 pregnancies, 166 live births, (87 percent of pregnancies), 25 (13 percent) stillbirths, 82 living children (43 percent of pregnancies and 49 percent of live births). The women lost through death 84 (50.6 percent) of the 166 live born children.The average woman experienced 9.6 pregnancies, resulting in 8.3 live births, and 1.3 stillbirths, had an average of 4.1 living children and had lost an average of 4.2 live born children. The data indicated that the major problem with infant/child mortality occurred after birth. Protein-Energy Malnutrition accounted for 38.1 percent of the children's deaths.Of the 19 factors about which women were querried in relation to role in Kwashiorkor, to only 4, namely “Witchcraft,” “Religious beliefs,” “Grandmother's advice,” and “Mother-in-law's advice” did less than half of the women agree. The majority of women agreed that 15 of the factors were associated with Kwashiorkor.That indicated the women had supportable understanding of factors truly related to Kwashiorkor.Three constructs, beliefs about “Witchcraft,” “Introduction of other foods,” and “Immunizations,” differentiated incidence and outcome of pregnancy among women. However, belief about the importance of “Immunizations” differentiated infant/child mortality and will be most useful in future research to analyze differences and to identify groups at greatest risk of child mortality.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306
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Gunnarsson, Hanna, and Nanci Kader. "Prevention of malnutrition for children in South Africa." Thesis, Sophiahemmet Högskola, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:shh:diva-1772.

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Background Malnutrition among children in South Africa is a huge issue, which are causing short- and long-term effects for the children suffering from it. In 64 percent of the cases where children die before the age of five, malnutrition is the underlying cause. Therefore there are non-governmental organizations who are doing preventive work to try to diminish malnutrition so all children have the same chance to a good childhood. Aim The aim of the study was to describe the prevention of malnutrition of children in South Africa. Method A qualitative design with semi-structured interviews with non governmental organzations was used for this study. Data was analysed by content analyse. Findings The findings show that one key intervention is nutritional education to empower people on how to best use the scares resources they have. Therefore the non governmental organizations put a lot of emphasis on educating families about nutrition. Furthermore the stigma and mistaken beliefs about breastfeeding is targeted through education, as it is of vital importance to solely breastfeed as a preventive intervention. Conclusion Early interventions are emphasized due to the importance of preventing malnutrition early in a child’s life. The link between HIV positive women and malnourished children is remarkable and the government of South Africa has promoted breastfeeding for all as a solution.
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Pettersson, Camilla, and Fanny Enström. "Prevention of malnutrition in South Africa among children." Thesis, Sophiahemmet Högskola, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:shh:diva-2133.

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Background Malnutrition among children in South Africa is a substantial public health problem. Especially young children are vulnerable and exposed to malnutrition. Children suffering from malnutrition develop many short- and long-term health-consequences. Effective preventative work against this issue is crucial in order for malnutrition to diminish among the children in South Africa. Aim The aim was to describe how the preventative work against malnutrition is being performed among children aged zero to six in South Africa. Method The method used in this study was a qualitative descriptive study with six semi-structured interviews. Interviews were performed with registered nurses and researchers. The interview-data was analyzed based on a grounded theory through substantive coding where the most relevant codes where found, studied and concluded in the results. Results The results showed that both the registered nurses and researchers considered socioeconomic-factors and lack of knowledge about nutrition to be the most important causes for malnutrition among children, and also impacted heavily on the preventative work. It was found that more effective preventative work is needed, but for this to work it needs to be adapted to the social context in the country. Conclusions The preventative work against malnutrition must be able to break through socioeconomic barriers like poverty, misguided cultural beliefs about nutrition, lacking food security and the fact that many mothers to children are HIV positive, which also is strongly connected to malnutrition among young children. Education about nutrition must be further developed and reach out to more people in the country.
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Fergusson, Pamela Lynne. "Severe acute malnutrition and HIV in children in Malawi." Thesis, University of Chester, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10034/93477.

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Sub-Saharan Africa is more affected by the HIV epidemic than any other region of the world. At the same time, malnutrition remains a major public health concern. HIV and malnutrition are interlinked, both epidemiologically and physiologically, contributing to high mortality and poor growth and development of children in sub-Saharan Africa. This thesis aims to explore the impact of HIV on the treatment and care of children with severe acute malnutrition in Malawi. The thesis will investigate mortality and nutritional recovery in HIV-infected and uninfected children with SAM; HIV infection and nutritional status in carers of children with SAM; and caregiver perspectives on quality of care for children with SAM. The study is based on a prospective cohort study of 454 children with SAM and meta-analysis of 17 relevant studies; a cross sectional study of 322 carer-child pairs; and a qualitative study using a grounded theory approach.
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Ungphakorn, Wanchana. "Pharmacometric models of oral ciprofloxacin for children with malnutrition." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2012. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18680.

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Children with severe malnutrition typically suffer from numerous associated complications. Among these, septicaemia, especially with Gram-negative organisms, remains the major concern because it is associated with a high mortality rate. The World Health Organization (WHO) has been releasing standard guidelines for the treatment of bacterial infections for many years; however, it has been found that the mortality rate remains high even if these guidelines are followed. Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent that has been considered as alternative treatment option. However, to date, data around the pharmacokinetics (PK) of ciprofloxacin, as well as other drugs, are limited in malnourished children. The aim of this thesis was to develop pharmacokinetic models for describing and predicting the PK of drugs in such children. A population analysis was performed by using ciprofloxacin concentration-time data obtained from 52 malnourished children. It was found that a one-compartment model, with first-order absorption and a lag, adequately described the data. The final population model included the effect of body weight, high mortality risk and serum sodium concentration on clearance (CL), and the effect of body weight and sodium concentration on volume of distribution (V). Inclusion of these factors reduced inter-individual variability in CL from 50% to 38%, and in V from 49% to 43%. Absorption rate (ka) was poorly estimated and highly variable. Internal validation techniques, including nonparametric bootstrap, a visual predictive check, normalised prediction distribution error and a jackknife analysis, were used to assess the stability and robustness of the final population model. The results of these analyses indicated that the model was stable and had a favourable predictive performance for CL and V. To develop new dosage regimens, the population model was used to perform a 10,000-patient Monte Carlo simulation. The probabilities of achieving the therapeutic target AUC0-24/MIC ratio and the expected population response were then iv determined. The results showed that PK-PD breakpoints were 0.06-0.125 mg/L and 0.25-0.5 mg/L for Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, respectively. The overall response with the 30 mg/kg/day dose was 80% for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella species, but <60% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The results suggested that an oral dose of ciprofloxacin 10 mg/kg three times daily (30 mg/kg/day) may be appropriate for the management of septicaemia in severely malnourished children. Discrepancies of susceptibility breakpoints between reference sources were also found, i.e., PK-PD, CLSI and EUCAST, and these discrepancies were most pronounced for P. aeruginosa and S. pneumoniae. The population model was alsmpartment model, with first-order absorption and a lag, adequately described the data. The final population model included the effect of body weight, high mortality risk and serum sodium concentration on clearance (CL), and the effect of body weight and sodium concentration on volume of distribution (V). Inclusion of these factors reduced inter-individual variability in CL from 50% to 38%, and in V from 49% to 43%. Absorption rate (ka) was poorly estimated and highly variable. Internal validation techniques, including nonparametric bootstrap, a visual predictive check, normalised prediction distribution error and a jackknife analysis, were used to assess the stability and robustness of the final population model. The results of these analyses indicated that the model was stable and had a favourable predictive performance for CL and V. o used to determine optimal design for future population PK studies. A number of design options and design variables were examined. The results suggest that the optimal number of groups was three and two for three- and four-sample designs, respectively. When using two groups, it was possible to vary the number of individuals in each group. If permission was given to obtain up to five samples from each patient, one group of participants would be adequate. Only samples taken after the first dose gave sufficient information. The expected coefficient of variation (CV) of all parameters was under 10% with sample sizes of 25 and 40 for five- and four-sample designs, respectively. For three samples, the CV for ka remained above 20%, although the sample size was increased to 100. It was also found that the optimal designs were highly dependent on the prior information, so prior knowledge of drug concentration-time profiles should be used with optimal design methods when designing population PKt model, with first-order absorption and a lag, adequately described the data. The final population model included the effect of body weight, high mortality risk and serum sodium concentration on clearance (CL), and the effect of body weight and sodium concentration on volume of distribution (V). Inclusion of these factors reduced inter-individual variability in CL from 50% to 38%, and in V from 49% to 43%. Absorption rate (ka) was poorly estimated and highly variable. Internal validation techniques, including nonparametric bootstrap, a visual predictive check, normalised prediction distribution error and a jackknife analysis, were used to assess the stability and robustness of the final population model. The results of these analyses indicated that the model was stable and had a favourable predictive performance for CL and V. studies. In order to predict the disposition of other drugs in a malnourished population, whole body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (WBPBPK) models were developed by using ciprofloxacine as a model drug. The WBPBPK model was initially developed for healthy adults and then scaled to healthy and malnourished children. Kp values were calculated using the Poulin method, the Rodgers method and empirical method. The results showed that, for healthy adults and children, the predicted versus observed concentration-time profiles were well described with intravenous (IV bolus v and short infusion) models. Oral predictions were also in good agreement with the data from the literature, but peak concentrations were more rapidly achieved with a higher dose. Unlike the Poulin method, the concentration-time profiles predicted using Kp from the Rodgers method and the empirical methods were similar, and closely resembled the observed data. When models were scaled for malnutrition, inter-individual variability was higher, especially during the absorption phase. However, PK profiles were still adequately described. The models developed in this thesis are useful tools for describing and predicting drug PK in malnourished children. However, due to the scarcity of data, further studies to characterise the alteration of drug kinetics, particularly during the absorption process, might improve the performance of the models. Application of these models to other drugs and data is also required to substantiate the predictive performance of the model.
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Aheto, Justice Moses Kwaku. "Modelling malnutrition among under-five-year-old children in Ghana." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2016. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/82143/.

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Childhood malnutrition is a real-life and a chronic problem and one of the global major public health challenges, especially in developing countries like Ghana. Several attempts from governmental and non-governmental organizations to address the problem have fallen below expectation. It is recognised that the existing studies and nutrition intervention strategies are inadequate and hence not working to expectation. This thesis examines childhood malnutrition in Ghana using appropriate and advanced statistical methods to help improve the understanding of childhood nutrition and to better inform targeted public health nutrition interventions in the country. In this thesis, we provided solutions to five main problems: (1) investigated the major risk factors for malnutrition; (2) investigated household level variations in nutritional outcomes of children; (3) explored, modelled and illustrated spatial variations in the risk of childhood malnutrition over Ghana; (4) explored, modelled, forecasted and illustrated spatio-temporal variations in the risk of childhood malnutrition over Ghana; (5) jointly modelled weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ) and height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) to improve accuracy and reliability in estimates. To answer the first and the second problems, multilevel models were considered. The results showed strong residual household-level variations in under-fives nutritional outcomes and that child’s age, type of birth, child’s experience of diarrhoeal episodes, size of child at birth and months of breast feeding, mother’s education, current age, BMI and national health insurance status, household toilet facility ownership and wealth status were predictive of under-fives nutrition. To answer the third problem, spatial models were employed. The study found substantial spatial variation in the predicted risk of under-fives malnutrition over Ghana and also showed that Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (a marker for vegetation cover), elevation and rural/urban residence status were predictive of under-fives nutritional outcomes. The study considered spatio-temporal models to answer the fourth problem. The results showed substantial spatio-temporal variation in the risk of under-fives chronic malnutrition over Ghana. Our forecasted map of chronic malnutrition showed substantial spatial variation with children from parts of Northern and Western regions being at the highest risk of malnutrition compared to children from other regions of the country. In our forecast maps, the effect of increasing the level of maternal education was shown to reduce the prevalence of malnutrition throughout Ghana. To answer the fifth problem, multivariate response multilevel models were considered. The study found that the residual household effects for WAZ and HAZ are very strongly correlated and that the correlation was stronger for the residual household effects than the residual child effects. This also suggests that after adjusting for risk factors in our model, it is the same as-yet unidentified factors at household level that influence both WAZ and HAZ. The results also showed that there was more accuracy and reliability in estimates from the multivariate response multilevel model over separate multilevel models and showed that the effect of some important risk factors differed substantially across WAZ and HAZ. The findings from this thesis are intended to help policymakers responsible for the health and nutrition of children to design efficient public health policies and targeted nutrition interventions amidst scarce public health resources available in Ghana to better understand, target and to reduce childhood malnutrition prevalence closer to the level expected in a healthy, well-fed population of children under-fives.
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Kellerhals, Sarah. "Understanding Severe Acute Malnutrition in Children Globally: A Systematic Review." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624202.

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A Thesis submitted to The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine.
Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) affects 13 million children under the age of 5 worldwide, and contributes to 1‐2 million preventable deaths each year. Malnutrition is a significant factor in approximately one third of the nearly 8 million deaths in children who are under 5 years of age worldwide. There have been many revolutions in treatment of SAM over time; however, the exact etiology of this preventable condition is not well understood. This review serves to identify the most common risk factors for the development of SAM in children and to identify the most effective treatment for the disease. There are many factors that contribute to developing and surviving SAM as a child, and this systematic review serves to highlight the most common variables that lead to this cause of mortality. An exhaustive review of PubMed was conducted to complete this review. The literature review demonstrates that the most common risk factor for the development of SAM is low maternal literacy.
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Dale, Anne. "Helicobacter pylori infection and growth in rural Gambian children." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366583.

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Ngianga-Bakwin, Kandala. "Spatial modelling of socio-economic and demographic determinants of childhood undernutrition and mortality in Africa /." Aachen : Shaker, 2002. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0702/2006485828.html.

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Books on the topic "Kwashiorkor Children Malnutrition in children"

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Bhat, B. Vishnu. Protein, energy, malnutrition. New Delhi: Peepee Publishers and Distributors, 2008.

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Sserunjogi, Louise. Study on the prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition in children 5 years and under in Kiyeyi target area, Tororo District: January-April 1990. [Kampala]: Child Health and Development Centre, Makerere University, 1992.

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Walker-Smith, J. A. Diarrhoea and malnutrition in childhood. London: Butterworths, 1986.

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Pollitt, Ernesto. Malnutrition and infection in the classroom. Paris: Unesco, 1990.

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Pollitt, Ernesto. Malnutrition and infection in the classroom. New York, NY: UNESCO, 1990.

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Roy, Nikhil Chandra. Determinants of child malnutrition in rural Bangladesh. Dhaka: Centre for Health and Population Research, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, 1996.

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Wagstaff, Adam. Socioeconomic inequalities in child malnutrition in the developing world. Washington, DC: World Bank, Development Research Group, Poverty and Human Resources, and, Human Development Network, Health, Nutrition, and Population Team, 2000.

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Investing in children. Washington, D.C., USA: Worldwatch Institute, 1985.

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Paṭela, Jayanti. Gujarātamāṃ kuposhaṇa: Paḍakāra ane nivāraṇa. Amadāvāda: Saṃskāra Sāhitya Mandira, 2015.

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International, Conference on Applied Nutrition (1986 Hanoi Vietnam). Applied nutrition: Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Nutrition, Hanoi, 25-29 April 1986. Hanoi: National Institute of Nutrition S.R. Vietnam and UNICEF, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Kwashiorkor Children Malnutrition in children"

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Kent, George. "Malnutrition." In Children in the International Political Economy, 103–13. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230375536_7.

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Tanpowpong, Pornthep, Sarah Messmer, Jennifer Kasper, and Ronald E. Kleinman. "Malnutrition." In The MassGeneral Hospital for Children Handbook of Pediatric Global Health, 321–35. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7918-5_22.

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Gupta, Anil. "Effect of Malnutrition on Nutritional Anemia." In Nutritional Anemia in Preschool Children, 207–14. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5178-4_12.

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Sharif, Mian Kamran, Masood Sadiq Butt, Muhammad Kashif Saleemi, and Muhammad Imran Arshad. "Malnutrition in Children and One Health." In Developing Sustainable Agriculture in Pakistan, 595–610. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351208239-27.

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Gupta, Anil. "Biochemical Parameters and Protein-Energy Malnutrition." In Biochemical Parameters and the Nutritional Status of Children, 35–45. First edition. | Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2020.: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367419820-2.

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Gupta, Anil. "Biochemical Parameters and Protein-Energy Malnutrition." In Biochemical Parameters and the Nutritional Status of Children, 35–45. First edition. | Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2020.: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780367419820-2.

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Abubakar, Amina. "Psychosocial Aspects of Malnutrition Among African Children: Antecedents, Consequences, and Interventions." In Neuropsychology of Children in Africa, 181–202. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6834-9_9.

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Desjeux, Jehan-François. "Recent Issues in Energy-Protein Malnutrition in Children." In Protein and Energy Requirements in Infancy and Childhood, 177–88. Basel: KARGER, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000095062.

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Shoykhet, Michael K., Kristyn S. Lowery, and Carol G. Vetterly. "Malnutrition and Feeding Difficulties: Guidelines for Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition." In Critical Care of Children with Heart Disease, 671–77. London: Springer London, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-262-7_58.

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Rao Seshadri, Shreelata, and Jyoti Ramakrishna. "Vulnerability and Childhood Malnutrition: Narratives from Tribal Households." In Nutritional Adequacy, Diversity and Choice Among Primary School Children, 63–81. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3470-1_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Kwashiorkor Children Malnutrition in children"

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Dezhi, Xu, and Gamage Upeksha Ganegoda. "Multi Agent System to Reduce Malnutrition (MASRM) in Children." In 2010 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Software Engineering (CiSE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cise.2010.5676807.

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Momand, Ziaullah, Pornchai Mongkolnam, Pichai Kositpanthavong, and Jonathan H. Chan. "Data Mining Based Prediction of Malnutrition in Afghan Children." In 2020 12th International Conference on Knowledge and Smart Technology (KST). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/kst48564.2020.9059388.

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Thapar, Antika, and Mehar Goyal. "A fuzzy expert system for diagnosis of malnutrition in children." In 2016 IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian Technology Conference (R10-HTC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/r10-htc.2016.7906819.

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Vaidya, Avinash S., Goutham Makkena, V. Srihari, M. B. Srinivas, and Srinivasa K. Rao. "A sustainable solution for monitoring malnutrition in children in developing countries." In 2013 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference: South Asia Satellite (GHTC-SAS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ghtc-sas.2013.6629910.

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Xu Dezhi and Gamage Upeksha Ganegoda. "Framework of multi agent system to reduce malnutrition (MASRM) in children." In 2010 3rd International Conference on Advanced Computer Theory and Engineering (ICACTE 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icacte.2010.5579474.

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Mutiara, Erna. "Risk Factors for Severe Malnutrition in Under Five Children in Medan City." In 1st Public Health International Conference (PHICo 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/phico-16.2017.18.

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Lelijveld, Natasha, Jane Kirky, Marko Kerac, and Janet Stocks. "Long-term effects of severe acute malnutrition on lung function in children." In Annual Congress 2015. European Respiratory Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2015.pa1257.

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Rade, Nepriana Buta, Theresia Puspitawati, and Jati Untari. "Factors Related to Malnutrition Events in Under-Five Children in Kabukarudi Village, East Nusa Tenggara." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.21.

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ABSTRACT Background: Malnutrition has become an urgent global health problem. Millions of people are killed or disabled every year due to insufficient nutrition. Indirectly influenced by upbringing, food availability, socio-economic, cultural, and environmental factors. Based on the regency, the highest percentage is in West Sumba (12.20%). This study aimed to find out the factors related to malnutrition events in under-five children in Kabukarudi village, East Nusa Tenggara. Subjects and Method: This was a cross sectional study conducted in Kabukarudi Village, Lamboya District, West Sumba Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. A sample of 99 was selected by purporsive sampling. The data was analyzed by chi square. Results: Relationship between knowledge level (p = 0.047), type of foodstuff (p <0.001), and infectious diseases (p <0.001) it was statistically significant. Conclusion: Malnutrition events in under-five children is associated with knowledge level about nutrition, type of food consumed and infectious disease. Keywords: malnutrition, knowledge, food variant, infection desease Correspondence: Theresia Puspitawati. Public Health Study Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Respati Yogyakarta. Jl. Laksda Adisucipto KM.6,3, Ambarukmo, Caturtunggal, Sleman distric, Yogyakarta 55281 E-mail: thpuspitawati@gmail.com. Mobile: +628122719110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.21
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Silva, Adriana Fonseca da, Stefanus P. Manongga, and Frans Umbu Datta. "Association between Parenting and Malnutrition in Children Under Five in Dili, Timor Leste." In The 6th International Conference on Public Health 2019. Masters Program in Public Health, Graduate School, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the6thicph.01.52.

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Bhor, Nilanjan, and Pankaj Kumar. "CLIMATE CHANGE AND HEALTH: A SOCIAL DETERMINANTS APPROACH TO MALNUTRITION AMONG MIGRANT CHILDREN." In EPHP 2016, Bangalore, 8–9 July 2016, Third national conference on bringing Evidence into Public Health Policy Equitable India: All for Health and Wellbeing. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2016-ephpabstracts.11.

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Reports on the topic "Kwashiorkor Children Malnutrition in children"

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Lazzerini, Marzia, Humphrey Wanzira, Peter Lochoro, and Giovanni Putoto. Improving the quality of care for children with acute malnutrition in Uganda. International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23846/tw6ie101.

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Akparibo, Robert, Andrew Booth, and Andrew Lee. Recovery, Relapse, and Episodes of Default in the Management of Acute Malnutrition in Children in Humanitarian Emergencies: A systematic review. Oxfam; Feinstein International Center; UKAID, March 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2017.9149.

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Akparibo, Robert, Andrew Lee, Andrew Booth, Janet Harris, Helen Woods, Lindsay Blank, and Michelle Holdsworth. Relationships between recovery and relapse, and default and repeated episodes of default in the management of acute malnutrition in children in humanitarian emergencies: A systematic review protocol. Oxfam, April 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2016.605149.

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