Journal articles: 'Kwashiorkor Children Malnutrition in children'

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Olorunsogo, Olufunso O. "Erythrocyte membrane (Ca2++Mg2+)-ATPase in human protein-energy malnutrition." Bioscience Reports 9, no. 3 (June 1, 1989): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01114689.

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Calmodulin-free ghost membranes were prepared from erythrocytes of kwashiorkor children and from healthy children in the same age bracket. In the absence of calmodulin, the specific activity of Mg2+-dependent Ca2+-pumping ATPase (Ca2++Mg2+-ATPase) of kwashiorkor membranes was more than 40 percent lower than the specific activity of the normal enzymes, whose maximum velocity was increased by at least four-fold by the modulator protein. In constrast, the maximum velocity of the enzymes of kwashiorkor membranes was enhanced by calmodulin by about 11/2 times the basal activity of the normal enzymes and by 2 times the basal activity of the kwashiorkor enzymes. The affinity of the pump for ATP was lower in the membranes of kwashiorkor children (Km for ATP=30.6±2.8 μM ATP) in comparison to normal membranes (Km for ATP=21.7±2.0 μM ATP). Similarly, calmodulin-affinity of the enzymes, was lower in kwashiorkor membranes than in the normal membranes irrespective of source of calmodulin. Calmodulin from haemolysates of kwashiorkor red cells activated the enzymes of normal and kwashiorkor membranes to the same degree as calmodulin partially purified from the haemolysate of healthy children. A determination of the dependence of the activity of the pump on calcium in the absence and presence of calmodulin reveals that the affinity of the kwashiorkor enzymes for Ca2+ is at least 70 percent lower than that of enzymes of normal membranes. Altogether, these findings suggest that the Ca2+-pumping ATPase of kwashiorkor membranes is less functional than the enzymes of healthy erythrocytes.

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Rajan, Madan Gopal, Rukmini M S, Sulekha Sinha, Anupama Hegde, and Poornima Manjrekar. "TYPICAL DERMATOSIS IN KWASHIORKOR." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 8 (August 1, 2017): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i8.18524.

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Protein-energy malnutrition is the most widespread nutritional deficiency disorder in India, commonly occurring in children aged 6 months-2 years,as per the National Family Health Survey, 2007. The dermatologic manifestations are more florid and characteristic in kwashiorkor than in marasmus.Here, we present a case of a 1½ years old male, with extensive skin lesions, owing to severe malnutrition. Malnourishment is one of the foremostconditions seen in the developing countries. It is essential to provide adequate nutritional support to the growing children and to impart proper education to the mothers with regard to weaning and care during the illness of children aged under 5 years.

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Hone, N. M., and J. K. Fermor. "High-Energy Feeding for Protein-Calorie Malnutrition." Tropical Doctor 17, no. 4 (October 1987): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947558701700410.

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The efficacy of high-energy feeding regimens in the nutritional resuscitation of severely malnourished children is established, but most reports come from specialist units, We devised a high-energy feeding mixture using locally available ingredients and applied it in service conditions on 275 unse1ected children. After an initial stabilization period, children were fed 150 kcal/kg/day and protein 4 g/kg/day. The weight gain achieved for the whole series was 8.93 g/kg/day. For the different diagnostic categories the weight gains were: 12.11 g/kg/day for children with marasmic kwashiorkor; 10.01 g/kg/day for children with kwashiorkor; 7.49 g/kg/day for children with marasmus; and 6.39 g/kg/day for children who were underweight. The hospital case fatality was 4.4%. These figures show that rural hospitals can devise and apply high-energy feeding regimens and obtain results as good as those obtained in specialist units

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Adewusi, S. R. A., S. E. A. Torimiro, and A. A. Akindahunsi. "Prediction of Nutritional Status by Chemical Analysis of Urine and Anthropometric Methods." Nutrition and Health 16, no. 3 (July 2002): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010600201600305.

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A combination of anthropometric and chemical indices was used to investigate the nutritional status of 26 healthy (H) and kwashiorkor (K) children aged 2–5 years and possibly predict the onset of malnutrition. The healthy children had significantly (p > 0.05) higher values for weight, height, middle upper arm circumference and weight/height ratio than kwashiorkor children. The healthy children had significantly higher urinary concentrations of urea, inorganic sulphate and sulphate relative to creatinine, but significantly lower thiocyanate and thiocyanate relative to creatinine than the kwashiorkor children. The results of the present study would tend to indicate that a chemical analysis especially of urea, inorganic sulphate or thiocyanate alone or the ureal creatinine, inorganic sulphate/creatinine or thiocynate/creatinine ratio could be used to predict malnutrition after the initial anthropometric measurements. This study should however be repeated with a large population of volunteers to determine the specific cut-off points for each anthropometric and chemical analysis.

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Fitzpatrick, Merry C., Anura V. Kurpad, Christopher P. Duggan, Shibani Ghosh, and Daniel G. Maxwell. "Dietary intake of sulfur amino acids and risk of kwashiorkor malnutrition in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 114, no. 3 (May 8, 2021): 925–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab136.

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ABSTRACT Background Kwashiorkor is an often-fatal type of severe acute malnutrition affecting hundreds of thousands of children annually, but whose etiology is still unknown. Evidence suggests inadequate sulfur amino acid (SAA) status may explain many signs of the condition but studies evaluating dietary protein intake in relation to the genesis of kwashiorkor have been conflicting. We know of no studies of kwashiorkor that have measured dietary SAAs. Objectives We aimed to determine whether children in a population previously determined to have high prevalence of kwashiorkor [high-prevalence population (HPP)] have lower dietary intakes of SAAs than children in a low-prevalence population (LPP). Methods A cross-sectional census survey design of 358 children compared 2 previously identified adjacent populations of children 36–59 mo old in North Kivu Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Data collected included urinary thiocyanate (SCN), cyanogens in cassava-based food products, recent history of illness, and a 24-h quantitative diet recall for the child. Results The HPP and LPP had kwashiorkor prevalence of 4.5% and 1.7%, respectively. A total of 170 children from 141 households in the LPP and 169 children from 138 households in the HPP completed the study. A higher proportion of HPP children had measurable urinary SCN (44.8% compared with 29.4%, P < 0.01). LPP children were less likely to have been ill recently (26.8% compared with 13.6%, P < 0.01). Median [IQR] intake of SAAs was 32.4 [22.9–49.3] mg/kg for the LPP and 29.6 [18.1–44.3] mg/kg for the HPP (P < 0.05). Methionine was the first limiting amino acid in both populations, with the highest risk of inadequate intake found among HPP children (35.1% compared with 23.6%, P < 0.05). Conclusions Children in a population with a higher prevalence of kwashiorkor have lower dietary intake of SAAs than children in a population with a lower prevalence. Trial interventions to reduce incidence of kwashiorkor should consider increasing SAA intake, paying particular attention to methionine.

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Samad, Noreen, Sadia Jabeen, Amna Liaqat, Iqra Zulfiqar, and Rahat Bano. "Serum analyte levels in children: relationship with malnutrition." International Journal of Food and Allied Sciences 2, no. 1 (August 6, 2016): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21620/ijfaas.2016130-35.

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Malnutrition is the cellular imbalancing among the supply of energy and nutrients which are essential for maintenance, growth and particular functions. It becomes a major cause of mortality of children less than five years of age. The aim of present study to evaluate the serum analytes such as electrolyte (sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca+)), creatinine and blood components in malnourished than healthy children. We had collected the data of 300 malnourished children (100 marasmus, 100 kwashiorkorand, 100 healthy children) with age 6-36 months from Children complex Hospital Multan, Pakistan. Data was analyzed by Paired sample t-test by SPSS software. Then socio-demographic data of their mothers was also collected. The result showed that level of Na+ and creatinine was high whereas, the levels of K+ and Ca+ were lower in both Marasmus and Kwashiorkor than control subjects. The levels of leukocytes, platelets and hemoglobin (Hb) were decreased in both diseases. Erythrocytes (RBCs) level was decreased in Marasmus while increased in Kwashiorkor. It is concluded that inadequate feeding practices, birth order, poverty, illiterate mothers, low nutritional quality of meals responsible for malnutrition. Feasible strategies are needed to address the dietary inadequacies and chronic malnutrition of rural infants.

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Malde, Dr Triya, Dr Gaurang Pabani, Dr Mohmmad Shahid M. Mirza, and Dr Om Prakash Shukla. "Screening for fecal occult blood loss in severely malnourished children." Pediatric Review: International Journal of Pediatric Research 7, no. 8 (December 19, 2020): 420–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17511/ijpr.2020.i08.05.

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Introduction: PEM is the most important and basic hurdle in the triple-M complex of malnutrition,morbidity, and mortality. Very high mortality has been reported in severe PEM. PEM is found toaccount for about 4 million deaths in children. The study aimed to perform a fecal occult blood testin patients in the age group of six months to five years and also to identify the conditions associatedwith fecal occult blood loss in pem patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 indoor patientsof PEM admitted in our pediatric ward were taken as subjects in this study. According to WHO andIAP classification of PEM, severe malnutrition (marasmus, kwashiorkor, and marasmic kwashiorkor)were taken as study group; and mild grades of PEM (grade I and grade II) were taken as a controlgroup. Results: In severe PEM, marasmus (83%) was more common followed by kwashiorkor(14%) and marasmic kwashiorkor (3%); however in mild grades of PEM, grade I PEM was found in58% and grade II PEM was found in 42%. In severe PEM, pallor (64%), hair changes (38%), andtachypnoea(31%) were major clinical signs; while tachypnoea(36%), dehydration (26%), and pallor(20%} were major clinical signs in patients with mild grades of PEM. Conclusion: A positive fecaloccult blood test (FOBT) is strongly associated with moderate to severe anemia in severe PEMpatients. So all patients having a positive FOBT should have a hemogram profile done and thenappropriately treated for anemia.

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Malde, Dr Triya, Dr Gaurang Pabani, Dr Mohmmad Shahid M. Mirza, and Dr Om Prakash Shukla. "Screening for fecal occult blood loss in severely malnourished children." Pediatric Review: International Journal of Pediatric Research 7, no. 8 (December 19, 2020): 420–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17511/ijpr.2020.i08.05.

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Introduction: PEM is the most important and basic hurdle in the triple-M complex of malnutrition,morbidity, and mortality. Very high mortality has been reported in severe PEM. PEM is found toaccount for about 4 million deaths in children. The study aimed to perform a fecal occult blood testin patients in the age group of six months to five years and also to identify the conditions associatedwith fecal occult blood loss in pem patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 indoor patientsof PEM admitted in our pediatric ward were taken as subjects in this study. According to WHO andIAP classification of PEM, severe malnutrition (marasmus, kwashiorkor, and marasmic kwashiorkor)were taken as study group; and mild grades of PEM (grade I and grade II) were taken as a controlgroup. Results: In severe PEM, marasmus (83%) was more common followed by kwashiorkor(14%) and marasmic kwashiorkor (3%); however in mild grades of PEM, grade I PEM was found in58% and grade II PEM was found in 42%. In severe PEM, pallor (64%), hair changes (38%), andtachypnoea(31%) were major clinical signs; while tachypnoea(36%), dehydration (26%), and pallor(20%} were major clinical signs in patients with mild grades of PEM. Conclusion: A positive fecaloccult blood test (FOBT) is strongly associated with moderate to severe anemia in severe PEMpatients. So all patients having a positive FOBT should have a hemogram profile done and thenappropriately treated for anemia.

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Weisstaub, SG, R. Soria, and M. Araya. "Assessing Severe Malnutrition in Bolivian Children. Kwashiorkor in Latin America?" Pediatric Research 53, no. 5 (May 2003): 874. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-200305000-00062.

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Smith, Michelle I., Tanya Yatsunenko, Mark J. Manary, Indi Trehan, Rajhab Mkakosya, Jiye Cheng, Andrew L. Kau, et al. "Gut Microbiomes of Malawian Twin Pairs Discordant for Kwashiorkor." Science 339, no. 6119 (January 30, 2013): 548–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1229000.

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Kwashiorkor, an enigmatic form of severe acute malnutrition, is the consequence of inadequate nutrient intake plus additional environmental insults. To investigate the role of the gut microbiome, we studied 317 Malawian twin pairs during the first 3 years of life. During this time, half of the twin pairs remained well nourished, whereas 43% became discordant, and 7% manifested concordance for acute malnutrition. Both children in twin pairs discordant for kwashiorkor were treated with a peanut-based, ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF). Time-series metagenomic studies revealed that RUTF produced a transient maturation of metabolic functions in kwashiorkor gut microbiomes that regressed when administration of RUTF was stopped. Previously frozen fecal communities from several discordant pairs were each transplanted into gnotobiotic mice. The combination of Malawian diet and kwashiorkor microbiome produced marked weight loss in recipient mice, accompanied by perturbations in amino acid, carbohydrate, and intermediary metabolism that were only transiently ameliorated with RUTF. These findings implicate the gut microbiome as a causal factor in kwashiorkor.

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Fevang, Per, Kirsten Havemann, Børre Fevang, and Arne T. Høstmark. "Malaria and Malnutrition: Kwashiorkor Associated with Low Levels of Parasitaemia." Malaria Research and Treatment 2018 (September 27, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7153173.

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Background. The relationship between protein energy malnutrition (PEM) and malaria is controversial. While most studies demonstrate that PEM is associated with greater malaria morbidity, some indicate that PEM may in fact have a protective effect. PEM is differentiated into three subgroups: kwashiorkor (marked protein deficiency), marasmus (calorie deficiency), and kwashiorkor/marasmus. None of the studies concerning PEM and malaria seem to distinguish between these subgroups, and significant differences in susceptibility to malaria between these subgroups may have been overlooked. Plasmodium parasites and malaria infected erythrocytes are sensitive to oxidative stress. Since kwashiorkor patients seem to display an excess of prooxidants and as serum albumin is an important antioxidant, we hypothesized that patients with different forms of PEM might have different levels of malaria parasitaemia. Methods. 72 PEM children older than 6 months admitted to Kwale Family Life Training Programme (Kenya) were included in the study. Results. Mean parasitaemia was significantly lower in the kwashiorkor group than in the marasmus group (p < 0,001). There was no correlation between serum albumin and parasitaemia. Conclusion. Our study suggests a protective effect of kwashiorkor against malaria, warranting further studies.

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Gultie, Teklemariam, Desta Mebrahtu, and Girum Sebsibie. "Retrospective Assessment of Malnutrition among Under-five Children in Ayder Referral Hospital, Tigray Ethiopia." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v4i2.4714.

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Currently worldwide there are about 60 million children with moderate acute and 13 million with severe acute malnutrition. About 9% of sub-Saharan African and 15%of south Asian children have moderate acute malnutrition and about 2% of children in developing countries have severe acute malnutrition. The objective of aim the study was<strong> </strong>to assess the magnitude of malnutrition in under five children in Ayder referral hospital using a retrospective cross-sectional study design. This study showed that male children, 168(58.1%), were higher than female, 121(41.9%).. Majority, 133(46%), were in the age group b/n 12 to 24 months .More than half, 186(64.4%) were rural dwellers. The types of malnutrition identified were Marasmus, kwashiorkor, Marasmic kwash and underweight which account for 116(40.1%), 69(23.9%), 54(18.7%) and 50(17.5%) respectively. Marasmus was the predominant type of malnutrition in all age groups of under five malnourished children with prevalence of 40.1% where as underweight was the prevalent type of malnutrition (17.3%). More over the infant feeding practices such as exclusive breast feeding, timely initiation of complementary feeding, and having history of breast feeding once in their life during infancy were relatively higher among the children as compared with other studies.

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Gultie, Teklemariam, Desta Mebrahtu, and Girum Sebsibie. "Retrospective Assessment of Malnutrition among Under-five Children in Ayder Referral Hospital, Tigray Ethiopia." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/.v4i2.4714.

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Currently worldwide there are about 60 million children with moderate acute and 13 million with severe acute malnutrition. About 9% of sub-Saharan African and 15%of south Asian children have moderate acute malnutrition and about 2% of children in developing countries have severe acute malnutrition. The objective of aim the study was<strong> </strong>to assess the magnitude of malnutrition in under five children in Ayder referral hospital using a retrospective cross-sectional study design. This study showed that male children, 168(58.1%), were higher than female, 121(41.9%).. Majority, 133(46%), were in the age group b/n 12 to 24 months .More than half, 186(64.4%) were rural dwellers. The types of malnutrition identified were Marasmus, kwashiorkor, Marasmic kwash and underweight which account for 116(40.1%), 69(23.9%), 54(18.7%) and 50(17.5%) respectively. Marasmus was the predominant type of malnutrition in all age groups of under five malnourished children with prevalence of 40.1% where as underweight was the prevalent type of malnutrition (17.3%). More over the infant feeding practices such as exclusive breast feeding, timely initiation of complementary feeding, and having history of breast feeding once in their life during infancy were relatively higher among the children as compared with other studies.

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Richardson, D., and J. Iputo. "Effects of kwashiorkor malnutrition on measured capillary filtration rate in forearm." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 262, no. 2 (February 1, 1992): H496—H502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1992.262.2.h496.

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This study investigated the effects of kwashiorkor malnutrition on blood tissue fluid exchange by measuring the rate of capillary filtration (CFR) in response to a 60-mmHg increment in venous pressure in the forearms of 1- to 3-yr-old native African children within the Transkei Homeland. They were divided into the following subject groups: kwashiorkor patients (K); kwashiorkor patients who were at various stages of recovery (RK); marasmus patients (M); patients with edema of nonkwashiorkor origin (E); and control children (C). Measurements of CFR were significantly lower in the K subjects compared with any of the other groups (P less than 0.05), whereas, the RK, M, E, and C subjects were not significantly different from each other. This latter finding indicates that the lower CFR of the K patients is reversible and is not due to malnutrition or edema per se. Measurements of forearm cutaneous blood flow by laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) in C and K subjects showed only a slightly lower value for the K patients (P greater than 0.20), and there was no relationship between CFR and LDF for either group (r = 0.073). These results suggest that the lower CFR of the K patients is not secondary to peripheral vasoconstriction.

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Shukla, Anand, and Y. K. Rao. "Comparison study on efficacy of UNICEF specified therapeutic food (F-75/F-100) with traditionally used home based food in management of severe acute malnutrition." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 5, no. 4 (June 22, 2018): 1674. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20182587.

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Background: The management of malnutrition depends on its severity. While mild to moderate malnutrition can be managed on ambulatory basis, severe malnutrition is preferably managed in hospital settings. This study was undertaken to find the magnitude of SAM in children (6 months to 60 months) and to compare the UNICEF specified therapeutic food (F-75/F-100) with traditionally used home based food in treatment of severe acute malnutrition.Methods: This prospective and observational study was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics of G.S.V.M. Medical College, L.L.R. and Associated Hospitals, Kanpur. Logarithmic transformation was achieved by SPSS 20.Results: The prevalence of SAM in children between 6 months to 60 months of age to be 18%. Clinical spectrum of SAM showed 95.24% of marasmus 3.57% of Kwashiorkor and 1.19% of marasmic kwashiorkor. There was significant increase in weight of hospitalized patient receiving F75/F100 at 28 days of follow up. Weight gain was not statistically significant in patients treated at home.Conclusions: SAM should preferably be treated in hospital with appropriate therapy rather than home based management.

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Khunga, H., K. J. Okop, and Thandi Puoane. "PERCEPTIONS OF MOTHERS AND CAREGIVERS REGARDING THE DETECTION AND TREATMENT OF SEVERELY MALNOURISHED CHILDREN IN KANCHELE, KALOMO DISTRICT, ZAMBIA." Africa Journal of Nursing and Midwifery 16, no. 2 (January 21, 2015): 98–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2520-5293/27.

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Each year, malnutrition accounts for about 50% of the deaths of under-fives in developing countries. In Zambia, about 45% of children under the age of five exhibit stunted growth, mainly due to malnutrition. Early detection of cases by health workers and prompt health-seeking practices at household and community levels can improve the identification and management of malnutrition, and prevent unnecessary deaths. The study provides insights into the perceptions of mothers, caregivers, community members and community health workers regarding the detection, referral and health-seeking practices of malnourished children in Kalomo district of Zambia. This was a qualitative study which explored perceptions and challenges of detection and prompt treatment of malnutrition (kwashiorkor and marasmus) in children under five years of age in the community. Focus group discussions using pictographs were conducted with purposely selected mothers and caregivers of children attending immunization clinics in rural health centres in Zambia. In-depth interviews were also conducted with purposely selected grandparents, community health workers and nutrition advisors to validate the findings obtained from focus group discussions. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Malnutrition, particularly marasmus, was linked to HIV infection. Barriers to seeking health care for severely malnourished children included beliefs about causes of malnutrition, failure to link malnutrition to poor feeding practices, distance to health care facilities and lack of free feeding schemes for malnourished children. Mothersâ€™ decisions to seek care for malnourished children were influenced largely by grandparents. Increasing awareness about causes, signs and symptoms of malnutrition in this community is needed to improve detection and treatment of malnourished children.

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Heilskov, S., M. J. H. Rytter, C. Vestergaard, A. Briend, E. Babirekere, and M. S. Deleuran. "Dermatosis in children with oedematous malnutrition (Kwashiorkor): a review of the literature." Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 28, no. 8 (March 24, 2014): 995–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jdv.12452.

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Jinadu, M. K., E. O. Ojofeitimi, and E. O. Osifor. "Feeding Patterns of Children with Protein-Energy Malnutrition in Nigeria." Tropical Doctor 16, no. 2 (April 1986): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947558601600215.

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The feeding patterns of 115 consecutive cases of children suffering from protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) seen at Ile-Ife University Teaching Hospital, were investigated. The majority of the children were from Ile-Ife township and nearly all their mothers were working outside their respective homes. The survey shows an earlier mean age (27 months) of onset of kwashiorkor compared with Naismith's (1973) study. About two-thirds of the mothers had stopped breastfeeding their children by the age of 17 months. Artificial milk was introduced briefly, in token quantity, and was replaced by “corn-pap” and other starchy foods such as “yam” and “hard-pap”. Over 80% of mothers would not feed their children on meat and fish because they believed these foods would cause worms which, in turn, would cause abdominal pain and loss of weight. Cow's milk, groundnut and cowpeas were said to cause diarrhoea by about two-thirds of the mothers. Our study shows that cessation of breastfeeding, inadequate feeding on artificial milk, and cultural beliefs about appropriate weaning diets for the infants were the major causes of PEM in this part of the world.

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Paul, Arup Ratan, Md Abdur Razzaque Mia, Nahid Bintay Ansary, Manisha Paul Tumpa, Md Mahamudur Rahman, and Suttam Kumar Biswas. "Serum Potassium and Calcium Level in Malnourished Children of Bangladesh." Community Based Medical Journal 6, no. 1 (March 14, 2017): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cbmj.v6i1.54662.

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Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) also referred to as protein-calorie malnutrition, is a potentially fatal body-depletion disorder. PEM develops in children and adults whose consumption of protein and energy is insufficient to satisfy the body's nutritional needs. The modified ‘Wellcome classification' was used to classify the PEM in children into marasmus, kwashiorkor, marasmic-kwashiorkor and underweight. However, in most cases the deficiency is combined. It was found that among the South Asian countries (Surveyed from 1990-2000) prevalence of wasting was 11.6% in Bangladesh, 18% in India, 11% in Pakistan, 11% in Nepal, 14% in Srilanka, 4% in Bhutan and 17% in Maldives. Malnutrition increases one's susceptibility to and severity of infections, and is thus a major component of illness and death from the diseases. This, a cross sectional study for a period from July 2008 to June 2009 to explore the changes of serum electrolytes in PEM so that effective measures making availability of adequate proteins and calories to all age groups especially to under five children through the ongoing nutrition programs to save these group of children. A total of 100 subjects aged 18 months to 5 years were enrolled for this study. Out of them 50 were the severely malnourished children regarded as Group I and 50 apparently healthy children considered as Group II. Z score of weight-for-age of Group I and Group II children were calculated by using CDC growth chart: USA, 2000. Data were collected through clinical evaluation from pre selected questionnaires and blood samples were taken for laboratory investigations. Serum potassium was measured by Ion selective electrode (ISE) method & serum calcium was determined by Colorimetric method using the test kit. Statistical significance of difference between two groups were evaluated by using unpaired 't’ test with the help of SPSS software package. For each analytical test, the level of significance was set at 0.05 and p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Analyzing the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that significant decrease of serum potassium and calcium occur in malnourished children. CBMJ 2017 January: Vol. 06 No. 01 P: 12-16

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Babatola, Adefunke Olarinre, Oladele Simeon Olatunya, Temitope Olumuyiwa Ojo, Adekunle Bamidele Taiwo, and Joseph Olusesan Fadare. "Profile of Children Admitted for Severe Acute Malnutrition in a Tertiary Hospital in Southwestern Nigeria." Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society 39, no. 1 (April 27, 2019): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v39i1.21604.

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Introduction: This study assessed the socio-demographic profile, outcomes of treatment and challenges encountered in the management of children admitted for Severe Acute Malnutrition at the Paediatric Unit of a State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted. The records of twenty-five children with SAM admitted from March 2013-March 2018 were reviewed. SAM was defined according to the Wellcome Classification based on child’s weight and oedema status. Data on demographic characteristics, presenting symptoms, co-morbid conditions, duration of admission and outcome were extracted. Results: There were 13 (52.0%) males and 12 (48.0%) females. The median age of children with SAM was eight months. Eighteen children (72%) were marasmic, four (16%) had kwashiorkor while three (12%) had marasmic-kwashiorkor. Common presenting symptoms included poor weight gain (59.1%), fever (54.5%) and diarrhoea (36.4%). Majority (84.0%) of the patients had co-morbid conditions which included sepsis (66.7%), anaemia (37.5%), hypoglycaemia (16.7%) and hypothermia (16.7%). Twenty-one (84.0%) children were fully vaccinated for age, two (8.0%) had partial vaccination while two (8.0%) were never vaccinated. Only two (8.0%) had exclusive breastfeeding, 19 (76.0%) had mixed feeding from birth. Majority (60%) of the children had one or more social challenges such as teenage parents and financial constraints. Mean duration of admission was 4.56 days. Twelve (48.0%) left against medical advice, nine (36.0%) were discharged, one (4.0%) was referred to another tertiary facility and three (12.0%) deaths were recorded. Conclusions: Many of the children admitted for SAM in our study had social problems and almost half of them left the hospital against medical advice. Besides health problem, social factors may play more role in SAM.

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Trehan, Indi, and Mark J. Manary. "Management of severe acute malnutrition in low-income and middle-income countries." Archives of Disease in Childhood 100, no. 3 (November 24, 2014): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2014-306026.

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Kwashiorkor and marasmus, collectively termed severe acute malnutrition (SAM), account for at least 10% of all deaths among children under 5 years of age worldwide, virtually all of them in low-income and middle-income countries. A number of risk factors, including seasonal food insecurity, environmental enteropathy, poor complementary feeding practices, and chronic and acute infections, contribute to the development of SAM. Careful anthropometry is key to making an accurate diagnosis of SAM and can be performed by village health workers or even laypeople in rural areas. The majority of children can be treated at home with ready-to-use therapeutic food under the community-based management of acute malnutrition model with recovery rates of approximately 90% under optimal conditions. A small percentage of children, often those with HIV, tuberculosis or other comorbidities, will still require inpatient therapy using fortified milk-based foods.

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Satapathy, Ayusi, Ansuman Satapathy, Dwity Sundar Rout, Ajay Kumar Prusty, and Sandeep Rout. "Prevalence of Protein Energy Malnutrition among Underfive children in Odisha: A Review." Journal of Phytopharmacology 10, no. 4 (July 12, 2021): 272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2021.10410.

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As the most vulnerable segment of the population, children under the age of five serve as a critical indicator of community health and nutrition. They are usually impacted by PEM as a result of a lack of nutrients to meet their needs. Malnutrition affects children under the age of five, primarily in disadvantaged settings. Kwashiorkor generally affects children between the ages of one and three, while marasmus primarily affects children under the age of two. Despite slight progress over the years, India has the highest rate of stunting, according to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-4(2015-16). In India, 38.4 percent, 35.8 percent, and 21% of children were found to be stunted, underweight, or wasting in 2015-16, respectively, but in Odisha, the percentages were 38.2 percent, 34.4 percent, and 18.3 percent. Malnutrition is caused by a lack of access to highly nutritious foods, poor feeding practices such as non-exclusive breast feeding, poor environmental conditions, large family size, poor maternal health, premature babies, negative cultural practices related to child rearing and weaning, delay in introducing supplementary feeding, and high female illiteracy. Malnutrition is exacerbated by frequent diseases such as diarrhea, respiratory infections, measles, and intestinal worms [1]. Malnutrition is responsible for more than a third of all child fatalities. Malnutrition causes long-term impairments such as lower labour ability, growth retardation, and poor social and mental development in later life. Malnutrition causes mortality, disability, stunting, and mental and physical development retardation in children. A systematic review of published publications was conducted primarily using secondary sources of literature from internet databases such as Research Gate and Google Scholar. The articles were picked based on important subjects such as assessing various forms of malnutrition and the variables that influence it. The goal of the research, titled "Prevalence of Protein Energy Malnutrition among Under-five Children in Odisha" was to learn more about the prevalence of malnutrition and the variables that influence it

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Saloojee, Haroon, Tim De Maayer, Michel L. Garenne, and Kathleen Kahn. "What's new? Investigating risk factors for severe childhood malnutrition in a high HIV prevalence South African setting1." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 35, no. 69_suppl (August 2007): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14034950701356435.

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Aim: To identify risk factors for severe childhood malnutrition in a rural South African district with a high HIV/AIDS prevalence. Design: Case-control study. Setting: Bushbuckridge District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Participants: 100 children with severe malnutrition (marasmus, kwashiorkor, and marasmic kwashiorkor) were compared with 200 better nourished (>-2 SD weight-for-age) controls, matched by age and village of residence. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted on a variety of biological and social risk factors. Results: HIV status was known only for a minority of cases (39%), of whom 87% were HIV positive, while 45% of controls were stunted. In multivariate analysis, risk factors for severe malnutrition included suspicion of HIV in the family (parents or children) (OR 217.7, 95% CI 22.7—2091.3), poor weaning practices (OR 3.0, 95% CI 2.0—4.6), parental death (OR 38.0, 95% CI 3.8—385.3), male sex (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.2—6.0), and higher birth order (third child or higher) (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.0—5.1). Protective factors included a diverse food intake (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.41—0.67) and receipt of a state child support grant (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.20—0.97). A borderline association existed for family wealth (OR 0.9 per unit, 95% CI 0.83—1.0), father smoking marijuana (OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.1— 14.5), and history of a pulmonary tuberculosis contact (OR 3.2, 95% CI 0.9—11.0). Conclusions: Despite the increasing contribution of HIV to the development of severe malnutrition, traditional risk factors such as poor nutrition, parental disadvantage and illness, poverty, and social inequity remain important contributors to the prevalence of severe malnutrition. Interventions aiming to prevent and reduce severe childhood malnutrition in high HIV prevalence settings need to encompass the various dimensions of the disease: nutritional, economic, and social, and address the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS.

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Ahmed, Ashraf Uddin, Taslim Uddin Ahmed, Md Sultan Uddin, Md Haider Ali Chowdhury, Mohamnmed Hamidur Rahman, and Md Iqbal Hossain. "Outcome of Standardized Case Management of Under-5 Children with Severe Acute Malnutrition in Three Hospitals of Dhaka City in Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Child Health 37, no. 1 (June 18, 2013): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v37i1.15345.

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Objects: A hospital based descriptive study was carried out among under-5 children suffering from severe protein-energy-malnutrition (PEM) Methodology: This was a descriptive analytical study conducted during June 2002 to May 2003 in three purposively selected hospitals of Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Results: Mean±SD age of the children was 15.1±10.9 months, majority being under three years (91.5%), 47.2% were female, and 51% did not receive or complete immunization according to their age. No significant age and sex difference was found among the admitted children in different hospitals. Most of their parents were illiterate (mothers 71%, fathers 56%) with low family income and social status. Marasmus cases were 61%, followed by kwashiorkor 25% and marasmic kwashiorkor 14%. The children were managed broadly according to standard protocol based on the guideline of World Health Organization but adopted/modified by the individual hospitals. Overall outcome of the patients were: recovery 62.4%, default 21.4%, death 13.7% and transfer 2.6%. Mean duration of hospital stay was 14.2±9.9 (ranging from 0 to 59) days. Recovery rate was better among male (67.3%) than female (56.8%) children, p=0.033. Default rate was higher among female (27.3%) than male (16.1%) children, p=0.007. Case fatality rate was highest (40%, p=0.001) in children suffering from septicaemia. Conclusion: Evidences of faulty case management practices viz. over use of intravenous fluids and blood transfusion, inappropriate diets, less use of micronutrients, incorrect antibiotics were observed occasionally in all the three hospitals. Updated and comprehensive treatment guidelines need to be implemented, and every hospital should review its own clinical management procedures and performance with a view to improving practice. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v37i1.15345 BANGLADESH J CHILD HEALTH 2013; VOL 37 (1) : 5-13

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Tufts, H. R., C. S. Harris, Z. N. Bukania, and T. Johns. "Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Kenyan Leafy Green Vegetables, Wild Fruits, and Medicinal Plants with Potential Relevance for Kwashiorkor." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/807158.

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Background.Inflammation, together with related oxidative stress, is linked with the etiology of kwashiorkor, a form of severe acute malnutrition in children. A diet rich in anti-inflammatory and antioxidant phytochemicals may offer potential for the prevention and treatment of kwashiorkor. We selected and assayed five leafy green vegetables, two wild fruits, and six medicinal plants from Kenya for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Consensus regarding medicinal plant use was established from ethnobotanical data.Methods. Antioxidant activity and phenolic content were determined using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay and Folin-Ciocalteu procedure, respectively. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessedin vitrotargeting the inflammatory mediator tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α).Results. Mangifera indica(leaves used medicinally) showed the greatest antioxidant activity (5940 ± 632 µM TE/µg) and total phenolic content (337 ± 3 mg GAE/g) butAmaranthus dubius(leafy vegetable) showed the greatest inhibition of TNF-α(IC50= 9 ± 1 μg/mL), followed byOcimum americanum(medicinal plant) (IC50= 16 ± 1 μg/mL). Informant consensus was significantly correlated with anti-inflammatory effects among active medicinal plants (r2=0.7639, P=0.0228).Conclusions. Several plant species commonly consumed by Kenyan children possess activity profiles relevant to the prevention and treatment of kwashiorkor and warrant further investigation.

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Saaka, Mahama, Shaibu Mohammed Osman, Anthony Amponsem, Juventus B. Ziem, Alhassan Abdul-Mumin, Prosper Akanbong, Ernestina Yirkyio, Eliasu Yakubu, and Sean Ervin. "Treatment Outcome of Severe Acute Malnutrition Cases at the Tamale Teaching Hospital." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/641784.

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Objective.This study investigated the treatment outcomes and determinant factors likely to be associated with recovery rate.Methods.A retrospective chart review (RCR) was performed on 348 patients who were enrolled in the outpatient care (OPC) during the study period.Results.Of the 348 cases, 33.6% recovered (having MUAC≥125 mm), 49.1% defaulted, and 11.5% transferred to other OPC units to continue with treatment. There were 187 (53.7%) males and 161 (46.3%) females with severe malnutrition. The average weight gain rate was 28 g/kg/day. Controlling for other factors, patients who completed the treatment plan had 3.2 times higher probability of recovery from severe acute malnutrition (SAM) as compared to patients who defaulted (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.2, 95% CI = 1.9, 5.3, andp<0.001). The children aged 24–59 months had 5.8 times higher probability of recovery from SAM as compared to children aged 6–11 months (AOR = 5.8, 95% CI = 2.5, 10.6, andp<0.001).Conclusions.Cure rate was low and the default rate was quite high. Children who were diagnosed as having marasmus on admission stayed longer before recovery than their kwashiorkor counterparts. Younger children were of greater risk of nonrecovery.

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Surak, Aimann, Grace Bravo, Amanda McMurray, Luis Altamirano-Diaz, and Sepideh Taheri. "An unusual case of pericardial effusion." Cardiology in the Young 29, no. 10 (September 2, 2019): 1278–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951119002129.

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AbstractWe report a case of a 13-year-old male with trisomy 21 in Southwestern Ontario, Canada, who presented with bilateral pneumonia, pericardial effusion, and peripheral oedema. The pericardial effusion did not respond to standard treatment options. Evaluation revealed severe dietary restriction, consistent with kwashiorkor. Hospital course was complicated by severe hypoalbuminaemia, hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia, and hypophosphataemia. The pericardial effusion and other findings resolved gradually upon slow introduction of a well-balanced diet and adequate caloric and protein intake. Kwashiorkor is an unusual cause of pericardial effusion and can be overlooked especially in developed countries. It is a type of protein–calorie malnutrition often seen in children of impoverished countries and famine. It is a result of insufficient protein intake in the context of adequate caloric intake. Pericardial effusion not responding to usual treatment is a challenge, and other aetiologies must be considered. Malnutrition is often underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed in developed countries with devastating outcomes if unrecognised. This makes it imperative to consider this diagnosis, recognise potential risk factors, and be prepared to accurately assess overall nutritional status.

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Franco, V. "Plasma fatty acids in children with grade III protein-energy malnutrition in its different clinical forms: marasmus, marasmic kwashiorkor, and kwashiorkor." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 45, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/45.2.71.

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Moramarco, Stefania, Giulia Amerio, Jean Kasengele Chipoma, Karin Nielsen-Saines, Leonardo Palombi, and Ersilia Buonomo. "Filling the Gaps for Enhancing the Effectiveness of Community-Based Programs Combining Treatment and Prevention of Child Malnutrition: Results from the Rainbow Project 2015–17 in Zambia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9 (August 22, 2018): 1807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091807.

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Background: Child malnutrition, in all its forms, is a public health priority in Zambia. After implementations based on a previous evaluation in 2012–14 were made, the efficacy of the Rainbow Project Supplementary Feeding Programs (SFPs) for the integrated management of severe acute malnutrition (SAM), moderate acute malnutrition (MAM), and underweight was reassessed in 2015–17. Methods: The outcomes were compared with International Standards and with those of 2012–14. Cox proportional risk regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of mortality and defaulting. Results: The data for 900 under-five year-old malnourished children were analyzed. Rainbow’s 2015–17 outcomes met International Standards, for total and also when stratified for different type of malnutrition. A better performance than 2012–14 was noted in the main areas previously identified as critical: mortality rates were halved (5.6% vs. 3.1%, p = 0.01); significant improvements in average weight gain and mean length of stay were registered for recovered children (p < 0.001). HIV infection (5.5; 1.9–15.9), WAZ <–3 (4.6; 1.3–16.1), and kwashiorkor (3.5; 1.2–9.5) remained the major predictors of mortality. Secondly, training community volunteers consistently increased the awareness of a child’s HIV status (+30%; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Rainbow SFPs provide an integrated community-based approach for the treatment and prevention of child malnutrition in Zambia, with its effectiveness significantly enhanced after the gaps in activities were filled.

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Aryani, Lisa Dwi, and Muhammad Aldy Riyandry. "Vitamin D sebagai Terapi Potensial Anak Gizi Buruk." Jurnal Penelitian Perawat Profesional 1, no. 1 (November 30, 2019): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.37287/jppp.v1i1.24.

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Masalah malnutrisi (gizi buruk) masih menjadi isu kesehatan global. Gizi buruk merupakan penyebab kematian tertinggi anak di negara berkembang. Malnutrisi adalah keadaan kekurangan energi dan protein berat akibat ketidakseimbangan antara ambilan makanan dengan kebutuhan gizi. Keadaan malnutrisi energi-protein sering dikaitkan dengan temuan kasus defisiensi vitamin D. Berdasarkan studi epidemiologi >50% anak malnutrisi berat juga mengalami defisiensi vitamin D. Pengoreksian melalui diet terapeutik sebagai standar pengobatan hanya mengandung vitamin D dalam jumlah sedang sehingga tidak cukup adekuat untuk mencukupi kebutuhan anak. Pemberian tambahan vitamin D3 dosis tinggi sebanyak 200.000 IU (5 mg) diduga mampu mengoreksi keadaan gizi buruk dengan meningkatkan berat badan dan nilai z-score anak. Literature review ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan pengaruh pemberian vitamin D dalam memperbaiki tampilan klinis anak gizi buruk. Metode yang digunakan dalam artikel ini adalah penelusuran artikel melalui database NCBI dan Google Scholar. Tahun penerbitan sumber pustaka adalah dari tahun 2004 hingga 2019 dengan 29 sumber pustaka. Tema dalam artikel yang dikumpulkan yaitu terkait gambaran pengaruh pemberian vitamin D dalam meningkatkan berat badananak gizi buruk. Hasil dari sintesa 24 artikel yang telah ditemukan terdapat pengaruh pemberian vitamin D (cholecalciferol) terhadap kenaikan berat badan sebagai hasil kumulatif lemak di jaringan adiposa sehingga cukup potensial sebagai terapi gizi buruk. Kata kunci: Vitamin D, gizi buruk, berat badan, cholecalciferol VITAMIN D AS POTENTIAL THERAPY FOR MALNUTRITION CHILD ABSTRACT Malnutrition (malnutrition) is still a global health problem. Malnutrition is the highest cause of deaths children in developing countries. Malnutrition is the impact of lack of energy and protein due to an imbalance between food intake and nutritional needs. The symptoms are marasmus, kwashiorkor or marasmik-kwashiorkor. Energy-protein malnutrition is often related to the case finding of vitamin D deficiency, which is caused by epidemiological studies>50% of severely malnourished children also have vitamin D deficiency. Correcting malnutrition with a therapeutic diet as a standard is sufficient to meet the child's needs. An additional 200,000 IU (5 mg) of high-dose vitamin D3 supplements can replace malnutrition by increasing the child's weight and z-score. This review summarizes the role of vitamin D as a potential therapy in improving infant health and well-being and malnutrition. The method taken by the article was made using the literature review method, involving 29 books, national or international journals. The results of a review of 24 articles that show the difference between vitamin D (cholecalciferol) and weight gain as a result of cumulative fat in adipose tissue through increased intracellular calcium, is quite potentially used as a supplementary therapy for child nutrition. Keywords: vitamin D, malnutrition, weight, cholecalciferol

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Walsh, Kevin, Nuala Calder, Peter Olupot-Olupot, Tonny Ssenyondo, William Okiror, Charles Bernard Okalebo, Rita Muhindo, et al. "Modifying Intestinal Integrity and MicroBiome in Severe Malnutrition with Legume-Based Feeds (MIMBLE 2.0): protocol for a phase II refined feed and intervention trial." Wellcome Open Research 3 (August 2, 2018): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14706.1.

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Background: Changes in intestinal mucosal integrity and gut microbial balance occur in severe acute malnutrition (SAM), resulting in treatment failure and adverse clinical outcomes (gram-negative sepsis, diarrhoea and high case-fatality). Transient lactose intolerance, due to loss of intestinal brush border lactase, also complicates SAM, thus milk based feeds may not be optimal for nutritional rehabilitation. Since the gut epithelial barrier can be supported by short chain fatty acids, derived from microbiota fermentation by particular fermentable carbohydrates, we postulated that an energy-dense nutritional feed comprising of legume-based fermentable carbohydrates, incorporated with lactose-free versions of standard World Health Organization (WHO) F75/F100 nutritional feeds will enhance epithelial barrier function in malnourished children, reduce and promote resolution of diarrhoea and improve overall outcome. Methods: We will investigate in an open-label trial in 160 Ugandan children with SAM, defined by mid-upper arm circumference <11.5cm and/or presence of kwashiorkor. Children will be randomised to a lactose-free, chickpea-enriched feed containing 2 kcal/ml, provided in quantities to match usual energy provision (experimental) or WHO standard treatment F75 (0.75 kcal/ml) and F100 (1 kcal/ml) feeds on a 1:1 basis, conducted at Mbale Regional Referral Hospital nutritional rehabilitation unit. The primary outcomes are change in MUAC at day 90 and survival to day 90. Secondary outcomes include: i) moderate to good weight gain (>5 g/kg/day), ii) de novo development of diarrhoea (>3 loose stools/day), iii) time to diarrhoea resolution (if >3 loose stools/day), and iv) time to oedema resolution (if kwashiorkor) and change in intestinal biomarkers (faecal calprotectin). Discussion: We hypothesize that, if introduced early in the management of malnutrition, such lactose-free, fermentable carbohydrate-based feeds, could safely and cheaply improve global outcome by reducing lactose intolerance-related diarrhoea, improving mucosal integrity and enhancing immunity, and limiting the risk of systemic infection and associated broad-spectrum antibiotic resistance. Registration: ISRCTN 10309022.

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Bartels, Rosalie H., Sophie Meyer, Robert Bandsma, and Wieger Voskuijl. "Mo1189 Severe Exocrine Pancreatic Dysfunction in Children With Severe Acute Malnutrition; A Comparison of Faecal Elastase-1 Levels in Children With Marasmus and Kwashiorkor." Gastroenterology 148, no. 4 (April 2015): S—634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(15)32134-x.

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Fitrianingsih, Nining, Tisna Yanti, and Ludfi Putra Madienda. "Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan Ibu Tentang Gizi Dengan Kejadian Kurang Energi Protein Pada Anak Usia 2-5 Tahun Di Desa Situdaun Kabupaten Bogor." MAHESA : Malahayati Health Student Journal 1, no. 3 (September 4, 2021): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.33024/mahesa.v1i3.4468.

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ABSTRACT: CORRELATION BETWEEN BETWEEN MATERNAL KNOWLEDGE ABOUT NUTRITION WITH PROTEIN-ENERGY LACK IN CHILDREN AGED 2-5 YEARS IN SITUDAUN VILLAGE, BOGOR REGENCY Background of the study: PEM (Less Protein Energy) is one of the most important nutritional disorders in Indonesia and other developing countries. PE patients have various pathological conditions caused by a lack of energy and protein in varying proportions. PEM disease was given an international name, namely Calory Protein Malnutrition (CPM), then converted into Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM). This disease began to be widely investigated in Africa, and in that continent, PEM is known by the local name kwashiorkor which means red hair disease.Objective: To be able to know the description of mother's knowledge about nutrition for toddlers on things that support nutrition improvement and its relationship with the state of Protein Energy Deficiency in children 24 - 60 months at Posyandu Melati II Kp. Pasir Ipis Situdaun Village, Tenjolaya District, Bogor Regency and the factors that influence it.Research Methods: This research is primary data using an observational approach with a cross-sectional study design (cross-sectional). This analysis is used to determine whether or not there is a relationship between the two variables using the Chi-Square (X2) test because the dependent and independent variables are categories with a 95% confidence level.Research Results: It can be seen from 79 respondents that the mother's level of knowledge is mostly 40 people (50.6%), and a small portion as many as 39 people (49.4%) in Posyandu Melati II, Situdaun Tenjolaya Village, Bogor Regency. And p-value 0.00 (<0.05). This indicates that there is a significant relationship between the mother's level of knowledge about nutrition and the incidence of protein-energy deficiency in children aged 2-5 years.Conclusion: There is a significant correlation between the level of knowledge of mothers about nutrition with the incidence of protein-energy deficiency in children aged 2-5 years in the village of situdaun, Bogor district, with a p-value = 0.000. Keywords: Mother's knowledge about nutrition, Protein Energy Lack, Children INTISARI: HUBUNGAN TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN IBU TENTANG GIZI DENGAN KEJADIAN KURANG ENERGI PROTEIN PADA ANAK USIA 2-5 TAHUN DI DESA SITUDAUN KABUPATEN BOGOR Latar Belakang: KEP (Kurang Energi Protein) merupakan salah satu penyakit gangguan gizi yang penting di Indonesia maupun di negara yang sedang berkembang lainnya. Penderita KEP memiliki berbagai macam keadaan patologis yang disebabkan oleh kekurangan energi maupun protein dalam proporsi yang bermacam-macam. Penyakit KEP diberi nama secara internasional yaitu Calory Protein Malnutrition (CPM), kemudian diubah menjadi Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM). Penyakit ini mulai banyak diselidiki di Afrika, dan di benua tersebut KEP dikenal dengan nama lokal kwashiorkhor yang berarti penyakit rambut merah.Tujuan: Untuk dapat Mengetahui gambaran pengetahuan ibu tentang gizi balita terhadap hal hal yang mendukung perbaikan gizi dan hubungannya dengan keadaan Kurang Energi Protein pada anak 24 - 60 bulan di Posyandu Melati II Kp. Pasir Ipis Desa Situdaun Kecamatan Tenjolaya, Kabupaten Bogor serta faktor yang mempengaruhinya.Metode Penelitian: Penelitian ini merupakan data primer dengan menggunakan pendekatan observasional dengan desain studi cross sectional (potong lintang). analisis ini digunakan untuk mengetahui ada atau tidaknya hubungan antara dua variebel tersebut dengan menggunakan uji Chi-Square (X2) karena variabel dependen dan independennya adalah kategori dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95%.Hasil Penelitian: Didapatkan dapat diketahui dari 79 responden bahwa tingkat penegtahuan ibu sebagian besar 40 orang (50.6%), dan sebagian kecil sebanyak 39 orang (49.4%) di Posyandu Melati II Desa Situdaun Tenjolaya Kabupaten Bogor. Dan p value 0.00 (<0.05). Menandakan adanya hubungan yang significant antara hubungan tingkat pengetahuan ibu tentang gizi dengan kejadian kurang energi protein pada anak usia 2-5 tahun.Kesimpulan: Terdapat korelasi yang bermakna antara hubungan tingkat pengetahuan ibu tentang gizi dengan kejadian kurang energi protein pada anak usia 2-5 tahun di desa situdaun kabupaten bogor, dengan p-value= 0.000. Kata Kunci: Pengetahuan Ibu tentang gizi, Kurang Energi Protein , Anak

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West-Eberhard, Mary Jane. "Nutrition, the visceral immune system, and the evolutionary origins of pathogenic obesity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 3 (December 31, 2018): 723–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809046116.

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The global obesity epidemic is the subject of an immense, diversely specialized research effort. An evolutionary analysis reveals connections among disparate findings, starting with two well-documented facts: Obesity-associated illnesses (e.g., type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease), are especially common in: (i) adults with abdominal obesity, especially enlargement of visceral adipose tissue (VAT), a tissue with important immune functions; and (ii) individuals with poor fetal nutrition whose nutritional input increases later in life. I hypothesize that selection favored the evolution of increased lifelong investment in VAT in individuals likely to suffer lifelong malnutrition because of its importance in fighting intraabdominal infections. Then, when increased nutrition violates the adaptive fetal prediction of lifelong nutritional deficit, preferential VAT investment could contribute to abdominal obesity and chronic inflammatory disease. VAT prioritization may help explain several patterns of nutrition-related disease: the paradoxical increase of chronic disease with increased food availability in recently urbanized and migrant populations; correlations between poor fetal nutrition, improved childhood (catch-up) growth, and adult metabolic syndrome; and survival differences between children with marasmus and kwashiorkor malnutrition. Fats and sugars can aggravate chronic inflammation via effects on intestinal bacteria regulating gut permeability to visceral pathogens. The extremes in a nutrition-sensitive trade-off between visceral (immune-function) vs. subcutaneous (body shape) adiposity may have been favored by selection in highly stratified premedicine societies. Altered adipose allocation in populations with long histories of social stratification and malnutrition may be the result of genetic accommodation of developmental responses to poor maternal/fetal conditions, increasing their vulnerability to inflammatory disease.

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Okunade, W. G., and O. O. Olorunsogo. "Effect of reactive oxygen species on the erythrocyte calcium-pump function in protein-energy malnutrition." Bioscience Reports 12, no. 6 (December 1, 1992): 433–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01122031.

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The presence of detectagle amounts of non-heme iron in erythrocyte ghost membranes have been postulated to lead to the initiation of membrane lipid peroxidation and the attendant perturbation of membrane functions. We have investigated the presence of non-heme iron and endogenous products of lipid peroxidation in erythrocyte membranes of normal and kwashiorkor (KWA) subjects and assessed the susceptibility of the membranes to exogenously generated reactive oxygen species. The modulation of the basal and calmodulin-stimulated calcium-pumping activity of these membranes by reactive oxygen species was also assessed. The results show the presence of significant amounts of non-heme iron and endogenous free radical reaction products in the red cell membranes of KWA subjects compared with that of normal children. Estimation of the extent of lipid peroxidation in the presence of exogenously generated reactive oxygen species further revealed that erythrocyte ghost membranes of KWA subjects are more susceptible to oxidative stress than those of normal individuals. Although both the basal and calmodulin-stimulated activities of the membrane-bound Ca2+-pump enzyme in normal and KWA subjects were inhibited by oxygen-free radicals, the erythrocyte enzyme in KWA subjects showed higher susceptibility to inhibition by oxygen free radicals than that of normal individuals. We propose that the reduced erythrocyte calcium-pump function in KWA is not unconnected with excessive generation of reactive oxygen species.

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Srivastava, V., L. Deblais, H. C. Huang, A. Miyazaki, S. Kandasamy, S. N. Langel, F. C. Paim, et al. "Reduced rotavirus vaccine efficacy in protein malnourished human-faecal-microbiota-transplanted gnotobiotic pig model is in part attributed to the gut microbiota." Beneficial Microbes 11, no. 8 (December 2, 2020): 733–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2019.0139.

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The low efficacy of human rotavirus (HRV) vaccines in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) remains a major challenge for global health. Protein-calorie malnutrition (kwashiorkor) affects the gut microbiota and compromises immune development, leading to environmental enteropathy, vaccine failures, and increased susceptibility to enteric diseases in young children. Relationship between diet and reduced vaccine efficacy in developing countries is not well established; therefore, we investigated the interconnections between the host-microbiota-nutrition-HRV vaccine using HRV-vaccinated, human infant faecal microbiota (HIFM)-transplanted neonatal gnotobiotic pigs fed with a protein deficient or sufficient diet. The microbiota from faecal, intestinal (duodenum, ileum, jejunum, and colon), and systemic tissue (liver, spleen, and mesenteric lymph node [MLN]) samples was analysed before and after HRV challenge using MiSeq 16S rRNA sequencing. Overall, microbiota from deficient fed HIFM pigs displayed, compared to the sufficient group, significantly higher Shannon index, especially in the faeces and lower intestines; higher level of Proteus and Enterococcus, and lower level of Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, and Streptococcus in the three types of samples collected (P<0.05); and higher unique operational taxonomic units (OTUs), especially in the systemic tissues. Further, the multivariate analysis between microbiota and immunologic data showed that 38 OTUs at the genus level correlated (r2≤0.5 or ≥-0.5; P<0.05) with at least one host immune response parameter (regulatory [Tregs and transforming growth factor-β], effectors [interferon (IFN)-γ+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, IFN-γ and interleukin (IL)-12], and inflammatory [tumour necrosis factor-α, IL-17 and IL-22]) and with opposite trends between diet groups. Differences described above were increased after HRV challenge. We demonstrated that a protein deficient diet affects the composition of the gut microbiota and those changes may further correlate with immune responses induced by HRV and perturbed by the deficient diet. Thus, our findings suggest that the reduced efficacy of HRV vaccine observed in Gn pig model is in part attributed to the altered microbiota composition.

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Fuchs, George J. "Antioxidants for children with kwashiorkor." BMJ 330, no. 7500 (May 12, 2005): 1095–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.330.7500.1095.

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Abdel Sayed, Zeinab T., Michael C. Latham, and Daphne A. Roe. "Infection and kwashiorkor in Sudanese children." Ecology of Food and Nutrition 31, no. 3-4 (March 1994): 257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03670244.1994.9991367.

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39

Hammond, K. D., R. Tobiansky, and O. L. Abrahams. "Serum carnitine in children with kwashiorkor." Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 7, no. 3 (September 1987): 214–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724936.1987.11748510.

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Torpy, Janet M. "Malnutrition in Children." JAMA 292, no. 5 (August 4, 2004): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.5.648.

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Hendricks, M. K., P. Van Der Bijl, D. P. Parkin, and P. R. Donald. "Pharmacokinetics of amikacin in children with kwashiorkor." Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 15, no. 4 (December 1995): 295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724936.1995.11747787.

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de Vries, H. R., S. M. Maxwell, and R. G. Hendrickse. "Aflatoxin excretion in children with kwashiorkor or marasmic kwashiorkor — a clinical investigation." Mycopathologia 110, no. 1 (April 1990): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00442763.

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Marinov, Zlatko, and Hana Střítecká. "Malnutrition in obese children." Pediatrie pro praxi 18, no. 2 (May 1, 2017): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.36290/ped.2017.016.

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Normatov, Inessa, and Timothy Sentongo. "Pancreatic Malnutrition in Children." Pediatric Annals 48, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): e441-e447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/19382359-20191018-01.

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Qazi, Moin, Jai Vipra, Moushumi Das Gupta, and Colin Forber. "Malnutrition Ravages India's Children." Institutionalised Children Explorations and Beyond 5, no. 1 (March 2018): 97–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2349301120180113.

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Sullivan, P. B. "Malnutrition in hospitalised children." Archives of Disease in Childhood 95, no. 7 (June 8, 2010): 489–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.2009.169664.

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Coulter, J. B. S., R. G. Hendrickse, S. M. Lamplugh, S. B. J. Macfarlane, J. B. Moody, M. I. A. Omer, G. I. Suliman, and T. E. Williams. "Aflatoxins and kwashiorkor: clinical studies in Sudanese children." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 80, no. 6 (January 1986): 945–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(86)90266-x.

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Roy, ManasPratim. "Malnutrition in under-five children." Muller Journal of Medical Sciences and Research 7, no. 2 (2016): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-9727.185023.

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Rahman, Azizur, Soma Chowdhury, and Delwar Hossain. "Acute Malnutrition in Bangladeshi Children." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 21, no. 3 (April 29, 2009): 294–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539509335399.

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Abstract:

The main purpose of the study was to identify the levels and determinants of acute malnutrition or wasting in Bangladeshi children. A 2-stage stratified random sampling design was used to collect the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey data during November 1999 to March 2000, in which 5333 living children aged 0 to 59 months and their mothers were weighed and measured to obtain their anthropometric data. The prevalence of wasting was assessed by the z scores approach, using the anthropometric criterion of weight-for-height and following the WHO guidelines and cutoff points. Results reveal that the prevalence of severe and moderate wasting were more common among children, and the overall prevalence of acute malnutrition was about 10%, indicating that it is one of the major public health problems in the country. Multivariate analysis showed that mother's BMI and media exposure, child's age and birth size, and respiratory sickness in childhood were significantly associated with both severe and moderate wasting.

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Baqui, Abdullah H., and Tahmeed Ahmed. "Diarrhoea and malnutrition in children." BMJ 332, no. 7538 (February 16, 2006): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.332.7538.378.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Kwashiorkor Children Malnutrition in children'

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