Relevant bibliographies by topics / Kwekwe (Zimbabwe)

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Kwekwe (Zimbabwe)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Kwekwe (Zimbabwe)"

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Musodza, Belinda R., Mamotena Mpeta, Tawanda Runhare, and Elphinah N. Cishe. "A Test of Significance of Process on Effectiveness of Teacher Evaluation in Kwekwe Schools of Zimbabwe." Journal of Educational and Social Research 10, no. 5 (2020): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2020-0096.

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Zimbabwe adopted Results Based Management (RBM) in order to evaluate the performance of its workers. For the process to be ‘significant’ and meet the basic attribute of utility, evaluation information should be focused towards predetermined uses. The objective of this study was to assess the significance of the teacher performance evaluation process and examine the relationship between the significance and the effectiveness of the evaluation system of Kwekwe district in Zimbabwe. The study was situated in the pragmatic worldview and underpinned by the Readiness Assessment, Design, Process, Significance (RADPS) conceptual framework. It adopted the convergent mixed method design and the concurrent sampling design. Simple random and purposive sampling techniques were used to select 292 teachers and 12 educators for the quantitative and qualitative research strands respectively. SPSS version 26 was used to analyse the quantitative data and qualitative data were analysed using Atlas ti. 8. Findings show that the evaluation process in the Kwekwe district has no meaningful consequences or implications on effectiveness of the evaluation system. RBM has failed to fulfil both the professional and accountability functions. The inferential statistics proved that the significance of an evaluation process is statistically significant in predicting and influencing the effectiveness of an evaluation system and in the case of Kwekwe district, the evaluation process negatively impacted on the effectiveness of evaluation of teachers. The study findings imply that an evaluation process should be carefully planned and implemented for professional and accountability functions of teachers to be effective.
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Cairncross, Bruce. "Connoisseur's Choice: Kermesite, Globe and Phoenix Mine, Kwekwe District, Zimbabwe." Rocks & Minerals 95, no. 5 (2020): 440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.2020.1771152.

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Vonai, Chirasha, Chipunza Crispen, and Dzimbiri Lewis. "Measuring employee performance in Gweru and Kwekwe city councils in midlands province, Zimbabwe." African Journal of Business Management 12, no. 16 (2018): 509–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajbm2017.8484.

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Chadambuka, Addmore. "Risk Factors for Contracting Anthrax in Ntabeni South Ward of Kwekwe District, Zimbabwe, 2016." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 5, no. 4 (2017): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijph.2013.05.04.art031.

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Lukwa, N., A. Makuwaza, S. L. Mutambu, and P. Munosiyei. "The residual effect of lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane in Zhombe, Kwekwe district, Zimbabwe." Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research 44, no. 2 (2012): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jear.2012.e10.

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Indoor residual house spraying using lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was conducted in Zhombe Resettlement area, Zimbabwe. A total of 204/219 (93.1%), 224/260 (86.2%) and 257/325 (79.1%) rooms were sprayed with lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin and DDT wettable powders respectively. Bioassays were conducted on sprayed walls and roofs using 3-5 day old laboratory reared susceptible <em>Anopheles gambiae sensu lato </em>mosquitoes placed in World Health Organization cones. <br />Bioassays conducted on sprayed walls (1 month), showed that efficacy of lambda-cyhalothrin was the same with DDT but different with deltamethrin and this trend continued in the 2<sup>nd</sup> month. During the 3rd month, lambda-cyhalothrin killed more mosquitoes than deltamethrin (P=1.931x10<sup>-14</sup>), DDT killed more mosquitoes than deltamethrin (P=0.0001) and lambda-cyhalothrin killed more mosquitoes than DDT (walls). Efficacy of lambda-cyhalothrin and DDT was the same 4 months post spray (P=0.487), notable differences were seen in lambdacyhalothrin and deltamethrin (P=2.57x10<sup>-6</sup>), DDT and deltamethrin (P=2.17-10<sup>-8</sup>). Efficacy of lambda-cyhalothrin and DDT was the same 5 months post spray (P=0.244), major differences were found in lambdacyhalothrin and deltamethrin (P=0.000), DDT and deltamethrin (P=5.18x10<sup>-5</sup>) and this trend continued in the 6<sup>th</sup> month. One month after spraying roofs, mortality of mosquitoes due to lambdacyhalothrin/ deltamethrin (P=2.56x10<sup>-5</sup>), lambda-cyhalothrin/DDT (P=1.2x10<sup>-7</sup>) and deltamethrin/DDT (P=0.013) were significantly different and this continued in the 2<sup>nd</sup> month. However, 3 months after spraying, mortality due to lambda-cyhalothrin/deltamethrin (P=1.46x10<sup>-6</sup>), lambda-cyhalothrin/DDT (P=0.048), and deltamethrin/DDT (P=0.004) were significantly different and this continued in the 4<sup>th</sup> month. Five months after spraying roofs, mortality due to lambda-cyhalothrin/ deltamethrin (P=0.000) and deltamethrin/DDT (P=6.6x10<sup>-7</sup>) were significantly different. Six months after spraying, lambdacyhalothrin/ deltamethrin (P=0.34), lambda-cyhalothrin/DDT (P=0.982), and deltamethrin/DDT (P=0.64) were not significantly different. When using exit window traps, no mosquitoes were collected from rooms sprayed with each of the insecticides over a 6-month period. However, 17, 6, 14, 7, 2 and 3 fed <em>An. gambiae sl </em>mosquitoes were collected in the 1<sup>st</sup>, 2<sup>nd</sup>, 3<sup>rd</sup>, 4<sup>th</sup>, 5<sup>th</sup> and 6<sup>th</sup> month respectively from unsprayed rooms and none of them died after 24 h.
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Adiele, Dube. "An Unhealthy, Obesogenic Lifestyle: A Case Study of Urban Primary School Children in Kwekwe, Zimbabwe." Science Journal of Public Health 6, no. 2 (2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20180602.11.

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Gudyanga, F. P., T. Mahlangu, R. J. Roman, J. Mungoshi, and K. Mbeve. "An acidic pressure oxidation pre-treatment of refractory gold concentrates from the KweKwe roasting plant, Zimbabwe." Minerals Engineering 12, no. 8 (1999): 863–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0892-6875(99)00074-6.

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Simbi, Joseph, Beatrice Olutoyin Opeolu, and Olatunde S. Olatunji. "Selected Gaseous Pollutants Level in Ambient Air Around the Vicinity of Chemical Industry in Kwekwe, Zimbabwe." Asian Journal of Chemistry 29, no. 8 (2017): 1639–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2017.20292.

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Gabida, Meggie, Mufuta Tshimanga, Milton Chemhuru, Notion Gombe, and Donewell Bangure. "Trends for Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes, New Sputum Smear Positive Patients in Kwekwe District, Zimbabwe, 2007-2011: A Cohort Analysis." Journal of Tuberculosis Research 03, no. 04 (2015): 126–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jtr.2015.34019.

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Madebwe, Crescentia. "The Impact of Mine Closures on Rural Population Dynamics: The Case of Zhombe in Kwekwe District, Midlands Province, Zimbabwe." Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review 20, no. 2 (2004): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/eas.2004.0006.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Kwekwe (Zimbabwe)"

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Nduna, Themba. "Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding in Kwekwe District, Zimbabwe." University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5384.

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Master of Public Health - MPH<br>Evidence on the benefits of breastfeeding for child survival, growth and development is published extensively. Breastfeeding is an "unequalled" way of providing ideal food to infants and young children to promote good health, growth, development and to attainment of their full potential. Despite initiatives and programmes to promote uptake of exclusive breastfeeding, this practice remains sub-optimal in Zimbabwe. This study explored factors that influence breastfeeding decisions and practices based on mothers' own breastfeeding experiences. Methodology: This study employed a phenomenological research design. Information collected from mothers using in-depth interviews was triangulated with that from key informants. Interviews were audio-tape recorded and transcribed verbatim in Ndebele and then translated to English. Thematic analysis was used to compare various accounts from study participants to identify similar and related themes. Findings: Mothers could not differentiate exclusive breastfeeding from predominant and partial breastfeeding. Barriers to exclusive breastfeeding were: (i) Poor understanding of exclusive breastfeeding and its benefits; (ii) Use of herbal infusions; (iii) Practice of giving babies water; (iv) Perceived insufficient breastmilk production; (v) Myths and misconceptions; (vi) Breast conditions; (vii) Tradition (viii) the HIV epidemic; and (ix) Employment. Enabling factors were: (i) Adequate food for the lactating mother; (ii) Family support; (iii) Support from husband; and (iv) Knowledge of the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding.
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Simbi, Joseph. "Levels of selected gaseous pollutants in ambient air in the vicinity of a chemical industry, Kwekwe, Zimbabwe." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2015.

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Thesis (MTech (Environmental Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015.<br>The integrity of natural air has been compromised due to the deposition of chemical, biological and particulate substances from natural and anthropogenic sources. Adverse health consequences arising from the exposure of plants, animals and human to elevated atmospheric concentrations have been reported severally. The ambient baseline levels of many air contaminants in urban and industrial layouts of many Africa cities, especially Zimbabwe have not been fully characterized. Information on levels of these contaminants and their real time variability is therefore scarce and scanty. In this study, the ambient air concentration levels of selected gaseous pollutants in the vicinity of a fertilizer production facility in Zimbabwe were investigated. Nine sampling stations were systematically and randomly identified for the measurement of selected air pollutants (SO2, NO2, and NH3) the fertilizer production factory to capture air quality data on all wind directions. The electrochemical Drager Sensors which rely on electrochemical measuring transducer for measuring concentration of gases under atmospheric conditions was used for the measurement of NH3, SO2, and NO2. The ambient air monitored was allowed to diffuse through a membrane into the sensor liquid electrolytes, containing a sensing electrode, a counter electrode, a reference electrode, and an electronic potentiostat-circuit which ensures constant electrical voltage between the sensing electrode and the reference electrode. The flow of electrons, generated by the reaction is proportional to the concentration of the measured gas. The observed concentrations of NH3, SO2, and NO2 measured within and around the study site were very variable. Levels of NH3 ranged between 0.36 - 7.36 ppm; corresponding values for SO2 and NO2 were 0.02 - 84.61 ppm and 0.61 - 34.78 ppm respectively. These concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than measured (NH3; 0.01 - 0.05 ppm: SO2; 0.03 - 0.18 ppm: NO2; 0.17 - 1.30 ppm) at the control sampling station about 5 km from the industry. Isokinetic and dissipation of the measured gases, governed by the processes of molecular diffusion and convection, confirmed a common pattern of distance dissipation. Thus, the cloud concentrations of NH3, SO2, and NO2 within the facility were higher than observed distances away from the fertilizer factory.<br>Zimbabwe Presidential Scholarship
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Njanike, Joseph Tendayi. "Investigations to determine the long-term sustainable yield of the Karoo aquifer and the sustained availability of groundwater for small-scale irrigation projects, in Dendera area, Kwekwe District - Zimbabwe." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020853.

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In this thesis the long-term sustainable yield of the Karoo sediment aquifer unit occurring in Dendera area of Kwekwe District is investigated, with the object of providing quantitative data on the sustained availability of groundwater for small-scale irrigation projects. Archaean Basement Schists and Pre-Cambrian gneissic granites, the Basement Complex rocks, underlie the entire study area. Overlying these are Upper Karoo sediments. Aeolian Kalahari sands unconformably mantle higher interfluves, while redistributed sands occur along valleys of major rivers and streams. The Karoo sediments, which predominantly consist of loosely cemented, fine- to medium-grained sandstone alternating with red siltstone and mudstone, constitute the main aquifer. The thickness of the Karoo sediment unit ranges from 30m to 80m. The hydraulic parameters of the Karoo sediment aquifer were characterised in the field by constant discharge pumping tests and slug tests. Pumping tests indicated unconfined conditions and thus the Neuman's method of analysis has been used. Transmissivities from pumping tests are within the range 4.7 m²/d to 13.6 m²/d with an average of 8.9m²/d. The low transmissivities seem to be a major limiting factor in the exploitation of the groundwater resources. Thus the sustainable borehole yields tend to be small, mean values ranging from 33 m²/d to 253 m²/d. Specific yield could not be determined from the pumping tests due to the lack of observation boreholes. Low chemical concentrations render the water suitable for irrigation of all crops, while neither total nor any individual concentrations present health hazards to human or livestock. An average recharge value of 47.7 mm/y was inferred from water table fluctuation method. Chloride mass balance technique in the same area indicates recharge value in the order of 67.4 mm/y. Because the chloride mass balance gives a long-term mean annual recharge, the recharge figure of 67.4 mm/y was adopted for the study area. Based on the abstractable proportion of recharge, the sustainably exploitable volume of groundwater of the order of 2.68 x 10⁷ m³/y was established. This volume is more than 100 times the estimated current demand for groundwater (1.35 x 10⁵ m³/d), implying that there are large volumes of surplus water, which can be utilised for irrigation.
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Musodza, Belinda Rindai. "Effectiveness of the teacher performance evaluation system Kwekwe District in Zimbabwe." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1420.

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DEd (Educational Management)<br>Department of Educational Management<br>There has been greater demand for more accountability, results-based culture and enhanced effectiveness of programmes and services globally. The education sector has not been spared by this wave either and hence teacher effectiveness and instructional quality have risen to the top of the educational policy agenda. It is important therefore that effective teaching must be assured and teacher evaluation is a key means of providing that assurance. To date, most studies on the teacher appraisal system in Zimbabwe have focused on the perceptions and attitudes of the teachers towards the evaluation process, and at the same time the implementation challenges. Little has so far been done to determine the effectiveness of the teacher performance evaluation system in Zimbabwe. This study consequently sought to evaluate the effectiveness of the teacher performance evaluation system in Kwekwe district of Zimbabwe. The study was premised on the pragmatic philosophical worldview and hence the mixed method approach was adopted. The convergent parallel mixed method design was used. Data was collected using individual face to face semi structured interviews and a 5 point Likert scale questionnaire. Documentary review was done prior to the development of the research instruments as a way of ensuring relevance of the data collection instruments. The study was underpinned by the self-developed RADPS conceptual framework on performance evaluation system effectiveness. Stratified purposive sampling technique was used to select ten secondary schools for the quantitative strand and four for the qualitative strand. The quantitative sample was composed of 292 teachers and the qualitative sample was composed of 12 participants constituting of 4 teachers, 4 heads of departments and 4 schools heads. Quantitative data was analysed using the SPSS version 25 while the qualitative data was analysed using ATLAS ti. 8. The key findings of the study were that: the performance evaluation system was imposed and accordingly there was no buy in; there was inadequate budgetary support thereby rendering the introduction of the system mistimed; teachers as key stakeholders were excluded from the design process and hence there was no ownership; and ultimately, relevance of the system was questioned. It was also revealed that the evaluation process is merely a compliance exercise with erratic and discontinuous monitoring and supervision through the evaluation cycle. The findings from the study imply the following: policy formulation should be participatory and inclusive; readiness assessment should be conducted before introducing a new programme; a programme should be pilot tested; evaluation process should be monitored by external officials; the process should be consequential and the system should be continuously monitored and reviewed for relevance and validity.<br>NRF
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Chatsiwa, Jaison. "Land pollution and population density : the case of Kwekwe City residential areas, Zimbabwe." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/19160.

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In most developing countries, the problem of inefficient municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is endemic. The problem is manifested by heaps of uncollected solid waste found on open areas and by the street sides. This dissertation examines the relationship between land pollution and population density resulting from solid waste generation in the City of Kwekwe in Zimbabwe. Questionnaires and interviews were conducted to 375 randomly selected households in low, medium and high density residential suburbs. The household survey was triangulated with field observations, key informant interviews and secondary data sources. The average household size in high, medium and low density residential areas was 11, 8 and 5 people respectively. The study revealed that the amount and composition of solid waste generated varied according to household size, income and education levels of residents. The higher the population density, the more the solid waste produced. However, waste generated was not carried to the dumpsites for disposal. Also the higher the income, the higher the amount of solid waste produced, although residents with high income were able to ferry their wastes to the dumpsites hence less land pollution. The solid waste generation rate in high density areas was 0.04 kg/capita day, in medium density areas was 0.35 kg/capita/day and in low density areas were 0.84 kg/capita/day. It was also observed that among high income earners, the educated people produced more waste than low income earners. However, the low income earners and the less educated people could not take care of their environment to limit roadside and open space littering. However, lack of public awareness coupled with inefficient and ad hoc waste management system continue make provision of effective solid waste management services illusive. Based on the research findings, it is suggested sound environmental stewardship amongst residents will limit land pollution in the city of Kwekwe.<br>Environmental Sciences<br>M.A. (Environmental Management)
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Samkange, Porai Mary. "An investigation into the knowledge levels of clients on long term tuberculosis treatment at Kwekwe general hospital." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1899.

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The study investigated the knowledge levels of clients on long-term tuberculosis (TB) treatment at Kwekwe General Hospital, Zimbabwe. A quantitative, descriptive research design was chosen and data was collected using a structured questionnaire with a convenience sample of 60 clients on TB treatment and 10 professional nurses. The major findings of the study were that although clients had some knowledge about their condition, there was a lack of knowledge regarding critical aspects such as information on drug-resistant TB and the Directly Observed Therapy Short Course. The professional nurses experienced constraints such as insufficient time for appropriate health education and home visits. Based on the study findings and conclusions, several recommendations were made.<br>Health Studies<br>Thesis(M.A(Health Studies))
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Chibwana, Musavengana Winston Theodore. "Social policy outcomes of Zimbabwe's fast track land reform program (FTLRP) : a case study of Kwekwe District." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/22239.

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This thesis explores social policy outcomes of the FTLRP. The thesis comes from an appreciation that there has been a lot of attention that has been given to the process and outcomes of the FTLRP. Various and sometimes antagonistic analytical frameworks have been employed by different scholars who come from different epistemological standings resulting in academic polarity on the subject of the FTLRP in Zimbabwe. This thesis transcends all the analytical frameworks to provide a unique perspective of the extent to which the FTLRP achieved social policy outcomes. Some of the scholars who have written on this subject have grappled with some of the social policy outcomes without however a deliberate focus on social policy outcomes. The main contribution of this thesis to the body of knowledge is its exploration of the extent to which the FTLRP has been a social policy tool that has achieved social policy outcomes. This is important because for a long time land reform has not been generally considered as a social policy tool in the main stream social policy literature. The reason for this is that social policy literature has been dominated by OECD scholars who naturally focused more on social policy tools that are more relevant to their contexts. In the process they have sought to transpose the tools that are more prevalent in their contexts to Africa. Consequently, social policy tools from the global south, such as land reform, have not featured in any significant way in mainstream social policy literature. The thesis used the transformative social policy framework in both the research and analysis of the data. The conceptual framework identifies five functions of social policy namely redistribution, production, protection, reproduction and social cohesion. Using a mixed methods approach, the thesis interrogated the extent to which the five functions of social policy were realised by the FTLRP. Research findings have shown that the major outcome that was unequivocally realised was redistribution. This is so because the country’s agrarian structure dramatically changed from a bi-modal set up where 6000 white farmers owned more than 35 percent of the arable land to a new structure where about 180 000 households of diverse backgrounds, inter alia former farm workers, people from communal areas, civil servants, war veterans, pensioners, government senior civil servants and the unemployed, now work and live on the same land. The other four social policy functions were achieved to varying degrees. Lastly, the research looked at the human development outcomes of the FTLRP by focusing on the state of education in the resettled areas. The research observed that the FTLRP increased both primary (13%) and secondary (31%) education accessibility for the children of land beneficiaries. Due to the abrupt nature with which education services were on demand, the quality was compromised.<br>Development Studies<br>D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)
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Books on the topic "Kwekwe (Zimbabwe)"

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Baseline survey on gender budgeting in local government in six pilot districts in Zimbabwe: Bulawayo, Gweru, Kadoma, Kwekwe, Masvingo, and Mutoko. Zimbabwe Women's Resource Network, 2011.

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Parker, Philip M. The 2006 Economic and Product Market Databook for Kwekwe, Zimbabwe. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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The 2005 Economic and Product Market Databook for Kwekwe, Zimbabwe. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.

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Supervision of construction of Zimbabwe rural road projects: Comprising, Kwekwe-Gokwe Road [and Mvuma-Gweru Road]. Renardet S.A. Consulting Engineers, 1988.

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D, Conyers, Matovu George 1949-, Municipal Development Programme for Eastern and Southern Africa., and National Workshop on Establishing Local Inegrity Systems in Local Government in Zimbabwe (1998 : Marondera, Zimbabwe), eds. Service delivery surveys: A means of increasing accountability, transparency and integrity in local government : case studies of City of KweKwe and Municipality of Marondera, Zimbabwe. Municipal Development Programme, Eastern and Southern Africa, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Kwekwe (Zimbabwe)"

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Chatsiwa, Jaison, Never Mujere, and Avhatendi Bethania Maiyana. "Municipal Solid Waste Management." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9723-2.ch002.

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The rapid increase in urban population has resulted in poor environmental conditions in urban and peri-urban settlements. In most developing countries, the problem of inefficient municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is endemic. The problem manifests in heaps of uncollected solid waste or ubiquitous illegal dumps on open areas and by the street sides. This paper examines issues of solid waste management practices in the City of Kwekwe in Zimbabwe. It highlights types of waste, its generation, transfer and disposal. A mixed methodological approach including field observations, structured questionnaire survey and face-to-face interviews were employed in the gathering of data for the study. The key findings established to be the factors affecting effective solid waste management in the City are irregular solid waste collection, inadequate operational funding, inappropriate technologies, inadequate staffing, lack of knowledge cooperation and knowledge on the part of the residents. Based on the research findings, principles of environmental stewardship need to be promoted in the City.
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Reports on the topic "Kwekwe (Zimbabwe)"

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Agronomic performance and farmer preferences for biofortified orange-fleshed sweetpotato varieties in Zimbabwe. International Potato Center, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4160/9789290605669.

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This report summarizes the findings of a study carried out to evaluate the agronomic performance and sensory acceptance by small holder farmers of six biofortified orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) varieties that were first introduced from CIP’s sweetpotato breeding hub for Southern Africa in Mozambique. The study was participatory and carried out under different agroecological environments in Zimbabwe. The six OFSP varieties, namely Alisha, Victoria, Delvia, Sumaia, Namanga and Irene were planted in the 2019/20 agricultural season along with two non-biofortified white-fleshed local varieties, namely Chingova and German II, at seven DR&amp;SS research stations (Kadoma, Marondera, Harare, Henderson, Gwebi, Makoholi and Panmure) and 120 farmer managed on-farm trial sites in 12 LFSP districts of Bindura, Gokwe North, Gokwe South, Guruve, Kwekwe, Makoni, Mazowe, Mount Darwin, Mutasa, Mutare, Shurugwi and Zvimba. At all but one of the research stations, two trials were set up, one under irrigation and the other under rain-fed conditions. On-farm trials were established following the Mother-Baby Trial approach with 2 mother trials and 8 baby trials per district. In each of the districts, one mother trial was planted under irrigation while the other was rain-fed. All the baby trials were rain-fed.
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