Academic literature on the topic 'Kwesbaarheid'

Gender-related vulnerability is described as a crucial factor contributing to increased susceptibility of women to HIV, accounting for more women than men being infected. At the same time, empowerment interventions are being promoted as effective strategies for increasing the ability of women to adopt protective behaviours. The aim of the review was to identify, collate and categorise the factors determining the gender-related vulnerability of women to sexually transmitted HIV. A review of literature from theoretical and empirical studies using diverse methodologies was undertaken. Reports included those identified through electronic and manual searching. Twenty factors, forming five clusters, were identified as influencing the ability of women to adopt protective behaviours. Each factor was analysed to describe its component parts and the relationship between a factor, gender-related vulnerability, HIV risk level and empowerment status. Further analysis provided a description of markers named predictors and indicators. The literature portrays markers that can be identified and used to describe gender equality status, HIV risk level and related empowerment. This provides the potential to identify factors in gender equality status and HIV risk level to address in programmes designed to empower women in order to lower their risk to sexually transmitted HIV. Opsomming Geslagsverwante kwesbaarheid word beskryf as ‘n kritieke faktor wat tot verhoogde vatbaarheid van vroue vir MIV bydra, wat die verhoogde besmetting van vroue teenoor mans verklaar. Terselfdertyd word bemagtigings-intervensies aangemoedig as geskikte strategieë om vroue se vermoë om beskermende gedragspatrone aan te neem, te verhoog. Die doel van hierdie oorsig was om die faktore wat geslagsverwante vatbaarheid van vroue vir seksueel oordraagbare MIV bepaal, te identifiseer, vergelyk en kategoriseer. ‘n Literatuurstudie van teoretiese en empiriese studies wat ‘n verskeidenheid metodologieë gebruik het, is onderneem. Verslae bekom deur elektroniese en handsoektogte is ingesluit. Twintig faktore, wat in vyf groepe verdeel is, is geïdentifiseer as dié wat die vermoë van vroue om beskermende gedragspatrone aan te neem, beïnvloed. Elke faktor is ontleed om die samestellende dele en die verband tussen ‘n faktor, geslagsverwante kwesbaarheid, MIV-risikovlak en bemagtigingstatus te beskryf. Verdere analise het ‘n beskrywing van merkers, genoem voorspellers en aanwysers, opgelewer. Die literatuur beskryf merkers wat geïdentifiseer en gebruik kan word om geslagsgelykheidstatus, MIV-risikostatus en verwante bemagtiging te beskryf. Dit bied die moontlik- heid om faktore in geslagsgelykheidstatus en MIV-risikostatus te identifiseer wat aandag moet geniet in programme wat ontwerp is om vroue te bemagtig om hul risiko van seksueel oordraagbare MIV te verlaag.

Die beskerming van swanger werknemers in die werkplek is noodsaaklik om vroue aan te moedig om deel te neem aan die arbeidsmag. Indiensnemingsbeskerming met swangerskap verseker dat vroue nie onregverdig ontslaan word, of teen gediskrimineer word as gevolg van hulle biologiese vermoë om kinders te baar nie. Die Wet op Arbeidsverhoudinge 66 van 1995 en die Wet op Billike Indiensneming 55 van 1998 bied beskerming aan swanger werknemers deur die ontslag en diskriminasie van werknemers op grond van swangerskap te verbied. Waar daar ’n bewering van ontslag en/of diskriminasie op grond van swangerskap bestaan, moet die werknemer bewys dat haar swangerskap die rede vir die ontslag was. Gevolglik vereis die bewyslas ’n oorsaaklike verband tussen die swangerskap en die ontslag. Sodra die werknemer bewys dat sy weens swangerskap ontslaan is, skuif die onus na die werkgewer om te bewys dat die ontslag billik was. Dit vereis bewys dat die ontslagbesluit nie weens die swangerskap was nie, maar om ’n ander rede. Regspraak dui daarop dat die oorsaaklike verband tussen swangerskap en ontslag in die meeste gevalle geskep word deur die openbaarmaking van die swangerskap by die werkplek. Dit maak dit vir die werkgewer moeiliker om te bewys dat die werknemer om ander redes as haar swangerskap ontslaan is. In die Suid-Afrikaanse reg is daar egter geen wetlike plig op ’n werknemer om haar swangerskap aan haar werkgewer bekend te maak nie. ’n Regsvergelykende bespreking van die Duitse wetgewing dui aan dat wetgewing aldaar spesiale beskerming bied aan swanger werknemers teen ontslag vir die duur van ’n werknemer se swangerskap tot en met vier maande na die geboorte van haar baba. Daar is geen plig op ’n werknemer om haar swangerskap bekend te maak nie, aangesien sy nie tydens die beskermingstydperk ontslaan kan word nie. Hierdie vergelykende perspektief weerspieël die waarde wat deur die Duitse reg op moederskap geplaas word. Dit waarborg die beskerming van vroulike werknemers teen ekonomiese kwesbaarheid tydens swangerskap weens die swangerskap. In die Suid-Afrikaanse reg is die bewys van onbillike ontslag op grond van ’n swangerskap meer ingewikkeld. Regspraak dui daarop dat die beskerming teen ontslag versterk word deur ’n mate van kennis van die swangerskap deur die werkgewer. Hierdie benadering hou nie rekening met die werklike ervarings van swanger vroue wat ontslaan is nie, hetsy sy op mediese bevestiging gewag het voordat sy haar swangerskap bekend maak, of moontlik swangerskapverwante siektes gehad het wat haar werksprestasie negatief beïnvloed het, of moontlik nie kon bewys het dat die werkgewer kennis van die swangerskap ontvang het uit ’n ander bron nie. Deur middel van ’n ontleding van relevante Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing en regspraak en ’n vergelykende ontleding van die Duitse verbod op ontslag van swanger werknemers, word hierdie beskerming van swanger werknemers teen ontslag en diskriminasie ondersoek, spesifiek aangesien dit verband hou met die werklikheid van die bekendmaking van swangerskap in die werkplek.

This desertation shows that a unique class of network disruption exists that can be regarded in isolation of other classes of network disturbances, namely cascade disruption of generation (COG). This class of disturbance is being defined in terms of the cascading effect that it exhibits in terms of the disruption of power generating units in an interconnected power system. Through a literature survey it is shown that a lack of formal acknowledgement exists in the recognition of this class of disturbance both locally and abroad, and that therefore there is a general absence of a policy framework to manage the threat that is associated with the cascade disruption of generation. The analysis of the records of such events in the Southern African power pool are analised, and the properties and characteristics of COG events are explored. The extent of the threat to the interconnected power system that is posed by COG, as a phenomenon, is quantified in the conte·xt of industry practice and weaknesses are identified. It is shown that the occurrence of this class of event is not entirely random, and that statistical methods can be used in the development of mitigation strategies. A management framework is developed with metrics for the monitoring, evaluation and trending of the phenomenon, and to evaluate the ongoing risk. Roles and responsibilities are sugested and a outline for the systematic investigation of such events is developed. In the conclusion, the possible benefits of the an COG managenent framework are discussed and scope for future work in this regard is suggested.
Thesis (MIng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

The history of the mining industry indicates a lack of understanding among the decision-makers of the impact the closure of mines has on the industry and the associated effects on the society and surrounding environment. The policies of the mining industry do make provision for a planned mine closure, but not for an unexpected closure. This detrimental aspect of closures in the mining industry is highlighted in the present study. The present study investigates how mineworkers’ dependency on their employment at a mine affects their ability to sustain their livelihoods. Vulnerable livelihoods leave the community at a greater risk to be affected by a disaster, than the livelihoods of a community that is resilient and has sustainable resources. Even though mineworkers are not considered as poor at the time of their employment, a mine closure could render them into a status called ‘transitional poverty’. This study also highlights that mineworkers who are skilled for mining operations only do not overcome the status of ‘transitional poverty’ and hence enter a phase called ‘chronic poverty’. This stage constitutes their inability to negotiate livelihood strategies and livelihood outcomes that could sustain a household. Thus humanitarian assistance would be needed from outside sources. Planning for unexpected mine closures should also be on the agenda of the mining industry due to the extreme consequences such an event holds for the mining community experiencing the event. In the case under investigation, the unexpected mine closures occurred in the Grootvlei mine in Springs and the Orkney mine owned by the Aurora Empowerment Systems Ltd. at the time of this study. These closures left the surrounding communities in need of food, shelter and clean water. The inhabitants gradually lost their livelihood assets. A contingency planning model is proposed at the end of this study to address the short-term and long-term consequences of an unexpected mine closure.
M Development and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014