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Journal articles on the topic 'Kynureniny'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2025

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1

Chen, Yiquan, and Gilles J. Guillemin. "Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites in Humans: Disease and Healthy States." International Journal of Tryptophan Research 2 (January 2009): IJTR.S2097. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/ijtr.s2097.

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Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that can be metabolised through different pathways, a major route being the kynurenine pathway. The first enzyme of the pathway, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase, is strongly stimulated by inflammatory molecules, particularly interferon gamma. Thus, the kynurenine pathway is often systematically up-regulated when the immune response is activated. The biological significance is that 1) the depletion of tryptophan and generation of kynurenines play a key modulatory role in the immune response; and 2) some of the kynurenines, such as quinolinic acid, 3-hydroxykynu

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2

Majláth, Zsófia, and László Vécsei. "A kinureninrendszer és a stressz." Orvosi Hetilap 156, no. 35 (2015): 1402–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/650.2015.30246.

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The kynurenine pathway is the main route of tryptophan degradation which gives rise to several neuroactive metabolites. Kynurenic acid is an endogenous antagonist of excitatory receptors, which proved to be neuroprotective in the preclinical settings. Kynurenines have been implicated in the neuroendocrine regulatory processes. Stress induces several alterations in the kynurenine metabolism and this process may contribute to the development of stress-related pathological processes. Irritable bowel disease and gastric ulcer are well-known disorders which are related to psychiatric comorbidity an

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3

Zakharov, Gennady A., Alexander V. Zhuravlev, Tatyana L. Payalina, Nikolay G. Kamyshev, and Elena V. Savvateeva-Popova. "The influence of D. melanogaster mutations of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism on locomotor behavior and expression of genes belonging to glutamatergic and cholinergic systems." Ecological genetics 9, no. 2 (2011): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ecogen9265-73.

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Disbalance of kynurenines produced by Drosophila mutations of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism influences the locomotor behavior in larvae. The most pronounced is the effect of accumulation of kynurenic acid in the mutant cinnabar manifested as sharp reduction of general level of locomotor activity. The mutations seem to act through modulatory influences of kynurenines on signal cascades governed by ionotropic glutamatergic and cholinergic receptors. Expression of receptor genes in the mutants shows age-related changes pointing to gradual evolvement of consequences of kynurenine

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Büki, Alexandra, Gabriella Kekesi, Gyongyi Horvath, and László Vécsei. "A Potential Interface between the Kynurenine Pathway and Autonomic Imbalance in Schizophrenia." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 18 (2021): 10016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221810016.

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Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by various symptoms including autonomic imbalance. These disturbances involve almost all autonomic functions and might contribute to poor medication compliance, worsened quality of life and increased mortality. Therefore, it has a great importance to find a potential therapeutic solution to improve the autonomic disturbances. The altered level of kynurenines (e.g., kynurenic acid), as tryptophan metabolites, is almost the most consistently found biochemical abnormality in schizophrenia. Kynurenic acid influences different types of rece

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5

Holthuijsen, Daniëlle D. B., Martijn J. L. Bours, Eline H. van Roekel, et al. "Longitudinal Associations of Adherence to the Dietary World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) and Dutch Healthy Diet (DHD) Recommendations with Plasma Kynurenines in Colorectal Cancer Survivors after Treatment." Nutrients 14, no. 23 (2022): 5151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14235151.

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The tryptophan-kynurenine pathway has been linked to cancer aetiology and survivorship, and diet potentially affects metabolites of this pathway, but evidence to date is scarce. Among 247 stage I-III CRC survivors, repeated measurements were performed at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year post-treatment. Adherence to the World Cancer Research Fund/ American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF) and Dutch Healthy Diet (DHD) recommendations was operationalized using seven-day dietary records. Plasma kynurenines of nine metabolites were analysed. Longitudinal associations of adherence to these dietary

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6

Hafstad Solvang, Stein-Erik, Jan Erik Nordrehaug, Dag Aarsland, et al. "Kynurenines, Neuropsychiatric Symptoms, and Cognitive Prognosis in Patients with Mild Dementia." International Journal of Tryptophan Research 12 (January 2019): 117864691987788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178646919877883.

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Introduction: Circulating tryptophan (Trp) and its downstream metabolites, the kynurenines, are potentially neuroactive. Consequently, they could be associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms and cognitive prognosis in patients with dementia. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess associations between circulating kynurenines, cognitive prognosis, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Methods: We measured baseline serum Trp, neopterin, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP), and 9 kynurenines in 155 patients with mild dementia (90 with Alzheimer’s disease, 65 with Lewy body dementia). The ratios be

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7

Szűcs, Edina, Azzurra Stefanucci, Marilisa Pia Dimmito, et al. "Discovery of Kynurenines Containing Oligopeptides as Potent Opioid Receptor Agonists." Biomolecules 10, no. 2 (2020): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10020284.

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Kynurenine (kyn) and kynurenic acid (kyna) are well-defined metabolites of tryptophan catabolism collectively known as “kynurenines”, which exert regulatory functions in host-microbiome signaling, immune cell response, and neuronal excitability. Kynurenine containing peptides endowed with opioid receptor activity have been isolated from natural organisms; thus, in this work, novel opioid peptide analogs incorporating L-kynurenine (L-kyn) and kynurenic acid (kyna) in place of native amino acids have been designed and synthesized with the aim to investigate the biological effect of these modific

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8

Gawel, Kinga. "A Review on the Role and Function of Cinnabarinic Acid, a “Forgotten” Metabolite of the Kynurenine Pathway." Cells 13, no. 5 (2024): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells13050453.

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In the human body, the majority of tryptophan is metabolized through the kynurenine pathway. This consists of several metabolites collectively called the kynurenines and includes, among others, kynurenic acid, L-kynurenine, or quinolinic acid. The wealth of metabolites, as well as the associated molecular targets and biological pathways, bring about a situation wherein even a slight imbalance in the kynurenine levels, both in the periphery and central nervous system, have broad consequences regarding general health. Cinnabarinic acid (CA) is the least known trace kynurenine, and its physiologi

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Theofylaktopoulou, Despoina, Arve Ulvik, Øivind Midttun та ін. "Vitamins B2and B6as determinants of kynurenines and related markers of interferon-γ-mediated immune activation in the community-based Hordaland Health Study". British Journal of Nutrition 112, № 7 (2014): 1065–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514001858.

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Vitamins B2and B6are cofactors in the kynurenine pathway. Many of the kynurenines are neuroactive compounds with immunomodulatory effects. In the present study, we aimed to investigate plasma concentrations of vitamins B2and B6as determinants of kynurenines and two markers of interferon-γ-mediated immune activation (kynurenine:tryptophan ratio (KTR) and neopterin). We measured the concentrations of vitamins B2and B6vitamers, neopterin, tryptophan and six kynurenines (i.e. kynurenine, anthranilic acid, kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and xanthurenic acid) in plasm

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10

Mieszkowski, Jan, Paulina Brzezińska, Błażej Stankiewicz, et al. "Direct Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Ultramarathon-Induced Changes in Kynurenine Metabolism." Nutrients 14, no. 21 (2022): 4485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14214485.

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In humans, most free tryptophan is degraded via kynurenine pathways into kynurenines. Kynurenines modulate the immune system, central nervous system, and skeletal muscle bioenergetics. Consequently, kynurenine pathway metabolites (KPMs) have been studied in the context of exercise. However, the effect of vitamin D supplementation on exercise-induced changes in KPMs has not been investigated. Here, we analyzed the effect of a single high-dose vitamin D supplementation on KPMs and tryptophan levels in runners after an ultramarathon. In the study, 35 amateur runners were assigned into two groups:

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Ervik, Arne Olav, Stein-Erik Hafstad Solvang, Jan Erik Nordrehaug та ін. "The Associations Between Cognitive Prognosis and Kynurenines Are Modified by the Apolipoprotein ε4 Allele Variant in Patients With Dementia". International Journal of Tryptophan Research 12 (січень 2019): 117864691988563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178646919885637.

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Background: The apolipoprotein E ε4 gene variant (APOEε4) confers considerable risk for dementia and affects neuroinflammation, brain metabolism, and synaptic function. The kynurenine pathway (KP) gives rise to neuroactive metabolites, which have inflammatory, redox, and excitotoxic effects in the brain. Aim: To assess whether the presence of at least one APOEε4 allele modifies the association between kynurenines and the cognitive prognosis. Methods: A total of 152 patients with sera for metabolite measurements and APOE genotype were included from the Dementia Study of Western Norway. The part

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12

Fukuwatari, Tsutomu. "Possibility of Amino Acid Treatment to Prevent the Psychiatric Disorders via Modulation of the Production of Tryptophan Metabolite Kynurenic Acid." Nutrients 12, no. 5 (2020): 1403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12051403.

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Kynurenic acid, a metabolite of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism, acts as an antagonist for both the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and glycine coagonist sites of the N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor at endogenous brain concentrations. Elevation of brain kynurenic acid levels reduces the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and glutamate, and kynurenic acid is considered to be involved in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and depression. Thus, the control of kynurenine pathway, especially kynurenic acid production, in the brain is an important target for

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Alberts, Charl, Maja Owe-Larsson, and Ewa M. Urbanska. "New Perspective on Anorexia Nervosa: Tryptophan-Kynurenine Pathway Hypothesis." Nutrients 15, no. 4 (2023): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15041030.

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Anorexia nervosa (AN), affecting up to 4% of all females and 0.3% of all males globally, remains the neuropsychiatric disorder with the highest mortality rate. However, the response to the current therapeutic options is rarely satisfactory. Considering the devastating prognosis of survival among patients with AN, further research aimed at developing novel, more effective therapies for AN is essential. Brain and serum tryptophan is mostly converted along the kynurenine pathway into multiple neuroactive derivatives, whereas only 1–2% is used for the synthesis of serotonin. This narrative review

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Trepci, Ada, Sophie Imbeault, Victoria L. Wyckelsma, et al. "Quantification of Plasma Kynurenine Metabolites Following One Bout of Sprint Interval Exercise." International Journal of Tryptophan Research 13 (January 2020): 117864692097824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178646920978241.

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The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation produces several neuroactive metabolites suggested to be involved in a wide variety of diseases and disorders, however, technical challenges in reliably detecting these metabolites hampers cross-comparisons. The main objective of this study was to develop an accurate, robust and precise bioanalytical method for simultaneous quantification of ten plasma kynurenine metabolites. As a secondary aim, we applied this method on blood samples taken from healthy subjects conducting 1 session of sprint interval exercise (SIE). It is well accepted that phy

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15

Ruddick, Jon P., Andrew K. Evans, David J. Nutt, Stafford L. Lightman, Graham A. W. Rook, and Christopher A. Lowry. "Tryptophan metabolism in the central nervous system: medical implications." Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 8, no. 20 (2006): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1462399406000068.

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The metabolism of the amino acid l-tryptophan is a highly regulated physiological process leading to the generation of several neuroactive compounds within the central nervous system. These include the aminergic neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), products of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism (including 3-hydroxykynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, quinolinic acid and kynurenic acid), the neurohormone melatonin, several neuroactive kynuramine metabolites of melatonin, and the trace amine tryptamine. The integral role of central serotonergic systems in the mo

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16

Nozaki, Kazuhiko, and M. Flint Beal. "Neuroprotective Effects of L-Kynurenine on Hypoxia—Ischemia and NMDA Lesions in Neonatal Rats." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 12, no. 3 (1992): 400–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1992.57.

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Kynurenic acid is the only known endogenous excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist in the central nervous system. In the present study, we examined whether increasing brain concentrations of kynurenic acid by loading with its precursor l-kynurenine, or blocking its excretion with probenecid, could exert neuroprotective effects. Neuroprotective effects were examined in a neonatal model of hypoxia–ischemia, and following intrastriatal injection of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA). Seven-day-old rats underwent unilateral ligation of the carotid artery, followed by exposure to 8% oxygen for 1.5 h. l

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Baran, Halina, Marcelin Jan Pietryja, and Berthold Kepplinger. "Importance of Modulating Kynurenic Acid Metabolism—Approaches for the Treatment of Dementia." Biomolecules 15, no. 1 (2025): 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15010074.

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In this article, we focus on kynurenic acid metabolism in neuropsychiatric disorders and the biochemical processes involved in memory and cognitive impairment, followed by different approaches in the fight against dementia. Kynurenic acid—a biochemical part of L-tryptophan catabolism—is synthesized from L-kynurenine by kynurenine aminotransferases. Experimental pharmacological studies have shown that elevated levels of kynurenic acid in the brain are associated with impaired learning and that lowering kynurenic acid levels can improve these symptoms. The discovery of new compounds with the abi

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Maget, Alexander, Martina Platzer, Susanne A. Bengesser, et al. "Differences in Kynurenine Metabolism During Depressive, Manic, and Euthymic Phases of Bipolar Affective Disorder." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 20, no. 15 (2020): 1344–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026619666190802145128.

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Background & Objectives: The kynurenine pathway is involved in inflammatory diseases. Alterations of this pathway were shown in psychiatric entities as well. The aim of this study was to determine whether specific changes in kynurenine metabolism are associated with current mood symptoms in bipolar disorder. Methods: Sum scores of the Hamilton Depression Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and Young Mania Rating Scale were collected from 156 bipolar individuals to build groups of depressive, manic and euthymic subjects according to predefined cut-off scores. Severity of current mood symptoms

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Laura, Orsatti, Thomas Stiehl, Katharina Dischinger, et al. "Kynurenine Pathway Activation and Deviation in Fibrosing Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease." Blood 138, Supplement 1 (2021): 3895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-152793.

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Abstract Background: Fibrosing chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a debilitating complication after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT), and its pathophysiology is poorly understood. Kynurenine and its metabolites were shown to associate with both, interferon-gamma (IFNg) activation and fibrosis. This study investigates the interplay between members of the IFNγ pathway and Kynurenin-derived metabolites in cGVHD. Methods: Using a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry approach on sera obtained on day+100 (n=430) and/or at onset of cGVHD symptoms (n=196) of our pros

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Sadok, Ilona, and Katarzyna Jędruchniewicz. "Dietary Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites—Source, Fate, and Chromatographic Determinations." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 22 (2023): 16304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216304.

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Tryptophan metabolism plays an essential role in human health. In mammals, about 95% of dietary tryptophan is metabolized through the kynurenine pathway, which is associated with the development of several pathologies, including neurodegeneration. Some of the kynurenine pathway metabolites are agonists of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor involved in metabolic functions, inflammation, and carcinogenesis. Thus, their origins, fates, and roles are of widespread interest. Except for being produced endogenously, these metabolites can originate from exogenous sources (e.g., food) and undergo absorption

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Marković, Miloš, Tatjana Nikolić, and Sanja Totić-Poznanović. "The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism and schizophrenia." Medicinski podmladak 74, no. 2 (2023): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/mp74-40330.

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The development of new therapeutic options focused on the recovery of patients with schizophrenia is primarily conditioned by elucidating the biological underpinnings of the disorder. The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism is the focus of psychiatric research since its catabolites have neuroactive properties, and one of the most important is the effect of kynurenic acid as the only endogenous NMDA receptor antagonist. According to the kynurenine hypothesis, there is an imbalance of excitatory and neuroprotective metabolites of the kynurenine pathway in patients with schizophrenia. It

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Baran, H., J. A. Hainfellner, and B. Kepplinger. "Kynurenic Acid Metabolism in Various Types of Brain Pathology in HIV-1 Infected Patients." International Journal of Tryptophan Research 5 (January 2012): IJTR.S10627. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/ijtr.s10627.

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Kynurenic acid, an intermediate metabolite of L-kynurenine, is a competitive antagonist of inotropic excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors as well as a non competitive antagonist of 7 alpha nicotine cholinergic receptors and its involvement in memory deficit and cognition impairment has been suggested. Alterations of kynurenic acid metabolism in the brain after HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus type-1) infection have been demonstrated. The present study evaluates the biosynthetic machinery of kynurenic acid e.g. the content of L-kynurenine and kynurenic acid, as well as the activity of enzym

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Kozhevnikova, M. V., A. V. Krivova, E. O. Korobkova, et al. "Comparative analysis of tryptophan and downstream metabolites of the kynurenine and serotonin pathways in patients with arterial hypertension and coronary artery disease." Kardiologiia 62, no. 11 (2022): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18087/cardio.2022.11.n2283.

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Aim To compare serum concentrations of tryptophane (Trp) and its metabolites in subjects with no cardiovascular disease (CVD) and patients with СVD, including arterial hypertension (AH) and ischemic heart disease (IHD).Material and methods This study included 131 participants; 58 participants (11 of them with documented peripheral atherosclerosis) were included into the AH group, 46 participants were included into the IHD group, and 27 participants with no signs of CVD were included into the control group. Plasma concentrations of Trp and its metabolites were measured by high-performance liqui

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Martin, Kyle S., Michele Azzolini, and Jorge Lira Ruas. "The kynurenine connection: how exercise shifts muscle tryptophan metabolism and affects energy homeostasis, the immune system, and the brain." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 318, no. 5 (2020): C818—C830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00580.2019.

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Tryptophan catabolism through the kynurenine pathway generates a variety of bioactive metabolites. Physical exercise can modulate kynurenine pathway metabolism in skeletal muscle and thus change the concentrations of select compounds in peripheral tissues and in the central nervous system. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of how exercise alters tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism in muscle and its subsequent local and distal effects. We propose that the effects of kynurenine pathway metabolites on skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, immune system, and the brain suggest that some o

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Kloc, Renata, and Ewa M. Urbanska. "Memantine and the Kynurenine Pathway in the Brain: Selective Targeting of Kynurenic Acid in the Rat Cerebral Cortex." Cells 13, no. 17 (2024): 1424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells13171424.

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Cytoprotective and neurotoxic kynurenines formed along the kynurenine pathway (KP) were identified as possible therapeutic targets in various neuropsychiatric conditions. Memantine, an adamantane derivative modulating dopamine-, noradrenaline-, serotonin-, and glutamate-mediated neurotransmission is currently considered for therapy in dementia, psychiatric disorders, migraines, or ischemia. Previous studies have revealed that memantine potently stimulates the synthesis of neuroprotective kynurenic acid (KYNA) in vitro via a protein kinase A-dependent mechanism. Here, the effects of acute and p

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Beier, Ulf H., Michelle D. Cully, Peter J. Siska, et al. "Fatty acid depletion is a reversible cause of kynurenine induced T cell apoptosis." Journal of Immunology 202, no. 1_Supplement (2019): 137.1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.137.1.

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Abstract Metabolic conditions in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are a barrier for anti-tumor immunotherapy. The TME metabolite kynurenine binds aryl hydrocarbon receptor which has been linked to immunosuppressive effects. We questioned if kynurenines could be utilized for therapeutic immunosuppression, and examined the effect of kynurenines on human and murine effector T cell (Teff) metabolism and function. We co-stimulated C57BL/6 Teff for three days and measured bioenergetic function with Seahorse. Injection of 1 mM L- or D-kynurenine reduced extracellular acidification by 4.2 ±0.2 and 7.1

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Ciapała, Katarzyna, Joanna Mika, and Ewelina Rojewska. "The Kynurenine Pathway as a Potential Target for Neuropathic Pain Therapy Design: From Basic Research to Clinical Perspectives." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 20 (2021): 11055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011055.

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Accumulating evidence suggests the key role of the kynurenine pathway (KP) of the tryptophan metabolism in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Despite extensive research aimed at clarifying the mechanisms underlying the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain, the roles of KP metabolites in this process are still not fully known. Although the function of the peripheral KP has been known for several years, it has only recently been acknowledged that its metabolites within the central nervous system have remarkable consequences related to physiology and behavior. Both the products and

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Wickström, Ronny, Åsa Fowler, Michel Goiny, Vincent Millischer, Sofia Ygberg, and Lilly Schwieler. "The Kynurenine Pathway is Differentially Activated in Children with Lyme Disease and Tick-Borne Encephalitis." Microorganisms 9, no. 2 (2021): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020322.

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In children, tick-borne encephalitis and neuroborreliosis are common infections affecting the central nervous system. As inflammatory pathways including cytokine expression are activated in these children and appear to be of importance for outcome, we hypothesized that induction of the kynurenine pathway may be part of the pathophysiological mechanism. Inflammatory biomarkers were analyzed in cerebrospinal fluid from 22 children with tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), 34 children with neuroborreliosis (NB) and 6 children with no central nervous system infection. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of kynur

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Halczuk, Krzysztof Mariusz, and Bolesław Karwowski. "Benefits and risks of tryptophan supplementation." Farmacja Polska 80, no. 6 (2024): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32383/farmpol/195954.

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Wprowadzenie: Tryptofan (Trp), odkryty w 1901 roku przez Sir Fredericka Gowlanda Hopkinsa, jest jednym z ośmiu niezbędnych aminokwasów, które muszą być dostarczane z dietą. WHO zaleca dzienne spożycie Trp na poziomie 4 mg/kg masy ciała. Występuje w produktach bogatych w białko, takich jak mięso, ryby, jaja, nabiał, orzechy, nasiona i soja. Trp wspomaga rozwój mięśni, funkcje enzymów i jest prekursorem serotoniny, melatoniny oraz kynureniny, które wpływają na nastrój, sen oraz funkcje odpornościowe i związane z regulacją stanu zapalnego. Cel badań: Celem niniejszej pracy jest przedstawienie naj

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Bednarz, Kinga, Kamila Kozieł, and Ewa M. Urbańska. "Novel Activity of Oral Hypoglycemic Agents Linked with Decreased Formation of Tryptophan Metabolite, Kynurenic Acid." Life 14, no. 1 (2024): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life14010127.

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Kynurenic acid is a tryptophan (Trp) metabolite formed along the kynurenine (KYN) pathway in the brain and in peripheral tissues. The disturbed formation of kynurenic acid, which targets glutamate-mediated neurotransmission, GPR35, and aryl hydrocarbon receptors of immune or redox status, was implicated in the development of neuropsychiatric and metabolic disorders among others. Kynurenic acid exerts neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects, yet its high brain levels may negatively impact cognition. Changes in the Trp–KYN pathway are also linked with the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus,

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Berthon, Céline, Michaela Fontenay, Selim Corm, Isabelle Briche, Michel Lhermitte, and Bruno Quesnel. "Metabolites of Tryptophan Catabolism Are Elevated in Sera of Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Inhibit Hematopoietic Progenitor Amplification." Blood 120, no. 21 (2012): 3843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.3843.3843.

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Abstract Abstract 3843 Introduction: Tryptophan catabolism, which is mediated by the enzymes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), produces kynurenine, which blocks T-cell activation and induces immunosuppression. Kynurenine itself is converted by downstream enzymes into secondary catabolites that also have toxic effects on T cells. Tryptophan catabolism is elevated in many cancers, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, tryptophan catabolites that are downstream of kynurenine have never been investigated in hematological malignancies. Methods: We ev

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Buzásy, Luca, Károly Mazák, Balázs Balogh, et al. "Physicochemical Characterization of Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites." Antioxidants 14, no. 5 (2025): 589. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14050589.

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The kynurenine pathway is a significant metabolic route involved in the catabolism of tryptophan, producing various bioactive metabolites with crucial roles as antioxidants in immune regulation and neurobiology. This study investigates the acid-base properties of picolinic acid, kynurenic acid, kynurenine, and 3-hydroxykynurenine, utilizing computational simulations and experimental techniques, including potentiometric and nuclear magnetic resonance titrations. The results reveal distinct pKa values, with kynurenic acid exhibiting a single dissociation step around 2.4, while kynurenine display

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Pawlak, Krystyna, Michal Mysliwiec, and Dariusz Pawlak. "Hypercoagulability is independently associated with kynurenine pathway activation in dialysed uraemic patients." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 102, no. 07 (2009): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th08-10-0696.

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SummaryPatients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) exhibit features of a hypercoagulable state, which may contribute to atherosclerosis. Kynurenines are the metabolites of tryptophan degradation in mammals. We examined the relationship between coagulation activation and kynurenines in 92 patients with ESRD on maintenance haemodialysis (HD) or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and 20 healthy controls. We measured the plasma levels of: tissue factor (TF), its pathway inhibitor (TFPI), the marker of coagulation activation – prothrombin fragments 1+2 (F1+2), kynurenine (KYN) and it

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Wallin, Helena, Eva Jansson, Sophie Erhardt, et al. "Kynurenines and aerobic exercise capacity in chronic kidney disease: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study." PLOS ONE 20, no. 1 (2025): e0317201. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0317201.

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Background The causes of reduced aerobic exercise capacity (ExCap) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) are multifactorial, possibly involving the accumulation of tryptophan (TRP) metabolites such as kynurenine (KYN) and kynurenic acid (KYNA), known as kynurenines. Their relationship to ExCap has yet to be studied in CKD. We hypothesised that aerobic ExCap would be negatively associated with plasma levels of TRP, KYN and KYNA in CKD. Methods We included 102 patients with non-dialysis CKD stages 2–5 (CKD 2–3, n = 54; CKD 4–5, n = 48) and 54 healthy controls, age- and sex-matched with the CKD 2–3 gro

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Sadok, Ilona, and Magdalena Staniszewska. "Electrochemical Determination of Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites—Challenges and Perspectives." Sensors 21, no. 21 (2021): 7152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21217152.

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In recent years, tryptophan metabolism via the kynurenine pathway has become one of the most active research areas thanks to its involvement in a variety of physiological processes, especially in conditions associated with immune dysfunction, central nervous system disorders, autoimmunity, infection, diabetes, and cancer. The kynurenine pathway generates several metabolites with immunosuppressive functions or neuroprotective, antioxidant, or toxic properties. An increasing body of work on this topic uncovers a need for reliable analytical methods to help identify and quantify tryptophan metabo

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Shestopalov, A. V., O. P. Shatova, M. S. Karbyshev, et al. "“Kynurenine switch” and obesity." Bulletin of Siberian Medicine 20, no. 4 (2022): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2021-4-103-111.

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Aim. To assess the concentrations of bacterial and eukaryotic metabolites mainly involved in indole, kynurenine, and serotonin pathways of tryptophan metabolism in a cohort of patients with obesity. Materials and methods. Using high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection, the concentrations of several serum metabolites, such as kynurenine, kynurenic acid, anthranilic acid, xanthurenic acid, quinolinic acid, 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetate, tryptamine, serotonin, indole-3-lactate, indole-3-acetate, indole-3- butyrate, indole-3-carboxaldehyde, indole-3-acrylate, and indole

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Baran, Halina, Gabriele Amann, Barbara Lubec, and Gert Lubec. "Kynurenic Acid and Kynurenine Aminotransferase in Heart." Pediatric Research 41, no. 3 (1997): 404–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199703000-00017.

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Stone, Trevor W. "Kynurenic acid antagonists and kynurenine pathway inhibitors." Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 10, no. 4 (2001): 633–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/13543784.10.4.633.

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Colle, R., C. Verstuyft, D. David, P. Chanson, and E. Corruble. "Peripheral tryptophan and serotonin and kynurenine pathways in major depression: A case-control study." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (2021): S328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.880.

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IntroductionThe tryptophan pathway along with its two branches of metabolism to serotonin and kynurenine seems to be affected in major depression. In depressed patients, peripheral levels of tryptophan, serotonin, kynurenine and their metabolite remain unclear.ObjectivesTherefore, peripheral tryptophan and metabolites of serotonin and kynurenine were investigated extensively in 173 patients suffering from a current major depressive episode (MDE) and compared to 214 healthy controls (HC).MethodsFasting plasma levels of 11 peripheral metabolites were quantified: tryptophan, serotonin pathway (se

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Aarsland, Tore Ivar Malmei, Johanne Telnes Instanes, Maj-Britt Rocio Posserud, Arve Ulvik, Ute Kessler, and Jan Haavik. "Changes in Tryptophan-Kynurenine Metabolism in Patients with Depression Undergoing ECT—A Systematic Review." Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 11 (2022): 1439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15111439.

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The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan (Trp) metabolism generates multiple biologically active metabolites (kynurenines) that have been implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders. It has been suggested that modulation of kynurenine metabolism could be involved in the therapeutic effect of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). We performed a systematic review with aims of summarizing changes in Trp and/or kynurenines after ECT and assessing methodological issues. The inclusion criterium was measures of Trp and/or kynurenines before and after ECT. Animal studies and studies using Trp administration or Tr

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Kepplinger, Berthold, Halina Baran, Brenda Sedlnitzky-Semler, Nagy-Roland Badawi, and Helene Erhart. "Stochastic Resonance Activity Influences Serum Tryptophan Metabolism in Healthy Human Subjects." International Journal of Tryptophan Research 4 (January 2011): IJTR.S7986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/ijtr.s7986.

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Background Stochastic resonance therapy (SRT) is used for rehabilitation of patients with various neuropsychiatric diseases. An alteration in tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway has been identified in the central and peripheral nervous systems in patients with neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases and during the aging process. This study investigated the effect of SRT as an exercise activity on serum tryptophan metabolites in healthy subjects. Methods Serum L-tryptophan, L-kynurenine, kynurenic acid, and anthranilic acid levels were measured one minute before SRT and

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Saklakova, О. A., M. V. Maksimenya, E. V. Fefelova, P. P. Tereshkov, and T. M. Karavaeva. "Changes in the level of some tryptophan metabolites in the blood of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated by diabetic retinopathy." Siberian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 39, no. 1 (2024): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.29001/2073-8552-2024-39-1-135-139.

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Aim: To study the content of tryptophan and the intermediate metabolites of kynurenine and serotonin pathways of its metabolism in the blood plasma of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy as candidates for markers of the early stage of the pathological process.Material and Methods. Three groups of people were analyzed: the first group of 10 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and without diabetic retinopathy; the second group of 10 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-proliferative stage of diabetic retinopathy; and the control group

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Kubacka, Justyna, Magdalena Staniszewska, Ilona Sadok, Grazyna Sypniewska, and Anna Stefanska. "The Kynurenine Pathway in Obese Middle-Aged Women with Normoglycemia and Type 2 Diabetes." Metabolites 12, no. 6 (2022): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12060492.

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We examined the relationships of tryptophan (Trp) and the metabolites of the kynurenine pathway (KP) to the occurrence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic risk factors in obese middle-aged women. The study included 128 obese women divided into two subgroups: a normoglycemic group (NG, n = 65) and a T2D group (n = 63). The concentrations of serum tryptophan (Trp), kynurenine (Kyn), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3HKyn), quinolinic acid (QA), and kynurenic acid (Kyna) were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization/triple quadrupole mass spectrometr

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Allison, David J., Joshua P. Nederveen, Tim Snijders, et al. "Exercise training impacts skeletal muscle gene expression related to the kynurenine pathway." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 316, no. 3 (2019): C444—C448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00448.2018.

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Exercise positively impacts mood and symptoms of depression; however, the mechanisms underlying these effects are not fully understood. Recent evidence highlights a potential role for skeletal muscle-derived transcription factors to influence tryptophan metabolism, along the kynurenine pathway, which has important implications in depression. This has important consequences for older adults, whose age-related muscle deterioration may influence this pathway and may increase their risk for depression. Although exercise training has been shown to improve skeletal muscle mass in older adults, wheth

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Stepaniuk, Anna, Anna Baran, Justyna Magdalena Hermanowicz, Beata Sieklucka, Dariusz Pawlak, and Iwona Flisiak. "Peripheral Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites in Patients with Psoriasis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 7 (2025): 3139. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26073139.

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Psoriasis is a systemic disease affecting 2–3% of the general population. Tryptophan (TRP) is an amino acid metabolized in the kynurenine pathway (KP). The aim of this study was to assess the kynurenine pathway’s metabolites in serum and urine of psoriatic patients and explore the possible interplay with the disease’s pathogenesis and its comorbidities. The study involved 60 patients with plaque psoriasis and 30 healthy volunteers matched for gender, age, and BMI. Serum and urine samples were taken from the participants and tested for TRP, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), 2,3-tryptophan diox

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Jasim, Zainab Abdulameer, Hussein Kadhem Al-Hakeim, Samaneh Zolghadri, and Agata Stanek. "Maternal Tryptophan Catabolites and Insulin Resistance Parameters in Preeclampsia." Biomolecules 13, no. 10 (2023): 1447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom13101447.

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Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-related disorder characterized by high blood pressure and proteinuria in the third trimester. The disease is associated with many metabolic and biochemical changes. There is a need for new biomarkers for diagnosis and follow-up. The present study examined the diagnostic ability of tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs) and insulin resistance (IR) parameters in women with PE. This case-control study recruited sixty women with preeclampsia and 60 healthy pregnant women as a control group. Serum levels of TRYCATs (tryptophan, kynurenic acid, kynurenine, and 3-hydroxykyn

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Schlittler, Maja, Michel Goiny, Leandro Z. Agudelo, et al. "Endurance exercise increases skeletal muscle kynurenine aminotransferases and plasma kynurenic acid in humans." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 310, no. 10 (2016): C836—C840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00053.2016.

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Physical exercise has emerged as an alternative treatment for patients with depressive disorder. Recent animal studies show that exercise protects from depression by increased skeletal muscle kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT) expression which shifts the kynurenine metabolism away from the neurotoxic kynurenine (KYN) to the production of kynurenic acid (KYNA). In the present study, we investigated the effect of exercise on kynurenine metabolism in humans. KAT gene and protein expression was increased in the muscles of endurance-trained subjects compared with untrained subjects. Endurance exerci

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Guo, Song, L. Vecsei, and Messoud Ashina. "The L-kynurenine signalling pathway in trigeminal pain processing: A potential therapeutic target in migraine?" Cephalalgia 31, no. 9 (2011): 1029–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102411404717.

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Introduction: In recent years the kynurenine family of compounds, metabolites of tryptophan, has become an area of intensive research because of its neuroactive properties. Two metabolites of this family have become of interest in relation to migraine and pain processing. Discussion: Experimental studies have shown that kynurenic acid (KYNA) plays an important role in the transmission of sensory impulses in the trigeminovascular system and that increased levels of KYNA decrease the sensitivity of the cerebral cortex to cortical spreading depression. Furthermore, another metabolite of the kynur

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Ala, Moein, and Seyed Parsa Eftekhar. "The Footprint of Kynurenine Pathway in Cardiovascular Diseases." International Journal of Tryptophan Research 15 (January 2022): 117864692210966. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786469221096643.

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Kynurenine pathway is the main route of tryptophan metabolism and produces several metabolites with various biologic properties. It has been uncovered that several cardiovascular diseases are associated with the overactivation of kynurenine pathway and kynurenine and its metabolites have diagnostic and prognostic value in cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, it was found that several kynurenine metabolites can differently affect cardiovascular health. For instance, preclinical studies have shown that kynurenine, xanthurenic acid and cis-WOOH decrease blood pressure; kynurenine and 3-hydroxyan

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Jonsson, William O., Jonathan Ponette, Oscar Horwath, et al. "Changes in plasma concentration of kynurenine following intake of branched-chain amino acids are not caused by alterations in muscle kynurenine metabolism." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 322, no. 1 (2022): C49—C62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00285.2021.

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Administration of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) has been suggested to enhance mitochondrial biogenesis, including levels of PGC-1α, which may, in turn, alter kynurenine metabolism. Ten healthy subjects performed 60 min of dynamic one-leg exercise at ∼70% of Wmax on two occasions. They were in random order supplied either a mixture of BCAA or flavored water (placebo) during the experiment. Blood samples were collected during exercise and recovery, and muscle biopsies were taken from both legs before, after, and 90 and 180 min following exercise. Ingestion of BCAA doubled their concentration

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