Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'L 14'

A modulação da forma e tamanho em órgãos vegetais depende do controle temporal e espacial de divisão e expansão celular. Entretanto, pouco se sabe a respeito dos mecanismos moleculares que regulam este processo durante o desenvolvimento floral. O estudo da via de sinalização de SCI1 (Stigma/style Cell Cycle Inhibitor 1) pode contribuir para o entendimento do processo de crescimento das flores. Este gene produz uma proteína, localizada no nucléolo, que está relacionada à inibição da proliferação celular no estigma e no estilete de Nicotiana tabacum, modulando o tamanho destes órgãos florais. Experimentos feitos para a identificação de parceiros de interação de SCI1 identificaram as proteínas 14-3-3A e 14-3-3D de N. tabacum como candidatas à interação. A família 14-3-3 é composta de proteínas altamente conservadas, que formam dímeros em sua conformação nativa e são responsáveis pela modulação da atividade das mais variadas proteínas em resposta a sinais intracelulares. Por isso, estas proteínas estão associadas à regulação de uma série de processos, incluindo o metabolismo, transcrição, ciclo celular, entre outros. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar as proteínas 14-3-3A e 14-3-3D de N. tabacum e o seu papel durante o desenvolvimento floral. Os resultados aqui obtidos revelaram que a 14-3-3A possui localização citoplasmática e nuclear, enquanto a 14-3-3D se distribui apenas no citoplasma. Também foi evidenciado que estas proteínas são capazes de formar homodímeros e heterodímeros entre si. Os homodímeros de 14-3-3A estão distribuídos no citoplasma e no núcleo, enquanto os homodímeros de 14-3-3D e heterodímeros se encontram apenas no citoplasma. Adicionalmente, a interação in vivo entre a 14-3-3A e SCI1 foi confirmada por BiFC, apresentando localização nuclear, fora do nucléolo. Análises in silico da sequência de aminoácidos de SCI1 identificaram duas regiões putativas de reconhecimento por proteínas 14-3-3s. Estas regiões estão sendo analisadas funcionalmente por meio de ensaios de BiFC com sequências mutadas de SCI1. A análise deste conjunto de resultados, juntamente com outros resultados obtidos em nosso laboratório, sugere que apenas homodímeros de 14-3-3D e heterodímeros formados entre 14-3-3A e 14-3-3D sejam capazes de interagir com SCI1. Adicionalmente, a localização nuclear dessa interação difere daquelas observadas para SCI1 e para as 14-3-3s individualmente, sugerindo que as 14-3-3s migrem para o núcleo para interagir com SCI1. Nossa hipótese é de que as proteínas 14-3-3s possam modular a localização subnuclear de SCI1. Com o objetivo de levantar dados a respeito das possíveis funções desempenhadas pelas proteínas 14-3-3A e 14-3-3D de N. tabacum, foram identificados os grupos de possíveis ortólogos dessas proteínas em A. thaliana, O. sativa, S. lycopersicum, S. tuberosum e N. benthamiana. Esta análise mostrou que os ortólogos às 14-3-3A e D em Arabidopsis estão associados ao ciclo celular, o que sugere que as proteínas de tabaco possam ter conservado essa função. Além disso, também foram produzidas plantas transgênicas silenciadas para cada uma dessas 14-3-3s de maneira independente. A análise dos fenótipos das plantas transgênicas não levou à elaboração de uma hipótese definitiva sobre a função dessas 14-3-3s no desenvolvimento floral. No entanto, algumas plantas transgênicas apresentaram estruturas menores, especialmente as pétalas, sugerindo que estas proteínas podem estar envolvidas no controle do tamanho de órgãos vegetais.
The modulation of size and shape in plant organs depends on temporal and spatial control of cell division and expansion. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate this process during floral development are poorly understood. The study of SCI1 (Stigma/style Cell Cycle Inhibitor 1) signaling pathway can contribute to the understanding of the flower growing process. This gene produces a protein which is located in the nucleolus and is related to the inhibition of cell proliferation in the Nicotiana tabacum stigma and style, modulating the size of these organs. Experiments performed to identify SCI1 interaction partners have identified the N. tabacum 14-3-3A and 14-3-3D proteins as interaction candidates. The 14-3-3 family is composed of highly conserved proteins, which form dimers in their native conformation and are responsible to modulate the activity of a large variety of proteins in response to intracellular signals. Therefore, these proteins are associated to the regulation of several processes, including metabolism, transcription, and cell cycle, among others. In this context, the present work aimed to study the N. tabacum 14-3-3A and 14-3-3D proteins and their role during flower development. The results here obtained revealed that 14-3-3A is located in the nucleus and the cytosol, while 14-3-3D protein is distributed only in the cytosol. It was also shown that these proteins can form homodimers and heterodimers with each other. Homodimers of 14-3-3A are distributed in nucleus and cytosol, while 14-3-3D homodimers and heterodimers are located only in the cytosol. Furthermore, the in vivo interaction between SCI1 and 14-3-3A was confirmed by BiFC, showing nuclear localization, outside the nucleolus. In silico analyzes of SCI1 amino acid sequence identified two putative regions of recognition by 14-3-3 proteins. These regions are being evaluated by BiFC assays with SCI1 mutated sequences. The analyses of this set of results, together with other results obtained in our laboratory, suggests that only 14-3-3D homodimers and heterodimers between 14-3-3A and 14-3-3D are capable to interact with SCI1. Moreover, the nuclear localization of this interaction differs from the ones observed for SCI1 and for the 14-3-3s individually, which suggests that the 14-3-3s migrate to the nucleus to interact with SCI1. Our hypothesis is that the 14-3-3 proteins can modulate the subnuclear localization of SCI1. To obtain data concerning the possible roles of the N. tabacum 14-3-3A and 14-3-3D proteins, groups of possible orthologous of these proteins in A. thaliana, O. sativa, S. lycopersicum, S. tuberosum and N. benthamiana were identified. This analysis has shown that the orthologs of 14-3-3A and D in Arabidopsis are associated to the cell cycle, suggesting that the tobacco proteins might have conserved this function. Furthermore, transgenic plants silenced for each of the 14-3-3s independently were also produced. Phenotype analyzes of transgenic plants did not lead to a definitive hypothesis about the function of these 14-3-3s during floral development. However, some transgenic plants exhibited smaller structures, specially petals, which suggests that these proteins may be involved in the size control of plant organs.

I have characterised alleles of the late larval lethal mutation l(3)IX-14, which was previously observed to disrupt mitotic and polytene chromosome structure. Mitotic chromosomes from homozygous mutant larval neuroblasts appear hypercondensed in length and surrounded by a halo of loosely condensed chromatin. Polytene chromosomes from homozygous mutant larval salivary glands also display a chromatin packaging problem and lack the characteristic banding patterns normally observed in wild type polytene chromosomes. Further phenotypic characterisation of l(3)IV-14 has shown that several other cell division processes as defective, mainly the duplication of centrosomes and the establishment of a bipolar mitotic spindle. BrdU labelling of larval brains has indicated that replication may be processing at a slower rate than in wild type. Also, despite the almost normal level of cells committed to mitosis, the mitotic index of l(3)IX-14 is low, and elevated levels of TUNEL labelling has suggesting that many cells are switching to an apoptotic pathway. I have cloned a novel full length cDNA for the putative IX-14 gene by inverse PCR, utilising a P-element allele of l(3)IX-14. The surrounding genomic region has also been characterised in detail, and I have determined that the P insertion site is 40 bp upstream of the putative IX-14 gene. Northern blot analysis using the cDNA from this gene reveals a message of 3.6 kb present in wild type and heterozygous larvae but absent in homozygous mutants. The predicted IX-14 gene product is 684 amino acids in length containing a well conserved zinc-metalloprotease motif, and has homologues in several higher eukaryotes but no in lower eukaryotes or prokaryotes. RNAi of IX-14 in cultured Drosophila cells has given similar phenotypes to those observed in the late larval lethal alleles, providing further evidence that this novel metalloprotease is responsible for the phenotypes observed.

Schätzungsweise 1 – 2 % der europäischen Bevölkerung reagieren allergisch auf bestimmte Lebensmittel. Die verantwortlichen Allergene sind meist Proteine und können während der Lebensmittelverarbeitung, vor allem infolge thermischer Prozesse, erheblich modifiziert werden. Daraus kann sowohl eine Senkung als auch eine Erhöhung des allergenen Potentials resultieren. Insbesondere die Entstehung von sog. „Neoepitopen“ in der Folge der Maillard-Reaktion ist bereits diskutiert worden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen der Glykierung und dem allergenen Potential von Lebensmitteln, im Speziellen von Karotten und Erdnüssen, untersucht. Die Karottenallergie ist in der europäischen Bevölkerung relativ häufig. Etwa 23 – 25 % aller Nahrungsmittelallergiker leiden an dieser meist pollenassoziierten Allergie. Es ist bekannt, dass das allergene Potential von Karotten durch Hitzebehandlung, infolge der irreversiblen Denaturierung des Hauptallergens Dau c 1, stark gesenkt wird. Daher stellte sich die Frage, ob bestimmte Maillard-Reaktionsprodukte (MRP) als Indikatoren für die Senkung des allergenen Potentials infolge der Hitzebehandlung geeignet sind. Da zum Ausmaß der Maillard-Reaktion in hitzebehandelten Karotten bisher kaum Daten vorlagen, wurden zunächst Untersuchungen zu relevanten Glykierungsprodukten und zur resultierenden Aminosäuremodifizierung durchgeführt. In verschiedenen Handelsproben (Säfte, Breie, Konserven und getrocknete Karotten) waren neben Fru-Lys die Amadori-Produkte (AP) zahlreicher Aminosäuren, wie Fru-Ala und Fru-GABA nachweisbar. Als Produkte der fortgeschrittenen Phase der Maillard-Reaktion (advanced glycation endproducts, AGEs) wurden erstmals Pyrralin, Carboxymethyllysin (CML) und Pentosidin detektiert. Die resultierenden Aminosäure-modifizierungen waren in Produkten mit hohem Wasseranteil (Säfte, Breie sowie Konserven) mit bis zu 5 % gering. Dagegen zeigten getrocknete Karotten sehr hohe Derivatisierungsgrade (z. B. Lysin bis 58 %). Dabei war besonders die frühe Phase der Glykierung von Bedeutung, während die fortgeschrittene Phase kaum eine Rolle spielte. Das AP Fru-Lys bzw. dessen Hydrolyseprodukt Furosin gilt zwar als anerkannter Erhitzungsmarker für Lebensmittel, erwies sich aber in Karottenprodukten aufgrund von schnell stagnierenden Gehalten nur als bedingt geeignet. Insbesondere FM-GABA zeigte eine wesentlich bessere Korrelation mit der Intensität der Hitzebehandlung. Zudem korrelierte der Anstieg dieses AP gut mit der Senkung des Gehaltes an IgE-reaktivem Dau c 1. Damit ist FM-GABA ein geeigneter Parameter sowohl für die Hitzebehandlung von Karotten als auch für die damit verbundene Senkung des allergenen Potentials. Die Erdnussallergie gewinnt mit dem ansteigenden Verzehr von Erdnüssen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Diese Allergie zeichnet sich durch eine mitunter sehr schwere Symptomatik aus, so dass Erdnüsse hinsichtlich lebensbedrohender und letal verlaufender Nahrungsmittel-allergien an erster Stelle stehen. Bereits der Verzehr kleinster Mengen an Erdnuss, selbst Hautkontakt oder Inhalation können eine allergische Reaktion auslösen. Die Hauptallergene der Erdnuss, Ara h 1 und Ara h 2, sind bekanntermaßen stabil und behalten ihr allergenes Potential während der Hitzebehandlung bei. Dennoch besteht die Vermutung, dass die Zubereitung von Erdnüssen deren Allergenität maßgeblich beeinflusst. Daher wurde der Einfluss des Röstens bereits untersucht, jedoch sind die erhaltenen Ergebnisse bisher sehr widersprüchlich. Während in einigen Studien keine Unterschiede zwischen rohen und gerösteten Erdnüssen beobachtet wurden, berichteten andere Autoren von einer 90-fachen Erhöhung des IgE-Bindungsvermögens infolge der Röstung, die mit der Bildung von Neoepitopen durch die Maillard-Reaktion in Verbindung gebracht wurde. Aus diesem Grund wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit der Einfluss der Röstung und insbesondere der Glykierung auf das allergene Potential von Erdnüssen untersucht. Da bisher kaum Daten zu MRP-Gehalten in Erdnüssen vorlagen, wurden zunächst verschiedene handelsübliche Proben (ungeröstete und geröstete Erdnüsse, Erdnussbutter und Erdnussflips) auf ihre Gehalte an Glykierungsprodukten und die resultierende Aminosäure-modifizierung untersucht. Dabei wurde erstmals das AP Fru-Lys und die AGEs Pyrralin und CML identifiziert und quantifiziert. Definierte Erhitzungsexperimente zeigten, dass während der Röstung von Erdnüssen insbesondere Pyrralin in hohen Mengen gebildet wird. Während in erhitzten Lebensmitteln üblicherweise Fru-Lys das dominierende MRP darstellt, trug Pyrralin in gerösteten Erdnüssen in vergleichbarem oder höherem Maße zur Lysinmodifizierung bei als das AP. Aufgrund der stetigen Zunahme ist Pyrralin als Erhitzungsparameter in Erdnüssen wesentlich besser geeignet als das Hydrolyseprodukt Furosin, dessen Gehalt schnell ein Plateau erreichte. Durch die Röstung von Erdnüssen wurden hohe Lysinmodifizierungen bis zu 55 % erreicht, die jedoch nur zu einem Zehntel durch die gemessenen MRP erklärbar waren. Da zahlreiche andere Aminosäuren ebenfalls deutliche Abnahmen zeigten, müssen andere Reaktionen neben der Maillard-Reaktion einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Aminosäurederivatisierung leisten. Aufgrund des hohen Gehaltes an ungesättigten Fettsäuren liegt die Vermutung nahe, dass es sich um Reaktionen mit Lipidperoxidationsprodukten handeln könnte. Der Einfluss der Röstung auf das allergene Potential der Erdnüsse wurde anhand des Antikörperbindungsvermögens bewertet. Dabei zeigten die Proteinextrakte roher und gerösteter Erdnüsse keine Unterschiede in der IgE-Reaktivität. Jedoch sind aufgrund der schlechten Extrahierbarkeit gerösteter Erdnussproteine keine Rückschlüsse auf das allergene Potential der gesamten Erdnüsse möglich. Vor allem das Allergen Ara h 1 bildete zunächst Di- und Trimere, unter drastischeren Bedingungen kam es zur weiteren Aggregation und damit zur Unlöslichkeit. Analog wurde auch die Löslichkeit aller anderen Erdnussproteine deutlich reduziert. Folglich konnten insbesondere stark modifizierte, aggregierte Proteine mit der verwendeten Extraktionsmethode nicht erfasst werden. Mittels Immunoblot wurde gezeigt, dass das IgE-Bindungsvermögen des Ara h 1 bei der Röstung nicht verändert wurde, solange das Allergen noch löslich war. Aussagen zum allergenen Potential des aggregierten Proteins waren noch nicht möglich. Hingegen wurden deutliche Hinweise auf die Erhöhung der IgE-Reaktivität des Ara h 2 infolge der Röstung erhalten. Um den Einfluss der Maillard-Reaktion im Einzelnen auf die beiden Hauptallergene der Erdnuss, Ara h 1 und Ara h 2, untersuchen zu können, wurden diese Allergene aus rohen Erdnüssen isoliert und unter röstungsrelevanten Bedingungen glykiert. Durch diese Modifizierung wurde deren Antikörperbindungsvermögen jedoch nicht beeinflusst. Folglich liegen keine Hinweise auf die Bildung von Neoepitopen im Zuge der Maillard-Reaktion vor. Die beobachtete Erhöhung der IgE-Reaktivität des Ara h 2 infolge der Röstung ist daher auf andere Reaktionen, vermutlich mit Produkten der Lipidperoxidation, zurückzuführen. Die Grundvoraussetzung für eine allergische Reaktion ist, dass die verantwortlichen Epitope die gastrointestinale Verdauung überstehen und intakt aufgenommen werden. Durch thermische Behandlung und die daraus resultierende Umfaltung sowie kovalente Modifizierung kann die Verdauungsresistenz erheblich beeinflusst werden. Daher wurde mit Hilfe einer simulierten gastrointestinalen Verdauung der Einfluss der Röstung von Erdnüssen sowie der Glykierung von Ara h 1 und Ara h 2 auf die Verdaubarkeit der Allergene untersucht. Diese orientierenden Verdauungsstudien gaben Hinweise auf eine erhöhte Verdauungsresistenz der Proteinaggregate in gerösteten Erdnüssen. Durch Glykierung der Allergene Ara h 1 und Ara h 2 wurde hingegen keine Veränderung der Verdaubarkeit erreicht. Für die hohe Proteolyseresistenz der Proteine in gerösteten Erdnüssen sind offenbar wiederum Reaktionen mit peroxidierten Erdnusslipiden verantwortlich.

The research reported in this thesis examines the social construction of ethnic and gender identities by British-Muslim pupils, from a critical, feminist, discursive position. The research draws upon critical, feminist conceptualisations of identity which challenge positivistic Social Psychological theories of ethnic identity for constructing British-Muslim young people in racist and sexist ways. The aims of this study were to (i) identify ways in which young people conceptualise their identities with regard to 'race', gender and religion and (ii) consider young people's constructions of racism and sexism, particularly within the context of school. Analyses suggest that the young men constructed 'Muslim' identities, through which they positioned themselves as 'not western', and asserted hegemonic masculinities. These constructions are contrasted with previous literature, in which second generation Asians are conceptualised as choosing between 'British' and 'Asian' identities. The young men used discourses of 'culture' to position themselves both as 'not proper Muslims' (in comparison to Muslims in Bangladesh) and as 'authentic' Muslims (in comparison to Muslim women in Britain). These constructions are discussed in terms of the young men's talk about the duties of 'being a man'. Analyses of the female discussion group data suggest that the young women reproduced and resisted stereotypical discourses of themselves as oppressed, 'passive victims'. In particular, young women conceptualised arranged marriages in terms of 'choice', positioning forced marriages as 'not marriage'. The theme of choice is also reproduced in discussions around the wearing of dbuttah and educational careers, in which the young women emphasised their own agency. In comparison to the young men, the women constructed 'British Muslim' identities. The differences in the young people's identity constructions are discussed in terms of their resistance to racist discourses and the negotiation of masculinities and femininities. Similarities in the young people's use of 'race' discourses are also highlighted, through their construction 'Black' and 'Asian' identities.

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Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
The concern in developing strategies to solve the water scarcity problem is growing and actual. As a big consumer of the available fresh water, agriculture is the activity with the biggest potential for applying of water reuse. This study set up in CCA/UFSCar evaluated, on laboratory conditions, the physical and chemical properties of a soil irrigated with treated wastewater after the application of a water sheet corresponding to five cycles of lettuce s growth (Lactuca sativa, L.) and in a greenhouse, evaluated the sanitary characteristics and mass of the Elisa type lettuce and the physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics of the soil after the cultivation with treated wastewater, comes from the wastewater treatment plant from the university. In the laboratory experiment, eighteen undisturbed soil samples were coupled in a constant head permeameter and received a water sheet corresponding to five cycles of lettuce s growth, 0.58, 1.16, 1.74, 2.32 and 2.9 L of water for each cycle. The soil samples were distributed in five groups that received treated wastewater and one control group that received distilled water. Soil samples were collected to analyze the granulometry, saturated hydraulic conductivity (ksat), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and soil fertility. Treated wastewater and distilled water leached samples were collected to analyze the electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), turbidity, pH, sodium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, calcium and nitrate. In a greenhouse, two cycles of Elisa lettuce were cultivated with two treatments (treated wastewater and supply water) with four repetitions. After the harvest of the lettuce, soil samples were collected to analyze granulometry, density, ksat, and soil fertility, total coliforms, Escherichia coli and heterotrophic. The harvested lettuces were analyzed for total coliforms, Escherichia coli and chemical analysis of plant tissue. In laboratory, there was an increase of ESP and the concentration of phosphorus and sodium on soil after the application of the water sheet. There wasn t significant difference on the physical properties of soil, turbidity and SAR. In a greenhouse, there wasn t significant difference between the treatments on nutrients absorption of lettuces cultivated, but the weight of lettuces irrigated with wastewater was 100% greater than the lettuces irrigated with supply water on the second cycle. It was not detected the presence of Esherichia coli on the cultivated lettuces, but there was total coliforms contamination, that presents a risk of contamination to the consumer. The irrigation with treated wastewater increased the nutrients on soil and the SAR indicated a soil salinization risk. The treated wastewater does not cause damage on the physical properties of soil.
A preocupação em desenvolver estratégias para minimizar o problema da escassez de água é crescente e atual. Como grande consumidora da água doce disponível, a agricultura é o setor com maior potencial de aplicação da água de reúso. Este trabalho desenvolvido no CCA/UFSCar avaliou, em laboratório, as propriedades físicas e químicas do solo irrigado com água de reúso tratada após aplicação de lâmina de irrigação correspondente ao cultivo de cinco ciclos de alface (Lactuca sativa L.) e, em casa de vegetação, as características sanitárias e a massa da cultura de alface Elisa e as características físicas, químicas e microbiológicas do solo após o cultivo com água de reúso, proveniente da estação de tratamento de esgoto da universidade. No experimento em laboratório, dezoito amostras indeformadas de solo foram acopladas em permeâmetro de carga constante e receberam lâmina de irrigação referente a cinco ciclos de cultivo de alface, 0,58, 1,16, 1,74, 2,32 e 2,9 L de água para cada ciclo. As amostras foram divididas em cinco grupos que receberam água de reúso e um grupo controle, que recebeu água destilada. Amostras de solo foram coletadas para determinar a granulometria, condutividade hidráulica saturada (ksat), porcentagem de sódio trocável (PST) e fertilidade do solo. Amostras da água de reúso e água destilada lixiviadas foram coletadas para determinar a condutividade elétrica, razão de adsorção de sódio (RAS), turbidez, pH, sódio, potássio, magnésio, fósforo, cálcio e nitrato. Em casa de vegetação, dois ciclos de alface "Elisa" foram cultivados com dois tratamentos (água de reúso e de abastecimento) com quatro repetições. Após a colheita, amostras de solo foram coletadas para determinar a granulometria, densidade, ksat, fertilidade do solo, coliformes totais, Escherichia coli e heterotróficos. Nas alfaces colhidas foram determinados os coliformes totais, Escherichia coli e análise química do tecido vegetal. Em laboratório, houve aumento da PST e teor de fósforo e sódio no solo após aplicação das lâminas de irrigação. Não houve diferença significativa nas propriedades físicas do solo, turbidez e RAS. Na casa de vegetação, não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos na absorção de nutrientes pelas alfaces cultivadas, porém, a massa das alfaces irrigadas com água de reúso foi 100% maior que a das alfaces irrigadas com água de abastecimento no segundo ciclo. Não foi detectada presença de Escherichia coli nas alfaces cultivadas, mas houve concentração de coliformes totais, o que representa risco de contaminação ao consumidor. A irrigação com água de reúso aumentou o teor de nutrientes no solo e a RAS indicou risco de salinização. A água de reúso não causou alterações nas propriedades físicas do solo.

Lily leaf spot disease, caused by the fungal phytopathogen, Pseudocercosporella inconspicua, infects Lilium canadense and L. grayi. The disease is currently ubiquitous in populations throughout the range of L. grayi. To determine the historical prevalence of the disease, lily specimens from eight herbaria were examined visually and microscopically, and a search for records of the pathogen was conducted using mycology databases and relevant literature. Of 516 herbarium specimens, two L. canadense and one L. grayi had the characteristic leaf lesions that contained diagnostic conidia of P. inconspicua. All three diseased specimens were collected prior to 1950. Mycological collections included two North American records of P. inconspicua on L. canadense, two on L. michiganense, one on L. philadelphicum var. andinum, and one on a cultivated Eurasian lily hybrid. Interestingly, the earliest diseased herbarium specimens were from the northeastern US with a later appearance in the southern Appalachians, a pattern also present in mycological collections of P. inconspicua. The rarity of historical specimens with disease, the temporal geographic pattern of occurrence, and the ubiquity of P. inconspicua in current populations of L. grayi suggest the spread of lily leaf spot disease in North America may threaten the viability of native Lilium host species.

In der Studie wurde die Ernährung und die Verteilung von larvalen und juvenilen Stadien von Plötze (Rutilus rutilus (L.)) und Barsch (Perca fluviatilis L.) untersucht. Untersuchungsgewässer war der Feldberger Haussee, ein geschichteter eutropher Hardwassersee, der seit über 15 Jahren biomanipuliert wurde. Der Bestand an Barschen war in diesem Gewässer im gesamten Biomanipulationszeitraum sehr gering (< 1% der Gesamtfischbiomasse). Längerfristig stabilisiert, aus wissenschafticher Sicht, eine hoher Bestand an piscivoren Barschen die Effekte der Biomanipulation. Ziel der Untersuchung war daher die Überprüfung der Hypothese, dass das Vorhandensein von Konkurrenz um die Ressource Zooplankton zwischen den juvenilen Barsch und Plötzen für den geringen Barschbestand verantwortlich ist (PERSSON & GREENBERG 1990, PERSSON et al. 1991). Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen ließen sich in folgenden Punkten zusammenfassen: i) Der juvenile Barsch segregierte in der Hochsommer- bis Herbstperiode in eine spezielle Nahrungsnische. Die beiden Fischarten unterschieden sich deutlich bezogen auf die Art der bevorzugten Zooplankter (0+-Barsch vorwiegend Eudiaptomus, Diaphanosoma, Leptodora; 1+/2+-Plötzen fraßen Cladocerennahrung Bosmina und in hohen Anteilen auch Daphnia). Separation und Aufteilung der Zooplanktonresourcen konnte auch für die bevorzugte Größe der Zooplankter beobachtet werden. Die hohen Wachstumsraten und der gute Konditionszustand des juvenilen Barsches sowie das Fehlen von Wintermortalität ließen konkurrenzinduzierte Mortalität als Begründung für den geringen Bestand nicht glaubhaft erscheinen. ii) Die räuberbedingte saisonale Mortalität der juvenilen Barsche in der Hochsommer- bis Herbstperiode ließ sich bei den 0+-Barschen und 1+-Barschen jeweils auf bis zu 90% einschätzen. Dadurch wurde auch ein starker Jahrgang (wie 1997) innerhalb der ersten zwei Lebensjahre auf bis zu 99% reduziert. iii) Als Alternativhypothese wurde aus den Ergebnissen der Studie und den Bedingungen am Feldberger Haussee gefolgert, dass eine Kombination von langer zooplanktivorer Phase und einem hohen Bestand an effektiven pelagischen Piscivoren (wie Sander lucioperca L.) für den geringen Barschbestand verantwortlich ist
In the study the feeding behaviour and distribution of larval and juvenile stages of roach (Rutilus rutilus (L.)) and perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) was examined. The object of the study was the Lake Haussee, an stratified eutrophic hardwater lake that was biomanipulated for more than fifteen years. Over the whole period of biomanipulation the portion of perch population did not reach the level of one percent of the total fish biomass. From the scientific point of the view, a high biomass of piscivorous perch may stabilize the effects of biomanipulation in the long run. The aim of the study was to evaluate the hypothesis of strong competitive interaction between juvenile roach and perch for zooplankton, which could be responsible for the minor population of perch in lakes (PERSSON & GREENBERG 1990, PERSSON et al. 1991). The results of the study can be summarised as follows: i) In the period of midsummer to autumn juvenile perch segregated to a special food niche. In comparison to 1+/2+-roach, which fed on cladocerans (e.g. Bosmina and a high portion of Daphnia), 0+-perch preferred Eudiaptomus, Diaphanosoma and Leptodora. Thus, partitioning and separation were also observed for size-selectivity. Furthermore, the high growth rates and the good state of condition of the young perch as well as the lack of winter mortality did not indicate a competitive-induced mortality in the Lake Haussee. ii) In the period of midsummer to autumn the predator-induced seasonal mortality of juvenile perch (groups like 0+/1+) was estimated nearly up to 90 percent. Thereby, also a strong age group (like 1997) of juvenile perch was reduced up to 99 percent within the first two years of life. iii) The results of this study supported an alternative hypothesis: the morphological conditions of Lake Haussee, a prolonged zooplanktivore period of juvenile perch in combination with a strong stock of an effective pelagic piscivore predator (like Sander lucioperca L.) are responsible for the low perch stock

L'inno dedicato ai sette Amesha Spəṇta è parte della produzione avestica recenziore, e si compone in gran parte di porzioni testuali riprese da altri testi avestici a loro volta di formazione tardiva. Lo Yašt si divide in tre parti principali: le stanze 0-10; 11-14; e infine la stanza 15 che comprende la formula di chiusura tipica degli inni avestici. La prima sezione (2.0-10) è composta dalla formula di apertura, incompleta rispetto a quelle dei restanti inni, seguita dai primi sette capitoli di entrambi i Sīh-rōzag compresi i Gāh. Le stanze centrali (11-14) si caratterizzano per l'assenza di passi gemelli, un elevato numero di hapax e di arcaismi formali e inoltre, una grande variabilità nella tradizione manoscritta. Si tratta di una formula magica per esorcizzare/allontanare demoni e stregoni, che doveva essere recitata per sette volte. Tale formula probabilmente rappresentava in origine un testo autonomo che veniva recitato assieme ad altri testi avestici. La versione a noi pervenuta comprende la recitazione di parte di entrambi i Sīh-rōzag, ma è molto probabile che tale arrangement sia soltanto una sequenza recitativa che doveva coesistere assieme ad altre. Attualmente la formula magica viene recitata principalmente assieme allo Yasna Haptaŋhāiti, senza le restanti stanze dell'inno nella sua versione geldneriana. Il testo sembra nascere come formula magica la quale venne recitata assieme a diversi testi avestici come per esempio parti dello Sīh-rōzag. In un periodo impossibile da stabilire con certezza la versione viene fissata nella forma a noi pervenuta nella maggior parte dei manoscritti e per la sua affinità formale probabilmente interpretato come inno e perciò incluso nell'innario avestico.
The Avestan Hymn to the seven Amesha Spəṇta is a late composition. It is mostly charchaterized by a collation of fragments from other Late Avestan texts. The Yašt can be divided in three parts: stanzas 0-10, 11-14 and 15, the last stanza regards the closing formula. The first part includes the opening formula that, compared to the other Avestan hymns, is incomplete and the first seven chapters of both Sīh-rōzag and the Gāh. The central stanzas (11-14) present an original composition without parallels or twintexts. It shows numerous hapax, formal arcaisms and an enormous amount of variants in the manuscript tradition. It centres on an exorcistic formula meant to expell demons and sorcerers that has to be recited seven times: most likely the magical spell was originally performed together with other Avestan texts such as the Sīh-rōzag. Likely, this specific arrangement of texts irepresents only one performative sequence, originally coexisting together with others which were not transmitted in the written tradition. Nowadays, the formula is mostly recited with the Yasna Haptaŋhāiti, for apotropaic purposes and in order to guarantee good fortune among the Parsis. The exorcism was originally performed together with several sacred formulas. The composition transmitted in the manuscripts is probably only one version, which was included in the canon because wrongly associated with a hymn.

Questo lavoro traccia un quadro della diffusione e trasmissione delle conoscenze riguardanti l’anatomia e la fisiologia del corpo umano nel mondo iranico in età sasanide (III-VII sec. d.C.). La tesi analizza il ruolo delle scuole di medicina in territorio iranico, come quelle sorte a Nisibi e Gundēšābūr, delle figure dei re sasanidi interessati alla filosofia e alla scienza greca, e dei centri di studio teologico e medico che, ad opera dei cristiani siro-orientali, si fecero promotori della conoscenza medico-scientifica greca in terra d’Iran.
This paper provides an overview of the spread and transmission of knowledge about the anatomy and physiology of the human body in the Iranian world in Sasanian times (3rd to 7th Century AD). The thesis analyzes the role of medical schools in the Iranian territory, such as those arising in Nisibis and Gundēšābūr, the figures of the Sasanian kings interested in philosophy and Greek science, and theological study centers and physicians who, by the work of East-Syrian Christians, became promoters of Greek scientific medical knowledge in the Iranian world.

The research pertains to the pre-Islamic Mazdean calendrical system in Arab sources, specifically on al-Bīrūnī's Canon Masudicus, concentrating on the Yazdegerd Era under a computational, linguistic and philological point of view.

L’idea che il bogomilismo sia “in una qualche maniera” da riconnettere al manicheismo è di per sè molto antica. Fin da quando giunsero le prime voci su questa nuova eresia che si era diffusa in terra bulgara, i bogomili vennero etichettati come manichei. Non necessariamente però chi è più vicino ad un fenomeno, sia nello spazio sia nel tempo, vede meglio i suoi contorni, le sue implicazioni e la sua essenza. Altri campi di studio ci insegnano che la natura umana tende a inquadrare ciò che non è noto all’interno degli schemi del “già conosciuto”: è così che spesso nomi di popoli si fissano al territorio divenendo concetti geografici anche quando i popoli cambiano; non a caso tutta la regione che si estendeva ad est della Germania veniva definita Sarmazia ed i numerosi popoli che si muovevano al seguito ed agli ordini del gran qan venivano chiamati Tartari; analogamente in semantica possiamo assistere al posizionamento di etichette consolidate e particolari su “oggetti” che ne condividono tratti pur essendo sotto molti aspetti del tutto estranei a quella che si potrebbe definire la matrice: il terrorista islamico che si fa esplodere viene chiamato sui giornali kamikaze e non casualmente lo tsunami porta questo nome: l’onda anomala che può sconvolgere coste distanti migliaia di chilometri dall’epicentro di un terremoto sottomarino ricorda la più familiare onda di porto. Se il continuo riconnettere il bogomilismo al manicheismo delle fonti antiche rappresenta un indizio, ma non necessariamente una prova di certa connessione, la situazione si è notevolmente complicata nel corso del XX secolo. Dobbiamo al principe Obolensky l’introduzione del termine neomanicheismo per indicare le eresie di carattere dualistico sviluppatesi dal X secolo in avanti sul territorio europeo con particolare riferimento al bogomilismo. Il termine dal 1948 in avanti è stato ripetutamente utilizzato più o meno a proposito in svariati lavori a volte pubblicati in sedi editoriali d’eccellenza apparsi in Europa occidentale e nell’est europeo. Il problema principale resta definire il valore da attribuire al termine “neomanicheismo”: indica un forte dualismo religioso in generale, ben diffuso e studiato da tempo ad esempio nei lavori del Bianchi dedicati ai popoli siberiani e mongoli, oppure presuppone una reale catena di connessioni che ci conducono fino al manicheismo vero e proprio? A fronte di chi sostiene che il bogomilismo, così come l’eresia catara, può essere spiegato semplicemente come fenomeno interno al cristianesimo sulla base di un’interpretazione contrastante da quella ufficiale dei testi sacri vi è chi ritiene che sia stato un contatto diretto con gli ambienti manichei a generare le caratteristiche proprie del bogomilismo. Da qui nasce la parte più affascinante della ricerca che porta all’individuazione di possibili contatti attraverso gli spostamenti delle popolazioni, alla circolazione delle idee all’interno di quello che fu il commonwealth bizantino ed all’individuazione di quanto sia rimasto di tutto ciò all’interno della dottrina bogomila. Il lavoro è suddiviso in tre capitoli, preceduti dalla bibliografia e seguiti da un indice analitico dei nomi di persona e luogo. Il primo capitolo prende in esame le fonti sul bogomilismo, il tempo ed il luogo in cui si è manifestato e la sua evoluzione. Il secondo analizza la dottrina bogomila, i suoi possibili contatti con le dottrine iraniche ed i possibili canali di trasmissione delle idee. Il terzo capitolo è costituito da una serie di racconti popoloari bulgari di matrice dualistica e da testi antico slavi usati dai bogomili. La maggior parte di questi testi viene presentata per la prima volta qui in traduzione italiana.

L’argomento affrontato nel presente lavoro di tesi dal titolo “Come tradurre il metadiscorso letterario. Esempi di scrittura femminile nell’Ottocento austriaco” è la versione interlinguistica di testi saggistici afferenti all’ambito del metadiscorso letterario. Nello specifico, non vengono analizzati testi di critica e/o metodologia ma scritti funzionali, di forte carattere pragmatico, che pur tuttavia rientrano tra le testimonianze di alta caratura letteraria, perché dovuti ad autrici che hanno fatto dell’espressione estetica la propria finalità primaria. I materiali scelti per l’analisi linguistico-testuale, compresi in un arco temporale tra la fine del Settecento e la metà dell’Ottocento, sono realizzati da donne che hanno operato in ambito teatrale facendo dell’attività di scrittura lo strumento della propria emancipazione intellettuale ed economica. La necessità di trovare una via alla pubblicazione le ha indotte a strategie di scrittura connotate da particolari stilemi e artifici retorici atti a favorire l’accettazione e la diffusione delle proposte editoriali di cui questi “paratesti” costituivano il momento giustificante. Il “lavoro di penna” è un’esperienza che viene ad assumere molteplici contorni, non privi di ricadute al momento della scelta delle strategie traduttive. Dal punto di vista formale, le testimonianze si collocano in una zona di modalità espressiva contigua alla testimonianza autobiografica. Il periodo storico e l’area di provenienza delle autrici hanno reso necessario un approccio capace di incrociare il piano diacronico con la dimensione diatopica, rendendo conto delle componenti diamesiche di una scrittura che nasce dal teatro per il teatro e ad esso e ai suoi frequentatori deve rapportarsi. Il modello traduttologico applicato ricava le sue linee fondamentali dalle riflessioni della linguistica testuale e dall’approccio integrato/multidisciplinare della “prototipologia dinamica”.
This essay entitled “Come tradurre il metadiscorso letterario. Esempi di scrittura femminile nell’Ottocento austriaco/How to translate literary metadiscourse. Examples of nineteenth-century Austrian women’s writing” looks at the interlinguistic translation of non-fiction texts focusing on literary metadiscourse. More specifically, it does not analyse critical texts and/or methods, but rather functional writings of a strong pragmatic nature, which are also considered very important literary testimonies because they were written by women writers who made aesthetic expression their primary aim. The materials selected for the linguistic-textual analysis, spanning from the late eighteenth century to the mid nineteenth century, were written by women who worked in the theatre and used the pen as a tool for their intellectual and financial emancipation. The necessity of finding a way to publish their works induced them to use writing strategies connoted by special stylistic elements and rhetorical devices. These strategies aimed at favouring the acceptance and diffusion of the publishing offers of which these “paratexts” were the justifying moment. The “art of writing” is an experience that takes on many different contours, not devoid of relapses when selecting the translation strategies. In formal terms, the testimonies belong to an area of expressive mode similar to autobiographical testimonies. The historical period and the country of origin of the writers made it necessary to use an approach that could interconnect the diachronic plan with the diatopic dimension, whilst taking into account the diamesic components of a writing that was born in the theatre for the theatre and that must relate with the theatre and its regular visitors. The traductological model applied gets its fundamental lines from the reflections of textual linguistics and from the integrated/multi-disciplinary approach of “dynamic prototypology”.

Il presente lavoro affronta il problema della traduzione dei termini culturo-specifici nella letteratura contemporanea di lingua tedesca ambientata nella DDR. L’analisi della produzione narrativa della Wendeliteratur consente di osservare come il lessico e le espressioni tipiche della DDR vengano utilizzati nelle opere letterarie in funzione citazionale per denotare e connotare la realtà della Germania dell’Est. Attraverso un approccio integrato che coniuga i contributi teorici degli studi sulla traduzione con gli aspetti della pratica traduttiva il lavoro indaga il tema dei realia attraverso una presentazione delle ricerche esistenti, propone una classificazione specifica per i realia della DDR e procede a una ricognizione delle strategie e dei procedimenti traduttivi concreti, che consente di evidenziare le diverse scelte adottate dai traduttori. Attraverso un’analisi ermeneutica dei testi e lo strumento dell’isotopia come indicatore di coerenza le traduzioni italiane delle opere della Wendeliteratur sono oggetto di un’analisi critica. I risultati dell’analisi vengono infine utilizzati come riferimento per la traduzione dei realia nel racconto di F.C. Delius, Die Birnen von Ribbeck.
Literature and realia. GDR-culture-specific terms in the Italian translations of Wendeliteratur Realia are expressions referring to culture-specific phenomena, which can only be understood in the particular cultural context in which they are embedded; consequently they lack a corresponding expression in the target language. In the works of contemporary German literature focusing on life in the GDR, the so called Wendeliteratur, realia are used with a “quotational” function to denote and connote the particular situation of East Germany before the fall of the Berlin Wall and in the period until Germany reunification. Starting from the existing works concerning culture-specific terms, this thesis proposes a definition of realia. Through an integrated approach joining together the different theoretical issues of the translation studies with the practical issues of the translation task, it then develops a specific taxonomy for culture-specific terms in the GDR and investigates the main translation strategies and concrete procedures through an analysis of the solutions proposed in the translated works. The different choices in the Italian versions are finally submitted to an analysis based on the isotopies containing culture-specific expressions. Realia are repeated through the text assuring its coherence, they constitute an orientation for the interpreting task of the reader/translator, they guide him/her to recognize the different levels of the textual coherence and to choose the most appropriate solutions, taking into account the different textual dimensions and the complexity of the translation task. The results of the analysis are used as reference points for the translation into Italian of Friedrich Christian Delius’ novel Die Birnen von Ribbeck.

This study aims to the elaboration of juridical and administrative terminology in Ladin language, actually on the Ladin idiom spoken in Val Badia. The necessity of this study is strictly connected to the fact that in South Tyrol the Ladin language is not just safeguarded, but the editing of administrative and normative text is guaranteed by law. This means that there is a need for a unique terminology in order to support translators and editors of specialised texts. The starting point of this study are, on one side the need of a unique terminology, and on the other side the translation work done till now from the employees of the public administration in Ladin language. In order to document their efforts a corpus made up of digitalized administrative and normative documents was build. The first two chapters focuses on the state of the art of projects on terminology and corpus linguistics for lesser used languages. The information were collected thanks to the help of institutes, universities and researchers dealing with lesser used languages. The third chapter focuses on the development of administrative language in Ladin language and the fourth chapter focuses on the creation of the trilingual Italian – German – Ladin corpus made up of administrative and normative documents. The last chapter deals with the methodologies applied in order to elaborate the terminology entries in Ladin language though the use of the trilingual corpus. Starting from the terminology entry all steps are described, from term extraction, to the extraction of equivalents, contexts and definitions and of course also of the elaboration of translation proposals for not found equivalences. Finally the problems referring to the elaboration of terminology in Ladin language are illustrated.

La ricerca sulla comunicazione e gestione multilingue della conoscenza in azienda si è sinora concentrata sulle multinazionali o PMI in fase di globalizzazione. La presente ricerca riguarda invece le PMI in zone storicamente multilingui al fine di studiare se l’abitudine all’uso di lingue diverse sul mercato locale possa rappresentare un vantaggio competitivo. La tesi illustra una ricerca multimetodo condotta nel 2012-2013 in Alto Adige/Südtirol. Il dataset consiste in 443 risposte valide a un questionario online e 23 interviste con manager e imprenditori locali. Le domande miravano a capire come le aziende altoatesine affrontino la sfida del multilinguismo, con particolare attenzione ai seguenti ambiti: comunicazione multilingue, documentazione, traduzione e terminologia. I risultati delineano un quadro generale delle strategie di multilinguismo applicate in Alto Adige, sottolineandone punti di forza e punti deboli. Nonostante la presenza di personale multilingue infatti il potenziale vantaggio competitivo che ne deriva non è sfruttato appieno: le aziende si rivolgono ai mercati in cui si parla la loro stessa lingua (le imprese a conduzione italiana al mercato nazionale, quelle di lingua tedesca ad Austria e Germania). La comunicazione interna è multilingue solo nei casi in sia imprescindibile. Le “traduzioni fai-da-te” offrono l’illusione di gestire lingue diverse, ma il livello qualitativo rimane limitato. I testi sono sovente tradotti da personale interno privo di competenze specifiche. Anche nella cooperazione con i traduttori esterni si evidenza la mancata capacità di ottenere il massimo profitto dagli investimenti. La tesi propone delle raccomandazioni pratiche volte a ottimizzare i processi attuali e massimizzare la resa delle risorse disponibili per superare la sfida della gestione e comunicazione multilingue. Le raccomandazioni non richiedono investimenti economici di rilievo e sono facilmente trasferibili anche ad altre regioni multilingui/di confine, come ad altre PMI che impiegano personale plurilingue. Possono dunque risultare utili per un elevato numero di imprese.
Research in multilingual business communication and knowledge management so far has mainly focused on large international companies or on SMEs facing globalisation, while this research centres on SMEs in historically multilingual regions. The aim is to to assess whether the long-term habit of communicating in more than one language on the local market gives these SMEs a competitive advantage. The dissertation bases on a mixed-method study performed in 2012-2013 in Italian-German bilingual South Tyrol (Alto Adige/Südtirol). The dataset consists of 443 valid responses to an online questionnaire and 23 qualitative interviews with local CEOs. Questions aimed at understanding how the South Tyrolean businesses cope with the challenges of multilingualism, focusing particularly on: multilingual communication, documentation, translation and terminology. The results sketch a general picture of multilingual habits in South Tyrol and pinpoint common weaknesses. Notwithstanding the availability of bilingual and multilingual staff, the ensuing potential is not fully exploited: companies tend to address same-language markets (i.e. Italian-speaking companies target the national market while German-speaking companies address neighbouring Austria and Germany). Internal communication is monolingual whenever possible. “DIY in-house translations” offer the illusion of coping with several languages, but quality is poor. Most texts are translated by internal staff with no specific competences. The cooperation with external translators also lacks the necessary insights to optimise the cost-benefit relationship. Based on these results, the dissertation proposes a set of simple and practical recommendations for South Tyrolean companies that build on optimising current workflows and better exploiting existing resources, thus helping to master the challenge of multilingual knowledge management and international communication. Most recommendations do not require financial investments and can easily be transferred to other multilingual (border) regions or to SMEs employing multilingual staff. Therefore, the recommendations can be helpful for a wide range of companies.

Orientador: Hilton Silveira Pinto
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-22T17:54:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida_CarlosAlbertoSoaresde_M.pdf: 3235095 bytes, checksum: 48e69e1e9b601ab6e6079a4937440503 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1996
Resumo: A estimativa de temperatura de superfície do dossel vegetativo (Ts), pode ser aplicada à análise de parâmetros agroclimáticos, comumente utilizados para a avaliação da evapotranspiração, umidade do solo e controle da irrigação. O sensor AVHRR trabalha com cinco canais de imageamento. Dois deles, os canais 4 e 5, captam energia eletromagnética terrestre na faixa infravermelha distante do espectro, própria ao estudo de temperatura de superfícies vegetadas. No presente trabalho, foram utilizadas séries de imagens diurnas e noturnas, fornecidas pelos sensores AVHRR a bordo do satélite NOAA-14. Para a obtenção dos valores finais de Ts, as imagens foram processadas em softwares adequados ao tratamento de produtos NOAA-AVHRR. O processamento incluiu o georeferenciamento das imagens e as correções atmosféricas, para as quais se utilizou o método de correção split window. Um radiômetro de campo foi utilizado nas medidas da Ts feitas in situ, por ocasião das passagens do satélite. Os dados orbitais de Ts já corrigidos, foram submetidos a análise de regressão contra os dados terrestres do mesmo parâmetro. Foram observados altos graus de associação entre a Ts medida no campo e a temperatura da folha e do ar próximo à superfície. A alta correlação entre a Ts medida no campo e a obtida a partir das imagens indicou que a equação de sp/it window usada corrigiu satisfatoriamente as imagens quanto aos efeitos atmosféricos. Foi sugerida uma equação para a estimativa da temperatura de superfície cultivada com trigo, usando dados NOAA-14/AVHRR, para as condições experimentais em que as medidas foram coletadas
Abstract: The Surface temperature (Ts) estimate can be applied to the .Jgroclimatological parameter analysis, useful to evaluate evapotranspiration, soil moisture, and irrigation scheduling. AVHRR works with five imaging channels. Two of them, the channels 4 and 5, receive terrestrial electromagnetic energy on the infrared range of the spectrum, useful to vegetated surface temperature studies. Diurnal and nocturnal image series are being used in this work. These images were provided by the AVHRR aboard the NOAA-14 satellite. The images were processed on suitable software to the treatment of NOAA-AVHRR products, for Ts final value obtaining. The processing work includes both the images geo-referencing and their atmospheric correction applying the "split window method". A terrestrial radiometer was used to the Ts measurements carried out in situ, during the satellite passes. The corrected Ts satellite data were submitted to a regression analysis against the terrestrial data about the same parameter. High association levei between Ts measured at the field and both the leaf temperature and the near surface air temperature was observed. The high correlation between Ts measured at the field and that one from the images shown thatthe split window equation corrected satisfactorily the atmosphere effects over the images. An equation to estimate wheat surface temperature from NOAA14/AVHRR data was presented for the experiment field conditions
Mestrado
Agua e Solo
Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Die vorliegende Arbeit konnte im Rahmen des vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) geförderten Verbundprojektes „Zukunftsorientierte Waldwirtschaft (1998-2003)“ erstellt werden. Dieses Vorhaben hat die bundesweiten Forderungen und Zielvorstellungen der Landesforstverwaltungen aufgegriffen, die nicht standortsgemäßen, naturfernen und instabilen Nadelbaumreinbestände umzubauen und den Anteil an Mischbeständen in den Forstbetrieben deutlich zu erhöhen. Neben ökonomischen Zielen sollte der Waldumbau vor allem auch ökologische Belange berücksichtigen. Dies wurde durch entsprechende Forschungsschwerpunkte vom BMBF wissenschaftlich begleitet. Die Vogelbeere (Gemeine Eberesche, Sorbus aucuparia L.) ist aufgrund ihrer hohen klimatischen und standörtlichen Anpassungsfähigkeit in den Mittelgebirgslagen Europas eine der häufigsten Nebenbaumarten in Fichtenwaldgesellschaften und künstlichen Fichtenforsten. Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte geprüft werden, wie einzelbaumweise eingemischte Vogelbeeren, welche sich natürlich angesamt haben, frühzeitig in die Behandlung von Fichtenjungbeständen einbezogen werden können. Die Vogelbeere wird somit für eine erhebliche Dauer des Bestandeslebens – mindestens aber bis zum Zeitpunkt ihrer möglichen natürlichen Verjüngung – als ein vitales Bestandesglied im Sinne eines ökologischen Waldumbauverfahrens angesehen. Ziel war dabei die optimale Einzelbaumentwicklung der Vogelbeere hinsichtlich ihrer Dimension und Qualität, vor allem aber ihrer Vitalität. Grundlegend ist durch eine Abfrage in der Forsteinrichtungsdatenbank (FESA) für den Landeswald Sachsens das Flächenpotential an Fichtenjungbeständen bis zum Alter 50 Jahre in den mittleren Lagen erfasst worden, in denen natürlich angesamte und einzelbaumweise eingemischte Vogelbeeren vorkommen. Mit Hilfe einer terrestrischen Inventur wurden die ausgewählten Bestände stichprobenartig aufgesucht und dabei die vorkommenden Vogelbeeren hinsichtlich Dimension, Qualität, Vitalität und Schäden untersucht. Für ein waldbauliches Experiment sind weiterhin Fichtenjungbestände im Alter 16, 19, 26 und 32 Jahre auf Standorten mäßiger Trophie in den mittleren Lagen des sächsischen Forstbezirkes Bärenfels ausgewählt worden. In diesen Beständen wurden einzelbaumweise eingemischte Vogelbeeren unterschiedlicher soziologischer Stellung in den drei Varianten „keine“, „mäßige“ und „starke“ Freistellung gefördert. Die Zuwachsreaktionen verschiedener Baumkompartimente der untersuchten Vogelbeeren wurden in Abhängigkeit der Faktoren Alter, Freistellungsvariante und Konkurrenzsituation analysiert. Für einige Messungen war es notwendig dem Versuchsdesign auch Bäume destruktiv zu entnehmen. Insgesamt wurden ca. 700 ha Fichtenjungbestände erfasst, in denen die Vogelbeere einzelbaumweise in den Oberstand eingemischt war oder als weitere Baumart erwähnt wurde. Das durchschnittliche Mischprozent der Vogelbeere im Oberstand betrug ca. 16%. Die terrestrische Inventur zeigte, dass in den sehr jungen und kleinflächigen Beständen (mit bis zu 4 ha Größe) das Vorkommen der der Vogelbeeren am höchsten ist. Die Bäume sind dort zwar vor allem durch Mehrstämmigkeit (Garbenwuchs) gekennzeichnet, dennoch konnte bei den untersuchten Bäumen überwiegend eine gerade Stammform angesprochen werden. In den älteren Beständen stieg dann der Anteil der einschnürigen Stämme und Gabelungszwiesel, und zunehmend wurde die soziologische Stellung als „beherrscht“ und „unterdrückt“ für die Vogelbeeren angesprochen. Die erfassten Schälschäden fielen entgegen den Erwartungen vergleichsweise gering aus. Merkliche Schälschäden wurden erst in den beiden ältesten Fichtenaltersklassen angesprochen und diese nur als gering eingestuft. Die Einschätzung der Vitalität der Vogelbeeren mit Hilfe des baumartenunabhängigen Kronenanspracheschlüssels nach ROLOFF (2001) ergab in allen betrachteten Fichtenaltersklassen überwiegend eine geschwächte bis merklich geschwächte Vitalität. Die Ergebnisse des waldbaulichen Experimentes zeigten, dass die Wachstumsreaktionen der Vogelbeeren je nach betrachteter Fichtenaltersstufe unterschiedlich sind. Je früher eine Förderung erfolgt, umso stärker sind die Reaktionen des Einzelbaumes. Die freigestellten Bäume reagierten deutlich mit gesteigertem relativem BHD-Zuwachs, wobei die Kategorie „mäßige Freistellung“ am Ende der Beobachtungsperiode tendenziell die höchsten Werte besaß und dieser Zuwachs mit zunehmender Fichtenaltersstufe abnahm. Jahrringanalysen an Stammscheiben von entnommenen Probebäumen zeigten, dass die gesteigerte Zuwachsrate des Dickenwachstums nach 3 Vegetationsperioden wieder nachlässt. Das Höhenwachstum wurde in jeder beobachteten Fichtenaltersstufe und Konkurrenzsituation nicht signifikant durch die angewendeten Maßnahmen beeinflusst. Insgesamt zeichneten sich alle Probebäume durch hohe HD-Werte (im Mittel 138) aus, nur die Vogelbeeren der Fichtenaltersstufe 19 besaßen vergleichsweise stabile Werte unter 100. Die freigestellten Vogelbeeren entwickelten in allen betrachteten Altersstufen deutlich erweiterte Kronenschirmflächen und einen signifikanten Kronenradiuszuwachs. Die Ergebnisse der Gesamtblattmasseschätzungen zeigten für Vogelbeeren der Fichtenaltersstufe 26 deutliche Tendenzen, die belegen, dass geförderte Bäume mehr Blattmasse pro Baum ausgebildet haben als nicht geförderte Bäume. Die Anzahl der fruktifizierenden Bäume stieg von 41 % im Jahr 2001 auf 81 % im Jahr 2003, wobei die Stichprobe im Jahr 2003 um 17 Bäume durch destruktive Beprobungen reduziert gewesen ist. Es zeichnete sich ein Trend zum Anstieg der Fruchttrockenmasse je Vogelbeere in Abhängigkeit von der Freistellungsvariante ab, wobei stärker freigestellte Bäume mehr Fruchtmasse produzierten, als mäßig freigestellte Bäume (p = 0,029). Für einen mittleren Probebaum von ca. 5 cm BHD wurde eine Gesamtfeinwurzelmasse von ca. 202 g (R² = 0,30) und eine maximale horizontale Feinwurzelausbreitung von etwa 8 m ermittelt. Die höchsten mittleren Biomasseanteile an der gesamten oberirdischen Biomasse der Bäume hatte jeweils das Kompartiment „Stamm“, mit Anteilen zwischen 67 und 86 % über alle betrachteten Versuchsvarianten. Darauf folgen bei fast allen Versuchsvarianten die Biomasseanteile der Äste aus der Lichtkrone (ca. 5,5 bis 15,5 %). Die Blattbiomasse nimmt am Gesamtbaum einen verhältnismäßig geringen Anteil ein (zwischen 3,1 und 12,4 % über alle Varianten). Die jüngeren Bäume der Fichtenaltersstufe 16 hatten über alle Versuchsvarianten verhältnismäßig hohe Blattmasseanteile im Vergleich zu den Bäumen der Fichtenaltersstufe 26. Insgesamt hat die starke Freistellung tendenziell das Allokationsverhältnis zugunsten der Astbiomasse verschoben. Die älteren Bäume bildeten weniger Blattbiomasse im Vergleich zur Stammbiomasse. Einzelbaumweise eingemischte Vogelbeeren können als ideale Mischbaumart für einen ökologischen Waldumbau, speziell in jungen Fichtenreinbeständen, angesehen werden. Die Vogelbeere findet sich auf natürlichem Wege in diesen Beständen ein, wenn eine ausreichende Präsenz an fruktifizierenden Altbäumen gewährleistet ist. Um sie als wertvolle Zeitmischung zu erhalten, muss sie aber als eigenständiger Z-Baum Eingang in die Waldbaustrategien der Fichtenjungbestände finden, indem sie frühzeitig und regelmäßig gefördert wird. Ein passendes Wildmanagement sollte dabei Schäden an den Bäumen weitestgehend vermeiden, welche die Qualität und Vitalität, und somit den Erhalt der Vogelbeeren, nachweislich gefährden. Aus ökologischem Blickwinkel erfahren Standort, Fauna und Flora der Fichtenreinbestände durch die Präsenz geförderter und somit vitaler Vogelbeeren eine Aufwertung. Die freigestellten Bäume produzieren höhere Blattbiomassen, die nachweislich zu einer Verbesserung der Humusauflage führen, und von gesteigerten Fruktifikationsraten können Insekten und Säugetiere profitieren. Eine erhöhte unterirdische Wurzelaktivität und entsprechende Bodenmelioration wird zudem angenommen. Wenn geeignete Verjüngungsnischen in näherer Umgebung der Einzelbäume existieren, kann mit einer konsequent und regelmäßig geförderten Vogelbeere auch dem Nachhaltsumbau für die Gestaltung von zukünftigen Bestandesgenerationen gedient werden. Weiterhin kann sie als eine geeignete Baumart hinsichtlich der Gestaltung eines Risikomanagements nach Störungen und Katastrophen angesehen werden, da sie aufgrund ihrer Eigenschaften für eine rasche Wiederbewaldung sorgt. Vor dem Hintergrund eines prognostizierten Klimawandels stellt sie zudem mit ihrer standörtlichen Anspruchslosigkeit eine geeignete Mischbaumart für zukünftige Bestockungen dar. Die vorliegende Arbeit konnte zeigen, dass das Wuchspotential der Vogelbeere in bisherigen Untersuchungen und daraus resultierenden Erkenntnissen unterschätzt wurde. Konsequent gepflegte Vogelbeeren ohne Wildschäden existieren kaum und konnten somit kaum untersucht werden. An dieser Stelle besteht weiterer Forschungsbedarf, welcher auf längerfristigen Versuchsaufbauten basieren sollte
The present work is part of the joint research program „Zukunftsorientierte Waldwirtschaft (1998-2003)“ which was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). The program acted on nationwide requests and formulated goals of federal forest administrations to convert artificial and instable conifer stands unsuited to the site and to significantly increase the portion of mixed populations. Besides economic goals the conversion measures primarily were to consider ecological needs. These were assured by scientific super-vision by the BMBF in respective focal programs. Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.) exhibits high climatic and habitational adoptability. Therefore, it is a major secondary tree species in Europe’s average mountain ranges both in natural and artificial spruce forests. This work aimed to investigate how naturally seeded single tree admixtures of rowan can precociously be integrated into the management of young spruce stands. By rowan is viewed as a vital member of stand for a considerable part of the stand`s lifecycle in the sense of natural forest conversion, at least until its potential natural rejuvenation. The major goal in this approach was an ideal single tree development of rowan with respect to dimension, quality and, above all, its vitality. As a basis, the areal potential of young spruce stands aged up to 50 years in the mid altitudinal ranges containing naturally seeded single tree admixtures of rowan was determined by querying the forest inventory system database of the Federal Forest of Saxony (FESA). Selected stands were visited at random in the frame of a terrestrial inventory and found rowans were examined with respect to dimension, quality, vitality and damage. Furthermore, young spruce stands in the age of 16, 19, 26 and 32 years at sites of moderate trophic level at midaltitude of the Saxon forestry district Bärenfels were selected for a silvicultural experiment. In these stands single tree admixtures of rowans differing in sociological situation were supported by either no, moderate or strong thinning. Growth responses of different tree compartments of the examined rowans were analyzed in relation to the factors age, thinning variant and competition. For some measurements destructive removal of trees from the experimental design became necessary. In total, approx.700 ha of young spruce stands containing rowan as single tree admixtures in the overstorey or as additional tree species records were registered. The average percentage of mountain as in the overstorey was approx. 16 %. The terrestrial inventory demonstrated that very young stands with small plot sizes (up to 4 ha) exhibit the highest occurrence of rowan. Even though trees are mainly characterized by several secondary trunks here, straightshaped stems could be found in the majority of examined individuals. In older stands the percentage of constricted and bifurcated stems raised and sociological position of the rowan trees was increasingly determined as “dominated” and “repressed”. Recorded stripping damage was low in contrast to expectations. Notable stripping damage was only found in the two oldest age classes of spruce and was determined as low. The vitality assessment of the rowans using the tree species independent crown assessment method according to ROLOFF (2001) resulted predominantly in a weakened to substantially weakened vitality. Results of the silvicultural experiment demonstrated the growth reactions of rowan differ depending on the age class of spruces under investigation. The earlier crown release is initiated the stronger are the reactions of a single tree. Released trees considerably reacted by enhanced increment of relative diameter at breast height with the category of “moderate thinning” in direction showed highest values at the end of the observation period while this increment decreased with increasing age class of the spruces. Treering analysis of stem disks from removed individuals revealed that the enhanced rate of diameter growth decreased again after 3 vegetation periods. Vertical growth was not significantly influenced by the taken measures in any of the spruce age classes or competitive situations under investigation. Overall, all trees under investigation were characterized by high height to diameter ratios (mean of 138) with only rowans of age category 19 exhibiting relatively stable values below 100. Released rowans developed markedly expanded crown areas in all investigated ageclasses and a significantly elevated increment in crown diameter. Results of the total leaf biomass estimations revealed clear tendencies for rowans in the spruce age category 26. These prove the supported trees having developed more leaf biomass per individual as nonsupported. The number of fructifying trees rose from 41 % in 2001 to 81 % in 2003 whereas the sample size was reduced by 17 in 2003 by destructive sampling. A tendency of increased dry fruit mass per rowan berry depending on the release variant could be seen with stronger released trees producing more fruit mass than moderately released ones (p=0.029). For an average sample tree of approx. 5 cm breast height diameter a total hair root mass of approx. 202 g (R² = 0.30) and a maximum horizontal hair root distribution of approx. 8 m was determined. Highest mean portions of overall aboveground biomass of the trees were assigned to the stem compartment with percentages ranging from 67 to 86 % throughout all experimental variants. These were followed by the biomass portions of branches from the light crown (approx. 5.5 to 15.5 %). The leaf biomass accounts for a comparatively low proportion of the tree (between 3.1 und 12.4 % throughout all variants). The younger trees of spruce age category 16 had relatively high portions of leaf biomass as compared to trees of spruce age category 26. Altogether the strong release shifted the allocation pattern in favor of the branches biomass. Older trees developed less leaf biomass compared to stem biomass. Single tree admixtures of rowan can be considered ideal for ecological forest conversion, especially in young spruce stands. Rowan naturally adapts to these stands if a sufficient presence of fructifying, old trees is ensured. To preserve it as valuable temporal mixture, it has to make its way into forestry planting strategies for young spruce stands as an autonomous future tree by being receiving early and regular support. Associated wildlife management should as far as possible avoid damage of the trees endangering quality and vitality and by that preservation of rowans. From an ecological perspective the site, fauna and flora of pure spruce stands experience a revaluation through the presence of supported and therefore vital rowans. The released trees produce higher amounts of leaf biomass demonstrably leading to an amelioration of the humus layer and insects and mammals can profit from enhanced fructification rates. Furthermore, an increased underground root activity and related soil melioration is assumed. If suitable regeneration niches exist nearby the single trees, consequently and regularly supported rowans can as well serve sustainable conversion for the design of future generations of tree populations. Furthermore it can be considered a suitable tree species in view of the creation of a risk management plan following disturbances and catastrophes as its characteristics ensure fast reforestation. Against the background of a predicted climate change the rowan with its habitational modesty constitutes a suitable species for future stockings. The present work could demonstrate a clear underestimation of the growth potential of rowan in studies to date and their resulting conclusions. Consequently maintained rowans without damage caused by game do rarely exist and could therefore rarely be examined. Here, additional research is needed which should be based on longerterm experimental setups

0. L'assumpte de la recerca efectuada es troba formulat en el títol amb què es presenta i al.ludeix a tres temàtiques: la temàtica de l'idealisme, la de la lògica transcendental i, per últim, també la de la problemàtica conjunció de l'idealisme i la lògica transcendental. El camp de problemes delimitat per aquesta conjunció configura l'objecte d'una possible recerca sistemàtica, i el seu resultat hauria de contribuir a l'esclariment històric i filosòfic alhora de l'idealisme i de la lògica transcendental. Però la meva recerca no ha volgut lliurar-se a tal examen sistemàtic sense obrir un "momentum" reflexiu previ referit a les condicions de la seva possibilitat mateixa. D'aquí que la recerca hagi de ser considerada i valorada com a preliminar a la recerca de l'idealisme i la lògica transcendental, és a dir, com a lliure exploració dels problemes que desfermen les preguntes què és l'idealisme i què és la lògica transcendental. Aspecte inherent al "momentum" reflexiu, qualsevol assaig de resposta a les qüestions proposades contindrà ineludiblement - o fins constituirà fonamentalment - una clarificació de les preguntes mateixes com també de la via seguint la qual han de ser recercades (i recercades) les respostes.

I.

1. En la línia indicada d'una clarificació de les condicions de la pregunta i la reposta a la qüestió que demana per l'idealisme avança la primera part del treball - amb el títol "Narratives de l'dealisme".

2. Una recerca preliminar té en l'idealisme, abans que res, una categoria historiogràfica qüestionada: de manera potser inadvertida, l'idealisme alemany ha estat progressivament empès al domini de la mitologia. A partir d'aquí una recerca preliminar de l'idealisme havia de plantejar-se com a tasca primera i indispensable mirar d'explicar com ha arribat a constituir-se el mite - o això que, almenys, se li presenta com a mite.

3. La primera part del meu treball realitza. així doncs, incursions en un nombre determinat de treballs filosòfics i històrico-filosòfics que poden valer com a arquetips d'estructuració de la categoria historiogràfica de l'idealisme alemany. Aquests treballs aspiren, sens dubte, a efectuar la seva estructuració mitjançant un plantejament filosòfic, és a dir, dotant d'un contingut teòric l'idealisme, i qualsevol tasca enfront d'aquests treballs passa, per tant, per una anàlisi del seu contingut, però el meu punt de vista no ha estat (o almenys no ha volgut ser) prioritlriament el d'una valoració teòrica de tals continguts.

4. En relació a aquests reconstruccions de l'idealisme diré que, en general, he partit de l'examen dels seus continguts a fi de fer-ne sorgir el seu model estructurador. El resultat de la meva recerca és mostrar que hi ha un nombre en principi finit determinable de models estructuradors en el marc d'una determinada concepció que anomeno "narrativa" de l'idealisme.

5. ¿En què consisteix la concepció narrativa? L'idealisme alemany es considera UN SISTEMA FlLOSÒFIC i el seu esclariment s'identifica amb una explicació o reconstrucció de la gènesi i el desenvolupament d'un argument teòric.

6. La tesi es proposa mostrar que el terreny fonamental dels debats de la historiografia filosòfica sobre l'idealisme queda definit per aquesta estructura formal i que ella, tant considerada en si mateixa com en l'estructuració del contingut que determina és inapropiada. La recerca actual avança, de fet, sobre la base de la impossibilitat de reescriure narrativament l'idealisme alemany, però aquesta dificultat és de naturalesa doble: pràctica i teòrica.

7. La impossibilitat teòrica de reescriure narrativament l'idealisme no es troba prou clarificada ni justificada en la consciència historiogràfica contemporània. Renunciar a escriure narratives perquè ja no pot abastar-se d'un cop d'ull la totalitat de l'objecte no significa renunciar a la concepció narrativa per principi i per convicció. Això segon no pot fer-se més que per una acte exprès de contestació no d'aquesta o aquella narrativa sinó de la narrativa com a tal.

8. La meva contestació a la narrativa s'expressa en el treball a través d'un capítol on presento conclusions per a començar. La continuïtat adscribible a l'idealisme no ha de ser concebuda com a descabdellament d'una identitat teòrica. com a gènesi i desenvolupament d'un sistema sinó com una continuïtat discreta, aquella continuïtat que configura l'evolució marcada per diversos sistemes filosòfics. Així compresa, la recerca històrica-filosòfica sobre l'idealisme es proposa com a recerca en un horitzó (obert, problemàtic i complex) irreductible al camí que en ell pugui ser resseguit com a traçat per la reflexió d'una sola filosofia idealista.


II.

9. En la segona part del treball, titulada "En l'horitzó històric i filosòfic de la lògica transcendental" he efectuat una consideració igualment preliminar de la problemàtica de la lògica transcendental. Les qüestions principals abordades en aquesta recerca són: (a) la qüestió del significat de la lògica transcendental; (b) una justificació de la lògica transcendental com a possible fil conductor de la reconstrucció de l'idealisme; i hi podriem afegir encara (c) la precisió de l'encaix o relació entre idealisme i lògica transcendental, entre les dues parts del meu treball.

10. També en la qüestió (a) del significat de la lògica transcendental he tingut contramodels - si bé he preferit deixar-los implícits. L'existència mateixa d'aquests models, d'una diversitat de definicions del concepte buscat, posa de relleu la importància d'arribar a esbrinar, d'acord amb les coordenades d'una recerca preliminar, com calgui arribar a guanyar el significat de la lògica transcendental.

11. Per a l'obtenció del significat de la lògica transcendental he mirat de construir el seu preconcepte. Prenent la denominació filosòfica mateixa com a punt de partida he mirat de remuntar fins a la problemàtica històrico-filosòfica a la llum de la qual la nova lògica ha de prendre el seu sentit.

12. El preconcepte de la lògica transcendental queda construït a partir de la comprensió històrica-filosòfica del lògic i del transcendental en la nofió d'una primera ciència que és alhora una ciència primera. En l'entrecreuament dels conceptes "lògic" i "transcendental" s'anuncia una radicalització metafísica de la problemàtica lògica com a via de resolució de la problemàtica que exhibeixen el lògic i el transcendental en el pensament filosofic de la "Aufklärung".

13. El pas següent (b) ha estat el d'assegurar que tal preconcepte té ancoratge històric, que l'anunci d'una lògica ontològica contingut en la denominació precedéis l'assaig efectiu de realització d'aquesta lògica en un concepte de lògica transcendental. La recerca d'aquesta garantia ha portat a examinar la construcció del concepte de lògica transcendental en la "Crítica de la raó pura" de Kant.

14. A partir de la conseqüència metodològica de la Crítica teòrica queda oberta la perspectiva que crec fa accessible la construcció del concepte de lògica transcendental de Kant. Si aquesta teoria parteix de determinats pressupòsits és només a fi d'esclarir-ne el seu caràcter i la seva estructura i a fi de pensar-ne la necessitat mateixa de la seva pressuposició. La lògica transcendental de Kant es proposaria així com una reflexió dirigida cap als seus propis pressupòsits (en un cercle característic) - i empesa per la radicalitat de la seva intenció reflexiva aspiraria a justificar més fins i tot que la possibilitat d'aquest cercle la seva necessitat.

15. Resta, per últim, la dificultat que pot plantejar-se ara com interna al meu plantejament, que amb una sumària exploració de la filosofia teòrica de Kant pugui quedar explicada i justificada la lògica transcendental en quant preconcepte com a fil conductor per a la reconstrucció de l'idealisme. Tofant a aquesta qüestió (c), cal dir que una justificació plena i positiva l'he obtinguda només de la circumstància que caldrà començar en Kant. Però a més ha pogut ser prospectat temptativament el preconcepte de la lògica transcendental com a possible fil conductor també per al postkantisme.

16. En conclusió, la lògica transcendental com a fil conductor d'una reconstrucción històrico-filosòfica de l'idealisme és preconcepte i la seva aplicació consistirà bàsicament en guiar l'examen de la discussió filosòfica que ha suscitat la possibilitat d'efectuar transicions des d'aquest preconcepte a la definició i realització de conceptes històricament verificables. Però una recerca de l'idealisme i la lògica transcendental no inscrita en un esquema narratiu sinó en un horitzó obert, un horitzó que fa de l'idealisme la idea i l'ideal d'una totalitat per configurar, es presentarà amb la prudència de no pretendre exbaurir aquell horitzó i ni tan sols de lofalitzar-ne el seu centre. Ja que dir que aquesta temàtica és essencial a a la definició de l'idealisme queda molt lluny, fins i tot infinitament lluny, de l'afirmació que aquesta temàtica constitueixi l'essència de l'idealisme.
"Idealism and transcendental Logic" constitutes the field of a possible systematic research in modern Philosophy History. Such field presents itself defined by the conjugation of two different concepts -"Idealism", "Transcendental logic" - that are the object of discussion in current historical and philosophical literature. The traditional view of German Idealism as a three-step philosophical profess which would in full consequence be carried out in the philosophies of Fichte, Schelling and Hegel has long been denounced as basically "Hegelian" and abandoned. The central question remains which philosophical systems should then be taken into account and on which grounds in the study of the period. Similarly, it is far from clear the philosophical meaning of transcendental Logic, as it can be shown when attempting either to answer this question or even specifying its sense from the diverse theoretical starting points established by Kant's theoretical "Kritik", Reinhold's "Elementarphilosophie", Fichte's "Wissenschafisehre" or Hegel's "Wissenschaft der Logik", to summon up only a few of the numerous, in a broad sense logical works of that time. It must be asked whether or not Idealistic thinkers have developed the same kind of logic and what are the conditions under which such an undertaking might be taken as a leading argument for the deconstruction of German Idealism.

Hence the present work aims at clarifying the crucial concepts on which a systematic study of «Idealism and transcendental Logic» necessarily relies and for this reason it proposes to conduct a "preliminary" research of its theme.

The text appears divided in two parts -entitled "Narratives on Idealism" and "On the Historical and Philosophical Horizon of Transcendental Logic"- which set to examine respectively the question of Idealism and the question of transcendental Logic. While the analysis is pursued in both pans in an independent fashion, a final conclusion seeks to connect them again by showing that even though the essence of the phenomenon of Idealism cannot be grasped without taking into consideration the discussion regarding the possibility of constructing a concept of transcendental logic, this argument would never account for the essence of German Idealism as such. This apparent paradox is pondered as the necessary basis for a "liminary" work on the subject.

Hintergrund und Zielstellung Im Zuge des Waldumbaus wird die Rotbuche (Fagus sylvatica L.) über Voranbau in Fichtenreinbestände eingebracht. Deren Bewirtschaftung zielt meist auf die Erzeugung von Wertholz ab. In diesem Zusammenhang dient der Fichtenschirm als Instrument der Steuerung der Ressourcenversorgung und damit der Qualifizierung der Buchen („edle Halbschattform“). Die in der Vergangenheit zumeist niederdurchforstungsartige Behandlung bedingt jedoch, dass viele Fichtenbestände hinsichtlich ihrer Stabilität keine geeigneten Ausgangsbedingungen für eine langfristige Schirmstellung bieten. Die Schadbilder infolge immer häufiger auftretender Windwurfereignisse verdeutlichen dies eindrucksvoll und belegen unmissverständlich, dass diesbezüglich Handlungsbedarf besteht. Die vorliegende Untersuchung ging daher den Folgen eines unplanmäßigen, sturmbedingten Schirmverlusts für Wachstum und Qualität vorangebauter Rotbuchen nach. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden auch der Einfluss von Pflanzendichte und Entwicklungsstadium des Voranbaus geprüft. Material und Methoden In den beiden Modellregionen „Thüringer Wald und Hügelland“ sowie „Sächsisches Erzgebirge und Vorland“ wurden Qualitätserhebungen (vgl. BÖRNER ET AL. 2003) auf insgesamt 29 Buchenvoranbauflächen durchgeführt. Auf 17 dieser Flächen wurde der Fichtenschirm im Januar 2007 durch den Orkan KYRILL meist vollständig geworfen. Seitdem entwickelten sich die Rotbuchen ohne Schirmschutz. Alle weiteren Voranbauten stehen nach wie vor unter Fichtenschirm und dienen als Referenz für Wachstum und Qualität. Jedem Voranbau wurde das auf den Freistellungszeitpunkt bezogene Entwicklungsstadium (vor oder nach Dickungsschluss) zugewiesen. Zur repräsentativen und objektiven Festlegung der Aufnahmeeinheiten in den Flächen wurde ein rasterbasiertes Probekreisverfahren gewählt. Das quadratische Gitternetz mit einer Weite von 20 m wurde mittels GPS im Gelände eingemessen. Die Rasterschnittpunkte bildeten zugleich die Zentren der 19,95 m² großen Probekreise (Plotradius: 2,52 m). Die Datenaufnahme erfolgte auf insgesamt 204 repräsentativen Plots. In jedem Probekreis wurde die Pflanzenzahl erhoben und auf Hektarwerte hochgerechnet. Für die Referenzflächen erfolgte hier weiterhin eine Ansprache des Überschirmungsgrads. Einbezogen wurden nur Plots mit locker-lichtem Fichtenschirm. Die Datenerhebung wurde an den maximal sechs höchsten Buchen eines jeden Probekreises vorgenommen und konzentrierte sich damit auf die (vor-)herrschenden und somit vitalsten Bestandesglieder. Daraus resultierte ein Stichprobenumfang von 895 Einzelbäumen. Die Datenaufnahme fand nach Abschluss der Vegetationsperiode 2012 statt, sodass seit der Freistellung sechs Jahre vergangen waren. Mathematisch-statistische Auswertung Aufgrund der räumlich geschachtelten Versuchsanlage kamen bevorzugt gemischte Modelle zur Anwendung. In Abhängigkeit vom Skalenniveau der Response-Variable und dem vorliegenden Verteilungstyp wurden lineare gemischte Modelle (LMM) oder aber generalisierte lineare gemischte Modelle (GLMM) eingesetzt. Multinomialdaten mit einer festen Rangordnung der Response-Kategorien wurden mit einem erweiterten logistischen Regressionsmodell, der Proportional Odds Logistic Regression (POLR), analysiert. Zur Umsetzung aller beschriebenen Methoden wurde die Statistiksoftware R (Version 3.0.1) genutzt. Ergebnisse • Wachstum und Zuwachsreaktion: Sechs Jahre nach dem Sturmereignis besteht kein signifikanter Höhenunterschied zwischen den Buchen auf Sturmflächen und unter Schirm. Allerdings stiegen die Haupttrieblängen ab dem zweiten Jahr der Freistellung an, sodass der Wachstumsgang der freigestellten Individuen signifikant von dem der überschirmten Bäume abweicht. Hohe Stammzahldichten im Voranbau fördern das Höhenwachstum. Das Durchmesserwachstum profitiert im Vergleich dazu deutlich stärker von der Freistellung, wie die signifikant größeren Wurzelhalsdurchmesser der freigestellten Buchen belegen. Entsprechend intensiv fiel auch die Reaktion des Radialzuwachses aus, die ohne Verzögerung bereits im Jahr der Freistellung einsetzte. Der stärkste Grünast zeigt einen im Vergleich zum Stamm synchronen Wachstumsgang, wenn auch auf niedrigerem Niveau. Unabhängig von der Überschirmung dämpfen hohe Bestandesdichten das Durchmesserwachstum. Gemessen am H/D-Verhältnis weisen die Buchen unter Schirm sowie bei hoher Pflanzendichte einen schlankeren Wuchs auf. Zwischen den beiden Entwicklungsstadien, das heißt vor oder nach Dickungsschluss, bestand kein Unterschied. • Astigkeit und Astreinigung: Sechs Jahre nach dem Schirmverlust sind an den freigestellten Buchen signifikant größere Astdurchmesser bei zugleich steileren Astwinkeln zu erkennen. Mit zunehmender Pflanzenzahl im Voranbau werden die Buchen feinastiger, während der Astwinkel unbeeinflusst bleibt. ASIX und Grünastdichte sinken nur auf der Freifläche merklich, erreichen dadurch aber ab Pflanzenzahlen von 8.500 St./ha bzw. 6.000 St/ha niedrigere Werte als Buchen unter Schirm. Zwischen den beiden Entwicklungsstadien sind hinsichtlich der Wirkung des Schirmverlusts keine Unterschiede zu verzeichnen. Totastanzahl und grünastfreie Schaftlänge hingegen werden durch die Freistellung nicht beeinflusst. Auf der Freifläche wurden jedoch stärkere Totäste gefunden. Mit zunehmender Pflanzenzahl im Voranbau steigen Anzahl und Durchmesser der Totäste sowie die grünastfreie Schaftlänge signifikant. Am deutlichsten tritt dieses Phänomen bei Voranbauten nach Dickungsschluss zutage. • Schaft- und Kronenmorphologie sowie Häufigkeit von Z-Baum-Anwärtern: Sechs Jahre nach dem Schirmverlust sind an freigestellten Buchen signifikant häufiger Steiläste und vor allem Zwiesel erkennbar. Im Stadium vor Dickungsschluss treten auf Freiflächen doppelt bis dreifach so häufig Tiefzwiesel auf wie unter Fichtenschirm. Mit zunehmender Pflanzenzahl im Voranbau sinkt die Zwieselanzahl moderat, der Anteil tief gezwieselter Buchen sogar rapide. Dadurch kommen im Stadium nach Dickungsschluss ab 9.000 Buchen pro Hektar unabhängig von der Überschirmung kaum noch Tiefzwiesel vor. Die gutachterliche Qualitätsansprache bestätigt, dass durchschnittlich etwa 60–70 % aller Buchen auf den KYRILL-Flächen den Zwieseltypen zuzurechnen sind, während unter Fichtenschirm mit ca. 90 % die (sehr) guten Formen dominieren. Mit zunehmender Bestandesdichte steigt der Anteil der besseren Qualitäten tendenziell, jedoch nicht signifikant. Die gutachterliche Qualitätsansprache zeigt eine sehr hohe Übereinstimmung mit der anhand von ASIX, Astwinkel und Zwieselzahl einer Buche modellierten Qualitätsklasse. Unter Fichtenschirm ist die Dichte der Z-Baum-Anwärter grundsätzlich sechsmal so hoch wie in freigestellten Voranbauten. Diese steigt aber unabhängig vom Schirm mit der Pflanzendichte des Voranbaus signifikant an. Schlussfolgerung und Handlungsempfehlungen Der Fichtenschirm hat eine herausragende Bedeutung für die Qualitätsdifferenzierung von Buchenvoranbauten. Eine locker-lichte Überschirmung stellt den geeigneten Kompromiss zwischen vitalem Wachstum und Qualitätsentwicklung der Buchen dar. Ungeachtet aller weiteren Faktoren bewirkt ein plötzlicher, unplanmäßiger Schirmverlust gravierende Qualitäts-einbußen der an den Halbschatten adaptierten Buchen. Sehr gute Qualitäten, das heißt wipfelschäftige Buchen mit gering dimensionierten, horizontal ausgerichteten Ästen und zügiger Astreinigung, sind nur durch die Kombination aus langfristig stabiler Überschirmung und Pflanzendichten im Voranbau ab 6.000–8.000 St./ha zu erreichen. Eine Kompensation des Freistellungseffekts ist durch hohe Pflanzenzahlen im Voranbau nur in sehr begrenztem Umfang möglich. Ein hoher Seitendruck kann den fehlenden Schirmdruck demnach nicht ersetzen. Selbst bei höchster Bestandesdichte waren die Formen auf den Freiflächen weitaus schlechter als unter Schirm. Dies gilt unabhängig vom Entwicklungsstadium der Voranbauten. Der Bestandesschluss bewahrt also offenbar nicht vor freistellungsbedingten Qualitätsverlusten. Allerdings gewährleisten Pflanzendichten ab 8.000–9.000 St./ha, dass die Tiefzwieselbildung in geschlossenen Buchendickungen auch bei einer abrupten Freistellung weitgehend unterbleibt und eine hinreichende Anzahl von Z-Baum-Anwärtern zur Verfügung steht. Ist es erst einmal zu einem Schirmverlust über einem Buchenvoranbau gekommen, bestehen kaum Möglichkeiten, aktiv zugunsten der Buchenqualität tätig zu werden. Die einzige Chance besteht im gezielten Erhalt bestehender Z-Baum-Anwärter und deren konsequenter Pflege. Für zukünftige Waldumbaumaßnahmen wird deshalb ein standort- und risikodifferenziertes Vorgehen beim Buchenvoranbau empfohlen. Dieses sollte sich an erster Stelle an der Stabilitätssituation des Fichtenschirms orientieren. Ausschließlich bei gegebener Stabilität ist das Produktionsziel Buchenwertholz als realistisch einzustufen, sodass kostenintensive Voranbauten mit den oben genannten Pflanzendichten angelegt werden sollten (Funktionsumbau). Bei einer offensichtlich (sehr) hohen Prädisposition der Fichtenschirme gegenüber Sturm und Borkenkäferbefall ist stattdessen ein extensiver Voranbau mit reduzierter Pflanzenzahl vorzuziehen. Dieser zielt im Sinn eines Nachhaltsumbaus primär auf eine Stabilisierung der Waldökosysteme ab und trägt zur Erhöhung der Flexibilität der zukünftigen Waldbewirtschaftung bei (WAGNER 2007, 2008)
Backround and Objectives In the course of forest conversion European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is introduced in spruce monocultures by advanced planting. Management of beech stands aims mostly on production the of high quality timber. In this context, the shelterwood of spruce officiates as an instrument for controlling resource availability and thus to qualify advanced planted beech. But because of low-thinning treatment in past, most spruce stands do not provide suitable conditions for long-term shelterwood with regard to their missing stability. The situation of forest damage due to periodic windthrow events illustrate this impressively and show need for action. Therefore, the present study analyzed the consequences of an unplanned, storm-related loss of canopy for growth and quality of advanced planted beech. In this context, the influence of stand density and developmental stage of advanced regeneration will be examined as well. Material and Methods In two model regions "Thuringian Forest” (middle of Germany) and "Saxon Oremountains” (East of Germany) quality investigations (cf. BÖRNER ET AL. 2003) were carried out on a total of 29 advanced planted beech stands. In 17 of these stands the spruce canopy was mostly completely thrown by hurricane KYRILL in January of 2007. Thus, the beech trees have grown without shelter since then. The other advanced regeneration stands are still under spruce canopy and serve as a reference for growth and quality. A developmental stage (before or after thicket-stage) was designated to each advanced planting site in reference to the time of overhead canopy release. For representative and objective definition of experimental plots a grid-based plotdesign was used. The square grid with distance of 20 m was calibrated by GPS in the field. The grid inter-sections built the centers of 19.95 m² circular sample areas (plot radius 2.52 m). Data was collected on a total of 204 representative plots. On each plot, the number of beech plants was collected and extrapolated to hectare values. In addition, the canopy closure was also estimated for reference plots within the sample plots. For data collection only plots with moderate canopy closure were included (maximum area of canopy gaps: one crown projection). Data collection was carried out at maximum of six highest trees per plot. Thus it is concentrated on (pre-) dominant and therefore most vital individuals. This resulted in a sample size of 895 trees. The data collection was started after growing season in 2012, six years after canopy release. Mathematical and statistical analysis Due to spatially nested plot design Mixed Models have been applied preferably. Depending on scale level of the response variable and given distribution type, Linear Mixed Models (LMM) or Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) were used. Multinomial data with fixed order of response categories was analyzed with an extended logistic regression model, the Proportional Odds Logistic Regression (POLR). These calculations were implemented by statistical software R (version 3.0.1). Results • Growth and reaction of annual increment: Six years after the storm event there is no significant difference in height between beech trees on storm areas and such under shelterwood. However the annual increment of terminal shoot rose from the second year after release, so the trend of increment deviates significantly from beech trees under shelterwood. High stand density in advanced planting promotes height growth. Diameter growth benefits significantly more from release compared to height growth. So released beech trees showed significantly larger root collar diameters. Reaction of radial increment, which began immediately after release, was appropriately intensive. The thickest living branch shows synchronous trend of increment, but on a lower level. Regardless of canopy cover high stand densities delimitate diameter growth. The H/D-ratio demonstrated that beech trees under shelterwood and in high density stands showed more slender forms. There was no difference between the two developmental stages. • Branchiness and natural pruning: Six years after the loss of spruce canopy significantly greater branch diameters in combination with steeper branch angles were found on released beech trees. With increasing stand density in advanced planting the beeches showed finer branches while branch angles remain unaffected. ASIX and the density of living branches decreases appreciably for released trees only, so reached lower values than trees under shelterwood by stand densities off 8.500 pcs/ha and 6.000 pcs/ha, respectively. There was no difference of release effect between the developmental stages. Number of dead branches and bole-length without living branches however, were not affected by loss of canopy. However more dead branches were found on beeches in the opening. With increasing stand density in advanced planting, the number and diameter of dead branches and bole-length without living branches increased significantly. This was most distinct for beech stands that reached thicket-stage before release. • Stem- and crown shape, number of crop tree candidates: Six years after canopy-loss, released beeches showed significantly more steep branches and especially forks. Released stands before thicket-stage showed two to three times as likely deep-forks in relation to stands under spruce canopy. With increasing stand density in advanced planting the number of forks per trees decreased moderately, the proportion of deep-forks even rapidly. In consequence, regardless of the canopy cover, deep-forks only occurred marginally in beech stands after thicket-stage with at least 9.000 pcs./ha. The expert quality estimation confirms that on average about 60–70 % of beeches on KYRILL sites belong to a “fork type”, while under spruce shelterwood (very) good shapes dominate with about 90 %. With increasing stand density, the proportion of good shapes tends to increase, however not significantly. The estimated quality class showed a very high correlation with the modeled one, based on ASIX, branch angle and fork number per beech. The density of crop tree candidates under spruce canopy is basically six times as high as in released stands. However, regardless of shelterwood it increases significantly with stand density. Conclusion and silvicultural implication: Spruce canopy is of outstanding importance for quality and differentiation of advance planted beech. A moderate shelterwood is the appropriate compromise between vital growth and good quality development. Regardless of any other factors, a sudden and unplanned loss of canopy effects a loss of quality of shade adapted beech trees. Very good qualities, that means straight to top trees with fine, horizontally oriented branches and timely self-pruning, can only be achieved by combining of long-term shelterwood and stand densities in advanced planting of at least 6.000–8.000 pcs./ha. Compensation of the release effect through high stand density in advanced planting is only possible to a very limited extent. High intraspecific competition cannot replace the lack of shelterwood. Beech shapes were far worse than under shelterwood, even at the highest stand density. This applies regardless of the developmental stage of a beech stand. So closing of advanced planted beech stand (thicket-stage) does not prevent release related quality losses. However, plant densities from 8.000–9.000 pcs./ha ensure that deep fork formation in closed beech thickets is largely suppressed and a sufficient number of crop tree candidates is available, even after abrupt release. Once an abrupt loss of canopy above advanced planted beech has occurred, there are hardly any opportunities to actively engage in favor of beech quality. The only chance is maintenance of existing crop tree candidates and their consistent care. Therefore, for future forest conversion with beech, a site- and risk-differentiated approach is recommended for advanced planting. This should be based firstly on the stability of shelterwood. Only with high stand stability, the target of high-grade beech-timber is realistic, so costly beech plantings with high stand density mentioned above should be applied. For spruce stand with an obvious (very) high risk towards bark beetles and / or storms, an extensive advanced planting with reduced stand density is preferable. In terms of “Sustainability-conversion” this aims primarily on stabilizing forest ecosystems and increasing flexibility for future forest management (WAGNER 2007, 2008)

Il saggio, genere di confine (Grenzgänger-Textsorte) per eccellenza, la cui indefinibilità è topos, si profila tuttora come terra incognita nell’àmbito delle scienze della traduzione. La presente ricerca mira a enucleare un modello traduttologico olistico per la traduzione del saggio. In feconda alternativa alla dicotomia approccio ermeneutico-letterario vs. approccio linguistico, la prospettiva teorico-metodologica del lavoro integra linee di ricerca filologico-letterarie e linguistico-testuali. Tale sguardo multiprospettico, l’unico in grado di dar conto della complessità del genere, permette di collocare operativamente il saggio e le sue varianti testuali principali (Textsortenvarianten), dal saggio specialistico (fachlicher Essay) al saggio poetico (poetischer Essay) sul continuum delle forme testuali comprese entro le dimensioni (scientifica, pragmatica, estetica) del Denkhandeln. Dalla produttiva intersezione tra la riflessione dell’Essayforschung classica e contemporanea e le più recenti indagini linguistico-testuali sulle forme del saggismo scientifico, si perviene alla formulazione di una definitio per proprietates del saggio. Segue lo sviluppo di un modello traduttologico olistico, che tesaurizza il proprio paradigma antropologico, la riflessione filosofico-ermeneutica e le acquisizioni della linguistica testuale, articolandosi attraverso le fasi ricorsive e interagenti di ricezione olistica, analisi poetico-ermeneutica e retorico-stilistica, progettazione linguistico-cognitiva, formulazione e revisione. L’approccio olistico così delinatosi viene quindi vagliato nella sua proficuità in sede applicativa. Funge da banco di prova un vero e proprio “caso limite” per complessità e qualità letteraria, ovvero il «poetischer Essay» del poeta, saggista e traduttore Durs Grünbein, una delle voci più acclamate nel panorama contemporaneo. La sezione pratica presenta infine l’inedita traduzione italiana dei saggi grünbeiniani Den Körper zerbrechen e Die Bars von Atlantis.
The Essay, the «anti-genre» par excellence, describes a neglected research area within the Translation Studies. My thesis develops a holistic approach for the translation of the Essay. Preliminarily it joins literary-philological and linguistic acquisitions within the multidisciplinary theoretical-methodological horizon of an anthropological, literary, hermeneutic & text linguistic traductological paradigm. Through a critical examination of state of the art of both the literary-philosophical Essayforschung and text linguistic studies on the Textsorte essay, the work provides an operative: 1. Localisation of the genre and its main variants (from the specialist essay to the poetic essay) on the prototypical text continuum among the dimensions (scientific, pragmatic, aesthetic) of the Denkhandeln (Thought as Action); 2. Definitio per proprietates of the Essay. On the basis of these operative acquisitions the thesis devises a holistic model for the translation of the genre. The translating model is designed as a process with recursive, interacting phases featuring: holistic reception, hermeneutical and poetic analysis, rhetorical and stylistic analysis, cognitive and linguistic draft, wording and revision. The validity of this model is tested through a highly complex case study, i.e. the translation of the «poetischer Essay» of Durs Grünbein, arguably one of the world’s greatest living poets who enjoys large international recognition not least as a new classic of critical-poetic prose. Finally the unpublished Italian translation of Grünbein’s Essays Den Körper zerbrechen and Die Bars von Atlantis is presented.

L-asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1), a therapeutic enzyme used in the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Hence, the goal of this work is study the expression and evaluation of hydrolysis activity of native sequence (X12746) encoding for L-asparaginase from Erwinia chrysanthemi NCPBB1125 in the popular expression system Pichia pastoris. The sequence of asn encoded for mature protein was expressed in P. pastoris SMD1168 and X33. SDS-PAGE analysis showed recombinant L-asparaginase was secreted efficiently. Stable and high hydrolysis activity of extracellular L-asparaginase in P. pastoris SMD1168 making it a potential candidate to produce recombinant protein. After purification, a specific band whose appearance approximately 45 kDa indicating the glycosylated protein with specific activity by 6.251 Umg-1 and about 3 folds purifications
L-asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1), một loại enzyme được sử dụng trong điều trị bệng ung thư bạch cầu mãn tính ở trẻ em. Mục tiêu của nghiên cứu này là biểu hiện và đánh giá hoạt tính thủy phân của L-asparaginase mã hóa bởi đoạn gene (X12746) tương ứng từ Erwinia chrysanthemi NCPBB1125 được biểu hiện trong nấm men Pichia pastoris. Gene đã được cắt signal peptide và biểu hiện trong P. pastoris SMD1168 and X33. Qua phân tích kết quả điện di SDS-PAGE của môi trường sau lên men, L-asparaginase tái tổ hợp được tìm thấy trong dịch ngoại bào của P. pastoris. Với khả năng sản xuất protein có hoạt tính cao hơn so với chủng P. pastoris X33, SMD1168 được lựa chọn để biểu hiện L-asparaginase tái tổ hợp. Sau khi tinh sạch, sự xuất hiện của một băng có kích khối lượng phân tử xấp xỉ 45 kDa trên điện di SDS-PAGE cho thấy protein tái tổ hợp đã bị glycosyl hóa với hoạt tính riêng 6.251 Umg-1 và đạt độ sạch 3.471 lần

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Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
A matéria orgânica é considerada por muitos pesquisadores como o principal agente de estabilização dos agregados do solo, tendo alta correlação com a agregação do mesmo. Os estoques de matéria orgânica do solo e seus compartimentos são importantes na disponibilidade de nutrientes, estrutura do solo e no fluxo de gases de efeito estufa entre a superfície terrestre e a atmosfera. Neste sentido o uso de produtos condicionadores de propriedades físicas e químicas do solo, é importante na exploração agropecuária. Portanto, foi realizado este trabalho que teve como objetivo, estudar o comportamento de propriedades físicas e químicas de um Latossolo Vermelho tratado com Ajifer L-14 (fertilizante agromineral fluído), em área com Brachiaria brizantha. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em uma propriedade agrícola no município de Rubiácea, SP, ano agrícola de 2005/06 e utilizou-se de um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com 7 tratamentos mais uma área controle com vegetação nativa, com 4 repetições . Os tratamentos foram: Testemunha (sem aplicação de Ajifer L-14); Testemunha com vegetação natural; Adubação mineral de acordo com a necessidade da cultura e a análise do solo (60 kg de N, 40 kg de P2O5, 100 kg de K2O por ha); Adubação com Ajifer L-14 de acordo com a recomendação da Análise química do solo (60 kg de N ha-1) ; Adubação com Ajifer L-14, com dosagem 50 % acima da recomendação (90 kg de N ha-1); Adubação com Ajifer L-14, com dosagem 50 % abaixo da recomendação (30 kg de N ha-1); Adubação com Ajifer L-14, com dosagem 25 % acima da recomendação (75 kg de N ha-1) e Adubação com Ajifer L-14, com dosagem 25 % abaixo da recomendação (45 kg de N ha-1). Nas camadas do solo de 0,00-0,05 e 0,05-0,10 m foram estudadas as propriedades físicas: macroporosidade; microporosidade; porosidade do solo e densidade do solo...
The organic matter is considered for many researchers as the main agent of soil aggregates stabilization, having high correlation with the soil aggregation. The stocks of organic matter of the soil and its compartments are important in the readiness of nutrients, it structures of the soil and in the flow of gases of effect stove between the terrestrial surface and the atmosphere. In this sense the use of conditioning products of physical and chemical properties of the soil, is important in the agricultural exploration. Therefore, it was accomplished this work that had as objective, to study the behavior of physical and chemical properties of a Oxisoil agreement with Ajifer L-14 (fertilizer flowed agriculture-mineral), in area with Brachiaria brizantha. The work was developed in an agricultural property in the municipal district of Rubiácea, SP, agricultural year of 2005/06, with the desing on randomized blocks, with 7 treatments plus an area controls with native vegetation, and 4 repetitions. The treatments were: Control (without application of Ajifer L-14); Control with natural vegetation; Mineral fertilization in accordance with the need of the culture and the analysis of the soil (60 kg of N, 40 kg of P2O5, 100 kg of K2O for there is); fertilization with Ajifer L-14 in accordance with the recommendation of the chemical Analysis of the soil (60 kg of N ha-1); fertilization with Ajifer L-14, with 50% above of the recommendation (90 kg of N ha-1); fertilization with Ajifer L-14, with 50% below of the recommendation (30 kg of N ha-1); fertilization with Ajifer L-14, with 25% above of the recommendation (75 kg of N ha-1) and fertilization with Ajifer L-14, with 25% below of the recommendation (45 kg of N ha-1). In the layers of the soil of 0,00-0,05 and 0,05-0,10 m they were studied the physical properties: macroporosity; microporosity; soil...(Cmplete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Marlene Cristina Alves
Banca: Edson Lazarini
Banca: Hamilton Caetano
Resumo: A matéria orgânica é considerada por muitos pesquisadores como o principal agente de estabilização dos agregados do solo, tendo alta correlação com a agregação do mesmo. Os estoques de matéria orgânica do solo e seus compartimentos são importantes na disponibilidade de nutrientes, estrutura do solo e no fluxo de gases de efeito estufa entre a superfície terrestre e a atmosfera. Neste sentido o uso de produtos condicionadores de propriedades físicas e químicas do solo, é importante na exploração agropecuária. Portanto, foi realizado este trabalho que teve como objetivo, estudar o comportamento de propriedades físicas e químicas de um Latossolo Vermelho tratado com Ajifer L-14 (fertilizante agromineral fluído), em área com Brachiaria brizantha. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em uma propriedade agrícola no município de Rubiácea, SP, ano agrícola de 2005/06 e utilizou-se de um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com 7 tratamentos mais uma área controle com vegetação nativa, com 4 repetições . Os tratamentos foram: Testemunha (sem aplicação de Ajifer L-14); Testemunha com vegetação natural; Adubação mineral de acordo com a necessidade da cultura e a análise do solo (60 kg de N, 40 kg de P2O5, 100 kg de K2O por ha); Adubação com Ajifer L-14 de acordo com a recomendação da Análise química do solo (60 kg de N ha-1) ; Adubação com Ajifer L-14, com dosagem 50 % acima da recomendação (90 kg de N ha-1); Adubação com Ajifer L-14, com dosagem 50 % abaixo da recomendação (30 kg de N ha-1); Adubação com Ajifer L-14, com dosagem 25 % acima da recomendação (75 kg de N ha-1) e Adubação com Ajifer L-14, com dosagem 25 % abaixo da recomendação (45 kg de N ha-1). Nas camadas do solo de 0,00-0,05 e 0,05-0,10 m foram estudadas as propriedades físicas: macroporosidade; microporosidade; porosidade do solo e densidade do solo...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The organic matter is considered for many researchers as the main agent of soil aggregates stabilization, having high correlation with the soil aggregation. The stocks of organic matter of the soil and its compartments are important in the readiness of nutrients, it structures of the soil and in the flow of gases of effect stove between the terrestrial surface and the atmosphere. In this sense the use of conditioning products of physical and chemical properties of the soil, is important in the agricultural exploration. Therefore, it was accomplished this work that had as objective, to study the behavior of physical and chemical properties of a Oxisoil agreement with Ajifer L-14 (fertilizer flowed agriculture-mineral), in area with Brachiaria brizantha. The work was developed in an agricultural property in the municipal district of Rubiácea, SP, agricultural year of 2005/06, with the desing on randomized blocks, with 7 treatments plus an area controls with native vegetation, and 4 repetitions. The treatments were: Control (without application of Ajifer L-14); Control with natural vegetation; Mineral fertilization in accordance with the need of the culture and the analysis of the soil (60 kg of N, 40 kg of P2O5, 100 kg of K2O for there is); fertilization with Ajifer L-14 in accordance with the recommendation of the chemical Analysis of the soil (60 kg of N ha-1); fertilization with Ajifer L-14, with 50% above of the recommendation (90 kg of N ha-1); fertilization with Ajifer L-14, with 50% below of the recommendation (30 kg of N ha-1); fertilization with Ajifer L-14, with 25% above of the recommendation (75 kg of N ha-1) and fertilization with Ajifer L-14, with 25% below of the recommendation (45 kg of N ha-1). In the layers of the soil of 0,00-0,05 and 0,05-0,10 m they were studied the physical properties: macroporosity; microporosity; soil...(Cmplete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

There is inadequate basic information available on the reproductive efficiency of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars and a need to determine the sources of yield improvement made in peanut over the past four decades. Therefore, a study of the reproductive efficiency (RE) of 14 virginia market-type peanut cultivars was conducted using field experiments at the Tidewater Research Center, Suffolk, Virginia, in 1983 and 1984. The 14 cultivars vary in maturity from early to late, in release dates from 1944-1981, in breeding method of development from selection within an existing cultivar to hybridization followed by selection, and in growth habit from erect to spreading. The traits studied included flower total (FT), mature pod total (MPT), seed total (ST), pod total (PDT), peg total (PGT), immature pod total (IMPDT), mature pod dry weight (MPDW), plant dry weight (PLDW), vine weight (VW) and seed weight (SW). The five methods used to measure RE were (1) MPDW/PLDW (Harvest Index), (2) MPT/FT, (3) PDT/FT, (4) PGT + PDT/FT and (5) ST/(2*FT). The results indicate that the five most recently released cultivars produced more plowers, 10% more mature pods, 9.7% more mature seeds, and 11% more plant dry weight than the nine previously released cultivars. Using Harvest Index (HI) there was a 4% increase in RE for more recent vs. older cultivars, and about an 8% higher RE for early maturing vs. later maturing cultivars. Also, there was a 3% increase in RE for erect vs. similar advantage for hybrids spreading cultivars and a vs. pure lines. A slight decrease in RE for cultivars released since 1970 vs. those released earlier was observed using Methods 2, 3, 4 and 5. In addition, there was a 4-10% advantage in RE for the two earlier maturing classes over the medium or late classes using the same methods and also a 6% increase in RE for erect vs. spreading cultivars. The growth habit of the 14 cultivars was a very important determining factor for all trait differences. HI appears to be the single best measure of RE in peanuts; however, at least one other method should also be used for obtaining the truest estimate of the RE of a cultivar. It appears that the total peanut cultivar is early maturing and erect with a high RE. This study shows that plant breeders have increased yield in peanuts by (a) increasing apparently the total number of flowers, (b) increasing the HI and (c) increasing reproductive efficiency by increasing the proportion of flowers that form mature pods. Any further increase in yield must combine these three methods of increasing yield as well as overcoming any limiting factors, such as photosynthetic capacity, in order to surpass the present yield plateau.
M.S.

In this work, we have considered the theme of landscape in the poetry of Andrea Zanzotto, Philippe Jaccottet and Seamus Heaney within the perspective of a fragmentation of the aesthetics of nature. To that end, the most advanced theories of aesthetics applied to nature, such as environmental Aesthetics and Aesthetik der Natur (also known as ökologische Aesthetik) have been taken into account. The philosophical perspective of Paolo D’Angelo, insights from geography (in particular from the works of Franco Farinelli) and from ecology (considering the contributions of Gilles Clément to this discipline) have also been useful. We have argued that the poetic experiences of Zanzotto, Jaccottet and Heaney follow a similar path, each starting from the fusion between the poetic subject and landscape to reach a two-way relationship between them. In this interpretation, the concept of landscape has been considered, according to Michel Collot’s theory of pensée-paysage, as a phenomenon. The poetic texts have been analysed under the lenses of linguistic, stylistic and rhetorical approaches, consistent with the idea that every text must be studied within its context, as every poetic experience is constituted of three elements: the poetic subject, his language and his world, the latest being shaped by and shaping the subject’s position and the perspectives related to it: that is his discourse to the world and in this world.

Il lavoro si divide in quattro capitoli in cui il candidato cerca di stabilire i rapporti intertestuali tra il Sindbad, un libro di matrice orientale, e la Disciplina Clericalis da una parte e il Decameron dall’altra. 1- Nel primo capitolo il candidato ha trattato l’origine e la diffusione del Il libro di Sindbad e della Disciplina Clericalis. Il libro di Sindbad è di indubbia origine orientale. Si diffonde in oriente e poi in Occidente. Giunge in Italia nel Dodicesimo secolo. L’altra opera è la Disciplina Clericalis, di Pietro Alfonsi, un-opera di origine orientale. 2- Nel secondo capitolo il candidato ha svolto una attenta ricerca sulla visione boccacciano verso il mondo orientale, arabo-islamico in particolare. 3- Nel terzo capitolo il candidato mette a confronto la struttura narrativa del Sindbad con quella del Decameron, rilevando gli elementi principali che accomunano le due strutture delle due opere sono. Nella parte finale del capitolo il candidato mette in discussione il termine con cui viene definita la struttura narrativa, cioè la cosiddetta cornice, dando una nuova terminologia alla struttura. 4- Nel quarto e ultimo capitolo il candidato cerca di rintracciare le fonti di alcune novelle decameroniane. Le fonti si dividono in due parti: scritte e orali. Nella prima parte mette a confronto alcune novelle del Decameron con racconti della Disciplina Clericalis e del Sette Savi. La seconda parte invece studia le fonti orali di altre novelle decameroniane le cui radici affondano nella tradizione orientale, arabo-islamica soprattutto. La prima novella è la (I, 5) della marchesana Monferrato. La (V, 9), la (VIII, 2), e l’ultima novella in questa parte è la (X, 3).
The work is divided into four chapters in which the candidate seeks to establish the intertextual relationships between Sindbad , a book of an eastern origin, and the Disciplina Clericalis on one side, and the Decameron on the other. 1- In the first chapter the candidate has dealt with the origin and dissemination of the book of Sindbad and Disciplina Clericalis. The book of Sindbad is of undoubted oriental origin. Its spreads in the Orient and then in the West . Arrives in Italy in the twelfth century . The other book is Peter Alfonsi's Disciplina Clericalis, an oriental origin book. This book had had a fundamental importance in the transmission of oriental narrative into the West. 2- In the second chapter, the candidate has done an accurate research about Boccaccio's vision on the Orient, the Arab-Islamic world in particular. 3- In the third chapter, the candidate compares the narrative structure of Sindbad with that of the Decameron. In the final part of the chapter, the candidate questions the terminology which is defined as the narrative structure, that is, the so-called frame. He gave a new terminology to the structure. 4- In the fourth chapter, the candidate tries to track down the sources of some decameronian short stories. The sources are divided into two parts: written and oral. In the first part, the candidate compares some stories of the Decameron with tales from Disciplina Clericalis and The Seven Sages of Rome. The second part studies the oral sources of other decameronian stories with its roots in the Eastern tradition, especially the Arab-Islamic. The first story are: (I, 5), (V, 9), (VIII, 2), and (X, 3).

La traduzione poetica viene affrontata sul piano empirico dell'analisi testuale. Una breve introduzione presenta le riflessioni più importanti sulla traduzione del testo poetico, da Benjamin e Steiner fino alle teorie più recenti di Meschonnic, Apel, Berman e Mattioli. Alla luce di queste teorie vengono analizzate le opere di due coppie di poeti e poeti-traduttori. Nel primo esempio troviamo il poeta svizzero (francofono) Philippe Jaccottet alle prese con l'intera opera di Ungaretti; nel secondo il rapporto travagliato di Vittorio Sereni con la poesia di René Char. Oltre a indagare la natura problematica della traduzione poetica come pratica e come esperienza, questa tesi di Letteratura Comparata vuole presentare la traduzione come strumento ermeneutico e come meccanismo rienunciativo: il suo ruolo nella dialettica delle influenze e dell'evoluzione letteraria è da considerarsi infatti essenziale. La vocazione originariamente etica della traduzione è sfondo costante della trattazione.
Poetic translation is faced on the empirical level of textual analysis. A short introduction presents some main theories about poetic translation, from Benjamin and Steiner till more recent experts: Meschonnic, Apel, Berman and Mattioli. Following these thoughts, the works of two couples of poets and translators are analyzed. In the first case Philippe Jaccottet will be dealing with the entire Ungaretti's poetic production; in the second example, the translating intent of Vittorio Sereni on René Char's poems is described. While investigating the complex nature of poetic translation as a practice and an experience, this thesis in Compared Literature tries to present translation as an hermeneutic tool and a re-enunciating mechanism: its role in the dialectic movement of influences and literary evolutions is considered as essential. The original ethical vocation of translation is a constant background of the research.

La ricerca analizza il tema della relazione tra storia e narrazione nella letteratura degli ultimi quindici anni in tre contesti nazionali: Italia, Spagna e Portogalo. Per indagare un campo così vasto si sono identificate tre direttrici principali connesse tra loro, coincidenti con tre "crisi": la crisi del rapporto tra letteratura e mercato, la crisi del concetto di verità e la crisi dello stato nazione. Attraverso le riflessioni sul postmoderno (Lyotard, Jameson Hutcheon) e l’analisi di Bourdieu si indaga il rapporto tra mercato e autore letterario, facendo particolare riferimento ai percorsi letterari di Rafael Chirbes, Mia Couto e Wu Ming. Il tema della forma letteraria è invece letto atttraverso le analisi di Hutcheon e analizzando i testi di Helder Macedo (Pedro e Paula), Isaac Rosa (¡Otra maldita novela sobre la guerra civil!) e Tommaso De Lorenzis-Guido Favale (L’aspra stagione). La crisi del concetto di verità viene analizzata alla luce del dibattito sulla storiografia nella seconda metà del Novecento. In particolare si evidenzia la tensione tra Hayden White e Carlo Ginzuburg. Per evidenziare come le relazioni di potere influenzino la narrazione della storia si fa inoltre riferimento alle analisi di Michel Foucault, Michel de Certeau, Stephen Greenbaltt e Gayatri Spivak. Si analizzano quindi Anatomía de un instante, di Javier Cercas, Romanzo criminale, di Giancarlo de Cataldo e As três vidas, di João Tordo. Infine ci si riferisce alla crisi dello stato-nazione individuando una tensione tra le analisi di György Lukács e Franco Moretti, e allargando la riflessione agli studi sociologici di Immanuel Wallerstein e Saskia Sassen. Inoltre, attraverso i testi di Benedict Anderson, Homi B. Bhabha, José Saramao e Eduardo Lourenço si articola una riflessione sull’immaginario politico nazionale. I testi analizzati sono Victus, di Albert Sánchez Piñol, Pro Patria, di Ascanio Celestini e A voz da terra di Miguel Real.
The research arises from the issue of the relationship between history and narrative in the literature of the last fifteen years in three national contexts: Italy, Spain and Portugal. In order to investigate such a wide-spreading field, three intertwined main guidelines have been identified, coinciding with three "crisis". Through reflections on postmodernism (Lyotard, Jameson Hutcheon) and the analysis of Bourdieu, the relationship between market and literary author has been explored, with particular reference to the literary trail of Rafael Chirbes, Mia Couto and Wu Ming. The theme of the literary form was instead investigated by referring to the analyses of Hutcheon and taking into account the texts by Helder Macedo (Pedro e Paula), Isaac Rosa (¡Otra maldita novela sobre la guerra civil!) and Tommaso De Lorenzis-Guido Favale (L’aspra stagione). The crisis of the concept of truth is evaluated with regard to the debate on historiography. In particular, the tension between Hayden White and Charles Ginzuburg has been highlighted. As to provide a deeper understanding of how power relations influence the narrative of the story, the analyses performed by Michel Foucault, Michel de Certeau, Stephen Greenbaltt and Gayatri Spivak are taken into account. Javier Cercas’ Anatomía de un instante, Giancarlo de Cataldo’s Romanzo criminale and João Tordo’s As três vidas are therefore examinated. Lastly, the crisis of the nation-state is taken into consideration by identifying a tension between the analysis of György Lukács and the ones of Franco Moretti, and widening the reflection to the sociological analysis of Immanuel Wallerstein and Saskia Sassen. In addition, through the texts of Benedict Anderson and Homi Bhabha B., the reflection on the national political imaginary takes shape. The texts analyzed are Victus, by Albert Sánchez Piñol, Pro Patria, by Ascanio Celestini e A voz da terra by Miguel Real.

Scopo del lavoro è quello di tracciare un parallelismo tra la narrativa giapponese e angloamericana contemporanea, viste come parte di un sistema di significati che trascende la dimensione nazionale e si installa invece in una dinamica di tipo globale. Le opere letterarie prese in considerazione sono alcune fra quelle ambientate nelle due vere e proprie capitali culturali dei paesi, rispettivamente New York per gli Stati Uniti e Tōkyō per il Giappone. Spunto di partenza dell’analisi è stato il concetto di “global city”, formulato dalla studiosa e sociologa Saskia Sassen, che permette di mettere in relazione dal punto di vista economico, strutturale ma anche sociale le città di New York e Tōkyō. Tale formulazione consente infatti di ragionare in maniera motivata sull’esistenza di un rapporto di flussi di scambio di tipo culturale e, parallelamente, sull’acquisizione di una dimensione di tipo transnazionale di soggetti e tematiche della letteratura. In questo senso, il rapporto tra economia e globalizzazione evidenziato da Sassen può essere paragonato a quello che intercorre tra la letteratura e la globalizzazione. Punto di snodo metodologico del lavoro è rappresentato dall’analisi dello spazio urbano, esaminato sia in chiave urbanistico-architettonica che più specificamente letteraria.
The research aims at drawing a parallelism between contemporary American and Japanese fiction. Moving from the definition provided by Saskia Sassen of “global city”, the analysis concentrates on the representation of urban space in a selection of novels set in New York and Tōkyō, to underline similarities in subject and themes of contemporary literary expression that are valid in a transnational dimension.

Le sujet de cette recherche est la perception chez les voyageurs occidentaux et grecs du XIXᵉ siècle de zones de la Méditerranée depuis toujours point d’intersections culturelles : les villes d’Athènes et de Constantinople. L’objectif de la recherche est de reconstruire la contribution des hommes de lettres, français et grecs, à la constitution de l’identité nationale selon le schéma mis en évidence par Benedict Anderson dans « Communautés Imaginées » On a tenté en se référant au corpus d’identifier dans la littérature de voyage du XIXᵉ siècle, dans le sillage de « Orientalismo » de Edward Said, comment Philhellénisme et Exotisme orientalisant, tous deux d’empreinte romantique, ont contribué à inventer pour Athènes une identité occidentale et pour Istanbul une identité orientale, ignorant presque l’existence entre les deux villes d’une commune matrice byzantine–ottomane ou mieux, l’appartenance commune à l’ensemble géopolitique de la Région Intermédiaire identifiée par Dimitri Kitsikis.
This work focuses on how in the 19th century Western and Greek travellers would perceive two specific points of the Mediterranean which have always been two main cultural crossroads: Athens and Constantinople. My research aims at profiling the contribution by Italian, French and Greek literati to the moulding of national identity, according to the model B.A. has brought up in “Imagined Communities”. As for the corpus, following Edward Said’s “Orientalism”, I have selected works of 19th century travel literature belonging to Philhellenism and Oriental Exoticism. The purpose of my essay is to highlight how these two movements, both rooted in Romanticism, have contributed to create a western identity for Athens and an oriental one for Istanbul, without taking into account the fact the two cities shared common Byzantine – Ottoman roots or, better, that they both geo-politically belonged to the Intermediate Region as identified by Dimitri Kitsikis.

La mia tesi si riallaccia al dibattito teorico-letterario contemporaneo sulla possibilità di un approccio cognitivo alla narrativa e alla letteratura in particolare. Essa si propone di esplorare il rapporto tra narrazione ed esperienza, ridefinendo il concetto di “esperienzialità” della narrativa introdotto da Monika Fludernik nel suo Towards a “Natural” Narratology (1996). A differenza di Fludernik, che ha identificato l’esperienzialità con la rappresentazione dell’esperienza dei personaggi, la mia trattazione assegna un ruolo di primo piano al lettore, cercando di rispondere alla domanda: perché leggere una storia è – o si costituisce come – un’esperienza? L’intuizione dietro tutto ciò è che le teorizzazioni dell’esperienza e della coscienza nella filosofia della mente degli ultimi venti anni possano gettare luce sull’interazione tra lettori e testi narrativi. Il mio punto di riferimento principale è la scienza cognitiva “di seconda generazione”, secondo cui l’esperienza è un relazionarsi attivo e corporeo al mondo. La prima parte del mio studio è dedicata all’intreccio tra la narrativa e quello che chiamo lo “sfondo esperienziale” di ogni lettore, un repertorio di esperienze già note ai lettori attraverso ripetute interazioni con il mondo fisico e socio-culturale. Mi soffermo inoltre sul modo in cui relazionarsi a un testo narrativo può causare cambiamenti e slittamenti in questo sfondo esperienziale, incidendo sulla visione del mondo del lettore. Mi rivolgo poi al coinvolgimento corporeo del lettore, mostrando che la narrativa può attingere allo sfondo esperienziale dei suoi fruitori anche sul piano dell’esperienza di base: le simulazioni corporee della percezione contribuiscono alla nostra comprensione delle storie, incidendo sia sulla ricostruzione dello spazio dell’ambientazione sia sulla relazione intersoggettiva tra lettori e personaggi. Infine, mi occupo del rapporto tra l’esperienza della lettura e la pratica critico-letteraria dell’interpretazione, sostenendo che – lungi dal costituire due modalità opposte di fruizione dei testi – esse sono intimamente connesse.
My thesis makes a contribution to the contemporary literary-theoretical debate concerning the possibility of a cognitive approach to narrative and to literature in particular. It seeks to explores the relationship between narrative and experience, redefining the concept of the “experientiality” of narrative introduced by Monika Fludernik in her Towards a “Natural” Narratology (1996). Unlike Fludernik, who equates experientiality with the representation of characters’ experiences, my account places a premium on the act of reading, attempting to answer the question: why does reading a story offer itself as an experience? My intuition is that theorizations of experience and consciousness in the philosophy of mind of the last twenty years can shed light on the interaction between readers and narrative texts. I draw mainly on “second-generation” cognitive science, according to which experience is an active and embodied engagement with the world. The first part of my study is devoted to the interrelation between narrative and what I call the “experiential background” of every reader – the repertoire of experiences readers are familiar with through past interactions with the physical and socio-cultural world. I also examine the ways in which reading a narrative text can have an effect on this experiential background, leaving a mark on readers’ worldview. I then turn to readers’ bodily involvement, showing that narrative can draw on interpreters’ experiential background at the level of basic experience: embodied simulations of perception are part and parcel of our imaginative engagement with stories, contributing both to readers’ reconstruction of narrative space and to their intersubjective relationship with characters. Finally, I investigate the connection between the reading experience and the literary-critical practice of interpretation, arguing that – far from being two radically different ways of engaging with stories – they are intimately bound up.

La tesi si propone di tracciare un confronto tra due autori molto distanti tra loro sia nel tempo che nello spazio: Nikolaj Gogol’ e Dario Fo; in particolare si analizzano le commedie Il Revisore di Gogol’ (1836) e Morte accidentale di un anarchico di Fo (1970). Il nesso tra le due opere è stato individuato dalla critica italiana (Franco Quadri, Ferdinando Taviani, Paolo Puppa). Tuttavia gli spunti interpretativi e comparativi non sono mai stati sviluppati appieno della critica. Nonostante le grandi distanze temporali e spaziali, l’analisi si propone dunque di evidenziare i numerosi motivi di consonanza tra le due opere e i due autori, che peraltro testimoniano anche della grande fortuna arrisa all’estero all’autore ucraino, attraverso la mediazione del teatro russo-sovietico del XX secolo. L’approccio metodologico adottato si fonda sui testi dei formalisti russi, di Lotman, sulla Stilkritik di Aurbach, sugli studi di Frye sulla Bibbia intesa come “grande canone” della letteratura occidentale, e soprattutto sull’analisi della cultura carnevalesca e popolare condotta da Bachtin. Lo studio è indirizzato su alcuni elementi precisi: la trama, lo scambio della personalità, l’impostura, la paura e il riso. Per ciascun di questi elementi è stata svolta l’analisi comparativa delle due opere, situandole in un contesto letterario e culturale che va all’antichità e al Medio Evo, dal quale entrambi gli autori mutuano molte suggestioni.
The thesis aims to draw a comparison between two authors widely separated in time and space: Nikolai Gogol and Dario Fo, in particular, we analyze the comedies The Government Inspector by Gogol (1836) and Accidental Death of an Anarchist by Fo (1970). The link between the two works has already been recognized by some Italian critics (Franco Quadri, Ferdinando Taviani, Paolo Puppa). However, comparative guidelines between the two works have never been fully developed. Despite the vast distances of space and time, our analysis is to highlight the many reasons of consonance between the two works and the two authors, which also testified, however, of the great fortune abroad of the Ukrainian author, through the mediation of the Russian-Soviet theater of the twentieth century. Our methodological approach is based on the Russian formalists, Lotman, on Stilkritik of Auerbach, on Frye analysis of the Bible as the "great canon" of Western literature, and especially on the analysis of the carnival and popular culture worked by Bakhtin. Our study focuses several crucial items: the Plot; the “Exchange of Personality”; the Deception; the Fear; the Laughter. Comparison has been carried out for each of these items, resulting the situation of the two comedies in a large literary and cultural context expanding from Antiquity and the Middle Ages to the second half of the twentieth century. From this context both authors, as we demonstrate, have borrowed a lot of suggestions.

L'Europe commence à découvrir le désert à la fin du XVIIIe siècle. Ce milieu présente des aspects multiples aux premiers explorateurs, qui le décrivent comme un lieu vivant et varié. La géopolitique constitue le premier approche d'analyse : le désert peut être rendu plus viable si mieux administré, donc libre de la domination ottomane. Au cours du siècle, le tourisme se développe, aussi en raison de la colonisation ; l'expérience du désert devient commune, et les voyageurs partent en quête d'une expérience spirituelle aussi bien que d'une aventure. Le désert devient un écran de projection pour la rêverie et les souvenirs des Européens (la Bible et les topos traditionnels demeurent actifs dans l'imaginaire occidental) ; seules certaines caractéristiques de ce milieu sont dès lors appréciées par les voyageurs. Ensuite, avec l'âge du Réalisme, devient objet d'appréciation de la part des peintres. Grâce à la médiation de l'art, la littérature commence à regarder au désert d'un point de vue esthétique, et elle lui reconnaît un charme de la nudité et du dépouillement. La mort et le minéral caractérisent ce milieu vers la fin du siècle ; le désert se vide, et devient le "désert de sable" que nous tous connaissons aujourd'hui.
Europe starts its discovery of the desert at the end of XVIIIth century. This environment presents multiple aspects to the first explorers, who describe it as a various and living territory. Geopolitics is the first approach to the desert : this environment could be emproved by a wise government, different from Turkish domination. During the century, tourism develops, also as an effect of colonisation ; the experience of the desert becomes more common, and travellers seek spiritual experience as well as adventure. The desert starts then to be a projection screen for Europeans' fantasies and memories(the Bible and traditional topos still work in Western imagery), and thus only some of its components are apreciated by travellers. Then, in contemporary with the age of Realism, the desert becomes an interesting subject in itself for painters. Art helps Literature evolve towards an aesthetic appraisal of bare and waste desert. Death and mineral are the main aspects of this environment towards the end of the century ; desert gets empty, and prepare to become the "sandy desert" we all know.

Cette thèse se propose d’éclaircir des aspects communs au développement des genres narratifs dans la phase du modernisme européen autour de la Première Guerre mondiale à travers l’analyse comparée des œuvres et des projets littéraires de Marcel Proust, Franz Kafka et James Joyce. La démarche comparatiste se construit autour d’une réflexion sur les fonctions de la littérature dans le cadre de la modernité et du rapport au passé culturel, de la transformation des différentes instances subjectives opérant au niveau de l’autoreprésentation de l’écrivain et des personnages, ainsi que des différents aspects de la crise, de sa problématisation et enfin des déplacements de la notion d’expérience dans sa configuration narrative. Une pluralité de méthodes et des approches théoriques en est venue à s’imposer, allant de l’histoire des genres littéraires à la critique philosophique, de la perspective sociologique sur les processus de transformation opérant à l’échelle globale jusqu’aux propositions les plus récentes dans le champ des études modernistes. Chaque pôle thématique est ainsi traité selon sa spécificité mais aussi comme un élément paradigmatique commun aux auteurs examinés, utile à la compréhension du modernisme narratif. L’hypothèse à la base du présent travail concerne donc un lieu commun de la critique contemporaine, à savoir l’idée que la littérature au XXe siècle est marquée par une discontinuité nette face aux pratiques narratives du siècle précédent. Quelques fondements de ce principe sont remis en question, notamment concernant les concepts d’autonomie esthétique et celui de réalisme. Nous cherchons à comprendre de quelle manière ces idées, développées au cours du XIXe siècle, fournissent au modernisme les critères de vérité en lui permettant de créer une nouvelle perspective existentielle de l’œuvre comme explication subjective du monde, que nous proposerons d’appeler « ontologie du sujet ».
This research project focuses on some aspects in the development of modernist narratives before and immediately after World War I, through the analysis of literary projects and works by Proust, Joyce and Kafka. The comparison between these three authors is based on topics such as the function of literature in modern context and its relationship to cultural past ; the innovation regarding subjectivity in fiction, from the self-representation of the writer to the creation of characters ; the various aspects of crisis in the narrative configuration of experience, as well as the broadening of its signification. Such a framework required a wide scope in theoretical and methodological approaches, going from the history of literary genres to sociology, from philosophical views to the latest propositions in the field of Modernist Studies. Each one of the three thematic poles of the research is thus treated according to its specificity, but also as part of a common paradigm, which may be useful to a better understanding of a cultural phenomenon such us modernist narratives, which has not been completely historicized yet. The fundamental hypothesis of the entire research is thereby related to a common principle in literary criticism : the idea that the 20th century is marked by general discontinuity with the aesthetics belonging to the previous century. We question some of the theoretical foundations to this principle, especially regarding the perception of the revolt against the aesthetics of Symbolism and Naturalism, and proceed by trying to understand how categories such as that of aesthetic autonomy and realism are transformed and revitalized by the authors, becoming the inherited criteria of truth allowing the modernist work of narration to turn itself into a subjective description of the general sense of being, or as what we call it here, an «ontology of the subject».
Questa tesi cerca d’indagare e capire alcuni aspetti dello sviluppo dei generi narrativi nella fase del modernismo europeo, nel periodo immediatamente antecedente e successivo alla prima guerra mondiale, attraverso l’analisi delle opere e progetti letterari di Marcel Proust, James Joyce e Franz Kafka. Il confronto fra gli autori si svolge intorno a tre aree tematiche : la riflessione sulla funzione della letteratura nel contesto della modernità e il rapporto col passato culturale; la trasformazione delle diverse istanze soggettive implicate al livello della finzione, dall’auto-rappresentazione dello scrittore alla creazione dei personaggi ; i diversi aspetti della crisi, ma anche dell’ampliamento dei significati inerenti il concetto di esperienza e le sue configurazioni narrative. In una tale prospettiva si è resa necessaria una molteplicità di metodi e approcci teorici, comprendente la storia dei generi, la sociologia e l’ermeneutica letteraria di derivazione filosofica, nonché un’attenzione particolare ai risultati ottenuti dai Modernist Studies negli ultimi vent’anni. I tre poli tematici della tesi vengono perciò trattati ciascuno secondo la propria particolarità, ma anche come elementi di un possibile paradigma, utile alla comprensione di un fenomeno culturale non completamente storicizzato come il modernismo narrativo. L’ipotesi fondamentale che percorre l’intero lavoro si riferisce dunque a un luogo comune della critica contemporanea, ovvero l’idea che il Novecento letterario cominci da una discontinuità netta rispetto alle pratiche narrative del secolo precedente. La tesi rimette in discussione alcuni fondamenti critici di questo principio, come la rottura con le estetiche del naturalismo e del simbolismo. Si cerca invece di comprendere come le categorie dell’autonomia estetica e del realismo vengano rielaborate e integrate nell’opera degli autori, ricavando in tal modo i criteri di verità che permettono al romanzo e al racconto modernisti di farsi descrizione soggettiva del senso dell’essere, fenomeno che nel presente lavoro si propone di chiamare « ontologia del soggetto ».

The elusive fiction of J. M. Coetzee is not a work in which you can read fixed ethical stances. I suggest testing the potentialities of a logic based on frames and double binds in Coetzee's novels. A double bind is a dilemma in communication which consists on tho conflicting messages, with the result that you can’t successfully respond to neither. Jacques Derrida highlighted the strategic value of a way of thinking based on the double bind (but on frames as well), which enables to escape binary thinking and so it opens an ethical space, where you can make a choice out of a set of fixed rules and take responsibility for it. In Coetzee’s fiction the author himself can be considered in a double bind, seeing that he is a white South African writer who feels that his “task” can’t be as simply as choosing to represent faithfully the violence and the racism of the apartheid or of choosing to give a voice to the oppressed. Good intentions alone do not ensure protection against entering unwittingly into complicity with the dominant discourse, and this is why is important to make the frame in which one is always situated clearly visible and explicit. The logic of the double bind becomes the way in which moral problem are staged in Coetzee’s fiction as well: the opportunity to give a voice to the oppressed through the same language which co-opted to serve the cause of oppression, a relation with the otherness never completed, or the representability of evil in literature, of the secret and of the paradoxical implications of confession and forgiveness.

«Fiction of frontier». Phenomenology of an open form/voice. Francesco Giustini’s PhD dissertation fits into a genre of research usually neglected by the literary criticism which nevertheless is arousing much interest in recent years: the relationship between Literature and Space. In this context, the specific issue of his work consists in the category of the Frontier including its several implications for the XX century fiction. The preliminary step, at the beginning of the first section of the dissertation, is a semantic analysis: with precision, Giustini describes the meaning of the word “frontier” here declined in a multiplicity of cultural, political and geographical contexts, starting from the American frontier of the pioneers who headed for the West, to the exotic frontiers of the world, with whose the imperialistic colonization has come into contact; from the semi-uninhabited areas like deserts, highlands and virgin forests, to the ethnic frontiers between Indian and white people in South America, since the internal frontiers of the Countries like those ones between the District and the Capital City, the Centre and the Outskirts. In the next step, Giustini wants to focus on a real “ myth of the frontier”, able to nourish cultural and literary imagination. Indeed, the literature has told and chosen the frontier as the scenery for many stories; especially in the 20th Century it made the frontier a problematic space in the light of events and changes that have transformed the perception of space and our relationship with it. Therefore, the dissertation proposes a critical category, it traces the hallmarks of a specific literary phenomenon defined “ Fiction of the frontier” ,present in many literary traditions during the 20th Century. The term “Fiction” (not “Literature” or “Poetics”) does not define a genre but rather a “procedure”, focusing on a constant issue pointed out from the texts examined in this work : the strong call to the act of narration and to its oral traditions. The “Fiction of the Frontier” is perceived as an approach to the world, a way of watching and feeling the objects, an emotion that is lived and told through the story- a story where the narrator ,through his body and his voice, takes the rule of the witness. The following parts, that have an analytic style, are constructed on the basis of this theoretical and methodological reflection. The second section gives a wide range of examples into we can find the figure and the myth of the frontier through the textual analysis which range over several literary traditions. Starting from monographic chapters (Garcia Marquez, Callado, McCarthy), to the comparative reading of couples of texts (Calvino and Verga Llosa, Buzzati and Coetzee, Arguedas and Rulfo). The selection of texts is introduced so as to underline a particular aspect or a form of the frontier at every reading. This section is articulated into thematic voices which recall some actions that can be taken into the ambiguous and liminal space of the frontier (to communicate, to wait, to “trans-culturate”, to imagine, to live in, to not-live in). In this phenomenology, the frontier comes to the light as a physical and concrete element or as a cultural, imaginary, linguistic, ethnic and existential category. In the end, the third section is centered on a more defined and elaborated analysis of two authors, considered as fundamental for the comprehension of the “Fiction of the frontier”: Joseph Conrad and João Guimarães Rosa. Even if they are very different, being part of unlike literary traditions, these two authors show many connections which are pointed by the comparative analysis. Maybe Conrad is the first author that understand the feeling of the frontier , freeing himself from the adventure romance and from the exotic nineteenthcentury tradition. João Guimarães Rosa, in his turn, is the great narrator of Brazilian and South American frontier, he is the man of sertão and of endless spaces of the Centre of Brazil. His production is strongly linked to that one belonged to the author of Heart of Darkness.

Premise: In the literary works of our anthropological and cultural imagination, the various languages and the different discursive practices are not necessarily quoted, expressly alluded to or declared through clear expressive mechanisms; instead, they rather constitute a substratum, a background, now consolidated, which with irony and intertextuality shines through the thematic and formal elements of each text. The various contaminations, hybridizations and promptings that we find in the expressive forms, the rhetorical procedures and the linguistic and thematic choices of post-modern literary texts are shaped as fluid and familiar categories. Exchanges and passages are no longer only allowed but also inevitable; the post-modern imagination is made up of an agglomeration of discourses that are no longer really separable, built up from texts that blend and quote one another, composing, each with its own specificities, the great family of the cultural products of our social scenario. A literary work, therefore, is not only a whole phenomenon, delimited hic et nunc by a beginning and an ending, but is a fragment of that complex, dense and boundless network that is given by the continual interrelations between human forms of communication and symbolization. The research hypothesis: A vision is delineated of comparative literature as a discipline attentive to the social contexts in which texts take shape and move and to the media-type consistency that literary phenomena inevitably take on. Hence literature is seen as an open systematicity that chooses to be contaminated by other languages and other discursive practices of an imagination that is more than ever polymorphic and irregular. Inside this interpretative framework the aim is to focus the analysis on the relationship that postmodern literature establishes with advertising discourse. On one side post-modern literature is inserted in the world of communication, loudly asserting the blending and reciprocal contamination of literary modes with media ones, absorbing their languages and signification practices, translating them now into thematic nuclei, motifs and sub-motifs and now into formal expedients and new narrative choices; on the other side advertising is chosen as a signification practice of the media universe, which since the 1960s has actively contributed to shaping the dynamics of our socio-cultural scenarios, in terms which are just as important as those of other discursive practices. Advertising has always been a form of communication and symbolization that draws on the collective imagination – myths, actors and values – turning them into specific narrative programs for its own texts. Hence the aim is to interpret and analyze this relationship both from a strictly thematic perspective – and therefore trying to understand what literature speaks about when it speaks about advertising, and seeking advertising quotations in post-modern fiction – and from a formal perspective, with a search for parallels and discordances between the rhetorical procedures, the languages and the verifiable stylistic choices in the texts of the two different signification practices. The analysis method chosen, for the purpose of constructive multiplication of the perspectives, aims to approach the analytical processes of semiotics, applying, when possible, the instruments of the latter, in order to highlight the thematic and formal relationships between literature and advertising. The corpus: The corpus of the literary texts is made up of various novels and, although attention is focused on the post-modern period, there will also be ineludible quotations from essential authors that with their works prompted various reflections: H. De Balzac, Zola, Fitzgerald, Joyce, Calvino, etc… However, the analysis focuses the corpus on three authors: Don DeLillo, Martin Amis and Aldo Nove, and in particular the followings novels: “Americana” (1971) and “Underworld” (1999) by Don DeLillo, “Money” (1984) by Martin Amis and “Woobinda and other stories without a happy ending” (1996) and “Superwoobinda” (1998) by Aldo Nove. The corpus selection is restricted to these novels for two fundamental reasons: 1. assuming parameters of spatio-temporal evaluation, the texts are representative of different socio-cultural contexts and collective imaginations (from the masterly glimpses of American life by DeLillo, to the examples of contemporary Italian life by Nove, down to the English imagination of Amis) and of different historical moments (the 1970s of DeLillo’s Americana, the 1980s of Amis, down to the 1990s of Nove, decades often used as criteria of division of postmodernism into phases); 2. adopting a perspective of strictly thematic analysis, as mentioned in the research hypothesis, the variations and the constants in the novels (thematic nuclei, topoi, images and narrative developments) frequently speak of advertising and inside the narrative plot they affirm various expressions and realizations of it: value ones, thematic ones, textual ones, urban ones, etc… In these novels the themes and the processes of signification of advertising discourse pervade time, space and the relationships that the narrator character builds around him. We are looking at “particle-characters” whose endless facets attest the influence and contamination of advertising in a large part of the narrative developments of the plot: on everyday life, on the processes of acquisition and encoding of the reality, on ideological and cultural baggage, on the relationships and interchanges with the other characters, etc… Often the characters are victims of the implacable consequentiality of the advertising mechanism, since the latter gets the upper hand over the usual processes of communication, which are overwhelmed by it, wittingly or unwittingly (for example: disturbing openings in which the protagonist kills his or her parents on the basis of a spot, former advertisers that live life codifying it through the commercial mechanisms of products, sons and daughters of advertisers that as children instead of playing outside for whole nights saw tapes of spots.) Hence the analysis arises from the text and aims to show how much the developments and the narrative plots of the novels encode, elaborate and recount the myths, the values and the narrative programs of advertising discourse, transforming them into novel components in their own right. And also starting from the text a socio-cultural reference context is delineated, a collective imagination that is different, now geographically, now historically, and from comparison between them the aim is to deduce the constants, the similarities and the variations in the relationship between literature and advertising.

Partendo dal problema del rapporto fra la ricostruzione di un evento storico e lo statuto del testo che lo ricostruisce, la tesi si concentra nella lettura di opere riguardanti la Seconda guerra mondiale. Sono in questo senso cruciali due opere autobiografiche trattate nella prima parte del lavoro, Rue Labat Rue Ordener di Sarah Kofman (1993) e Kindheitsmuster di Christa Wolf (1976). In questi due testi la dottoranda prova a recuperare da una parte la rimemorazione letteraria di due esperienze infantili della guerra insieme opposte e complementari dal punto di vista del posizionamento della testimonianza. Il testo della Wolf ibrida la narrazione finzionale e la memoria dell’evento storico vissuto nel ricordo di una bambina tedesca, il testo della Kofman recupera in una maniera quasi psicanalitica la memoria di una bambina ebrea vittima inconsapevole e quesi incosciente della Shoah. Di fronte a due topoi apparentemente già piu volte ripercorsi nella letteratura critica del trauma postconflitto, la tesi in questione cerca di individuare il costituirsi quasi inevitabile di un soggetto identitario che osserva, vive e successivamente recupera e racconta il trauma. Se alcune posizioni della moderna storiografia e della contemporanea riflessione sulla scrittura storiografica, sottolineano la forza e l’importanza dell’elemento narrativo all’interno della ricostruzione storica e dell’analisi dei documenti, questa tesi sembra indicare una via possibile di studio per la letteratura comparata. Una via, cioè, che non si soffermi sui fattori e sui criteri veridizionali del testo, criteri e fattori che devono restare oggetto di studio per gli storici , ma che piuttosto indaghi sul nesso ineludibile e fondativo che la scrittura stessa svela e pone in essere: il trauma, l’irrompere dell’evento storico nell’individuo diventa elemento costitutivo della propria identità, elemento al quale è difficile dare una posizione stabile ma che allo stesso tempo non si può evitare di raccontare, di mettere in discorso. Nella narrazione letteraria di eventi storici esiste dunque un surplus di senso che sta tutto nella costituzione di una posizione dalla quale raccontare, di un punto di vista. Il punto di vista (come ci ricorda De Certeau ne Les lieux des autres in quel saggio dedicato ai cannibali di Montaigne,che viene poi ripreso senza essere mai citato da Ginzburg ne Il filo e le tracce) non è mai dato a priori nel discorso, è il risultato di un conflitto e di una lotta. Il testo che rende conto e recupera la memoria di un passato storico, in particolare di un passato storico conflittuale, di una guerra, di una violenza, per quanto presenti un punto di vista preciso e posizionato, per quanto possa apparire un frutto di determinate strategie testuali e di determinati obiettivi pragmatici, è pur sempre una narrazione il cui soggetto porta in sé, identitariamente, le ferite e i traumi dell’evento storico. Nei casi di Wolf e Kofman abbiamo quindi un rispecchiamento reciproco che fra il tentativo di una ricostruzione della memoria infantile e il recupero dell’elemento intersoggettivo e storico si apre alla scrittura e alla narrazione. La posizione del soggetto che ha vissuto l’irrompere del dramma storico nel discorso lo costituisce e lo delega a essere colui che parla e colui che vede. In un qualche modo la Storia per quanto possa essere creatrice di eventi e per quanto possa trasformare l’esistenza del soggetto non è essa stessa percepibile finché non si posiziona attraverso il soggetto trasformato e modificato all’interno del discorso. In questa continua ricerca di un equilibrio possibile fra realtà e discorso si pone il problema dell’essere soggetto in mezzo ad altri soggetti. E questo in un duplice aspetto: nell’aspetto della rappresentazione dell’altro, cioè nel problema di come la memoria riorganizzi e ricrei i soggetti in gioco nell’evento storico; e poi nella rappresentazione di se stesso per gli altri, nella rappresentazione cioe del punto di vista. Se nel romanzo autobiografico di Kofman tutta la storia veniva a ricondursi alla narrazione privata del soggetto che, come in una seduta psicanalitica recupera e insieme si libera del proprio conflitto interiore, della propria memoria offesa; se nel romanzo di Wolf si cercava un equilibrio fra una soggettivita infantile ormai distante in terza persona e una soggettività rammemorante che prendeva posizione nel romanzo nella seconda persona; la cerniera sia epistemologica sia narratologica fra la prima e la seconda parte della tesi pare essere Elsa Morante e il suo romanzo La Storia. L’opera della Morante sembra infatti farsi pieno carico della responsabilità di non poter piu ridurre la narrazione del trauma alla semplice presa in carico del soggetto autobiografico. Il soggetto che, per dirla ancora con De Certeau, può esprimere il proprio punto di vista perche in qualche modo si è salvato dalla temperie della storia, non si pone nel discorso come punto di inizio e di fine di qualsiasi percezione del trauma, ma si incarna in uno o più personaggi che in un qualche modo rappresentino l’irrapresentabile e l’irrapresentato. La storia diventa quindi elemento non costitutivo di un'identità capace di ri-raccontarsi o almeno non solo, diventa fattore costitutivo di un’identità capace di raccontare l’altro, anzi gli altri, tutti coloro che il conflitto, la violenza ha in un qualche modo cancellato. Così accade all’infanzia tradita e offesa del piccolo Useppe, che viene soffocato non solo nella sua possibilita di svilupparsi, di essere punto di vista del discorso, ma anche nella possibilita di essere osservatore vivo dell’evento; cosi accade a Ida, donna e madre, che la Storia lentamente e inesorabilmente spersonalizza riducendola a essere soggetto passivo e vittima degli eventi. Ecco quindi che la strada aperta dalla Morante permette alla memoria di proiettarsi in una narrazione comune e di condividere e suddividere la posizione centrale del soggetto in una costellazione differente di soggetti. A questo punto si apre, attraverso le tecniche della storia orale e la loro narrativizzazione, una strategia di recupero della memoria evidenziata nell’ultima parte della tesi. La strada intrapresa da autori come i Wu Ming e come Andrea Levy ne è un esempio. Sganciati per evidenti ragioni biografiche e anagrafiche (sono tutti nati ben dopo la fine del secondo conflitto mondiale) da qualsiasi tentazione autobiografica, i primi intraprendono una vera e propria ridistribuzione dei punti di vista sulla storia. In romanzi come Manituana si viene a perdere, almeno a un primo e forse piu superficiale livello, qualsiasi imposizione fissa del punto di vista. Una molteplicità di soggetti si prende carico di raccontare la storia da differenti posizioni, ma la apparente molteplicità degli sguardi non si riduce a una frammentazione dell’etica del racconto quanto piuttosto alla volontà di fare emergere tra gli altri anche il punto di vista dello sconfitto e dell’inerme. Al passato oscuro della violenza storica si contrappone in un qualche modo la messa in discorso del soggetto che cerca attraverso la costituzione non solo di un soggetto ma di una pluralitàdi voci , di ritrovare un’ armonia, di riassimilare la propria memoria condividendola nel testo letterario.