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1

Miller, Mark Michael. "Managing the maelstrom: Decentralization planning for the Mexico City metropolis." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184549.

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From a current population near 19 million, the Mexico City metropolis may exceed 27 million by the year 2000. The many problems associated with this massive level of urban concentration include severe levels of air pollution, paralyzing congestion, and increasing costs of urban services provision. Meanwhile, the nation's periphery continues to suffer from severe economic and social underdevelopment relative to the nation's capital. Regional policies and plans to address these problems have been dominated by the concept of decentralizing the nation's urban-industrial system: i.e., dispersing urban and industrial growth from the metropolitan core to the national periphery. Mexican regional policy makers and planners have failed to adequately evaluate these proposed policies and plans for decentralization in a critical and rigorous manner. This evaluation must be made in terms of three critical criteria. The first is effectiveness: will a proposed plan genuinely return the benefits which are expected or hoped for? The second is efficiency: among several possible planning alternatives, which will return the greatest social benefits for the smallest social costs? The third is equity: which regional interest groups will be affected, and how will the costs and benefits be distributed among these groups? Research is based on three principal data sources: Mexico's National Development Plan: 1983-1988, which has predominantly determined the nation's sectoral, social, and regional policies during the de la Madrid administration; a plan prepared for the quasi-governmental Commission for the Conurbation of the Nation's Center, for urban-industrial deconcentration from Mexico City into the nation's Central Region; and extensive fieldwork in Mexico City and several other Mexican urban centers, concerned with the actual practice of regional economic development in Mexico today. Based on this research, a regionally disaggregated cost-benefit framework is proposed for policy and planning evaluation, and particularly to facilitate conflict resolution, negotiation, and other forms of adjustment among the many powerful interest groups which compete for scarce regional development resources.
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2

Megaw, Peter Kenneth McNeill. "Geology and geochemistry of the Santa Eulalia mining district, Chihuahua, Mexico." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187549.

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Santa Eulalia contains two separate, contrasting Pb-Zn-Ag deposits. The East Camp consists of a symmetrically zoned calc-silicate skarn with distal sulfide and tin-bearing orebodies; whereas the west Camp is composed of massive sulfide orebodies with minor proximal calc-silicate skarn and isolated intermediate calcic-iron skarns. Mineralization and alteration are zoned within each camp but do not overlap. Sulfide mineralization in both camps consists of pyrrhotite, sphalerite, galena, and pyrite with lesser amounts of arsenopyrite and chalcopyrite. The East Camp is apparently richer in zinc and copper than the West camp. Mineralization is temporally and spatially related to geochemically identical felsite intrusions which apparently have a common source. Mineralizing fluids followed these felsites through a thick section of evaporites and organic-rich shaly limestones into clean, homogeneous, relatively undeformed, limestone hosts. West Camp mineralization occurs along an interconnected network of vertically discontinuous tight fissures and sill contacts, whereas East Camp mineralization is located along vertically throughgoing faults and dike contacts. strata-bound, but not stratiform, mantos extend off discordant chimneys in both camps. Ore textures reveal that mineralization occurred primarily by limestone replacement. 21 Pressure-corrected primary fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures in fluorite range from 220 to 490 deg. C. Salinities are bimodal with high-salinity (>26.3 equivalent wt% NaCl) and low-salinity (1-12 equivalent wt% NaCl) populations. Mineralogical constraints indicate that the hydrothermal fluids were acid and reduced. Sulfur isotope analyses indicate that the ore fluids varied from -17 to +4 permil without correlation to iron-sulfide species, temperature, or salinity. Co-existing sulfides are commonly in isotopic disequilibrium. Sulfur isotopes from the West Camp are crudely zoned, but no consistent patterns exist in the East Camp. Oxygen and carbon isotope analyses of limestone wallrocks reveal a distinct isotopic alteration halo. A single analysis of gangue calcite from each camp indicates that the ore fluids contained non-carbonate-derived carbon and oxygen, possibly of magmatic origin. Metals were apparently transported as chloride complexes and deposited through coupled dissolution-precipitation replacement reactions. Most ore sulfur apparently came from diagenetic pyrite and sedimentary anhydrite, but some of the sulfur may have had a magmatic source. The metals probably came from the felsite parent magma and this magma may have also contributed fluids. Close similarities between Santa Eulalia and numerous other intrusion-related carbonate-hosted deposits in northern Mexico reinforce these interpretations.
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3

Grajales-Nishimura, Jose Manuel 1953. "Geology, geochronology, geochemistry and tectonic implications of the Juchatengo Green Rock Sequence, state of Oaxaca, southern Mexico." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/558094.

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4

Reyes, Castro Pablo Alejandro. "Dynamics of Dengue Transmission in the Arid Region of Sonora, Mexico." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/556471.

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Most of dengue transmission occurs in tropical and subtropical zones. As a result, studies on the dynamics of dengue transmission are principally focused in these areas. Less is known about the dynamics of dengue transmission and the interplay of social and climatic determinants in arid regions located at the fringe of transmission zones. This dissertation uses surveillance data from the state of Sonora, an arid region in northern Mexico, to examine three specific aims: 1) to assess relationships among social and climatic factors utilizing locality-level dengue incidence data across the state of Sonora, 2) to determine the correlation between the spatial pattern of dengue cases during an outbreak in Hermosillo, a large urban area, and neighborhood-level socio-economic and water supply factors using a novel case-control study design, and 3) to determine how dengue cases disseminated across two arid cities, Hermosillo and Navojoa, and to determine if changing socio-demographic patterns were similar between cities. Results from the first ecological study indicated that the distribution of dengue across the state was associated most strongly with the climatic gradient and, secondarily, by population size and lack of education. Underreporting in rural areas with lower access to transportation infrastructure was also detected. We demonstrated that a spatially-based case-control study design was useful in identifying associations between dengue transmission and neighborhood-level characteristics related to population density, lack of access to healthcare and water supply restrictions. Finally, the spatio-temporal study identified common patterns between the two cities/outbreaks. Dengue transmission arose and was maintained for 2-3 months in specific foci areas characterized by low access to healthcare and then the disease moved to contiguous areas. Recommendations for surveillance and control programs based on these results include: 1) in small localities at risk of transmission a combination of active and passive surveillance should be carried out for a period of time to determine if transmission is occurring, 2) monitoring water storage practices during water restrictions and ensuring appropriate messaging about covering storage containers should be made, and 3) spatial monitoring of dengue cases and agency reaction to initial disease occurrence could reduce spread to adjacent areas.
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5

Pindell, James Lawrence. "Plate-tectonic evolution of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean region." Thesis, Durham University, 1985. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7042/.

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A geologic-kinematic model for the evolution of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean region is built within a framework provided by a detailed Late Paleozoic (Alleghenian) plate reconstruction and a revised North American (NOAM) and South American (SOAM) relative motion history. From the Middle Jurassic to the Campanian, SOAM migrated east-southeast from NOAM. From the Carapanian to the Eocene. Little or no NOAM-SOAM relative motion occurred, although minor sinistral transpression is suggested. Since the Eocene, minor west-northwest convergence between NOAM and SOAM has occurred along pre-existing fracture zones. Three stages of evolution are recognized which correlate with these phases of relative motion. Stage 1: mainly carbonate shelves fringed the Gulf of Mexico and "Proto-Caribbean" passive rifted margins, during plate separation. Stage 2: the Caribbean Plate (CARIB) progressively entered the NOAM-SOAM gap from the Pacific by subduction of Proto-Caribbean crust beneath the Greater Antilles, Stage 3: CARIB migrated east by 1200 km, subducting Proto-Caribbean crust and forming the Lesser Antilles Arc, Transform faults have dissected the original Greater Antilles Arc, and nappes in the Venezuelan Andes have been emplaced southeastwards onto the northern SOAM margin, diachronously from west to east. Field work done in Dominican Republic, both near Puerto Plata and in the southwest sector, indicates that 1) Cuba and northern and central Hispaniola are parts of one original Greater Antilles arc, 2) this arc collided with the Bahamas in the Late Paleocene=Mid Eocene, and 3) Hispaniola has been assembled by strike-slip juxtaposition of terranes from the west.
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6

Greenwald, Randee C. "Birth control use among women on probation living in Southern New Mexico and the U.S.-Mexico border region." Thesis, New Mexico State University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10760563.

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Women involved with the criminal justice system face higher rates of unintended pregnancy than the general population, yet less than one-third use a consistent method of contraception. One study found that among women leaving detention, 43% had conceived within one year of release. Pregnancies that do occur are often high risk and result in poor outcomes for both mother and child. Lack of focus on family planning needs post-incarceration are due to competing factors women face related to daily survival and the added demands of meeting the requirements of probation.

This study examined the influences of pregnancy attitude, reproductive autonomy, personal factors and prior related behaviors on the use of effective birth control among women on probation living in southern New Mexico including the U.S.- Mexico border region. Using a quantitative correlational design framed by Pender's Health Promotion Model, 52 women were surveyed at five different Adult Probation and Parole Offices in two U.S.-Mexico border counties and two additional counties in southern New Mexico. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and logistic regression (single, multivariate, and hierarchical) to answer the following questions about women on probation: Do personal characteristics (contraceptive self-efficacy, birth control method prior to incarceration, age, ethnicity, and parity) significantly predict current birth control method? Which combination of personal characteristics (ethnicity, contraceptive self-efficacy, age, and parity) best predicts higher negative pregnancy attitudes and higher reproductive autonomy? Do pregnancy attitude and reproductive autonomy significantly predict current birth control method.

Results indicated a significant relationship between increased levels of reproductive autonomy (an interpersonal influence) and effective use of birth control among women on probation. While statistical significance was attained for two additional variables, contraceptive self-efficacy and prior birth control use, the results were not decisive due to widened confidence intervals. Use of a hierarchical logistic regression was effective for entering predictor variables into the regression based upon Pender's theoretical framework as a guide. Implications for nursing research, education, and practice were discussed. Future studies using larger sample sizes and additional settings would increase validity and generalizability.

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7

Cederstrom, Thoric Nils. "The potential impacts of migrant remittances on agricultural and community development in the Mixteca Baja region of Mexico." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186250.

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Remittances form an important source of revenue for many farm households and rural communities. In spite of their significance, how remittances are expended is not well studied. Neoclassical economic theory indicates that the welfare of recipients unequivocally improves as the household budget line increases. Which new combination of goods, such as production and leisure, is selected on the budget line depends on household and community preferences. The literature suggests many factors influence preferences. The original resource endowment defines production possibilities. Regional economic conditions determine agricultural profitability and alternative investment opportunities. The volume and timing of remittances influence a farmer's willingness to accept risk. Socio-economic survey data from 54 households in the village of El Rosario Micaltepec, Puebla in the Mixteca Baja region illustrate the conditions under which certain households may choose to invest remittances in agricultural production. Data on the activities of the migrant village associations of two villages are used to evaluate the circumstances that favor community investment of migrant-donated funds over their conspicuous consumption.
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8

Bedwell, Rebecca, and Rebecca Bedwell. "Diabetes Illness Narratives among Mexican Immigrants in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626725.

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This project investigates experiences of type 2 diabetes among Mexican immigrants living in Tucson, with a specific focus on conceptualizations of risk, heritability, individual responsibility, and experiences of emotion. It combines questions about the negative impacts of structural factors on the health of immigrants in the U.S. with questions about conceptualizations of risk. Participants viewed individual responsibility as an important ethical value in terms of managing risk. Because of the hereditary nature of diabetes, discourse on responsibility could be interpreted as an at-risk illness narrative. An emphasis on individual responsibility in diabetes management led to negative emotions both for the person with diabetes and their family members, as well as feelings of blame on the part of family members. Negative emotions cause conflict within families, and in the instance of depression or feelings of resignation, impede self-care.
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9

Hinojosa-Prieto, Hector R. "Subduction zone-related Nonvolcanic Tremor in Oaxaca, Mexico." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1242326095.

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10

Meanwell, Jennifer L. (Jennifer Lauren). "Ancient engineering : selective ceramic processing in the Middle Balsas Region of Guerrero, Mexico." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44388.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2008.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (v. 2, p. 343-355).
Previous experimental research into ancient pottery production has proven that potters can produce vessels with varying materials properties, such as thermal shock resistance and permeability. These properties are differentially useful for certain tasks, such as cooking or water-cooling. In certain cases, such as the use of shell temper in North America, an improvement in thermal shock resistance seems to provide an explanation for why the new temper was adopted along with the introduction of a new food type -- maize. It remains an unanswered question, however, whether potters in a large variety of situations were choosing to alter their production techniques or materials to produce pots intended for different functions that exhibit different materials properties. I investigated this question by applying techniques and concepts from materials science, anthropology, and archaeology. This combination of materials science and social science was pioneered by Heather Lechtman and Dorothy Hosler, and is called the "materials approach." My research focuses specifically on pottery production in the Middle Balsas Region of Guerrero, Mexico, from approximately 300 BC to AD 1300. I investigated whether potters in the Middle Balsas were using different production techniques or raw materials for vessels that were intended for specific functions. I chose the Middle Balsas Region as the geographical focus for my research because little systematic archaeological investigation has focused on that area, especially in the Late Preclassic and Classic periods (300 BC-AD 900). In order to gather appropriate data, I mapped, surface collected, and excavated at three Middle Balsas sites. I then categorized the pottery and analyzed a selected portion via thin section analysis/petrography.
(cont.) The combination of field work and laboratory analyses that I used provided me with data on the production techniques practiced by Middle Balsas potters and allowed me to identify what wares and vessel shapes were characteristic of various time periods. I determined that Middle Balsas potters produced a consistent set of wares and vessel shapes made from a variety of clay sources, and that the clays I identified in their vessels always contained a consistent volume fraction of non-plastic inclusions. The majority of the clays used in these vessels naturally contain the high levels of non-plastic inclusions identified. When the clays did not contain this volume fraction of inclusions, the potters added a sand temper to the clays to reach their "ideal" volume fraction. The consistency that I identified in the production of Middle Balsas pottery lasted over one thousand years, which is unusual in Mesoamerica. I suggest that this production pattern may have occurred because a small number of potters who used a specific, shared technique made the vessels for the entire community.
by Jennifer L. Meanwell.
Ph.D.
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11

Berget, Carolina. "Invasion of Bracken Fern in Southern Mexico: Local Knowledge and Perceptions in Two Indigenous Communities in the Chinantla Region, Oaxaca, Mexico." FIU Digital Commons, 2012. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/704.

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The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the local knowledge and perception regarding the invasion of bracken fern in two indigenous communities located in the Chinantla region, southern Mexico. Bracken fern, Pteridium aquilinum, has invaded the hillsides that surround the two villages of the study site. The use of structured and informal interviews found that although bracken fern is not perceived as a major problem in the study site, it is of concern to the farmers living there, since the majority of the soils in the invaded lands are not of sufficient quality to cultivate corn. However, yucca and pineapple crops can be grown in the invaded areas, and the cultivation of these control bracken’s invasion. Farmers know that restoration of these areas is possible, but they perceive that it is a time consuming and labor demanding process. Suggested management of invaded areas includes firewood/timber extraction, agroforestry and refuge sites for wildlife, especially for two mammals’ species currently under threatened status by the IUCN.
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O’Leary, Anna Ochoa, Gloria Ciria Valdez-Gardea, and Norma González. "Flexible Labor and Underinvestment in Women’s Education on the U.S-Mexico Border." University of Arizona, Mexican American Studies and Research Center, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219197.

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For the past 35 years, borderland industry has opened employment opportunities for women in the community of Nogales, Arizona. However, the expansion of free trade with the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has aggravated economic instability by promoting the flexible use of labor, a practice that women have increasingly accommodated. Case studies of women engaged in the retail and maquiladora industries illustrate the interplay between flexible employment, reproduction, and education. These cases suggest that a strong connection between flexible employment and reproduction is sustained by ideologies that see these as mutually complimentary. At the same time, the connections between education and employment and reproduction activities are notably absent or weak. We argue that investing in the education of women, which could lead to more predictable employment, is in this way subverted by regional economic instability. The alienation of education from the other two realms of women’s activities works to the advantage of flexible employment practices and advances the underdevelopment of human capital on the U.S.-Mexico border.
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Blake, Karry L. "Life and times in a late formative and classic period swamp forest in Chiapas, Mexico." Online access for everyone, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2008/K_Blake_032708.pdf.

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14

Cháves-Cortés, Juan Manuel. "Landscape planning to achieve sustainability : the Iztaccíhuatl-Popocatépetl region, Mexico, case study." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419013.

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The overall goal of this thesis is to investigate the applicability of a landscape planning methodology that is founded on an ecosystem-based approach and focused on the delineation of ecologically sensitive areas. Its design is concerned with an ecosystem-based management approach as part of a broader landscape planning process that is intended to achieve environmental sustainability objectives; the key idea is that an ecosystem/landscape scale may well be the most important for the attainment of sustainability. Considering this, this research supports the idea that the employment of a network of watershed-ecosystem units provides an appropriate framework for planning towards sustainability at the landscape scale. In addition, the design of this methodology also gives room to solve theoretical and practical problems. The main theoretical problem is related to the generation of overall schemes that are consistent with holistic-multidimensional viewpoints about patterns and processes in landscapes. On the other hand, two practical problems are also confronted: the need to employ ecological principles and spatial concepts in landscape planning and the development of strategies to define and delineate areas of interest to planners. In this research this point is focused on the delineation of ecologically sensitive areas. In order to test the application of the planning methodology to a real-life context, the Iztaccihuatl-Popocatepetl volcanoes National Park region of Mexico was selected. This region is recognised as a typical example of a fragile mountain region. The major contributions of the thesis are related to theoretical and practical issues in an ecosystem-based management approach. In practical terms, results derived from the practical case study provide important inputs (database, diagnosis and proposals) to improve the planning process of the Iztaccihuatl-Popocatepetl region. Also, this methodological approach can be useful to solve the problems linked to fragile mountain ecosystems. It is concluded that ecosystem-based management is taking shape as an ecologically well-founded potential landscape planning approach, capable of playing the role of creating more sustainable regional systems and of searching for enduring multifunctional landscapes for the future.
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Thompson, Olivia. "Binational water management : perspectives of local Texas officials in the U.S.-Mexico border region /." View online version, 2009. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/313.

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16

Lang, Patrick T., and Thomas III Maddock. "SIMULATION OF GROUND-WATER FLOW TO ASSESS THE EFFECTS OF PUMPING AND CANAL LINING ON THE HYDROLOGIC REGIME OF THE MESILLA BASIN: Dona Ana County, New Mexico & El Paso County, Texas." Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/617628.

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This study, which is to provide information to a settlement over the rights to water resources in the Mesilla Basin, uses a groundwater model to estimate how pumping in the basin affects the hydrologic regime.
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Avena, Koenigsberger Alexandra Danielle. "Latin-American interculturalism: a multicultural model of education for Mexico." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664891.

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This thesis analyses whether multiculturalism is an adequate framework in order to advance in ethnocultural justice in the Latin American region, with a special focus on Mexico. Simultaneously, it analyses whether the claim of interculturalists regarding the need to leave behind multiculturalism is an accurate claim. Despite the critiques directed to multiculturalism, it will be argued that its principles are still adequate for these societies. To arrive to that conclusion, an analysis will be done of the different versions of interculturalism. While doing so, it will bring to the foreground the version of Latin American interculturalism which will be critically analyzed. After doing so, a model of multiculturalism for Latin American societies will be suggested, which puts together the principles of multiculturalism and the concerns of Latin American interculturalists. This model will be called Latin American Interculturalism.
Esta tesis analiza si el multiculturalismo es una teoría adecuada para avanzar hacia una mayor justicia etnocultural en la región latinoamericana y, con especial énfasis, en México. De manera simultánea, analiza si los reclamos hechos por el interculturalismo con respecto a la necesidad de dejar atrás al multiculturalismo son válidos. Aun cuando el multiculturalismo ha sido arduamente atacado por el interculturalismo, en esta tesis se defenderá que los principios del multiculturalismo son válidos para nuestras sociedades. Para llegar a esta conclusión, se hará un análisis de las distintas versiones de interculturalismo. Con motivo de ello, a su vez, se traerá a debate la versión Latinoamericana de Interculturalismo, la cual será críticamente analizada. Finalmente, se desarrollará y propondrá un modelo de multiculturalismo para las sociedades latinoamericanas, la cual junta los principios del multiculturalismo y las preocupaciones de los interculturalistas en Latinoamérica. Este modelo multicultural será llamado Interculturalismo Latinamericano.
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Tiedje, Kristina. "Mapping nature, constructing culture : the cultural politics of place in the Huasteca, Mexico /." view abstract or download file of text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3147836.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2004.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 469-511) and glossary (leaves 455-462). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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González-León, Carlos Manuel. "Stratigraphy, depositional environments, and origin of the Cabullona Basin, northeastern Sonora, Mexico." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186846.

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The Cabullona Basin of northeastern Sonora is a structural depocenter that was formed during Late Cretaceous time. The 2.5 km-thick sedimentary fill of this basin, the Cabullona Group, is composed in ascending order of the Corral de Enmedio formation, Camas Sandstone, Packard Shale, Lomas Coloradas formation, and, laterally equivalent to the last two units, El Cemento conglomerate. Abundant vertebrate and invertebrate as well as pollen identifications from these units indicate the Cabullona Group is of middle Santonian to Maastrichtian age. The Corral de Enmedio formation represents shallow lacustrine deposits. Lithofacies of the Camas and Lomas Coloradas formations indicate they were deposited by braided- and meandering-fluvial systems, whereas the eight members of the Packard Shale represent complex fluvio-deltaic-and-lacustrine systems. The El Cemento conglomerate is a thick clastic wedge of coarse-grained alluvial deposits that was deposited adjacent to the structural margin of the basin. Clast composition and paleocurrent directions of the El Cemento conglomerate indicate it was derived from strata of the nearby uplift of the Sierra Anibacachi-Cerro Cabullona. The low-angle, southwest directed Cabullona thrust fault that separates the uplift from the basin formed the structural margin of the basin. The tectono-sedimentary history of the Cabullona Group, its age and regional tectonic setting support the idea that this basin was formed because of typical Laramide-style deformation and indicates that the Rocky Mountain foreland province of Laramide deformation extended southward to northeastern Sonora.
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Masera, Diego. "Eco-production : sustainable product development in small furniture enterprises in the Purepecha region of Mexico." Thesis, Royal College of Art, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263054.

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Morris, Nathaniel. "'The world created anew' : land, religion and revolution in the Gran Nayar region of Mexico." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0be82a7b-ef6f-46ed-a39d-5c4f644060a6.

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The Mexican Revolution - the first of the great revolutions of the twentieth century - is today recognised by scholars as the cumulative result of 'many Revolutions', occurring in multiple locations, for multiple reasons, over a thirty year period from Madero's rebellion against the Díaz dictatorship in 1911, to the consolidation of the Mexican state in the late 1930s. No region remained untouched by the rebellions and reforms that transformed the country over these years: not least 'el Gran Nayar', a 20,000 km2 expanse of mountains and canyons spanning parts of four different states, which constitutes one of Mexico's most ethnically diverse areas, and is home to one of the country's most prominent indigenous groups - the Huichols - along with their Cora, Tepehuano, and Mexicanero Indian neighbours. However, despite a boom in regionally-grounded studies of Mexican history, and the long-standing popularity of the Gran Nayar as a site for anthropological research, my book is the first study of the participation of the Gran Nayar's inhabitants - among the least 'assimilated' indigenous groups in the Americas - in the Mexican Revolution. Over the course of this thesis, I show that the Revolution in the Gran Nayar entailed a violent confrontation between an expansionist state and the region's highly autonomous Indian peasant communities: a clash between practitioners of subsistence agriculture and promoters of capitalist development, rival Indian generations and political factions, and rival visions of the world, of religion, and of daily life. These clashes produced some of the most severe defeats that the Mexican government's state- and nation-building programmes suffered during this period, with sometimes counter-intuitive consequences. Thus members of 'traditionalist' Indian factions, who upheld a resolutely pagan religious tradition and defined themselves in opposition to local mestizos, became an important force within the Catholic-inspired, mestizo-dominated Cristero rebel movements of the 1920s and 30s. Similarly, the Federal educational programmes so often lauded for bringing literacy and 'progress' to rural Mexico, instead precipitated violent opposition in the Gran Nayar, which involved the burning of schools, and even the murder of several teachers. And the radical land reforms of left-leaning President Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-40), which proclaimed the liberation of the Mexican peasantry from social and economic oppression, caused violent territorial conflicts between local communities, some of which continue to define life in the region today.
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Mark, Chris. "Landscape evolution at a young rifted margin : the Loreto region of Baja California Sur, Mexico." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/12257.

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Continental rifts are commonly flanked by zones of high elevation. Proposed uplift mechanisms include active and induced asthenospheric upwelling, and isostatically driven lithospheric flexure. Although these hypotheses make testable and distinct predictions of the relative timing of crustal extension and rift flank uplift, the difficulty of closely constraining these processes in modern or ancient rift zones means that the issue remains controversial. This study focuses on the Loreto rift segment of the Baja California peninsula, which forms the western margin of the Late Neogene Gulf of California rift. The Loreto region is characterised by a prominent east-facing rift escarpment which separates a low-elevation coastal plain, which hosts rift-bounding faults, from a west-tilted, topographically asymmetric rift flank, incised by west-draining canyons. On the coastal plain, slip on the rift-bounding Loreto fault has driven westward retreat of the escarpment. Footwall exhumation due to escarpment retreat is reconstructed using the apatite fission track and apatite (U-Th)/He low-temperature thermochronometers to constrain the minimum age of escarpment retreat and thus also Loreto fault slip. On the rift flank west of the escarpment, canyon incision depths are obtained by analysis of digital elevation models and used as a proxy for minimum uplift magnitude. The timing and rate of rift flank canyon incision, a proxy for the timing and magnitude of rift flank surface uplift, is constrained using 40Ar/39Ar dating of lavas which display cut and fill relations with the rift flank canyons. These lavas also provide a resistant cap atop canyon interfluve mesas, and the extent of this resistant cap likely controls the extent of rift flank catchment denudation in response to uplift. The principal finding of this thesis is that rift flank surface uplift was coeval with crustal extension at Loreto, consistent with predictions made by models of rift flank uplift driven by the flexurally-distributed isostatic response to the lithospheric unloading associated with crustal extension.
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Miranda, Carlos D. "The house : energy efficiency and architectural expression : design guidelines for the northeastern region of Mexico." Thesis, Open University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.520786.

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Beer, Nicholas. "The Archaeology and Palaeoecology of the Shell Middens of the Cape Region, Baja California Sur, Mexico." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.518386.

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Weber, Manuel. "Ecology and conservation of sympatric tropical deer populations in the Greater Calakmul Region, south-eastern Mexico." Thesis, Durham University, 2005. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2777/.

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The conservation and management of tropical deer populations need both knowledge of the ecology and natural history of deer and an understanding of the utilization of deer populations by humans. The south-eastern portion of the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico is the region with the largest ungulate diversity in Mesoamerica, including three of the five species of deer found in Mexico. For centuries, human populations have been harvesting deer for subsistence in this region. Little is know on the ecology and conservation of ungulate populations undergoing subsistence harvesting in Mesamerica. This thesis is the result of a long-term study (1996-2001) on the population, community ecology and sustainable management of the Yucatan Peninsula brown brocket deer (Mazama pandora), red brocket deer (Mazama americana) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the Greater Calakmul Region՝ (GCR), south eastern Mexico. Chapter two addresses the estimation of deer abundance, densities, population structure and habitat use of sympatric populations of these three species of deer. Chapter three outlines the relationships of the deer diet with aspects of habitat ecology such as fruit phenology, availability and seasonality. Chapter four describes the spatial and temporal patterns of subsistence hunting of tropical deer populations with the use of a novel technique incorporating both GIS/GPS technologies and participatory research. The abundance of deer in the GCR remained stable during a continuous monitoring period of five years and no effects of hunting were detected in the populations of the two Mazama species. A steady decline was detected in the populations of white-tailed deer that might be attributed to over-harvesting by subsistence hunters. Densities of the three species of deer are similar or higher that those reported elsewhere in the Neotropics. Mazama americana presented strong preferences in habitat use for the Tall Perennial Forest, while M pandora and o. virginianus used habitats in relation with availability. The population structure of the three species of deer resembles a stable population with the majority of individuals found in younger age classes but older individuals still found in ages above 12 years old (the cementum annuli technique for age determination was used for the first time in a tropical deer population). Mazama americana is a frugivore deer with its diet composed of up to 80% fruits year-round, while M. pandora and o.virginianus are both frugivores and browsers. Fruit availability for deer was strongly linked with fruit phonological patterns of the major planit species composing the deer diet year-round. A critical period with low fruit availability and potential dietary stress for deer was found during the dry season (April-May). The Zapote tree {Manilkara zapota) might be a keystone plant resource in the region. Subsistence hunting of deer is widespread in the GCR region, but deer hunting seems to be sustainable in part due to the dynamic patterns in spatial and temporal location of hunters in the landscape. The spatial and temporal patterns of deer hunting might be responsible for the creation of natural refuges and source/sink areas for deer populations. The conservation and management of tropical deer populations in the GCR and Meso-America are discussed in the light of these findings.
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Tripplett, Kirsten Jill. "The ethnobotany of plant resins in the Maya cultural region of southern Mexico and Central America /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Weaver, Eric M. "Preliminary investigation of a ritual cave site in the Puuc region of Yucatán, Mexico: Actun Xcoch." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1321648128.

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Diaz-Apodaca, Beatriz Araceli. "Prevalence risk factors and health care for type 2 diabetes in the Mexico-U.S. border region." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.536899.

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Gutierrez-Ojeda, Carlos. "Origin of arsenic in the alluvial aquifer of the Region Lagunera, States of Coahuila and Durango, Mexico." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1995. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_etd_hy0066_m_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Miletic, Renee Marie. "A portraiture study of the goodness of adolescent motherhood for Mexicana women in a New Mexico region." Thesis, New Mexico State University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3582403.

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Instead of accepting the adage that adolescent motherhood had a negative effect in young women's lives, this researcher used a portraiture methodology to illuminate the goodness of adolescent motherhood for two Mexicana women in a southern New Mexico mountain town (Lawrence-Lightfoot & Davis, 1997; Pillow, 2004). I examined how the ideological conditions of the hierarchy of gender that femininity and motherhood contextualize the conditions in which two first-generation Mexican American women became pregnant while still in high school. I framed that result within the historical structuring of the education of adolescent mothers to understand how the participants were able to experience a campus-based daycare, parenting program, and health center when they most needed it in order to graduate from high school. This research followed how the participants contended over the years with issues of legal work status, culture, healthcare, romance, language, resiliency, agency, discipline, contraceptives, and sexuality. From 24 hours of audio transcriptions, the experiences of the two participants were presented chronologically from 2004-2013 in order to show how context informed the decisions the women made at the intersection of woman, mother, worker, and student identities. Through a feminist standpoint, I examined the portraits to reveal important insight into the experience of adolescent motherhood to illuminate possibilities for social justice (Bowman, 2011). My findings are based upon the themes that emerged from the data and the critical consciousness I gained from researching their experiences.

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Liendo, Stuardo Rodrigo Rubén Gregorio. "The organization of agricultural production at a Maya center : settlement patterns in the Palenque region, Chiapas, Mexico /." Ann Arbor : UMI dissertation services, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40086084f.

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Alvarez, Siman Fernando. "Capitalism, the state and the peasantry in Mexico : a case study of the Soconusco region in Chiapas." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11504.

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DORAZCO, GARCIA CITLALLY. "CRECIMIENTO Y EMPLEO EN LA REGION CENTRO DE MEXICO: UN ANALISIS PARA EL SECTOR SERVICIOS, 1980-2009." Tesis de Licenciatura, UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DEL ESTADO DE MEXICO, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/66999.

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Chandru, Santosh. "Trans-boundary pollutant impacts of emissions in the Imperial Valley-Calexico region and from Southern California." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24770.

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Thesis (M. S.)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.
Committee Chair: Russell, Armistead; Committee Member: Mulholland, James; Committee Member: Odman, Talat.
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35

Hinojosa-Prieto, Hector R. "Tectonothermal history of the La Noria-Las Calaveras region, Acatlán Complex, southern Mexico implications for Paleozoic tectonic models /." Ohio : Ohio University, 2006. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1151434573.

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Hinojosa-Prieto, Hector Roberto. "Tectonothermal History of the La Noria-Las Calaveras Region, Acatlan Complex, Southern Mexico: Implications for Paleozoic Tectonic Models." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1151434573.

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37

Yount, Susan M. "Use of Manzanilla Tea During the Childbearing Period Among Women of Mexican Origin who Reside in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195262.

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Hispanics are the fastest growing ethnic group in the United States with the states that border Mexico having a greater percentage of persons of Mexican origin residing in them. Herbs are widely used by persons of Mexican origin, however, little is known about specifics surrounding these cultural practices. An ethnographic study in the border region of Nogales, Arizona - Nogales, Sonora, Mexico, discovered the cultural components of values, beliefs, practices, and experiences of 9 women of Mexican origin who resided in the Arizona/Sonora, Mexico border region related to using manzanilla tea during the childbearing period. Data from semi-structured in-depth interviews were analyzed using a thematic, content analysis process. Intergenerational transmission of cultural health care knowledge emerged from abstraction of the findings. Details from the women's voices provide enlightenment surrounding the values, beliefs, and practices related to the use of manzanilla tea for childbearing. Nursing should be able to integrate this knowledge into care practices and education thereby promoting more culturally relevant care during the childbearing period for women of Mexican origin.
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Dunn, Timothy J. "Immigration enforcement in the U.S.-Mexico border region, the El Paso case : bureaucratic power, human rights, and civic activism /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Veiter, Daniela. "Cargo security initiatives in the United States, Canada and Mexico and their effect on trade in the NAFTA region." Institut für Transportwirtschaft und Logistik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2009. http://epub.wu.ac.at/822/1/document.pdf.

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40

Graves, Scott Herbert. "Public participation in bureaucratic policy-making :the case of the U.S.-Mexico Border Environment Cooperation Commission." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3037013.

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Linse, Angela R. "Settlement change documentation and analysis : a case study from the Mogollon region of the American Southwest /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6545.

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42

Bowles, John Ray. "The Acute Myocardial Infarction Symptom Experience of Mexican-American Women with Coronary Heart Disease in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/299130.

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Background: Mexican-American women are a burgeoning population and are at increased risk for heart disease. However, there are no studies published yet describing acute myocardial infarction (AMI) symptoms unique to this Hispanic subgroup. Aims: Guided by vulnerability theory, the aims were to describe Mexican-American women's perceptions of the AMI symptom experience and to measure their self-reported acute and prodromal MI symptoms. Methods: A convenience sample of eight Mexican-American women mean age 63 years (range 41-78 years) with recent AMI from the U.S.-Mexico border region participated in a semi-structured interview and completed the McSweeney Acute and Prodromal Myocardial Infarction Symptom Survey (MAPMISS). Qualitative description was used to analyze codes from interview data and descriptive statistics to analyze the MAPMISS responses. Results: Mexican-American women's symptom experience was incongruent with what they knew to be symptoms of a heart attack. They attributed AMI symptoms to non-cardiac causes and did not think they were having an MI. Women self-managed symptoms and delayed seeking health care until symptoms became severe. "Asphyxiatia" (asphyxiating) and "menos fuerza" (less strength) were the most commonly described symptoms in the interviews. On the MAPMISS, Mexican-American women reported a mean of 11.25 (range 5-22) acute and 8.75 (range 0-17) prodromal symptoms. Sleep disturbance and weakness and nausea were the most frequently reported prodromal and acute symptoms, respectively, as measured by MAPMISS. Prodromal leg pain was reported with more frequency than prodromal general chest pain. Conclusions: Delays in seeking health services by Mexican-American women in the U.S.-Mexico border region reflect (1) the difference in their actual MI symptoms compared to preconceived ideas of a heart attack, (2) different terms used to describe their MI symptoms, and (3) not initiating healthcare services themselves. These findings can be used to inform Mexican-American women and healthcare providers in the U.S.-Mexico border region about the unique experiences of Mexican-American women. The findings that participants were not able to recognize or attribute their AMI symptoms suggest that heart health education should be tailored to Mexican-American women and targeted to Mexican-American families and communities.
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Silbert, Michele Sue 1960. "Mesquite pod utilization for livestock feed: An economic development alternative in central Mexico." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291526.

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In central Mexico's semi-arid highlands, mesquite (Prosopis spp.) pods are utilized for food and livestock feed. In 1975, a union of 53 rural communities opened a storage and processing facility for mesquite pods. A study of the operation and the regional collection, sales, and use of mesquite was conducted to evaluate the industry's potential. Twenty-six communities were visited, and formal interviews were held with 35 subsistence farmers, 12 mesquite feed dealers, eight large-scale ranchers, and members of the mesquite union. The effect of climatic factors on mesquite pod harvests was analyzed. The study examined opportunity costs for land and labor and the costs and returns of improvements to the operation. The mesquite facility has increased income production for rural farmers and provided a local source of nutritious livestock feed. Potential improvements to the industry include pest control, production of mixed feeds, improved management, and marketing. Similar operations could succeed in areas with dense mesquite woodlands, a history of pod collection and use, and a need for seasonal income production.
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Flack, Paul E. 1960. "A method for establishing base-line soil loss rates on surface mine sites." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276985.

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Surface mining operations require a comparison of post-mining erosion rates with pre-mining soil loss to ascertain if remedial measures are needed. In this study the Universal Soil-Loss Equation (USLE) was modified to reflect conditions of western rangelands to develop a procedure for estimating pre-mining soil loss rates. The modification used back-calculation for the C-Factor and an adjusted R-Factor based on storm size. Soil loss simulation based on stochastic precipitation patterns is appropriate to the site--the La Plata mine area in northern New Mexico--and increases the flexibility of the USLE as a soil loss predictor for western rangelands.
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45

Valová, Alena. "Development of Smart Cities in The Region of Latin America." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-203727.

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The aim of the thesis Development of Smart Cities in the region of Latin America applied on the case of Mexico City and Rio de Janeiro stands on their comparison provided according to application of six axes smart city concept. Both cities provide their individual approach in their formulation and implementation of smart city initiative. According to this comparison this paper will prove that even though that there is not yet a uniform smart city definition there are indicators according to which it is possible to form a general a framework to identify smart cities. This framework will be important to prove several things about smart cities. They will be necessary for the future growth of humanity as cities become more and more important. This will happen by allowing for better functioning of cities and better use of existing resources. These cities will start to operate for their citizens in ways that lessen the impact of the environment while allowing cities to grow across multiple sectors while improving quality of life among a city s residents. This implementation of ITC technologies will prove a rising tide that will lift the city s poor by empowering their economic lives by improving quality of life and giving better access to resources. The comparison of the two cities will also prove that Rio de Janeiro through its many smart initiatives is further along in its path to becoming a smart city than Mexico City. The difference between the two will also prove just how important smart cities are to the region s future. Mexico City s projects have not been as holistic as those taken in Brazil s largest city. Rio de Janeiro s implementation of projects like COR have transformed the city allowing it to become one of the smartest cities in the region and the world. The COR has implemented ITC technologies and initiatives that have transformed every sector of the six-axes approach model.
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Segovia, Villarreal Santiago Eduardo. "Linking worker health and well-being with business performance measures in the maquiladora manufacturing industry in the US-Mexico Border Region." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2008. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.

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47

Van, Vleet Eric. "From Passive to Active Community Conservation: A Study of Forest Governance in a Region of the Sierra Norte of Oaxaca, Mexico." FIU Digital Commons, 2013. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/823.

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This thesis investigates how seven communities in a subregion of the Sierra Norte of Oaxaca are conserving high forest cover in the absence of national protected areas. To conduct this study I relied on archival research and the review of community documents, focus group interviews and land use transects to explore historical and current land use. I found that communities have conserved 88.34% of the subregion as forest cover, or 58,596 hectares out of a total territory of 66,264 hectares. Analysis suggests that the communities have undergone a historical transition from more passive conservation to more active, conscious conservation particularly in the last decade. This thesis further contends that communities deserve additional financial compensation for this active conservation of globally important forests for biodiversity conservation and that exercises in systematic conservation planning ignore the reality that existing biodiversity conservation in the subregion is associated with community ownership.
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Benitez, Juan Manuel. "A social history of the Mexico-United States border how tourism, demographic shifts and economic integration shaped the image and identity of Tijuana, Baja California, since World War II /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1031039661&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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49

Scott, Mary Katherine. "Representation and art production among the contemporary Maya : form, meaning and value of the artesanías from the Puuc region of Yucatán, Mexico." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.588760.

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The steady rise in tourism in Yucatan beginning in the 1960s has made producing and selling handicrafts a profitable industry and an appealing alternative to other lines of work. The exotic or timeless image of the Maya presented by the tourism industry and popular media sources has influenced the kinds of artistic objects that are produced and sold within Yucatan. Recognising this, artisans create pieces that will appeal to tourists' perceptions of what constitutes authentic Maya culture. Similar situations exist all over the world in indigenous communities that have experienced a sharp rise in tourism in the last fifty years. This has provided an endless array of case studies for anthropologists interested in studying the effects of globalisation and the tourism industry in indigenous areas. In addition to the growing interest in tourism as an anthropological, sociological, economic, and artistic phenomenon has been a greater concern with studying the objects produced in zones of cross-cultural encounter, and the ways in which they are exchanged and consumed by tourists. This PhD thesis discusses tourist art production among the contemporary Maya in the Puuc region of Yucatan, Mexico. Working within tourist art studies as my broader field of scholarly enquiry, I analyse artesanias, a kind of tourist art, for my specific case study. The thesis focuses on representation in Puuc artesanias, and specifically the ideas that are expressed via their form, meaning and value in the context of the Puuc region tourism industry, the vehicle that makes commercial handicraft production possible and viable. The thesis analysis explores how the form and presentation of an object affect its meaning for different actors or agents involved in its production and consumption. The research addresses the way value systems are constructed and how they influence what we consider beautiful, meaningful, or worthy of being purchased or collected. Finally, it examines how the tourism industry affects the creativity, livelihood and identity of Maya artisans who are caught between the tensions of modernity and tradition inherent in any post-colonial society.
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Young, Tatiana Zelenetskaya. "MAYA POLITICAL ORGANIZATION DURING THE TERMINAL CLASSIC PERIOD IN THE COCHUAH REGION, QUINTANA ROO, MEXICO, FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A SECONDARY SITE." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2016. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/405137.

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Anthropology
Ph.D.
The dissertation examines the political organization of the ancient Maya during the Terminal Classic Period in the Cochuah Region of Quintana Roo. It evaluates the architecture and site layout of the secondary sites of Sacalaca and San Felipe, and tertiary and quaternary sites surrounding them in order to test political models. Our understanding of the ancient Maya political organization largely comes from Classic Period hieroglyphic texts recorded by Maya kings on public monuments. This reliance on only these kinds of data creates a limitation on the interpretation of political organization, and does not address the local scale of political institution within Maya polities. It also creates the illusion of a centralization of political organization and biases towards primary sites where hieroglyphic monuments are located. The alternative data available for the evaluation of political organization are the regional settlement pattern, individual site layouts and site architecture. Certain types of architecture such as acropoli, mortuary temples, formal plazas and ballcourts, are representative of the institutions of rulership permitting to determine the type of political organization. The distribution of this architecture within the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary sites will correlate to respective political models. Three models were chosen to be tested after reviewing the various models proposed for the political organization of the ancient Maya. These models are Dynastic Kingship, Mul Tepal, and the Segmentary State. The archaeological correlates of these models are identified and compared with the evidence provided by twenty sites in the Cochuah Region for both the early Terminal Classic Period -the Florescent Phase and the late Terminal Classic Period -the Post Florescent Phase. The conclusion is made that during the Florescent Phase the political organization in the Cochuah Region was a Segmentary State. In the Segmentary State the institution of rulership is found in sites occupying different levels in the settlement hierarchy. Sacalaca and San Felipe and their satellites exhibit a duplication of the institutions of rulership on a smaller scale. During the Post Florescent Phase data indicate the absence of authorities capable of providing order or enforcing laws and perhaps the absence of rulers during this time in the region. This case study demonstrates that some types of political organizations would be only visible through examination of secondary sites and their satellites. Also, this approach addresses the problem of relying on hieroglyphic texts and helps to overcome a bias of centralized political organization created by investigation limited to the primary centers.
Temple University--Theses
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