Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'La Paz Spanish'

Although New Orleans culture has been a popular subject for historians due to its ethnic diversity and multiculturalism, certain groups have been ignored in the city's vast historiography. Such is the case of Hispanics, who have been present for most of the city's history. This study recovers a portion of that lost Hispanic history through analysis of Spanish-language newspapers published in New Orleans throughout the nineteenth century. One of these newspapers, El Moro de Paz, was published with the goal of encouraging the advancement of trade relationships between Louisiana and Latin America. A study of El Moro de Paz and its Spanish-born publisher could contribute to an understanding of the role that New Orleans played in the emergence of the New South after the Civil

Social Science scholars study how the New Left - the wave of leftist governments in Latin America since 1999 - redefines leftism in the Post-Cold War. Part of this redefinition is a new social pact between the Queer community and those Latin American governments. Chapter 1 traces the ideological itinerary of this new social agreement and establishes the methodology of the study. El lobo, el bosque y el hombre nuevo (The Wolf, the Forest and the New Man) by Senel Paz reformulated the relationship between the dissident subjects of the patriarchy and the leftist state in Cuban society of the 1990s. Chapter 2 highlights Paz's text for its separation from the Cold War narratives centered on the leftist armed insurgent movements. Chapter 3 studies how the film adaptation of Paz's work globalized the argument and structured it within the Post-Cold War. Chapter 4 analyzes the theatrical adaptations of Paz's work made in Latin American countries after 1999. Two are compared from countries with New Latin American Leftist governments, Venezuela and Argentina, with others made in non-Latin American countries, the United States and Spain. The critical reception of the two theatrical adaptations done in Latin America showed the argument as part of their reality, in contrast to the representations made in the United States and Spain. Chapter 5 analyzes the repercussions of Paz's text in popular culture through the reggaeton "Fresa y chocolate."

This dissertation begins from the premise that indigenista narrative has always been considered by critics as literature produced in the Andean region by mostly Peruvian authors, and to a lesser extent, by those from Latin American countries with a significant indigenous population. My dissertation proposes that an expanded definition of the indigenous novel to include Argentine authors offers an exciting possibility for rearticulating the nature of this important movement of Latin American narrative fiction. It analyzes five major works written during the expansion of the indigenista movement (1920-1940) by authors born in different regions of Argentina. Moreover, while it has been widely held that the first neoindigenista novels were written by the two Peruvian masters of indigenismo, Ciro Alegría and José María Arguedas in 1941, this dissertation demonstrates that El salar, published in 1936 by Argentinian author Fausto Burgo actually deserves that distinction. The analytical frame for my work draws on the groundbreaking contributions of Antonio Cornejo Polar, Tomás Escajadillo and others in recasting its vision of indigenista narrative.

En este estudio se analizan las actitudes lingüísticas hacia el español andino en universitarios con diferentes contextos sociolingüísticos y socioeconómicos de tres universidades en La Paz, Bolivia, en relación con el español andino. Se utiliza una encuesta que incluye dos técnicas: pares falsos donde los informantes opinan sobre cuatro voces, dos del español andino y dos del español estándar y se mide el índice de solidaridad y de estatus; y un cuestionario de diferenciación semántica que mide las actitudes hacia las diferentes clases de transferencia del aymara al español andino. El análisis de los resultados indica que la actitud hacia los hablantes del español estándar es más positiva que la actitud hacia los hablantes del español andino, hay más solidaridad y más que todo se le asigna más estatus. Son los mismos hablantes del español andino que muestran las actitudes menos positivas.
In this study the linguistic attitudes towards the Andean Spanish of students at three universities with different socio-linguistic and socio-economic contexts in La Paz, Bolivia, are analyzed. In the survey two techniques are used: matched guised where informants evaluate four voices, two Andean Spanish-speaking people and two "standard" Spanish-speaking people in which the rate of solidarity and status is measured; and a questionnaire with a semantic differentiation scale which measures attitudes towards different kinds of transfers from Aymara to Andean Spanish. The results of the analisis indicate that the attitude towards speakers of "standard" Spanish is more positive than the attitude towards Andean Spanish speakers, it provoces more solidarity and especially more status. The very same speakers of Spanish Andean show the least positive attitudes.

This dissertation investigates the expression of the indirect evidential subdomain in two languages in contact, i.e. the northern variety of Central Aymara and the variety of Spanish spoken in La Paz (Bolivia). For this aim, the study uses first-hand data collected in La Paz and El Alto (Bolivia) during 2014 and 2015. Data was elicited through: the “Family Problems Picture” task (San Roque et al. 2012), formulated by the members of the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics and created specifically for the activation of cognitive categories such as evidentiality and mirativity; the “Pear Story” designed for Wallace Chafe, professor at the University of California, to collect narrative texts that show how humans perceive, elaborate and verbalize experience; and, finally, personal narratives, traditional narratives and interviews. Thirty-three recordings (12h 48’) of 48 Spanish-Aymara bilingual speakers (17 males, age range: 18-64) were fully transcribed and annotated. The resulting corpus consists of 33 transcriptions of which 14 are in Aymara (c. 19 154 words), whereas 19 are in Spanish (c. 46 245 words). The dissertation is built around four research questions. First, the dissertation shows the functions of the forms identified in the data in both languages. The study identifies for each form both evidential and non-evidential functions. Indirect evidential functions are systematically analyzed and classified by combining Willett’s (1988) and Aikhnvald’s (2004) classifications. The analysis shows evidential functions of forms that have not been previously studied as such, i.e. digamos and diciendo in Spanish and sañani and sapxi in Aymara, but it also reveals unnoticed evidential functions for previously described forms. Second, the dissertation provides a clear view of the relationship between the evidential and the epistemic modal domain involved in the use of the forms identified. Two types of correlation are found. Both languages, indeed, show forms that only point out the way in which speakers acquired information and forms where the two domains overlap. Third, the dissertation investigates speakers’ epistemic stance, in terms of commitment, towards information involved in the use of the evidential forms identified. The study shows that the forms which convey merely evidential information express mainly a medium-high commitment degree, whereas the forms in which the distinction between the evidential and the epistemic modal domain is blurred indicate a low degree of commitment. Forth, the dissertation sheds light on the relationship between the expressions of the indirect evidential subdomain in the two languages. The study proposes a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the evidential types and subtypes in both languages. The results show a high degree of convergence between the two languages, suggesting also situations of influence of one language on the other.

Orientador: Miriam Viviana Garate
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T03:42:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cripa_IvaldeAssis_D.pdf: 1256243 bytes, checksum: 5e1d486271d8038a95c1ceb5697c1743 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: A pesquisa aborda os ensaios sobre a história e sobre a poética moderna escritos por Octavio Paz e pretende analisar as tensões entre a temporalidade da moderna concepção de história e as temporalidades da poesia na sua obra crítica. No primeiro capítulo, analisamos a tensão entre o tempo retilíneo e as temporalidades cíclicas, em seus ensaios de crítica literária. No segundo capítulo, verificamos como o poeta e ensaísta mexicano interpreta a história da poesia, a partir do conflito incessante entre os conceitos de analogia e ironia, que são constitutivos de sua perspectiva, tanto nas interpretações sobre a poética moderna, como nos ensaios de história. Iremos recuperar os conceitos de ironia e analogia na obra crítica de Octavio Paz e a partir dos mesmos, refletiremos sobre a dialética do tempo, tanto nos ensaios de crítica literária, como nos ensaios de história. No terceiro capítulo, analisamos a maneira como Octavio Paz reflete sobre a história, sob o ponto de vista da continuidade e da ruptura (inspirado no movimento poético moderno). Recuperamos, nos ensaios sobre a história cultural e política do México e da América Latina, a maneira como o poeta mexicano aborda a multiplicidade dos tempos, constitutivos da história Contemporânea no continente. Pudemos verificar o quanto, na sua obra, o passado indígena e a herança colonial espanhola permaneceram incrustados no tempo presente do México e da América Latina. No quarto capítulo, discutimos de que modo a consideração das múltiplas temporalidades constitutivas da história inspiraram a perspectiva do poeta sobre as literaturas Hispano-Americanas, considerando-as sempre do ponto de vista da tensão entre a história literária mundial e os traços específicos da literatura no continente. Para finalizar, recuperamos o último e mais importante ensaio escrito por Octavio Paz, La Otra Voz em que retoma os principais temas abordados na sua obra crítica, diante dos principais acontecimentos do final século XX
Abstract: The present study addresses the essays on the history and modern poetry written by Octavio Paz and intends to analyze the tensions between the temporality of the modern concept of history and the temporality of poetry in his criticism work. In the first chapter, we analyze the tension between rectilinear time and cyclic temporalities, in his literary criticism essays. In the second chapter, we verify how the Mexican poet and essay writer interprets the history of poetry, based on the endless conflict between analogy and irony, which are constitutive concepts of his perspective, both in his interpretations of modern poetry and in his history essays. We have recovered the irony and analogy concepts in Octavio Paz¿s criticism work and, using them, we reflect about the dialectics of time, both in his literary criticism essays and in his history essays. In the third chapter, we analyze the way Octavio Paz reflects about history, from the point-of-view of continuity and rupture (inspired by the modern poetic movement). We have recovered, in the essays on Mexican and Latin American cultural and political history, the way the Mexican poet addresses the multiplicity of times which constitute contemporary history in the continent. We have verified how much, in his work, the indigenous past and the Spanish cultural heritage remain incrustrated in the present time of Mexico and Latin America. In the fourth chapter, we discuss how the consideration of multiple temporalities constitutive of history inspired the poet¿s perspective of Spanish-American literature, always considering them from the point-of-view of the tension between the world literary history and specific characteristics of the continent¿s literature. To conclude, we have recovered La Otra Voz, the last and most important essay written by Octavio Paz, in which he re-discusses the main themes addressed in his criticism work, in the context of the main events of the end of the 20th century
Doutorado
Teoria e Critica Literaria
Doutor em Teoria e História Literária

For response styles, malingering describes the deliberate production of feigned symptoms by persons seeking external gain such as financial compensation, exemption from duty, or leniency from the criminal justice system. In contradistinction, defensiveness occurs when patients attempt to downplay their symptoms of psychological impairment. Both of the aforementioned response styles can markedly affect the accuracy of diagnosis, especially on self-reports, such as multiscale inventories. As an important oversight, no studies have been conducted to examine the effect of culturally specific response styles on profile validity and the classification of malingering among Hispanic American clinical populations. The current study investigated whether the Spanish Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) effectively distinguished between Spanish-speaking outpatient groups randomly assigned to honest, feigning, and defensive experimental conditions. In examining the results, PAI malingering indicators utilizing Rare Symptoms strategies (NIM and MAL) demonstrated moderate to large effect sizes. For defensiveness, Spanish PAI indicators also demonstrated moderate to very large effect sizes (M d = 1.27; range from 0.94 to 1.68). Regarding psychometric properties, Spanish PAI validity scales, provide adequate to good data on reliability and discriminant validity. Clinical utility of the Spanish PAI increases as different cut scores are employed.

The introduction, intentional or otherwise, of plants (both cultivated plants and weeds), animals, and technologies that occurred with Spanish colonization in the Southwest had profound impacts on vegetation and landscape that are reflected in larger changes in indigenous land and resource use, culture, and identity. Archaeological palynology provides information on both the environmental and agricultural impacts of colonialism. Through the study of two sites occupied during the colonial period, in different areas, reflecting different experiences of colonized groups, the range of effects of introductions is investigated. Paa-ko, in New Mexico, was occupied in the early colonial period and was more peripheral to the colonial system than was the second site, Tumacacori, in southern Arizona, the location of a mission that was occupied into the mid-1800s.The identification of introductions, including both new plants and new ways of cultivating and processing plants, in the pollen record is central to this study. The differentiation, using pollen diameters, of grasses is particularly important, although studies of reference pollen show a great overlap between these types. Because of the importance of pollen diameters for the identification of this and other pollen types, factors that could affect pollen size, including processing methods, which did not seem to have much effect, and mounting media (and time since processing), which had rather dramatic effects on diameters, are also important. These and other experimental studies conducted to provide analogs to agricultural and processing areas that would have been seen in the Spanish colonial period, can assist in the interpretation of pollen samples from sites of this period, including the two sites discussed here. While the pollen evidence from Paa-ko demonstrates a continuation of the cultivation of native crops, including maize and squash, and the absence of cultivation of introductions, pollen from Tumacacori demonstrates the absence of cultivation of native crops, particularly maize, and, possibly, cultivation of wheat, in the area closest to the mission and most heavily influenced by missionary control, reflecting, perhaps, the greater integration of Tumacacori into the colonial system and a greater acceptance and use of introduced crops in this later colonial period.

This thesis studies the economic return for fluent-bilingualism in South Florida among native-born whites using IPUMS (Integrated Public Use Microdata Series) data for Miami-Dade County (1990). Previous mainstream-oriented theories focus on the benefit in English acquisition for immigrants and their descendants, either denying or ignoring the possible benefit of minority language retention in addition to English acquisition. An alternative literature, on the other hand, suggests that minority language retention can be beneficial in at least three areas: 1) enhancing cognitive ability; 2) accessing community-level social capital; and 3) serving as human capital. This study assesses economic returns in employment and earnings, using logistic and OLS (Ordinary Least Square) regression respectively. The results, countering the mainstream-oriented theories, suggest that fluent bilingualism does have economic consequences. Rather than fully supporting the positive effects thesis, the patterns shown are much more complicated, contingent on an individual's ethnic membership and educational level. Theoretical and substantive implications are discussed and suggestions for future research are made.

New Spanish versions of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) and the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) were assessed with the Spanish translation of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) as the gold standard. Findings from categorical and dimensional analyses suggest that, although the degree of diagnostic concordance of both measures with the DIS was found to be moderately high, the MMPI-2 clinical scales yielded greater specificity but lower sensitivity than the PAI scales on two of four diagnostic categories (i.e., Major Depression, and Schizophrenia). Both measures failed to correctly diagnose Anxiety Disorders, while the MMPI-2 also showed poor diagnostic accuracy with Alcohol Dependence.

This thesis explores the possible creation of a new categorization of American Literature as presented in the Andean novel El pez de oro: Retablos del Laykhakuy (1957) by Gamaliel Churata. In El pez de oro, Gamaliel Churata presents a strategy for the recuperation of native Andean cultural agency that enables the Andean subject to reclaim traces of their ancestral past under more verisimilar and verifiable terms. Churata argues that through a recuperation of native language and its infusion into the body of the major colonial language, Spanish, the Andean subject is equipped with a new culture producing tool that enables the recuperation of language, agency, history, and, ultimately, representation and inclusion within cultural and political institutional frameworks. By introducing his own function of bilingualism, vernacular language, and mythological infusions into the body of colonial letters, Gamaliel Churata is able to destabilize and disrupt colonial historical and textual authority to the point where the invented concept of America and the colonial product of American identity can be re-examined. Through this examination emerges a new option for the categorization of American identity as an aesthetic construct. Within this new categorization of aesthetic American identity, the Andean subject can begin his own process of self-identification through his native language toward the production of a future Andean American subject.

La fictionnalisation de l’histoire récente dans le cinéma espagnol de la démocratie est abordée sous l’angle de sa représentation par les directeurs artistiques à qui, au cinéma, incombe la responsabilité de tout l’aspect visuel du film. L’étude de ce métier, peu traitée dans la production scientifique de la recherche cinématographique, nous intéresse dans son évolution depuis les années 30 jusqu’à nos jours. Elle permet de mettre en lumière les mécanismes qui sont à l’œuvre pour représenter l’histoire au cinéma, du franquisme à la démocratie.L’objectif de la thèse est de démontrer l’importance fondamentale de la direction artistique dans le film historique, de dégager les implications idéologiques qu’elle sous-tend et de déceler les caractéristiques esthétiques qui varient selon les époques, les intentionnalités et les styles des concepteurs des décors
The fictionalization of recent history in the Spanish cinema of democracy is approached in terms of its representation by the art directors who, in cinema, are responsible for all the visual aspects of the film. The study of this issue, little discussed in the scientific production of film studies, interests us in its development since the 30s until the current time. It makes possible to highlight the mechanisms that are at work to represent history in cinema, from Francoism to democracy.The aim of the thesis is to demonstrate the fundamental importance of art direction in the historical film, to identify the ideological implications that underlies and detect the aesthetic characteristics that vary according to eras, styles and intentions of production designers

L’objecte d’aquesta tesi es l’estudi del canvi de llengua que es produeix en l’obra poètica de Pere Gimferrer. Per arribar-hi haurem d’activar un itinerari complex – crític, teòric i metodològic -. La problemàtica que presentem intenta resoldre una qüestió central: tractar d’elucidar si aquest canvi de llengua – del castellà al català, i més tard, del català al castellà – implica necessàriament un canvi d’estil, o si, en canvi, l’estil de poeta resta estable tot i haver canviat la llengua d’escriptura. Si la recerca està orientada a trobar una possible resposta a aquesta qüestió, nosaltres ens proposem com a punt de partida l’anàlisi de les conseqüències que comporta l’escriure en diferents llengües a la modernitat. Per aquesta raó, en la tesi es desenvolupen teòricament les nocions de “frontera”, “extraterritorialitat”, o “llengua estrangera” que ens seran útils per a portar a terme la nostra anàlisi. A la darrera part, a través de la lexicometria, presentem un apropament exhaustiu a les particularitats lèxiques i sintagmàtiques de l’obra de Pere Gimferrer. Finalment, proposem una resposta a la problemàtica proposada.
This thesis sets out to study the language change that occurs in the poetry of Pere Gimferrer. To achieve this, we will activate a complex route - critical, theoretical and methodological -. This issue tries to resolve a central question: to elucidate whether this change of language – from Spanish to Catalan, from Catalan to Spanish- necessarily implies a change of style, or if the style of the poet remains stable even if he changes his writing language. Although the research is oriented to find a possible answer to this question, we propose as a starting point, the analysis of the consequences of writing in several languages in modernity. For this reason we develop the theoretical concepts of "border", "extraterritoriality", "foreign language" or “mother tongue” that will be very useful to carry out our analysis. In the last part of the thesis, and through the lexicometry, we present a comprehensive approach to the specific lexical and phrase structure of Pere Gimferrer’s work, in Spanish and Catalan. Finally, we offer a reply to the problem proposed.

La thèse propose une approche du cinéma fantastique espagnol des années 1990 et 2000, et plus spécifiquement de la période allant de 1993 à 2005. En effet, on assiste alors à l’arrivée d’une nouvelle génération de réalisateurs qui donne un nouvel élan au genre en se le réappropriant. Nous partons du constat initial qu’au sein des diverses approches du genre présentes dans chacun de ces films, le fantastique espagnol semble privilégier l’apparition de trois incarnations du surnaturel : le fantôme, le slasher et le monstre. Notre étude se penche sur chacune d’entre elles afin de dégager quelles sont les lignes de force qui les structurent. Pour cela, nous nous servons de la notion de figure, qui à partir de l’étude de la représentation cinématographique des corps, permet également de déterminer quels sont les enjeux thématiques qui y sont associés, ainsi que la reconfiguration particulière que chacune d’entre elles opère sur le genre fantastique
This thesis tackles Spanish fantastic cinema from the 1990s and 2000s, and more specifically from 1993 to 2005. Indeed, this period of time corresponds to the rising of a new generation of directors who gave a new impetus to the genre by re-appropriating it. We start off with the initial premise that within the various approaches of the genre present in each of these films, the Spanish fantastic seems to favour the emergence of three types of supernatural : the ghost, the slasher and the monster. Our study focuses on each of these types so as to highlight its structuring driving forces. In that respect, we use the notion of figure which, based on the study of the cinematographic representation of bodies, also allows to determine the thematic stakes related to it, as well as the specific reconfiguration that each of them operates on the fantastic genre

This study offers a comparative analysis of Rosario Castellanos' Balún-Canán and Rudolfo Anaya's Bless Me, Ultima, novels that provide examples on how children construct their identity in hybrid communities in southeastern Mexico and the U.S. southwest. The protagonists grow and develop in a context where they need to build bridges between their European and Amerindian roots in the middle of external influences that complicate the construction of a new mestizo consciousness. In order to attain that consciousness and free themselves from their divided selves, these children receive the aid of an indigenous mentor who teaches them how to establish a dialogue with their past, nature, and their social reality. The protagonists undertake that negotiation by transgressing the rituals of a society immersed in colonial dual thinking. They also create mechanisms to re-interpret their past and tradition in order to create an image of themselves that is not imposed by the status quo. In both novels, the protagonists have to undergo similar processes to overcome their identity crises, including transculturation, the creation of sites of memory, and a transition from orality to writing. Each of them resorts to creative writing and becomes a sort of shaman who pulls together the "spirits" from the past, selects them, and organizes them in a narration of childhood that is undertaken from adulthood. The results of this enterprise are completely different in the cases of both protagonists because the historical and social contexts vary. The boy in Bless Me, Ultima can harmoniously gather the elements to construct his identity, while the girl in Balún-Canán fails because of the pressures of a male-centered and highly racist society.

Cette thèse pluridisciplinaire clarifie la situation de la langue espagnole dans les formations françaises d’ingénieurs. À partir du moment où la formation poursuit des objectifs spécifiques, la question de la méthodologie d’enseignement-apprentissage la mieux adaptée doit être posée. Cette problématique centrale exigeait la consultation des acteurs impliqués dans le processus afin de connaître leurs besoins langagiers réels. Si beaucoup a déjà été dit sur ce genre d’analyse, il manquait pourtant des indications sur les variables pertinentes pour passer au crible les exigences de ce public cible. En faisant dialoguer cadres théoriques et expériences de terrain, deux modèles ad hoc d’instruments d’enquête, de type quantitatif et qualitatif, à destination des ingénieurs et des élèves-ingénieurs ont été proposés et testés. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les avis convergent sur un nombre considérable de points et, notamment, sur la manière la plus appropriée pour enseigner et apprendre l’espagnol. La méthode préconisée doit être active et viser les aspects pragmatiques de la langue à partir d’un travail en équipe, privilégiant la collaboration entre pairs, dans une perspective communicative et actionnelle priorisant les tâches d’expression et d’interaction basées sur une approche « projet ». L’analyse des implications didactiques de cette demande conjointe permet de conclure qu’elle peut être satisfaite en adoptant la démarche de l’« apprentissage par problèmes ». Un protocole de déroulement de cette approche innovante, accompagné d’un exemple d’application dans un cours d’espagnol spécialisé pour ingénieurs, est présenté dans le but de transférer les avancées scientifiques de nature à renouveler la pédagogie universitaire
This multidisciplinary thesis clarifies the situation of the Spanish language in French engineering courses. Once language training has to meet specific objectives, the question of the most appropriate teaching-learning methodology must be asked. This central issue required consultation with the actors involved in the process in order to know their real language needs. While much has already been said about this kind of analysis, there is a lack of information on the relevant variables to sift through the requirements of this target audience. By bringing together theoretical frameworks and field experiments, two ad hoc models of survey instruments, both quantitative and qualitative, were proposed and tested for engineers and student engineers. The results show that opinions converge on a considerable number of points and, in particular, on the most appropriate way to teach and learn Spanish. The recommended method must be active and aim at the pragmatic aspects of the language, based on teamwork, favoring peer collaboration, in a communicative and action-oriented perspective, prioritizing “project” based expression and interaction tasks. The analysis of the didactic implications of this joint application leads to the conclusion that it can be satisfied by adopting the "problem-based learning" method. A protocol for the implementation of this innovative approach, accompanied by an example of application in a specialized Spanish course for engineers, is presented with the aim of transferring scientific advances likely to renew university pedagogy

Neste trabalho propomos uma análise do fenômeno da interferência em traduções do gênero receita feitas por estudantes brasileiros de E/LE, com base num estudo empírico de corpus comparável, corpus paralelo e dados cognitivos. Entendendo a interferência como a incorporação de elementos de uma língua na produção em outra (MACKEY, 1970 apud PRESAS, 2000), acreditamos que a utilização de uma estrutura frequente no texto fonte, mas pouco usual na língua meta, constitui um resultado indesejável/não natural (TAGNIN, 2005), especialmente no caso de textos que se pretendem comunicativos, como é o caso da receita. A partir de dados empíricos, o estudo buscou verificar a hipótese de Presas (2000), segundo a qual é possível encontrar na tradução um tipo de interferência que, ao contrário do fenômeno normalmente descrito nos estudos de aquisição/aprendizagem, atuaria na direção oposta, ou seja, da língua estrangeira sobre a língua materna. De acordo com nossa suposição inicial, certas estruturas poderiam favorecer a incidência desse fenômeno, exatamente por apresentarem um funcionamento análogo, mas não idêntico, nas duas línguas. Com o propósito de investigar essa hipótese, coletamos um corpus de traduções para o português de uma receita em espanhol, feitas por estudantes brasileiros em dois momentos distintos do bacharelado de letras português-espanhol, na metade (alunos egressos de Língua Espanhola 3) e no final do curso (alunos egressos de Tópicos Contrastivos). Focalizamos nesse material a tradução das orações subordinadas temporais introduzidas por cuando e hasta e das finais encabeçadas por para. Para caracterizar o emprego/seleção de certas construções sintáticas como um tipo de interferência em tradução, foi fundamental certificar-nos de que as estruturas encontradas nas traduções não eram de fato as mais frequentes no gênero em língua portuguesa. Nesse sentido, valemo-nos de um corpus especialmente coletado para esse fim, formado de receitas escritas em português e espanhol. Pareceu-nos igualmente importante que fizessem parte do corpus outras duas tarefas, além da tradução, (i) uma atividade de produção livre, na qual os sujeitos teriam de escrever uma receita em português a partir de uma sequência de imagens, e (ii) uma atividade de produção dirigida, na qual tivessem de completar, também em uma receita em português, espaços correspondentes às orações subordinadas que nos interessava observar. Objetivávamos verificar: 1) qual era a forma mais frequente para as orações subordinadas com cuando/quando, hasta/até e para/para no gênero receita nas línguas espanhola e portuguesa; 2) se o uso que os estudantes brasileiros fariam das construções temporais e finais para escrever e completar as receitas em língua portuguesa coincidiria com as estruturas utilizadas por eles na tradução; e 3) se haveria diferenças entre receitas coletadas na internet, escritas originalmente em português, e as produções dos estudantes. Essas três tarefas foram realizadas num programa específico, o Translog (JAKOBSEN, 1999), que nos proporcionou alguns dados para o estudo do processo tradutório (como a ocorrência ou não de pausas nessas construções). Como fundamentação teórica, utilizamos os conceitos de interferência nos Estudos de Aquisição de Segundas Línguas e nos Estudos da Tradução e de naturalidade e realizamos um estudo contrastivo das orações subordinadas temporais e finais nas duas línguas. Como metodologia, lançamos mão de alguns princípios da Linguística de Corpus e também de técnicas dos estudos de processo em tradução.
This study aims at investigating interference in the translation of recipes carried out by Brazilian students of Spanish as a foreign language, based on an empirical study of a comparable corpus, a parallel corpus, and cognitive data. Understanding interference as the incorporation of elements of a language when producing another (MACKEY, 1970 apud PRESAS, 2000), we believe that using a structure which frequently occurs in the source text, but does not occur frequently in the target language leads to a an undesirable and unnatural result (TAGNIN, 2005), specially in the case of communicative texts, such as is the case of the recipe genre. Based on empirical data, this study aimed at verifying the hypothesis in Presas (2000), according to which it is possible to find in translation a type of interference that, contrariwise to the phenomenon commonly described in language acquisition/earning, acts in the opposite direction, that its, from the foreign language to the mother tongue. According to our initial assumption, certain structures may favor the occurrence of this phenomenon, precisely because they function analogously, but not identically, in both languages involved. To investigate this hypothesis, a corpus was built with translations of recipes into Brazilian Portuguese from Spanish. The translations were carried out by Brazilian students on two different occasions of the Portuguese-Spanish undergraduate course: in the middle of the course (L3) and at the end of the course (TC). For this study we used the corpus to focus on the translation of subordinate time clauses beginning with cuando and hasta, and of finality clauses starting with para. In order to establish the use/selection of certain syntactic constructions as a type of interference in translation, it was essential to verify that the structures found in the translations where not in fact the most frequent in the recipe genre in Brazilian Portuguese. In this respect, we used a corpus specially built to this end made up of recipes originally written in English and Portuguese. It was considered equally important in terms of corpus building that two other tasks, besides translation were included in the corpus, (i) a free writing task, according to which the subjects had to write a recipe in Portuguese based on a sequence of pictures, and (ii) a cloze task, according to which they had to fill in the spaces, which corresponded to the subordinate clauses object of this study, in a recipe in Portuguese. The goal was to identify: 1) which was the most frequent form used in subordinate clauses with cuando/quando, hasta/até, and para/para in recipes in Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese; 2) whether Brazilian students would use time clauses and finality clauses to write and complete recipes in Portuguese in the same way they used the structures in their translations; and 3) whether there were differences among the recipes gathered on the internet, recipes originally written in Portuguese, and the recipes written by the students. These three goals were attained with the aid of a specific software: Translog (JAKOBSEN, 1999), which provided part of the data used to investigate the translation process (such as the occurrence or of pauses in the clauses, or lack thereof). The chosen theoretical background was based on the concepts of interference in second language acquisition and in translation, and naturalness, in order to carry out a contrastive study of subordinate time and finality clauses in both languages. The method used was based on some of the principles of Corpus Linguistics, in addition to process studies techniques.

Notre travail de thèse s’oriente vers l’analyse des caractéristiques et des conditions d’émergence et de développement de la dislocation à gauche (DG) et à droite (DD) en français, au sein des productions langagières chez des locuteurs hispanophones vivant en France (Lyon). S’inscrivant dans une perspective acquisitionnelle donc diachronique, peu explorée jusqu’à présent, notre recherche étudie le phénomène de la dislocation dans le cadre de différents types d’interactions entre locuteurs francophones et hispanophones et révèle ainsi ses caractéristiques formelles et fonctionnelles de même que les comportements des locuteurs dans l’agencement de l’asymétrie linguistique et culturelle. Ces aspects analytiques montrent que la dislocation apparaît progressivement dans le répertoire linguistique des alloglottes et manifeste une fréquence constante et une structure qui se diversifie au fil du temps
In this study, we analyse development and occurrence characteristics of left and right dislocation in French, in language productions of Spanish speakers living in France (Lyon). By an acquisitional - and off course diachronical - approach, unexplored up to now, our research aims at studying dislocation’s formal and functional properties and speakers’ behaviours in their linguistic and cultural asymmetry regulation, within the framework of different kinds of interactions between native French speakers and native Spanish speakers. These analytic aspects show that left and right dislocation appears progressively in hispanophone speakers’ repertoire and displays a constant frequency and a diversified structure as time goes by

Conquises par les forces hispaniques au seuil du XVIe siècle, les places d’Oran et de Mers el-Kébir accueillirent une expérience frontalière originale aux portes du Maghreb. Depuis ses premières heures jusqu’à nos jours, ce presidio a souffert d’une considération ambiguë et biaisée. En effet, plusieurs témoignages historiques et les discours historiographiques dominants, à l’instar du paradigme de l’« occupation restreinte », ont ensemble consolidé le recours aux concepts du déclin, de l’échec, de la crise ou de l’obsolescence pour définir et analyser l’entreprise et l’expérience hispaniques à Oran et la situation plus générale de l’empire hispanique à partir du tournant des XVIe et XVIIe siècles. Tout aurait été dit dès lors, nul besoin de s’attarder en profondeur sur ce qu’il advint après ce tournant chronologique.Le premier objet de ce travail consiste à décrypter les fondements scientifiques, les hiérarchisations ou les partis-pris plus idéologiques sur lesquels se sont appuyés ces discours, afin de mettre en avant les filtres posés sur l’histoire du presidio d’Oran et de Mers el-Kébir. Une corrélation et un enchevêtrement loin d’être anodins peuvent alors être perçus entre les discours sur l’Espagne ou sur la Monarchie Hispanique, sur la Méditerranée et sur l’Afrique du Nord qui défendent l’idée d’une crise ou d’un déclin depuis la fin du XVIe siècle. Une recherche affranchie de ces filtres a été entreprise dans les archives et les bibliothèques espagnoles, principalement, à la lumière des avancées historiographiques plus ou moins récentes nuançant les connaissances établies sur la Méditerranée, la Monarchie Hispanique, les sociétés maghrébines ou les grandes puissances islamiques de l’Époque moderne. Les sources alors consultées livrent d’autres témoignages que le déclin, l’échec ou la crise.Depuis le zénith de la première occupation hispanique d’Oran et de Mers el-Kébir, à savoir le tournant des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, période relativement esquivée des études, cette enquête propose une histoire alternative fondée sur une focale d’abord méditerranéenne (et ibéro-maghrébine) puis hispanique du sujet et sur une conception des situations et des phénomènes frontaliers attentive aux effets de porosité et d’incertitude. Au rebours d’une majorité des conclusions du paradigme de l’« occupation restreinte », un autre visage de l’entreprise et des expériences hispaniques frontalières a été mis à jour. Pour dépasser l’enclavement géographique et historiographique du presidio, cette enquête s’est montrée attentive aux différentes manifestations et expansions du « royaume d’Oran », un vaste système humain et matériel dans lequel s’inscrivait le projet hispanique dans l’Ouest algérien. Compte tenu de l’instabilité et de l’incertitude fondamentales de cette charnière de la Méditerranée occidentale, la Monarchie Hispanique sous Charles II de Habsbourg et Philippe V de Bourbon, elle-même soumise aux vicissitudes d’une longue et heurtée résilience, s’est engagé dans un projet de domination frontalière ajusté à ses propres ressources et aux circonstances endurées. Loin d’être anachronique et incohérent, ce projet frontalier mérite une analyse plus profonde de ses résultats. De sorte que jamais, le presidio d’Oran et de Mers el-Kébir ne fut abandonné, ni enclavé au sein de l’empire hispanique. Cette enquête propose en ce sens une première approche de la constellation des forces variées qui contribuèrent à la sauvegarde du presidio jusqu’à la défaite lors du siège de 1707-1708
Conquered by the Hispanic Monarchy at the very beginning of the 16th century, the places of Oran and Mers el-Kébir hosted an original border experience at the gates of the Maghreb. From its early moments to the present days, that presidio has been suffering from an ambiguous and biased consideration. Indeed, several historic records and the predominant historiographical discourses have both strengthened the solution of the concepts of decline, failure, crisis or obsolescence to describe and analyze the Hispanic undertaking and experience in Oran and the more general situation of the Spanish Empire at the turn of the 17th and 18th century. Everything would have been said then; there would be no need to linger deeply over what happened after that chronological turn.The first purpose of work consists in decrypting the scientific principles, the creation of hierarchies or the bias more ideological on which these discourses have been based, in order to unveil the filters laid upon the history of the presidio of Oran and Mers el-Kébir. A correlation and an entanglement, far from being insignificant, can in that case be perceived between the discourses about Spain or the Hispanic Monarchy, about the Mediterranean and about North Africa which defend the idea of a crisis or a decline since the end of the 16th century. An investigation freed from those filters has been undertaken mainly among the Spanish archives and libraries, in the light of the more or less recent historiographical advances which discuss the established knowledge about the Mediterranean, the Hispanic Monarchy, the North-African societies or the great Islamic powers of the Early Modern times. The pieces of archives read provide other accounts than decline, failure or crisis.From the zenith of the first Hispanic occupation of Oran and Mers el-Kébir, namely at the turn of the 17th and the 18th centuries, a period which has been quite avoided by the researches, this investigation suggests an alternative history first based on a Mediterranean (and Iberian-North-African) insight and then on an Hispanic one and based on conception of border situations and phenomena mindful of the effects of porosity and uncertainty. Contrary to most of the conclusions of the paradigm of the “occupation restreinte”, another image of the Hispanic border undertaking and experiences has been revealed. To go beyond the geographical and historiographical enclaving of that presidio, this investigation pays attention to the different manifestations and expansions of the “kingdom of Oran”, a wide human and material system into which entered the Hispanic project in West Algeria. Given the fundamental instability and uncertainty of that crossroad region of the Western Mediterranean, the Hispanic Monarchy under Charles II of Habsburg and Philippe V of Bourbon, itself subjected to the vicissitudes of a long and jolting resilience, embarked on a project of border domination which had been adjusted to its own resources and to the circumstances endured. Far from being anachronistic and incoherent, that border project deserves a deeper analysis of its results. So that the presidio of Oran and Mers el-Kébir had never been abandoned nor isolated from the Spanish Empire. To that extent, this investigation suggests a first approach of the galaxy of the varied forces compromised in the conservation of the presidio until the defeat during the siege of 1707-1708

This dissertation studies selected poems written between 1950 and 1975 by Octavio Paz and Rosario Castellanos, two major Mexican writers of the twentieth century. Paz is considered one of the leading figures of Mexican literature, while Castellanos gained prominence in her homeland as a feminist figure. Using close reading as the predominant approach, this study investigates the complex issues of love and sexuality from the perspective of the poetical voice. It also emphasizes the manner in which the boundaries produced by love and sexuality underscore certain ambiguities. Indeed, these two poets search for identity and happiness in various ways, while questioning sincerity and investigating true love, a love concerned with heart and parity. In a very personal way, both authors use recurrent metaphors and comparisons about love and sexuality that combine traditional images of the Occident with images from Mexico. In their attempts to offer definitions of love and sexuality, Paz and Castellanos inevitably incorporate diverse influences into traditional stereotypes, and in doing so, place Mexican poetry within a broader context. At the same time, this dissertation addresses the differences between these two poets. On the one hand, Paz exalts love and sexuality as a constructive characteristic of the human being in an almost sacred quest, thereby demonstrating his awareness of literary tradition and humanistic belief in poetry. Concurrently, on the other hand, Castellanos is relentless in her search for love and acceptance by men, thus subjecting herself to the manipulation of a patriarchal society, which sought to reaffirm the immobility of the woman by demanding that she conforms to a male-dominated literary canon. Castellanos’s voice is that of a proud yet pleading, lamenting, rejected lover, although the register of her poetic voice transcends gender barriers, incorporates the canon, and speaks as a fully self-validating subject. Paz sees the pleasures in, while Castellanos measures the risks and dangers at stake with the encounter of the other.

Le mouvement migratoire espagnol en Amérique à l'époque moderne peut être partagé en deux phases distinctes : La première est essentiellement masculine alors que la seconde intègre un nombre considérable de femmes et d'enfants. En analysant la correspondance privée provenant des Indes espagnoles entre 1540 et 1616, avec une attention particulière aux missives échangées entre les membres d'une même famille, l’objectif de ce mémoire est d’accéder au quotidien et à l'intimité des migrants et des migrantes et d’expliquer les origines et les modalités de la migration familiale dont l'apogée se situe entre 1560 et 1620. L'analyse dans la perspective du genre des « Cartas privadas de emigrantes a Indias » jette ainsi une lumière nouvelle sur les pratiques épistolaires familiales, les motifs des réunions des familles et sur l’agentivité des Espagnoles dans la construction de la société coloniale.
Spanish migration flows to the Americas in the early modern age can be divided into two separate phases: The first was predominantly male while the latter included a large number of women and children. Analysing the private letters from the Spanish Indies between 1540 and 1616, notably those exchanged between members of the same family, this thesis explores the daily and intimate lives of these male and female migrants. It also seeks to explain the origin and modalities of family migration, which reached its apogee between 1560 and 1620. A gendered analysis of the « Cartas privadas de emigrantes a Indias » sheds new light on the familial practice of correspondence, the underlying reasons for family reunions, and the agency of Spanish women in the building of this colonial society.

Résumé L’hypothèse de la période critique, émise par Lenneberg dans les années 60, affirmait qu’un enfant pouvait acquérir une langue seconde, sans difficulté, environ jusqu’à l’âge de la puberté. Après cette période, l’apprentissage d’un autre idiome serait difficile, dû à la latéralisation du cerveau. En même temps, les travaux de Chomsky enrichirent cette théorie avec l’idée de la Grammaire universelle, laquelle établit que nous possédons tous, dès la naissance, les éléments linguistiques universels qui nous permettent d’acquérir une langue maternelle. Tant que la Grammaire universelle est active, notre langue maternelle se développe et c’est pourquoi, si nous apprenons une autre langue pendant cette période, l’acquisition de celle-ci se produit de manière presque naturelle. Pour cette raison, plus une langue est apprise tôt, plus elle sera maîtrisée avec succès. En nous appuyant sur ce cadre théorique ainsi que sur l’Analyse d’erreurs, outil qui permet au professeur de prédire quelques erreurs avec la finalité de créer des stratégies d’apprentissage d’une langue seconde, nous tenterons de vérifier dans le présent travail si l’âge est un facteur qui influence positivement ou négativement l’apprentissage d’une langue seconde, l’espagnol dans ce cas-ci, par le biais de l’analyse comparative des prépositions a/ en dans deux groupes d’étudiants différents.
Abstract According to Leeneberg's critical period hypothesis from the sixties, a child can acquire a second language approximately until puberty, for afterwards the lateralization of the brain takes place and the acquisition of second language becomes more difficult. Further on, Chomsky’s research would contribute to this theory with the Universal Grammar idea or the inborn universal linguistic elements that we use in order to acquire mother tongue. While the Universal Grammar is still on, the already acquired Mother Tongue continues to develop. As a result, the acquisition of another language during this period becomes a natural process, leading to the conclusion that the earlier a child starts learning a second language, the better its acquisition will be. Therefore and for the purpose of this research, a theoretical framework and the error analysis, the tool allowing the teacher to predict some error in order to create the adequate language strategies for effective second language acquisition, are used. I will try to verify the age-factor influence positively or negatively in the acquisition of a second language, in this special case the Spanish language, by means of the comparative analysis of the a/ en prepositional pair with two different groups of apprentices.