Journal articles on the topic 'La Poste – France – 1945-1990'

Abstract This paper focuses on the relations between Albania and France in the period 1945-1990 in the political optics, and aims to evaluate the dynamics of this cooperation, pointing to the different intensity at different times during dictatorship, byhilosophical demagoguery of the Albanian party and the identification of collaborative priorities extended over 20 years. Albanian - French cooperation spread in all fields. Since our country was still unconfirmed as a state, it needed the experience of other countries. France was a kind of guide to our country, as it was a developed country. Albania also linked with France by some traditional and conjunctural elements. France regarded Albania as very important, and considered it as an opportunity to expand its economy and improve its situation. France needed the mineral resources of Albania. In general, our relations with France has been normal and were concretized in several areas of mutual interest, such as trade and culture. In various speeches, the Albanian leadership has expressed the desire to strengthen more these relations on the basis of the recognized principles of equality, non-interference and mutual benefit. But at certain times, there was also anxiety, and in July 1984, there was a regress of state relations.

Abstract France had trade deals with several Balkan countries, which were often carried out by private firms that exchanged mutual interest. It would be of interest that even with Albania resumed exchanges for a category of articles despite the lack of a regular convention. Their purpose was to resume the works on kerosene requirements. This brought about the improvement of the Albanian economy and meeting the needs of the France for these products, which in turn strengthened even more the economic and political relations of the two countries. With the insistence of the French side, on August 1956, a trade agreement was signed between Albania and France, where the French Government allowed the exchange of goods between the two countries as a compensation to French firms seeking to collaborate with our country. It is worth pointing out that the trade relations that Albania had with France until 1964 was generally satisfactory. Albania's export and import plans were satisfactorily fulfilled and a better basis for new successes in forecasts and plans for the future in 1965 was provided. In the official talks with the French side in mid eighties, the Albanian side proposed the establishment of a joint group within the Chambers of Commerce to look at the possibilities of France purchasing our minerals and the possibilities of Albania buying their equipment. Based on the credits opened by French firms and our foreign trade enterprises, the release of the respective goods was followed in both directions. Thus, our companies have been releasing confectionery, towels, clothespins, chairs etc. French companies have continued to release electronic equipment, clay, oil spill delta and various exchange parts. Several other economic agreements were signed between two countries which increased the level of Albanian exports towards France.

L’Alsace est une région frontière, ballotée entre l’Allemagne et la France au cours de son histoire. Partie intégrante du Saint-Empire romain germanique, elle est rattachée au royaume de France au XVIIe siècle. Suite à la guerre franco-prussienne de 1870, le traité de Francfort de 1871 annexe l’Alsace et une partie de la Lorraine à l’Empire allemand dans lequel elles forment une Terre d’Empire (Reichsland) avec un statut différent des autres Länder. À la fin de la Première Guerre mondiale, l’Alsace-Lorraine retourne à la France, dont elle fait encore partie aujourd’hui. Cet article porte sur la façon comme cette histoire singulière a favorisé les influences artistiques croisées -aussi bien alleman­des que françaises- dans les monuments historiques d’Alsace; générant pendant le vingtième siècle un impact im­portant sur les choix de restauration des architectes, sur leur réception par les spécialistes de la conservation des deux nationalités et sur leur traitement lorsqu’il a fallu developper des restaurations. L’étude de ce phénomène met en lumière la façon comme les relations franco-allemandes ont généré depuis 1945 un changement progressif de regard sur les travaux de l’époque allemande.

I qualified in Belfast (Queen's University) in 1942. I did not have any interest in psychiatry, having the ambition to become a clinical physiologist. I had worked with Henry Barcroft, who was professor of physiology. I joined the Army and later the Airborne Forces. Fortunately, the casualties expected amongst the medical personnel of the 6th Airborne Division during the Normandy incursion did not occur, leaving myself and other medical colleagues, who had just completed our parachute training, redundant. I was posted to France and in the late summer of 1944 found myself regimental medical officer to the 1st Battalion The Herefordshire Regiment. I must confess that it never occurred to me during the winter and spring of 1944–1945 that the emotional reactions and the physical expressions of anxiety encountered, particularly amongst the young conscripts, had anything to do with the subject of psychiatry.

During the period of reunification of the two German states in the declining period of the Cold War, France and Poland collaborated on issues related to the reunification conditions, in particular the borders of the united Germany. France’s policy was based on political calculations and was a continuation of the line taken by Paris with regard to the German issue after 1945. A certain similarity of the positions of the two states on the final shape of the borders was visible even before the beginning of the 2 + 4 process. France has not withdrawn from its border declarations of the 1950s. At the crucial moment, when Germany was being reunited, it made efforts to take the voices of Germany’s neighbours into account and held regular consultations with Poland.

Résumé Chaque système de protection sociale repose sur un équilibre spécifique entre les responsabilités collectives et les responsabilités familiales par rapport aux risques sociaux et aux besoins de care. Dans un contexte de vieillissement de la population et de diminution du nombre d’aidants potentiels disponibles, il est intéressant de s’interroger sur les alternatives proposées par les gouvernements et sur la portée des politiques qui se dessinent depuis la fin des années 1990. Quelle articulation entre l’aide familiale et l’intervention publique ? L’analyse porte sur la situation dans deux pays, l’Italie et la France, où la famille joue traditionnellement un rôle important dans la prise en charge des personnes âgées dépendantes. Elle montre dans les deux pays un phénomène d’externalisation du care grâce au développement de dispositifs de cash for care, mais selon des modalités différentes. Dans un cas comme dans l’autre, cela ne signifie pas pour autant qu’il y ait défamilialisation du care. On assiste plutôt à une transformation des pratiques de care.

Aborda-se o circuito rap independente em Paris, o chamado “rap indé”, produção musical da cultura hip hop, constituída por materialidades e fluxos dinamizados por agentes cujas raízes estão em territórios ultramarinos. Lançando mão de um levantamento documental e bibliográfico, e, de uma série de entrevistas e visitas técnicas, problematiza-se a relação do hip hop com o lugar, e propõe-se uma análise do rap indé a partir da teoria dos circuitos da economia urbana nos países subdesenvolvidos. Observa-se que o circuito indé, fortalecido na Île-de-France, sobretudo desde meados dos anos 1990, mobiliza toda a região, tendo em Clignancourt, importante lugar de encontro e articulação. Sua produção dá-se em estúdios e selos de menor porte, caracterizando-se ainda por pequenas espessuras ligadas aos eventos musicais, e, divulgação e comercialização alternativas aos grandes circuitos da economia. Trata-se de um estudo buscando alternativas para pensar os modos de se analisar, a partir da música, as dinâmicas socioterritoriais na cidade contemporânea.

Résumé La réflexion concerne les représentations paternelles et leur devenir lors de naissances bousculées. Elle s'inscrit dans un travail beaucoup plus large prenant en compte la diversité des parents dans ces cas de figure médicalisée où la séparation initiale est au rendez-vous. Cette étude discontinue porte sur 50 familles, classées selon les caractéristiques néonatales des enfants (grands prématurés, petits prématurés, prématurité avec procréation médicalement assistée, non-prématurés). Elle s'est déroulée entre 1990 et 1994 au Centre Hospitalier d'Amiens en France (maternité et néonatologie) dans un premier temps et au domicile des parents dans un second temps. Par l'intérêt porté au jeu des représentations parentales, elle introduit dans le champ médical une sensibilité clinique supplémentaire, ne laissant pas au seul état somatique de l'enfant le poids du devenir de la relation mère-enfant. Nous parlons essentiellement des pères, de leur épreuve, mais aussi de la ressource qu'ils peuvent offrir au travail de la psyché maternelle, s'ils sont bien accompagnés.

AbstractL’article reconstitue la chronologie des rapports entre romanistique et science de la culture depuis l’époque romantique jusqu’à nos jours et souligne le fait que les romanistes allemands ont longtemps concentré leurs recherches sur la France. A l’approche savante des textes médiévaux et de l’étymologie succéda, entre 1870 et 1914, une vague positiviste privilégiant la connaissance des faits et l’enseignement de données culturelles afin d’affronter la concurrence entre Etats impérialistes. Ensuite l’orientation a été essentialiste et les préjugés servaient à réhabiliter ce qui était national et allemand. De 1939 à 1945, il y eut des romanistes qui prirent le chemin de l’exil, d’autres qui restèrent réticents, mais il y en eut aussi qui se compromirent avec le régime nazi. C’est pourquoi, la construction de la réconciliation (1945-1970) a vu l’essor des recherches en civilisation et d’une didactique renforçant les compétences communicationnelles. Depuis les années 1990, la prise de conscience de la valeur de la science de la culture découle de la prise en compte de la pluridisciplinarité et d’une définition englobante et dynamique de la culture.

Abstract. In this paper, we introduce and provide access to daily (1960–2017) and hourly (1993–2017) datasets of snow and meteorological data measured at the Col de Porte site, 1325 m a.s.l., Chartreuse, France. Site metadata and ancillary measurements such as soil properties and masks of the incident solar radiation are also provided. Weekly snow profiles are made available from September 1993 to March 2018. A detailed study of the uncertainties originating from both measurement errors and spatial variability within the measurement site is provided for several variables. We show that the estimates of the ratio of diffuse-to-total shortwave broadband irradiance is affected by an uncertainty of ±0.21 (no unit). The estimated root mean square deviation, which mainly represents spatial variability, is ±10 cm for snow depth, ±25 kg m−2 for the water equivalent of snow cover (SWE), and ±1 K for soil temperature (±0.4 K during the snow season). The daily dataset can be used to quantify the effect of climate change at this site, with a decrease of the mean snow depth (1 December to 30 April) of 39 cm from the 1960–1990 period to the 1990–2017 period (40 % of the mean snow depth for 1960–1990) and an increase in temperature of +0.90 K for the same periods. Finally, we show that the daily and hourly datasets are useful and appropriate for driving and evaluating a snowpack model over such a long period. The data are placed on the repository of the Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG) data centre: https://doi.org/10.17178/CRYOBSCLIM.CDP.2018.

RÉSUMÉ Le présent article porte sur la gestion de l'enseignement public au Québec entre 1920 et 1945. Il vise à jeter un nouvel éclairage sur la configuration et la nature du pouvoir scolaire central au cours de cette période marquée par des bouleversements économiques, politiques et socio-culturels, lesquels ne manquèrent pas d'avoir des répercussions sur le monde de l'éducation. Pour ce faire, il propose une analyse systématique de la composition des comités confessionnels du Conseil de l'Instruction publique et examine les luttes des différents groupes sociaux qui cherchent à améliorer la représentativité de ces importants organismes. Il en ressort que les membres des comités sont choisis, tout comme au XIXe siècle, parmi les élites cléricales, professionnelles et les milieux d'affaires. Les non-chrétiens et les représentants de la classe ouvrière en sont exclus. Quant aux femmes, les protestantes y sont sous-représentées et leurs consoeurs catholiques s'y voient refuser tout accès. Les élites franco-catholiques et anglo-protestantes tiennent à conserver un statu quo fortement marqué par des clivages entre classes sociales, groupes ethno-religieux et sexes, et ce, malgré la contestation de plusieurs groupes qui réclament un rôle dans la gestion scolaire.

Le principal postulat sur lequel se fonde le concept d?antitotalitarisme est qu?il est possible, malgre toutes les differences evidentes qui distinguent des regimes fascistes, nazis et communistes, de percevoir l?harmonie et des principes identiques qui les rassemblent sous l?egide du regime oppressif d?un nouveau type: le totalitarisme. Le travail se focalise sur la specificite locale de la France et sur les travaux qui ont ete entrepris dans ce pays afin d?averer la parente du systeme fasciste et real-socialiste. Le ?discours antitotalitaire? en France, conformement avec les exigences de grand changement d?epoque hegemonique, a eu differentes fonctions politique en differentes periodes. Dans cette maniere, nous avons limite notre l?etude a trois periodes bien definies: 1930-1945, 1947-1990, 1991-2002. Notre these principale est que ?l?antitotalitarisme? francais - dans sa totalite - ne constitue pas un concept theorique systematique et coherent, mais principalement une mutation anhistorique et ascientifique des disqualifications politiques, conditionnee par les particularites d?un contexte socio-historique national. Independamment de toutes les complexites et ambiguites, la conclusion est que ?la reflexion antitotalitaire? en France est en grande partie un produit de la scene politique interieure, et l?outil intellectuel et politique majeur dans la ?croisade? contre le socialisme reel.

ABSTRACT Military applications of geology became apparent within the United Kingdom during the nineteenth century, and were developed during the First World War and more extensively during the Second, incidentally by some officers with links to Canada. In the nineteenth century, three Royal Engineer major-generals with geological interests had served there briefly: Joseph Ellison Portlock (1794–1864) helped to stem invasion of Upper Canada by the United States Army in 1814, pioneer geological survey in Ireland from 1826, and promote knowledge of geology amongst British Army officers; Frederick Henry Baddeley (1794–1879) helped to pioneer geological studies in south-east Canada in the 1820s; Richard John Nelson (1803–1877) served in Canada after mapping the geology of Jersey in 1828 and making geological observations in Bermuda. During the First World War, Tannatt William Edgeworth David (1858–1934), a Welsh-born Australian and from 1916 to 1918 the senior of two geologists serving with the British Army on the Western Front, had a Canadian military family link through his mother; and Reginald Walter Brock (1874–1935), Dean of Applied Science at the University of British Columbia and a distinguished Canadian geologist, interrupted his career for infantry service in Europe but was used as a geologist from mid-1918, in Palestine. During the Second World War, the British military geologist Frederick William Shotton (1906–1990) provided geological advice to, amongst other units, Canadian forces who generated thematic maps for parts of northern France that predicted ‘going’ (conditions affecting cross-country vehicle mobility) to follow the D-Day Allied landings in Normandy. In 1943, Thomas Crawford Phemister (1902–1982), Professor and Head of the Department of Geology and Mineralogy at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland but from 1926 to 1932 an associate professor at the University of British Columbia, as an ‘emergency’ Royal Engineers captain founded the Geological Section of the Inter-Service Topographical Department, a unit whose reports and thematic maps provided terrain intelligence for Allied forces in both Europe and the Far East from a base in England, within the University of Oxford. John Leonard Farrington (1906–1982), an undergraduate student from 1923 to 1928 of Brock and/or Phemister at the University of British Columbia, co-founded the Section and soon succeeded Phemister as its head, from 1944 to 1945 in the rank of major. Soon after 1945, military geologists became established in continuity within the British Army.

Depuis leur séparation, Mme N., 36 ans, est victime de harcèlement par son ex-concubin. Elle rapporte des conduites quotidiennes de filature et d’espionnage de la part de son agresseur, qu’elle croise à de multiples reprises et qui l’espionne à travers les volets de son logement, des appels téléphoniques incessants. L’examen médico-légal ne constate aucune lésion physique mais retrouve un retentissement psychologique majeur de type anxio-dépressif réactionnel avec un sentiment permanent de persécution et de peur. Il s’agit d’un cas typique de stalking, forme de harcèlement distinct du harcèlement moral ou sexuel, couramment décrit dans les pays Anglo-Saxons, mais moins connu en France. Le stalking correspond au fait de persécuter et de harceler une personne de façon volontaire et réitérée, menaçant ainsi son intégrité physique ou psychique. Il peut consister en une simple recherche insistante d’attention pouvant aller jusqu’à un véritable terrorisme psychologique durable. Il n’est pas rare que ce comportement conduise à une atteinte corporelle, sexuelle, voire même à la mort de la victime. Les auteurs appelés stalker agissent par divers moyens tels que la traque permanente de la victime, se poster à proximité ou entrer de force dans son logement. Ils sont principalement des hommes, soupirants éconduits ou ex-partenaires. Les victimes sont majoritairement des femmes qui, face à ce type de persécution, développent des troubles psychiques principalement de type anxieux pouvant se prolonger après la fin du harcèlement, comparables à un PTSD. Depuis les années 1990, la plupart des pays Anglo-Saxons dispose d’une infraction pénale spécifique concernant le stalking. En France, le code pénal ne sanctionne que le harcèlement moral entre conjoint ou dans le cadre du travail. Pourtant, les études montrent que ce phénomène serait bien plus répandu qu’on ne le suppose et qu’il existe un réel besoin de mesures spécifiques visant à la protection des victimes.

The 12th International Conference on Polymers and Organic Chemistry (POC'06) was held in Okazaki, Japan, from 2-7 July 2006 and was attended by nearly 200 participants from 20 different countries. This was the second time that POC was held in Japan, the first time was in 1990 (1982, Lyon, France; 1984, Lancaster, UK; 1986, Jerusalem, Israel; 1988, Barcelona, Spain; 1990, Kyoto, Japan; 1994, Venice, Italy; 1996, Wroclaw, Poland; 1998, Maa'ale Hachamisha, Israel; 2000, Tianjin, China; 2002, San Diego, USA; 2004, Prague, Czech Republic).The aim of this series of symposia is to bring together chemists from different chemical fields to define and discuss the most recent developments in the areas of polymer-supported reagents, polymeric catalysts, polymers in medicine and biochemistry, polymers for separations, electro- and light-sensitive functional polymers, polymers for environmental protection, processes within functional polymers, and so on. Plenary lectures were provided by Profs. Yoshio Okamoto (Nagoya University, Japan) and Jean M. J. Fréchet (University of California, Berkeley, USA). Along with the plenary lectures, nine invited lectures featured recent advances in the field of polymer-based chemistry in organic synthesis by David E. Bergbreiter, Kuiling Ding, Shu Kobayashi, Yoon-Sik Lee, Helma Wennemers, Pradeep K. Dhal, Toshihide Inoue, Eiji Yashima, and Peter A. G. Cormack. These lectures, as well as 27 oral presentations of the selected papers, exhibited the strength, diversity, and novelty with which this scientific field is being practiced. In addition, there were 55 poster presentations.Ten articles contributed by the lecturers and the conference chairs of POC'06 appear in this issue of Pure and Applied Chemistry in order to provide a summary of last summer's conference.Shinichi ItsunoPOC'06 Co-chairYasuhiro UozumiPOC'06 Co-chair and Conference Editor

Cet article porte sur l'étude d'un cas des rapports ville-campagne au Québec, plus précisément ceux de Montréal avec un terroir de la plaine environnante, les terres noires de Napierville-Châteauguay. L'urbanisation de cette campagne se manifeste par des modifications de la structure sociale et de la structure de production, l'une et l'autre étant évidemment liées puisqu'elles constituent les structures pratiques fondamentales de la société. Le peuplement de ce terroir agricole est issu d'une création volontaire, c'est-à-dire d'un mouvement de colonisation qui, à partir de 1945, a regroupé des éléments de population d'origines géographiques et ethniques variées, réunissant par le fait même des capacités démographiques de mutation fort originales. Cette collectivité rurale, récente de formation, était toute désignée pour connaître rapidement les processus dynamiques d'intégration à la société urbaine, processus identifiés comme étant la socialisation à l'intérieur du groupe et l'acculturation à l'extérieur. Cette évolution socio-culturelle est indissociable de la participation des producteurs à une agriculture industrialisée. Leur activité agricole repose avant tout sur un très fort potentiel agro-pédologique, mis en valeur par une culture de légumes de plein champ spécialisée. Tour à tour sont analysés : l'alliance terre noire-terre franche, l'importance des bâtiments fonctionnels, la variation de l'alliance homme-machine, le poids de la main-d'oeuvre infantile . . . , caractéristiques propres à une agriculture de banlieue et conformes aux forces de la collectivité présente. Ce terroir de plaine fonctionne de façon autonome sur la base d'une activité de production originale, sur la base de forces de travail familiales et industrielles, sans que des formes directes d'urbanisation ne soient venues s'immiscer, mais subissant inévitablement et subrepticiment l'influence urbaine.

AbstractThe effect of climate change in the 20th century is investigated based on measured mass-balance data. Annual, winter and summer mass balances on Claridenfirn, Switzerland, (since 1914/15) Storglaciären, Sweden, (since 1945/46) Storbreen, Norway, (since 1948/49) Glacier de Sarennes, France, (since 1948/49) and Vernagtferner, Austria, (since 1965/66) are studied with air temperature at high-altitude stations and the longest records of solar global radiation in Europe. The mean mass balances of these glaciers during the 20th century were mostly negative except for the first two decades. The fluctuating mass balance reaches the minimum (largest loss) and maximum (almost equilibrium) around 1940 and 1980, respectively, with a drastic loss in the last 15 years. These variations are mostly steered by the variation in summer mass balance. The change in the summer mass balance is determined to 72% by temperature and the remaining 28% by solar radiation. During the colder period (e.g. 1960–80), the reduction in solar radiation counteracted the warming trend due to the greenhouse effect. Since 1990 the greenhouse effect of terrestrial radiation and the global brightening effect of solar radiation have both been acting to accelerate the melt, resulting in the unprecedented mass loss of the observational era. The glacier mass balance during the 20th century clearly reacted towards temperature and solar radiation changes, which reflected the greenhouse effect and aerosol and cloud variations.

L’alimentation des ruminants : un problème d’actualitéDans la conduite et la réussite d’un système de production de Ruminants, l’alimentation du troupeau reste un domaine très important qui continue de poser de nombreuses questions à la fois pratiques et théoriques. Pour l’éleveur, les postes récolte des fourrages et des céréales, achats d’aliments et entretien des surfaces fourragères représentent plus de 50 % des charges opérationnelles de son exploitation. Nourrir quotidiennement son troupeau lui impose de faire des choix de types de rations et en amont des choix stratégiques de long terme, sur la conduite de son système fourrager en considérant ses contraintes de milieu naturel, de bâtiments ou de stockage. La gestion de l’alimentation est directement liée à tous les autres choix stratégiques de l’activité d’élevage, le niveau de croissance des jeunes animaux, la reproduction, l’allotement la quantité et la qualité de la production. Pour le chercheur en nutrition animale, les enjeux sont devenus multiples et son positionnement a évolué : la recherche de la production maximale soutenue par l’alimentation a fait place à la volonté d’atteindre un optimum à la fois biologique, technique et économique selon les milieux dans lequel l’élevage est conduit. Il doit faire en sorte que la ration calculée par ses modèles satisfasse les besoins de l’animal selon les objectifs de production de l’éleveur, mais qu’elle participe également au bon état sanitaire et de bien-être du troupeau, qu’elle garantisse la qualité des produits et minimise l’impact défavorable des rejets sur l’environnement. La recherche en nutrition et alimentation des ruminants porte à la fois sur les fourrages, la physiologie digestive et métabolique de l’animal et son comportement alimentaire. En tenant compte de la complexité des mécanismes biologiques, les modèles nutritionnels doivent pouvoir simuler avec le maximum de précisions les flux de matières à travers le tube digestif et les organes sur des pas de temps variables, à la fois de court et de long terme. Cela reste un sujet perpétuellement en évolution qui exige aussi de synthétiser les connaissances sous forme d’outils d’aide à la décision et qui soit capable de présenter la qualité de ces outils et leurs limites d’usage. Une recherche qui se développe avec l’INRALes recherches pour aider à déterminer les choix d’alimentation des animaux en condition de production se sont concrétisées au cours du 20ème siècle. Les systèmes d’alimentation en énergie, azote et minéraux ont été développés en France après 1945. A l’INRA, le département Elevage des Ruminants sous l’impulsion de R. Jarrige avait initié une révision majeure des principes et des unités pratiques de terrain en 1978 en proposant un système énergétique construit sur la base de deux unités fourragères, lait et viande (UFL, UFV), un système des Protéines Digestibles dans l’Intestin (PDI) et des Tables complètes à la fois des besoins des animaux et de la valeur alimentaire des aliments. C’est notamment dans le domaine de la valeur nutritionnelle des fourrages que ces travaux étaient particulièrement riches. Ces «systèmes INRA» avaient alors été complétés par la première ébauche d’un modèle complètement nouveau de prévision de l’ingestion (système des Unités d’Encombrements UE) qui sera fortement remanié et amélioré dix ans plus tard lors de la révision de 1988. Ce nouvel ensemble, prévision de l’ingestion, estimation des besoins nutritionnels, a également permis d’accroître l’offre d’outils pratiques de terrain. En complèment des Tables imprimées, un outil informatique d’accompagnement et de rationnement «INRAtion» a été proposé dès 1992. Celui-ci s’est ensuite enrichi de l’outil de calcul de la prévision de la valeur des aliments «Prevalim;» et tous deux sont devenus des réceptacles appliqués des nouveautés scientifiques concernant les systèmes INRA. Mais, près de vingt ans après le dernier «Livre Rouge de l’Alimentation des bovins, ovins et caprins», une mise à niveau des ouvrages écrits s’imposait également et il est apparu nécessaire de proposer une actualisation des connaissances des principes du rationnement des ruminants. Les travaux des équipes de recherches ont permis de progresser aussi bien sur la caractérisation de la valeur des fourrages et des matières premières, que sur l’estimation des besoins des animaux et des apports nutritionnels recommandés dans des situations très diverses. Au delà des recommandations statiques, focalisées sur l’objectif de satisfaire les besoins, les lois de réponses dynamiques des pratiques alimentaires sont mieux connues et quantifiées. Elles permettent de mieux simuler les conséquences de la diversité des situations. L’objectif de l’ouvrage «Alimentation des bovins, ovins et caprins - Tables INRA 2007», sorti en février aux éditions Quæ, est ainsi de remettre sous la forme connue et largement adoptée par tous les acteurs des filières de l’élevage ruminant ces nouveaux résultats. Des documents complémentairesCependant le niveau scientifique choisi de l’ouvrage récemment paru et sa taille volontairement réduite pour en faire un ouvrage facilement accessible ont contraint les auteurs à aller à l’essentiel, les frustrant sans aucun doute d’une description et d’une discussion de fond de leurs résultats.En reprenant l’exemple de 1987 où le «livre rouge» publié par INRA Editions était complété par un numéro détaillé du Bulletin CRZVde Theix, nous avons donc décidé de publier un dossier dans la Revue INRA Productions Animales qui complète l’ouvrage de février. Ce dossier regroupe majoritairement des présentations et les explications des choix qui ont prévalu au développement des nouveaux modèles sous-tendus dans les recommandations. Il comporte 5 articles qui éclairent des points clés des innovations introduites en 2007, et qui correspondent soit à des nouveaux modèles mécanistes des fonctions de l’animal, soit à des méthodes de prévision de la valeur des fourrages, soit à des remises en cause plus profondes de l’ensemble apports, besoins comme c’est le cas pour la nutrition minérale.Toutefois, ce dossier n’est pas exhaustif des «nouveautés» du livre 2007. Certaines avaient été déjà publiées, soit dans des revues scientifiques, soit dans des sessions des «Rencontres Recherches Ruminants». Sans aucun doute d’autres viendront encore les compléter par la suite.Ainsi sont étudiés successivement des apports scientifiques sur la valeur des aliments et sur les besoins des animaux :1 - La dégradabilité des protéines dans le rumen (DT) et la digestibilité réelle des protéines alimentaires dans l’intestin grêle (dr). La valeur azotée des fourrages repose sur la bonne estimation de ces deux paramètres, qui sont la clé du calcul du système des protéines digestibles dans l’intestin PDI (article de M.-O. Nozières et al).2 - Les nouvelles valeurs minérales et vitaminiques des aliments. La possibilité de raisonner en éléments phosphore et calcium absorbables apporte de nouvelles précisions et modifie considérablement les quantités recommandées. L’article précise et actualise les Apports Journaliers Recommandés (AJR) d’éléments minéraux majeurs. Les autres minéraux, oligo-éléments et vitamines sont également revus de façon systématique et approfondie (article de F. Meschy et al).3 - De nouvelles équations statistiques de prévision de la digestibilité de la Matière Organique (dMO) des fourrages par la méthode pepsine-cellulase établies sur une banque de données couvrant une gamme plus importante de fourrages et de modes de conservation. La valeur énergétique des fourrages dépend en effet étroitement de la digestibilité de leur matière organique. Son estimation sur le terrain peut se faire à partir de méthodes de laboratoire comme la digestibilité pepsine-cellulase, utilisée en France depuis plus de vingt ans. Cette méthode est proposée pour sa bonne précision (article de J. Aufrère et al).4 - La composition du gain de poids chez des femelles adultes en période de finition qui permet de calculer ensuite directement le besoin en énergie et en protéines de l’animal. Ce modèle est suffisamment souple pour proposer un besoin face à un objectif de croissance donné, mais il propose aussi un niveau de croissance pour une ration d’un niveau énergétique donné. Ce nouveau modèle a été spécifiquement développé pour tenir compte de la très grande variabilité des situations pratiques rencontrées : la race, l’âge, le format, l’état d’engraissement initial et la vitesse du gain attendu (article de F. Garcia et J. Agabriel).5 - La capacité d’ingestion d’aliments par les vaches laitières au cours de leur lactation complète. Ce tout nouveau modèle s’adapte à tous types de vaches primipares, multipares et propose le nouveau concept de «lait potentiel» pour mieux décrire cette capacité d’ingestion. Ce concept est nécessaire pour répondre aux diverses stratégies des éleveurs dans la conduite de leurs animaux et qui ne souhaitent pas nécessairement les mener à leur maximum de production. Le modèle tient en effet compte de l’état initial de la vache au vêlage et des modifications d’état corporel qui accompagnent obligatoirement la conduite de la lactation (article de P. Faverdin et al).La Rédaction de la Revue a estimé judicieux de publier dans ce même numéro d’INRA Productions Animales, un travail très récent sur la teneur en matière grasse du lait de vache et sa prévision, qui pourra dans les années à venir se traduire concrètement dans les outils d’accompagnement de nos recommandations (article de Rulquin et al).A l’occasion de la publication de ce dossier, nous voulons plus particulièrement remercier tous les participants des Unités et Installations Expérimentales de l’INRA sans qui ces résultats ne seraient pas, ainsi que tout le personnel des Unités de Recherches qui ont participé dans les laboratoires ou derrière leurs écrans : l’Unité de Recherches sur les Herbivores (URH) de Clermont-Ferrand-Theix, l’Unité Mixte de Recherches sur la Production Laitière (UMR PL) de Rennes, l’Unité Mixte de Recherches Physiologie et Nutrition Animale (UMR PNA) de Paris, l’Unité Mixte de Recherches sur les Ruminants en Région Chaude (UMR ERRC) de Montpellier.

O artigo trata da condição periférico-estratégica do estado do Amapá e sua inserção no Planalto das Guianas, relembrando as etapas do processo de integração nacional da Amazônia a partir da década de 1970, sob os discursos de “integrar para não entregar”. Nas décadas subseqüentes, vários fatores começaram a mudar a condição de periferia do Estado: a Instalação do Complexo Industrial do Jari, no sul do Amapá; a construção da rodovia BR-156 (de 1970 a 1980), ligando Oiapoque até o Laranjal do Jari; a mudança de comportamento entre vizinhos internacionais, principalmente representado pelo Acordo-Quadro entre Brasil e França (1995) e a previsão da entrega da Ponte Fronteiriça construída entre a Guiana e o Brasil. Por fim o artigo aponta indicativos do aumento da conectividade externa do estado do Amapá: o aumento do comércio atacadista; a instalação da Área de Livre Comércio de Macapá e Santana (1990) – uma das sete Áreas de Livre Comércio instaladas na Região Amazônica – e a criação da Zona Franca Verde 2008, localizada no município de Santana.

Résumé Cette étude porte sur la dynamique, depuis le début du 20e siècle, d’une forêt de reboisement à pin noir d’Autriche (Pinus nigra ssp. nigricans) sur un talus d’éboulis, localisé dans le sud du massif des Grandes Rousses (Alpes du nord, France). Les différentes étapes de la dynamique forestière ainsi que la croissance des arbres étudiée par dendrologie révèlent les fluctuations climatiques du siècle écoulé (1896-2003). Une cartographie diachronique à grande échelle (1/5 000) au pas de temps bi-décennal, combinée à des prélèvements dendrologiques (157 arbres échantillonnés sur 12 placettes), font ressortir l’expansion rapide de la pinède entre 1950 et 1970, puis un ralentissement dans les décennies 1980, 1990 et le début des années 2000. Cette évolution concorde avec les variations des basses fréquences contenues dans les séries dendrochronologiques et météorologiques. La croissance du peuplement dans les décennies 1950-1970 coïncide avec une augmentation de 40 % de la croissance radiale et une succession d’étés frais et arrosés, d’après les séries climatiques de la station Besse en Oisans située à proximité du site. Inversement, depuis le milieu des années 1970, le peuplement connaît un déficit de croissance radiale de 20 % lié à une série d’étés chauds et secs, contribuant à une expansion ralentie. Cette sensibilité très forte des pins à la sécheresse pré-estivale (mai, juin et juillet) est confirmée, au pas de temps mensuel, par l’analyse dendroclimatologique. Dans un contexte d’épisodes de sécheresse intra-alpine de plus en plus prononcé, un phénomène récent encore peu abordé par les scénarios macroclimatiques, ces résultats conduisent à une série d’interrogations sur le devenir de ces peuplements et sur la fonction de sentinelle de ces forêts reboisées sur un substrat à faible capacité hydrique, capables d’enregistrer fortement les modifications des régimes pluviométriques et thermiques, encore mal modélisées en régions de montagnes.

Allgemeines Das ist Militärgeschichte! Probleme - Projekte - Perspektiven. Hrsg. mit Unterstützung des MGFA von Christian Th. Müller und Matthias Rogg Dieter Langewiesche Lohn der Gewalt. Beutepraktiken von der Antike bis zur Neuzeit. Hrsg. von Horst Carl und Hans-Jürgen Bömelburg Birte Kundrus Piraterie von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart. Hrsg. von Volker Grieb und Sabine Todt. Unter Mitarb. von Sünje Prühlen Martin Rink Robert C. Doyle, The Enemy in Our Hands. America's Treatment of Enemy Prisoners of War from the Revolution to the War on Terror Rüdiger Overmans Maritime Wirtschaft in Deutschland. Schifffahrt - Werften - Handel - Seemacht im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Hrsg. von Jürgen Elvert, Sigurd Hess und Heinrich Walle Dieter Hartwig Guntram Schulze-Wegener, Das Eiserne Kreuz in der deutschen Geschichte Harald Potempa Michael Peters, Geschichte Frankens. Von der Zeit Napoleons bis zur Gegenwart Helmut R. Hammerich Johannes Leicht, Heinrich Claß 1868-1953. Die politische Biographie eines Alldeutschen Michael Epkenhans Altertum und Mittelalter Anne Curry, Der Hundertjährige Krieg (1337-1453) Martin Clauss Das Elbinger Kriegsbuch (1383-1409). Rechnungen für städtische Aufgebote. Bearb. von Dieter Heckmann unter Mitarb. von Krzysztof Kwiatkowski Hiram Kümper Sascha Möbius, Das Gedächtnis der Reichsstadt. Unruhen und Kriege in der lübeckischen Chronistik und Erinnerungskultur des späten Mittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit Hiram Kümper Frühe Neuzeit Mark Hengerer, Kaiser Ferdinand III. (1608-1657). Eine Biographie Steffen Leins Christian Kunath, Kursachsen im Dreißigjährigen Krieg Marcus von Salisch Robert Winter, Friedrich August Graf von Rutowski. Ein Sohn Augusts des Starken geht seinen Weg Alexander Querengässer Die Schlacht bei Minden. Weltpolitik und Lokalgeschichte. Hrsg. von Martin Steffen Daniel Hohrath 1789-1870 Riccardo Papi, Eugène und Adam - Der Prinz und sein Maler. Der Leuchtenberg-Zyklus und die Napoleonischen Feldzüge 1809 und 1812 Alexander Querengässer Eckart Kleßmann, Die Verlorenen. Die Soldaten in Napoleons Rußlandfeldzug Daniel Furrer, Soldatenleben. Napoleons Russlandfeldzug 1812 Heinz Stübig Hans-Dieter Otto, Für Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit. Die deutschen Befreiungskriege gegen Napoleon 1806-1815 Heinz Stübig 1871-1918 Des Kaisers Knechte. Erinnerungen an die Rekrutenzeit im k.(u.)k. Heer 1868 bis 1914. Hrsg., bearb. und erl. von Christa Hämmerle Tamara Scheer Kaiser Friedrich III. Tagebücher 1866-1888. Hrsg. und bearb. von Winfried Baumgart Michael Epkenhans Tanja Bührer, Die Kaiserliche Schutztruppe für Deutsch-Ostafrika. Koloniale Sicherheitspolitik und transkulturelle Kriegführung 1885 bis 1918 Thomas Morlang Krisenwahrnehmungen in Deutschland um 1900. Zeitschriften als Foren der Umbruchszeit im wilhelminischen Reich = Perceptions de la crise en Allemagne au début du XXe siècle. Les périodiques et la mutation de la société allemande à l'époque wilhelmienne. Hrsg. von/ed. par Michel Grunewald und/et Uwe Puschner Bruno Thoß Peter Winzen, Im Schatten Wilhelms II. Bülows und Eulenburgs Poker um die Macht im Kaiserreich Michael Epkenhans Alexander Will, Kein Griff nach der Weltmacht. Geheime Dienste und Propaganda im deutsch-österreichisch-türkischen Bündnis 1914-1918 Rolf Steininger Maria Hermes, Krankheit: Krieg. Psychiatrische Deutungen des Ersten Weltkrieges Thomas Beddies Ross J. Wilson, Landscapes of the Western Front. Materiality during the Great War Bernd Jürgen Wendt Jonathan Boff, Winning and Losing on the Western Front. The British Third Army and the Defeat of Germany in 1918 Christian Stachelbeck Glenn E. Torrey, The Romanian Battlefront in World War I Gundula Gahlen Uwe Schulte-Varendorff, Krieg in Kamerun. Die deutsche Kolonie im Ersten Weltkrieg Thomas Morlang 1919-1945 »Und sie werden nicht mehr frei sein ihr ganzes Leben«. Funktion und Stellenwert der NSDAP, ihrer Gliederungen und angeschlossenen Verbände im »Dritten Reich«. Hrsg. von Stephanie Becker und Christoph Studt Armin Nolzen Robert Gerwarth, Reinhard Heydrich. Biographie Martin Moll Christian Adam, Lesen unter Hitler. Autoren, Bestseller, Leser im Dritten Reich Gabriele Bosch Alexander Vatlin, »Was für ein Teufelspack«. Die Deutsche Operation des NKWD in Moskau und im Moskauer Gebiet 1936 bis 1941 Helmut Müller-Enbergs Rolf-Dieter Müller, Hitlers Wehrmacht 1935 bis 1945 Armin Nolzen Felix Römer, Kameraden. Die Wehrmacht von innen Martin Moll Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck, »Herr Oberleitnant, det lohnt doch nicht!« Kriegserinnerungen an die Jahre 1938 bis 1945 Othmar Hackl Stuart D. Goldman, Nomonhan, 1939. The Red Army's Victory that shaped World War II Gerhard Krebs Francis M. Carroll, Athenia torpedoed. The U-boat attack that ignited the Battle of the Atlantic Axel Niestlé Robin Higham, Unflinching zeal. The air battles over France and Britain, May-October 1940 Michael Peters Anna Reid, Blokada. Die Belagerung von Leningrad 1941-1944 Birgit Beck-Heppner Jack Radey and Charles Sharp, The Defense of Moscow. The Northern Flank Detlef Vogel Jochen Hellbeck, Die Stalingrad-Protokolle. Sowjetische Augenzeugen berichten aus der Schlacht Christian Streit Robert M. Citino, The Wehrmacht retreats. Fighting a lost war, 1943 Martin Moll Carlo Gentile, Wehrmacht und Waffen-SS im Partisanenkrieg: Italien 1943-1945 Kerstin von Lingen Tim Saunders, Commandos & Rangers. D-Day Operations Detlef Vogel Frederik Müllers, Elite des »Führers«? Mentalitäten im subalternen Führungspersonal von Waffen-SS und Fallschirmjägertruppe 1944/45 Sebastian Groß, Gefangen im Krieg. Frontsoldaten der Wehrmacht und ihre Weltsicht John Zimmermann Tobias Seidl, Führerpersönlichkeiten. Deutungen und Interpretationen deutscher Wehrmachtgeneräle in britischer Kriegsgefangenschaft Alaric Searle Nach 1945 Wolfgang Benz, Deutschland unter alliierter Besatzung 1945-1949. Michael F. Scholz, Die DDR 1949-1990 Denis Strohmeier Bastiaan Robert von Benda-Beckmann, A German Catastrophe? German historians and the Allied bombings, 1945-2010 Horst Boog Hans Günter Hockerts, Der deutsche Sozialstaat. Entfaltung und Gefährdung seit 1945 Ursula Hüllbüsch Korea - ein vergessener Krieg? Der militärische Konflikt auf der koreanischen Halbinsel 1950-1953 im internationalen Kontext. Hrsg. von Bernd Bonwetsch und Matthias Uhl Gerhard Krebs Andreas Eichmüller, Keine Generalamnestie. Die strafrechtliche Verfolgung von NS-Verbrechen in der frühen Bundesrepublik Clemens Vollnhals Horst-Eberhard Friedrichs, Bremerhaven und die Amerikaner. Stationierung der U.S. Army 1945-1993 - eine Bilddokumentation Heiner Bröckermann Russlandheimkehrer. Die sowjetische Kriegsgefangenschaft im Gedächtnis der Deutschen. Hrsg. von Elke Scherstjanoi Georg Wurzer Klaus Naumann, Generale in der Demokratie. Generationsgeschichtliche Studien zur Bundeswehrelite Rudolf J. Schlaffer John Zimmermann, Ulrich de Maizière. General der Bonner Republik 1912 bis 2006 Klaus Naumann Nils Aschenbeck, Agent wider Willen. Frank Lynder, Axel Springer und die Eichmann-Akten Rolf Steininger »Entrüstet Euch!«. Nuklearkrise, NATO-Doppelbeschluss und Friedensbewegung. Hrsg. von Christoph Becker-Schaum [u.a.] Winfried Heinemann Volker Koop, Besetzt. Sowjetische Besatzungspolitik in Deutschland Silke Satjukow, Besatzer. »Die Russen« in Deutschland 1945-1994 Heiner Bröckermann Marco Metzler, Nationale Volksarmee. Militärpolitik und politisches Militär in sozialistischer Verteidigungskoalition 1955/56 bis 1989/90 Klaus Storkmann Rüdiger Wenzke, Ab nach Schwedt! Die Geschichte des DDR-Militärstrafvollzugs Silke Satjukow Militärs der DDR im Auslandsstudium. Erlebnisberichte, Fakten und Dokumente. Hrsg. von Bernd Biedermann und Hans-Georg Löffler Rüdiger Wenzke Marianna Dudley, An Environmental History of the UK Defence Estate, 1945 to the Present Michael Peters

A publicação desta breve entrevista, realizada há exatamente 10 anos, neste número temático da REVELLI, visa não apenas relembrar as reflexões de um dos mais importantes historiadores europeus da atualidade, Roger Chartier[1], acerca do impacto das novas formas de produção e circulação virtuais dos textos para as práticas de escrita e de leitura. Sua publicação visa também, diante das mudanças velozes e significativas ocorridas desde então, reiterar a importância de se refletir sobre as “contradições que atravessam a cultura escrita atualmente”, relativas à dimensão técnica mas também ética que se impõe ao mundo da escrita hoje. Apesar das dúvidas e desafios evocados nesta entrevista já serem outros em relação aos da atualidade imediata, eles guardam em comum com as de nosso presente atual a importância de uma melhor compreensão do passado, das relações entre as mudanças técnicas e as práticas, das apropriações diversas, da questão ética de uma produção constante, em larga escala, ubíqua e segmentada, baseada e alimentada nos dados que fornecemos dia-a-dia com nossa produção e recepção virtuais de textos. [1] Roger Chartier (Lyon, 1945) é professor emérito no Collège de France, junto à cátedra Écrit et cultures dans l’Europe moderne, na EHESS - École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales e, na condição de professor visitante, na University of Pennsylvania, nos EUA, e orienta estudos na Escola de Altos Estudos em Ciências Sociais (EHESS) em Paris. Presidiu o Conselho Científico da Biblioteca Nacional da França. Entre os prêmios recebidos, destaca-se o Annual Award de la American Printing History Association, em 1990, o grande prêmio de História da Academia Francesa (Prêmio Gobert), em 1992. Foi-lhe outorgado o título de Doutor honoris causa na Universidad Carlos III, em Madrid, e o título de Fellow da British Academy, entre outros prêmios e reconhecimentos. É um dos historiadores mais reconhecidos na atualidade. Seu trabalho se concentra na História Cultural da escrita e da leitura. Foi responsável, junto com Henri-Jean Martin, pela organização da obra magna História da Edição Francesa, assim como do terceiro volume de História da Vida Privada, projeto dirigido por Georges Duby e Phillipe Ariès. É autor de uma obra cujo impacto se faz reconhecer pelas numerosas traduções em diversas línguas. Em português já conta com 15 livros traduzidos e vários artigos publicados em livros e revistas, cuja repercussão o traz ao Brasil várias vezes ao ano a convite de pesquisadores de diferentes áreas das Ciências Humanas. Entre os livros publicados no Brasil, destacamos: Práticas da Leitura (1996); A ordem dos livros: leitores, autores e bibliotecas na Europa entre os séculos XIV e XVIII (1994); A Aventura do livro: do leitor ao navegador (1998); À Beira da Falésia: a história entre certezas e inquietude (2002); Leitura e Leitores na França do Antigo Regime (2003); Inscrever e Apagar: cultura escrita e literatura (2007); Origens culturais da Revolução Francesa (2008). “O que é um autor”: Revisão de uma genealogia (2012); A mão do autor e a mente do editor (2014); Do palco à página (2017).

L’anthropologie sensorielle, autrement nommée anthropologie des sens, anthropologie du sensible ou anthropologie des sensations est un domaine de recherche récent (Gélard: 2016). Car, si l’étude des sens figure déjà dans les ethnographies les plus classiques, elle apparaît rarement comme un objet d’étude en soi. L’histoire de la discipline illustre des thématiques afférentes telle l’anthropologie du corps, des émotions ou des sentiments ainsi que la philosophie des odeurs. Mais l’anthropologie sensorielle, celle des usages et des langages des sens reste le parent pauvre des études. Or, depuis quelques années, les sens font leur apparition dans des recherches en sciences humaines mais de manière encore secondaire ou marginale, les sens sont toujours associés à un autre thème (l’art, les techniques audiovisuelles, etc.). Ce sont surtout les historiens qui ont développé ces orientations de recherches nouvelles sur les expressions et manifestations sensorielles. L’anthropologie historique des sens s’est déployée depuis les écrits fondateurs de Lucien Febvre (1941 et 1942) avec plus tard l’histoire des sensibilités (Corbin, 1990) et la restitution des univers sensoriels sonores et odorants (Corbin 1982). Des univers qui comptent parmi les grands principes de mise en ordre du monde comme le rappelle l’historien Christophe Granger (2014). Notons la création en 2016 de la très belle revue Sensibilités. Histoire, critique et sciences sociales. Outre-Atlantique les études anthropologiques se sont développées autour des sens, dès le début des années 1990 (Classen: 1993, 1994 et Howes: 1991). Les recherches s’y institutionnalisent avec le groupe Sensory Studies(Condordia University), la revue The Senses and Society et le Sensory Ethnography Lab (Havard University). Notons à propos de ce dernier, les liens entre sens et arts, notamment visuels qui y sont très développés au détriment d'études plus orientées vers une anthropologie sociale des sens et de leurs usages. En 1990, la revue canadienne, Anthropologie et Sociétés y consacre un numéro pionnier (Howes, ed. 1990) intitulé « Les 'cinq sens' ». Ailleurs, en France notamment, les études sur les sens sont davantage dispersées et se limitent souvent au domaine du biologique et des sciences naturelles. Les sciences cognitives et les neurosciences s’en emparent mais elles cantonnent l’analyse au réalisme cognitif occidental et à ses a priori sur la perception sensorielle. L’écologie de la perception se déploie ensuite avec les travaux de T. Ingold (2000). Mais le brouillage disciplinaire est fort et l’anthropologie sensorielle basée sur des études de terrain et des ethnographies détaillées reste fragmentée - à quelques exceptions près : David Le Breton (2006a) et François Laplantine (2005) - par exemple. Les études sensorielles menées par des anthropologues vont s’attacher à l’analyse d’un seul sens, par exemple l’odorat (depuis les travaux de Detienne, 1972) et ceux de la philosophie des odeurs, le goût (Dupire, 1987), le sonore (Feld, 1982) et plus rarement le toucher (revue Terrain). Or, la « poly-sensorialité » (Corbin, 1995), « l’esprit multisensoriel » (Howes, 2010)), « l’intersensorialité » (Candau, 2010) ou la « conjugaison des sens » (Le Breton, 2006b) permettent une autre voie d’accès à la compréhension des systèmes sensoriels, le primat d’un sens sur un autre ou l’association entre sens et valeurs individuelles et sociales diffèrent selon les cultures. C’est cette diversité qu’il convient de mettre à jour. Ainsi, la mobilisation des sens apparaît comme une forme de communication non verbale, corporelle et sensorielle. Accéder à la compréhension des ces manifestations sensorielles suppose une connaissance approfondie et intime des sociétés. L’ethnographie illustre cette nécessaire et indispensable connaissance, en voici un exemple. Dans la société saharienne de Merzouga (Sud-Est marocain), la présence d’homme et de femme dans un espace donné détermine des comportements d’évitements qui sont sous-tendus par la capacité de chacun à émettre des signes, plus ou moins directs, de sa propre présence. Hommes et femmes communiquent souvent sans avoir recours au langage oral jugé mal adapté aux règles de la pudeur. Ainsi, les rencontres donnent lieu à des manifestations sensorielles discrètes (odorantes et sonores). Ces messages non verbaux permettent de comprendre des univers trop souvent observés de l’extérieur, donnant lieu à des analyses réductrices qui ignorent ces attentions mutuelles. Ainsi la manifestation sonore de soi, à l’intérieur des maisons est un élément quotidien important. Les femmes portent un voile de tête agrémenté de pastilles d’aluminium - qui produisent un tintement lorsque le corps est en mouvement - ces pastilles peuvent êtres rendues plus ou moins sonores selon les circonstances. Ces sons sont identifiés par tous comme des manifestations sonores féminines. Il est ainsi possible de révéler sa présence, d’une pièce à l’autre par exemple évitant ainsi une confrontation physique qui mettrait chacun mal à l’aise. La discrétion et le calme sont des qualités personnelles reconnues et indispensables, il est inconvenant d’élever la voix - crier est compris comme la perte du contrôle de soi - il faut dans les circonstances hasardeuses d’une rencontre, surtout à l’intérieur des habitations, avoir l’élégance de « faire du bruit sans en faire ». À l’opposé un homme qui pénètre dans une maison s’arrange pour faire du bruit, secouer brutalement ses clés, frapper avec vigueur sur la porte d’entrée en fer, ou même crier pour interpeller les occupants. Ces entrées bruyantes des hommes sont attendues comme des signaux de présence et d’identification. Dans d’autres cas, ce sont les activités plus ou moins sonores qui vont informer de la présence de femmes dans les cours intérieures. Un bon exemple est l’une des tâches quotidiennes qui consiste à briser un à un les noyaux des dattes destinés aux animaux au moyen d’un broyeur de pierre qui produit un son sourd spécifique, reconnaissable par tous, son qui informe de la présence d’une ou de plusieurs femmes à l’intérieur de l’habitation. Cette tâche répétitive et ennuyeuse étant le plus souvent réalisée collectivement. Tout homme est ainsi informé de la présence de femmes assemblées en collectif ; il peut remettre sa visite à plus tard, et continuer son chemin. Ces manifestations sensorielles par le biais de micro-activités présentent une ethnographie des sens où les sons (d’autres sens également) informent sur les univers culturels. Ainsi, l’étude des sens et des univers sensoriels sont des outils majeures d’appréciation des sociétés et des cultures. Penser les sens et se dégager de nos propres préjugés sensoriels reste une démarche délicate et complexe, indispensable à la connaissance et à l’appréhension de l’autre. Il convient naturellement de s’intéresser aux pratiques des individus et non de projeter des modèles sensoriels exogènes. La culture occidentale évoque l’existence de « cinq » sens et éventuellement d’un sixième (celui du cœur moral et spirituel) mais ceci n’est nullement partagé par toutes les sociétés. Les hiérarchies sensorielles renseignent aussi sur la manière dont les individus perçoivent le monde environnant. C’est ce décryptage des sens, du senti et du ressenti qui apporte des clés d’analyses. Au final, les sens ne sont plus seulement un objet de recherche mais une démarche épistémologique principale où le sensible se convertit en intelligibilité du monde. Le champ d’étude et de comparaison qui s’ouvre à l’anthropologie sensorielle est de ce fait considérable. Cette notice se limite à l’évocation d’un courant de recherche nouveau, aussi les références citées ne prétendent nullement faire un tour d’horizon exhaustif de l’anthropologie sensorielle mais donne au lecteur quelques orientations majeures.

Israël est un pays complexe et les anthropologues qui en font l’étude le savent bien (Dominguez 1989; Marx 1980; Motzafi-Haller 2018). La plus grande partie de l’anthropologie en Israël a jusqu’à présent été réalisée par des anthropologues juifs, hommes et femmes, ashkénazes (principalement d’ascendance européenne du nord et de l’est d’Europe) et mizrachi (principalement d’origine nord-africaine, ibérique et du Moyen-Orient). Les juifs ashkénazes ont largement prédominé dans les domaines politique, universitaire, économique et artistique au cours des premières décennies qui ont suivi la création de l'État d'Israël, ce pays qui vient de fêter ses 70 ans. Il n'est donc pas surprenant qu’on y retrouve beaucoup plus d'anthropologues juifs ashkénazes que d’anthropologues juifs Mizrachim ou d’anthropologues palestiniens. La plupart des anthropologues en Israël sont des anthropologues sociaux ou socioculturels (Abuhav 2015). Certains d’entre eux sont des anthropologues praticiens / appliqués qui travaillent dans les ministères de l’éducation, de la santé et de l’absorption des immigrants juifs et qui ont font partie d’une association d’anthropologie appliquée. Mais beaucoup n’adhèrent à aucune association. L'archéologie, partie des quatre champs de l’anthropologie selon la conception américaine de cette dernière, n'est pas considérée comme une carrière anthropologique en Israël, même si elle y est considérée comme une discipline visible et importante. On trouve la présence d’anthropologues médicaux et biologiques en Israël, mais ils ne sont certainement pas la majorité et ils sont rarement embauchés par les départements de l'université ou du collège dans lesquels travaillent la plupart des anthropologues universitaires. Jusqu'à récemment, tous ces départements étaient dans les faits des départements de sociologie et d'anthropologie, composés d’une majorité de sociologues. Ce n'est que depuis 5 ans qu'un département entièrement composé d’anthropologues a vu le jour, soit le département de l'Université de Haïfa qui se consacre au niveaux supérieurs de formation. L’association d’anthropologie d’Israël ((HaAguda HaAntropologit HaYisraelit)) remonte au début des années 1970 et n’a compté jusqu’à présent que des anthropologues juifs comme chefs ou présidents. Des efforts ont été faits pour changer cette situation au fil des ans, car tous les membres de l’Association ne sont pas juifs et certains d’entre eux croient fermement qu’ils ne doivent pas tous être juifs. Cette question demeure délicate pour certains des membres les plus en vue de la communauté anthropologique en Israël, citoyens d’Israël mais également Palestiniens (Kanaaneh 2002; Sa’ar 2016). Alors que l’association d’anthropologie d’Israël s'oppose largement à l'occupation de la Cisjordanie et à toute forme de discrimination à l'encontre des Palestiniens, en particulier de ses concitoyens, cette organisation est toujours israélienne et a toujours été une association fortement juive. En fait, ce n’est que récemment que la plupart des départements universitaires israéliens ont engagé des Arabes, des Palestiniens, voire des musulmans, en tant que membres du corps enseignant. Pour les quelques Palestiniens qui occupent actuellement ces postes dans des universités ou des collèges israéliens, les postes de direction de l'association anthropologique israélienne les laisseraient ouverts à la critique selon lesquelles ils seraient simplement des collaborateurs ou des complices des sionistes israéliens qui considèrent Israël comme un pays réservé aux juifs et un pays réalisé par les juifs dont les valeurs morales l'obligent à être tolérant envers les non-Juifs parmi eux. Ainsi, une nouvelle association appelée Insaniyyat a simplement été créée ces dernières années pour et par des anthropologues palestiniens Pendant des années et avant la date de la fondation de l’association (1973) l’anthropologie a été enseignée aux niveaux universitaire dans toutes les grandes universités israéliennes et les étudiants ont obtenu un baccalauréat en sociologie et en anthropologie, une maîtrise en anthropologie et un doctorat en anthropologie en Israël. Le corps professoral et les étudiants israéliens font des recherches, présentent leurs travaux lors de conférences et pratiquent périodiquement des activités d'anthropologie engagée ou de plaidoyer. La qualité de leurs recherches et de leurs publications est généralement élevée, et les universités s'attendent à de nombreuses publications dans des revues savantes internationales de haute qualité destinées à toute personne considérée pour une promotion et une permanence. Pendant des années aussi, l'anglais a été fortement enseigné et fortement favorisé à la fois dans la communauté universitaire en général en Israël et dans la communauté anthropologique israélienne en particulier. En fait, la publication en hébreu dans des revues israéliennes n'a pas autant de valeur que celle dans des revues de langue anglaise au Royaume-Uni, aux États-Unis, en Australie ou au Canada. Une partie de cette tendance est valable pour les universités israéliennes en général, mais une autre est spécifique à l'anthropologie en Israël. Au fil des ans, plusieurs influences ont marqué l'anthropologie en Israël. Le regretté professeur Shmuel Eisenstadt (1967), qui a marqué la sociologie et l'anthropologie en Israël, en particulier dans son département d'origine à l'Université hébraïque de Jérusalem, compte parmi celles-la. Pendant bon nombre d'années, ce professeur a été nommé à Harvard (pendant six mois) alors qu'il était également à l'Université hébraïque de Jérusalem. Ce professeur se croyait autant anthropologue que sociologue et considérait l'anthropologie comme une branche de la sociologie, cela bien que ce n’était généralement pas l’opinion des anthropologues qu’il était disposé à engager comme professeurs dans ce même département. Sa connexion à Harvard était importante. C’est vers les États-Unis qu’il s’est tourné en ses qualités de sociologue et d’anthropologue, mais aussi que sur l’organisation de l’enseignement supérieur en Israël. Ce n’était pas l’Allemagne, la Pologne, la France, l’Italie ou tout autre pays imaginable. Ce n’est donc pas un hasard si ce chercheur a privilégié les publications en anglais et plus particulièrement aux États-Unis. La deuxième influence importante qui a marqué l’anthropologie israélienne a été celle de la Manchester School dirigée par Max Gluckman, un juif sud-africain émigré en Angleterre à l’origine de ce puissant département d'anthropologie à l'Université de Manchester en Angleterre. Gluckman a formé des anthropologues à Manchester pour effectuer des travaux d'anthropologie sociale en Israël, et certains de ses plus importants étudiants sont restés en Israël et y sont devenus professeurs d'anthropologie sociale. Une troisième influence sur le développement de l'anthropologie en Israël fut le sionisme travailliste lui-même. Des juifs d'autres pays sont venus s'installer en Israël pour participer au développement d'un Israël à tendance socialiste dans les années 1950 et 1960. Certains d'entre eux étaient des anthropologues titulaires d'un doctorat de pays anglophones (ou dominants anglophones), comme les États-Unis, le Royaume-Uni, Canada, l’Australie, l’Afrique du Sud et la Nouvelle-Zélande. Pendant de nombreuses années, peu de postes de professeur d’anthropologie dans des universités israéliennes ont été occupés par des Israéliens nés dans le pays, et certainement pas par des anthropologues n’ayant jamais étudié dans un pays anglophone, suivi une formation postuniversitaire dans un pays anglophone ou encore terminé au moins un postdoc dans un pays anglophone. Quand des collègues qui sont des rédacteurs de revues anglophones en anthropologie aux États-Unis, au Royaume-Uni ou au Canada font une remarque sur le nombre de manuscrits qu’ils reçoivent d’anthropologues israéliens et sur leur qualité, je souris. Les anthropologues israéliens publient en dehors d’Israël parce que leur université accorde plus d’importance, en particulier dans les articles de revues, et que leurs textes sont bons (c’est-à-dire que leurs problèmes sont familiers et qu’ils respectent les normes des articles de journaux aux États-Unis), car ils ont en grande partie été formés et par des anthropologues anglophones. Une génération plus jeune est maintenant moins à l'aise de publier ou de présenter ses recherches en anglais, parce que l'anglais n'est pas la langue maternelle des anthropologues israéliens, mais le fait demeure qu'ils lisent des livres et des articles en anglais tout au long de leurs études universitaires. Il faut mentionner que peu de livres ou d'articles académiques sont traduits de l’anglais vers l’hébreu. Quoi que les conférences et conversations universitaires soient en hébreu, de nombreux livres et articles qu'ils sont censés lire sont en anglais. Quels sont les champs et thèmes de recherche privilégiés par ces anthropologues ? Sans surprise, ils travaillent sur une variétés de sujets, mais aussi, sans surprise, on note quelques changements au fil des ans (Feldman 2008; Levy et Weingrod 2004; Markowitz 2013). Les premières vagues d'anthropologues en Israël avaient tendance à travailler sur des groupes d'immigrants juifs non ashkénazes en Israël ou sur des communautés non juives vivant en Israël. Pour la plupart, ils ont étudié les kibboutzim et les moshavim ou villes de développement en Israël. Cette tendance s’est partiellement modifiée dans les années 1980 et 1990, mais la plupart des anthropologues israéliens travaillent encore largement sur le terrain en Israël et non en dehors d’Israël. L'adaptation et l'intégration des nouveaux arrivants ne sont plus des thèmes dominants. D’autres thèmes de recherche apparaissent tels que les LGBTQ, les New Agers en Israël, certains se penchent sur la science et la technologie en Israël, d’autres sur la reproduction et sa politique en Israël, sur le néolibéralisme en Israël ou encore les tribunaux de conversion en Israël. Les autres sujets prédominants sont l'anthropologie médicale et psychologique, la jeunesse, le féminisme et le genre, et ainsi que les études environnementales. L'anthropologie israélienne interroge de nombreux aspects de la vie en Israël. Elle se considérait de gauche dans les premières décennies d’Israël (quand Israël avait un gouvernement à tendance socialiste) comme c’est toujours le cas aujourd’hui (malgré le mouvement connu d’Israël vers la droite) (voir Lomsky-Feder et Ben-Ari 2000). L'anthropologie israélienne a longtemps été influencée par l'anthropologie dans le monde anglophone et aucun signe n’indique que cela soit en train de changer. L’anthropologie israélienne a longtemps été centrée sur la vie en Israël (juive et arabe) ; bien que les thèmes de recherche aient tendance à se diversifier, et encore là tout indique que cette tendance se poursuit, même si davantage d’anthropologues israéliens travaillent dorénavant sur terrains en dehors d’Israël. Les anthropologues israéliens ont reçu une formation rigoureuse à tous les niveaux de leurs études universitaires, et je vois que cela continue. Reste à savoir si les juifs et les palestiniens trouveront davantage de collaborations que ce que l’on constate aujourd’hui. Lorsque la communauté anthropologique américaine a sérieusement envisagé le mouvement BDS (mouvement britannique de boycott, désinvestissement et sanction face à Israël) (voir Redden 2016) les anthropologues israéliens se sont préparés au boycott qu'ils attendaient des départements, revues et maisons d'édition anthropologiques américains. Ils ont également subi un peu de pression (de leurs universités et de leurs collègues) pour combattre le BDS. Beaucoup s'inquiètent de l'impact du BDS sur la communauté anthropologique israélienne. Rétrospectivement, c’est un signe vraiment visible de la manière dont la communauté anthropologique israélienne a été liée - et continue de l’être - à la communauté anthropologique américaine. Certains[DVR1] [DVR2] [DVR3] [DVR4] anthropologues israéliens de la première génération craignent que la jeune génération ne fasse plus de travail sur le terrain en immersion totale et, partant, que l'anthropologie disparaisse bientôt de la vie et du monde universitaire israéliens, mais je vois des continuités tout autant que des changements dans l'anthropologie israélienne, et je ne pense pas que l'anthropologie est susceptible de disparaître en Israël.

Editoriallist, Liszt, mist, quist (Dialect wood pigeon), wrist, grist, tryst, cyst, cist (box holding ritual objects), schist, whist, twist, xyst (long portico) (Fergusson 270)“Everyone uses lists,” Francis Spufford (2) tells us. Lists are all pervasive; they are part-and-parcel of how we experience and make sense of the world. According to Umberto Eco, the whole history of creative production can be seen as one that is characterised by an “infinity of lists” comprising, to name a few, visual lists (sixteenth century religious paintings, Dutch still life paintings), pragmatic or utilitarian lists (shopping lists, library catalogues, assets in a will), poetic or literary lists (such as in Joyce or Sebald, for instance), lists of places, lists of things (like the great list of ships in the Iliad), and so on, ad infinitum... In accordance with such variation in form comes great variation in purpose, with lists used to “enumerate, account, remind, memorialize, order,” and so on (Belknap 6). List making, Geoffrey Bowker and Susan Leigh Star point out, “has frequently been seen as one of the foundational activities of advanced human society” (137): to cite three examples, list making is argued to be crucial to our understanding of orality and the development of literacy (Goody 74-111), and to the connection between these and later forms and techniques of information management (Hobart and Schiffman), as well as to our appreciation of the functioning and value of narrativity (White). In this way, Robert Belknap perhaps has a point in proposing that, “The list form is the predominant mode of organizing data relevant to human functioning in the world” (8).Simply defined, a list is “a formally organized block of information that is composed of a set of members” (Belknap 15). What is significant about a list is that it is “simultaneously the sum of its parts and the individual parts themselves” (15). That is to say, like links in a chain, “the list joins and separates at the same time” (15). In addition to these features, Jack Goody also suggests that, across their various manifestations, lists have a number of basic characteristics or conventions concerning how they are constructed and read, which, appropriately, he lists as follows:The list relies on discontinuity rather than continuity; it depends on physical placement, on location; it can be read in different directions, both sideways and downwards, up and down, as well as left and right; it has a clear-cut beginning and a precise end, that is, a boundary, an edge, like a piece of cloth. Most importantly it encourages the ordering of the items, by number, by initial sound, by category, etc. And the existence of boundaries, external and internal, brings greater visibility to categories, at the same time as making them more abstract. (Goody 81)Just as boundaries are “an important attribute” (Goody 80) of the list and how each is compiled, so too are semantic boundary disputes for how we conceive of the list vis-à-vis other forms of enumeration. If one were to compose a list of lists, Belknap suggests, it “would include the catalogue, the inventory, the itinerary, and the lexicon” (2). This is, however, a problematic typology insofar as each item can be seen to hold subtle differences in form and purpose from the list, as Belknap is quick to point out: “The catalogue is more comprehensive, conveys more information, and is more amenable to digression than the list. In the inventory, words representing names or things are collected by a conceptual principle.” (2-3) In his discussion of lists in literature, Spufford extends the first of these distinctions by drawing a qualitative distinction between the list (“In a list, almost everything that makes writing interesting to read seems inevitably to be excluded,” 1) and the catalogue (“Rather richer, and a step closer to the complex intentions and complex effects of literature proper, are the catalogues of some sorts of collections,” 3). Elsewhere, the close associations, and difficulties in differentiating, between the list and the classification system has also been noted (Bowker and Star, 137-61). While we recognise these delicate, at times almost imperceptible but nonetheless significant differences in meaning, in this special issue we take an expansive and inclusive approach to the list form and the implications of lists and listing. One (deceptively simple) distinction that is productive in framing this themed issue and the essays included in it is that which Belknap (3-5) draws between literary lists, on the one hand, and pragmatic or utilitarian lists, on the other hand. According to Belknap, literary lists are “complex in precisely the way a pragmatic list must not be” (5). Belknap, like Spufford before him, takes up and explores these “complexities” of literary lists in great detail. Two contributions to this special issue engage with the intricacies of the literary list. In the first of these, Darren Tofts, in his evocatively titled piece “Why Writers Hate the Second Law of Thermodynamics; Lists, Entropy, and the Sense of Unending,” examines the list form as it is mobilised by a range of writers, from Beckett and Borges, to Joyce and Robbe-Grillet. Tofts explores the exhaustion and tilt towards entropy that “issues from the tireless pursuit of categorisation, classification, and the mania for ordered information” by each of these diverse writers, and the way that words themselves tend to resist entropy by taking on “a weird half-life of their own” and sustaining “an unlikely […] stoical sense of unending.” Quite a different treatment of literary lists is offered by Tom Lee in his essay “The Lists of W. G. Sebald.” Focusing on the novel The Rings of Saturn, Lee explores the way that Sebald mobilises literary lists as a crucial device in his exploration and interrogation of the question, in Lee’s words, of what “might lay ahead for books if the question of what writing can be is asked continually as part of a writer’s enterprise.” But to focus solely on literary lists is to obscure or ignore other vital dimensions of lists and listing, such as the way that pragmatic listing forms (not just their literary counterparts) can be put to powerful rhetorical use (Belknap 3). Bowker and Star capture this well in the following passage:The material culture of bureaucracy and empire is not found in pomp and circumstance, nor even in the first instance of the point of a gun, but rather at the point of a list. (Bowker and Star 137)This is something that has been evident to a number of writers and thinkers, not least Foucault, who, in his The Order of Things, for example, sought to delineate the rise of the great natural history taxonomies in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in terms of their productive power as authoritative forms of classification. Foucault’s exploration of these connections can be said to have fed his subsequent theorisations of “governmentality”—which Judith Butler summarises as “a mode of power concerned with the maintenance and control of bodies and persons, the production and regulation of persons and populations” (52)—and of “biopolitics”—which Foucault defines as a “set of mechanisms through which the basic biological features of the human species became the object of a political strategy, of a general strategy of power” (Foucault, Security 1). It is within this tradition—that takes as one of its sources the work of Foucault and which runs in diverse tributaries of critical enquiry outwards in its exploration of the interconnections between lists (and other, related processes and techniques of classification) and power (see, for example, Poster)—that we can usefully situate two further essays in this issue, that by Katie Ellis and that by Suneel Jethani. Both of these essays take up lists in relation to quite distinct aspects of disabilities studies. In “Complicating a Rudimentary List of Characteristics: Communicating Disability with Down Syndrome Dolls,” Ellis brings “an interrogation of disability into dialogue with a critical analysis of the discursive function of lists” by interrogating “the use of lists in the way meanings about disability are communicated through the medical diagnostic list,” the production of Down Syndrome dolls for children, and unfavourable public reactions to these dolls. Ellis’s aim in exploring these concerns is to “complicate perceptions of disability beyond a rudimentary list of characteristics through a consideration of the negative public response to these dolls”—responses, she argues, that serve as a potent example of “the cultural subjugation of disability.” Meanwhile, in “Lists, Spatial Practice, and Assistive Technologies for the Blind,” Jethani explores the promise and perils of locative mobile media technologies designed to assist vision-impaired supermarket shoppers. Examining two prototypic applications, Shop Talk and Blind Shopping, Jethani argues that “the emancipatory potential” of these applications, “their efficacy in practical situations,” and their future commercial viability, is dependent upon commercial and institutional infrastructures and control, regulatory factors, and the extent to which they can successfully address “issues of interoperability and expanded access of spatial inventory databases and data.”The bureaucratic—or more specifically, the political economic—dimensions of pragmatic or utilitarian lists and their composition also forms the point of departure for two further essays in this issue. The first of these is Gerard Goggin’s “List Media: The Telephone Directory and the Arranging of Names.” In this feature article (one of two in this issue), Goggin examines the long history and fraught future of telephone directories and proprietary interests in them. The argument he develops is that, while telephone directories are a form of book (at least traditionally), they are in fact better thought of as a unique form of media—what he terms “list media.” Proprietary interests in lists are also the specific concern of Jean Burgess and Axel Bruns who, in their article “Twitter Archives and the Challenges of ‘Big Social Data’ for Media and Communication Research,” explore the “technical, political, and epistemological” issues that attend the corporate control of network, profit-driven database—“list”—infrastructure, such as Twitter. Notwithstanding the above considerations of power, inclusion and exclusion, ownership and control, there is one further, vital aspect of non-literary lists that warrants explicit mention here. This is the fact that pragmatic and utilitarian lists and our engagements with them are, for the most part, deeply embedded in everyday life and form part of all the routines, habits, and familiar patterns that characterise our “ordinary lives” (Highmore)—after all, to restate Spufford’s opening remark, this is the context in which “everyone uses lists” (2). The final two of the eight articles making up this themed issue examine everyday lists and the potential of lists as productive mechanisms for documenting and making sense of the ineffability of the everyday. The first of these, which also forms the first of the two feature articles, is Ben Highmore’s “Listlessness in the Archive.” This playful and poetic piece explores the challenges that a researcher faces when they attempt to tackle an archive that is the work of an army of “amateur anthropologist” volunteers who documented British lives in a project of Mass Observation. The centerpiece of the article is a series of lists compiled by the Mass-Observers of the objects on their own mantelpieces. Picking up on the theme of entropy (also explored by Tofts in this issue), Highmore describes the sense of listlessness that threatens to overwhelm his encounter with these lists. Lastly, in our article, “The Everyday Work of Lists,” we take a rather different approach to Highmore’s by exploring the work that lists do in “mediating the materiality and complexity of consumer-based everyday life.” Our guide is the French writer, Georges Perec, who, across a variety of projects and texts, deployed the list as a productive mechanism (an “invent-ory,” as we refer to it) and lever for prying open for inspection the seemingly inscrutable inner workings of everyday spaces, things, and memories. To conclude this editorial introduction, it seems only fitting that we end with a brief list of acknowledgments. We wish to thank:those at M/C Journal, Axel Bruns and Peta Mitchell, for supporting and assisting with this special issue;the authors who entrusted us with their articles, and tolerated with good humour and patience our various requests; and,the many referees for their vital contributions in reading and reviewing the articles gathered here;Simon Hayter and the Ancient Egypt website, for the banner image, a twelfth century BC papyrus list of Egyptian rulers; those authors whose insights, scholarly pursuit and use of lists inspired this issue: Robert Belknap, Jack Goody, Umberto Eco, Georges Perec…ReferencesBelknap, Robert E. The List: The Uses and Pleasures of Cataloguing. New Haven: Yale UP, 2004.Bowker, Geoffrey C., and Susan Leigh Star. Sorting Things Out: Classification and its Consequences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000.Butler, Judith. Precarious Life. London: Verso, 2004.Eco, Umberto. The Infinity of Lists. Trans. Alastair McEwen. London: MacLehose Press, 2009.Fergusson, Rosalind. The Penguin Rhyming Dictionary. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1985.Foucault, Michel. Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France 1977-1978. Trans. Graham Burchell. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.---. The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences. New York: Routledge, 2002.Goody, Jack. “What’s in a List?” The Domestication of the Savage Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1977. 74-111.Highmore, Ben. Ordinary Lives: Studies in the Everyday. London: Routledge, 2011.Hobart, Michael E., and Zachary S. Schiffman. Information Ages: Literacy, Numeracy, and the Computer Revolution. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins UP, 1998. Poster, Mark. “Foucault and Databases.” The Mode of Information: Poststructuralism and Social Context. Oxford: Polity, 1990. 69-98.Spufford, Francis. “Introduction.” The Chatto Book of Cabbages and Kings: Lists in Literature. Ed. Francis Spufford. London: Chatto & Windus, 1989. 1-23.White, Hayden, “The Value of Narrativity in the Representation of Reality.” On Narrative. Ed. W. J. T. Mitchell. Chicago: The U of Chicago P, 1981. 1-23.

I called your producer on the way here in the car because I was very excited. I found out … I did one of those genetic testing things and I found out that I'm 63 percent Irish … I had no idea. I had no idea! I thought I was Scottish and Welsh. It turns out my parents are just full of shit, I guess. But now I’m Irish and it just makes so much sense! I'm a really good drinker. I love St. Patrick's Day. Potatoes are delicious. I'm looking forward to meeting all my cousins … [to Conan O’Brien] You and I are probably related! … Now I get to say things like, “It’s in me genes! I love that Conan O’Brien; he’s such a nice fella.” You’re kinda like a giant leprechaun. (Reese Witherspoon, Tuesday 21 March 2017)IntroductionAs an Irishman and a football fan, I watched the unfolding 2016 UEFA European Championship in France (hereafter ‘Euro 2016’) with a mixture of trepidation and delight. Although the Republic of Ireland team was eventually knocked out of the competition in defeat to the host nation, the players performed extremely well – most notably in defeating Italy 1:0. It is not the on-field performance of the Irish team that interests me in this short article, however, but rather how Irish fans travelling to the competition were depicted in the surrounding international news coverage. In particular, I focus on the centrality of fan footage – shot on smart phones and uploaded to YouTube (in most cases by fans themselves) – in this news coverage. In doing so, I reflect on how sports fans contribute to wider understandings of nationness in the global imagination and how their behaviour is often interpreted (as in the case here) through long-established tropes about people and places. The Media ManifoldTo “depict” something is to represent it in words and pictures. As the contemporary world is largely shaped by and dependent on mass media – and different forms of media have merged (or “converged”) through digital media platforms – mediated forms of depiction have become increasingly important in our lives. On one hand, the constant connectivity made possible in the digital age has made the representation of people and places less controllable, insofar as the information and knowledge about our world circulating through media devices are partly created by ordinary people. On the other hand, traditional broadcast media arguably remain the dominant narrators of people and places worldwide, and their stories, Gerbner reminds us, are largely formula-driven and dramatically charged, and work to “retribalize” modern society. However, a more important point, I suggest, is that so-called new and old media can no longer be thought of as separate and discrete; rather, our attention should focus on the complex interrelations made possible by deep mediatisation (Couldry and Hepp).As an example, consider that the Youtube video of Reese Witherspoon’s recent appearance on the Conan O’Brien chat show – from which the passage at the start of this article is taken – had already been viewed 54,669 times when I first viewed it, a mere 16 hours after it was originally posted. At that point, the televised interview had already been reported on in a variety of international digital news outlets, including rte.ie, independent.ie., nydailynews.com, msn.com, huffingtonpost.com, cote-ivoire.com – and myriad entertainment news sites. In other words, this short interview was consumed synchronously and asynchronously, over a number of different media platforms; it was viewed and reviewed, and critiqued and commented upon, and in turn found itself the subject of news commentary, which fed the ongoing cycle. And yet, it is important to also note that a multiplicity of media interactions does not automatically give rise to oppositional discourse and ideological contestation, as is sometimes assumed. In fact, how ostensibly ‘different’ kinds of media can work to produce a broadly shared construction of a people and place is particularly relevant here. Just as Reese Witherspoon’s interview on the Conan O’Brien show perpetuates a highly stereotypical version of Irishness across a number of platforms, news coverage of Irish fans at Euro 2016 largely conformed to established tropes about Irish people, but this was also fed – to some extent – by Irish fans themselves.Irish Identity, Sport, and the Global ImaginationThere is insufficient space here to describe in any detail the evolving representation of Irish identity, about which a vast literature has developed (nationally and internationally) over the past several decades. As with other varieties of nationness, Irishness has been constructed across a variety of cultural forms, including advertising, art, film, novels, travel brochures, plays and documentaries. Importantly, Irishness has also to a great extent been constructed outside of Ireland (Arrowsmith; Negra).As is well known, the Irish were historically constructed by their colonial masters as a small uncivilised race – as primitive wayward children, prone to “sentimentality, ineffectuality, nervous excitability and unworldliness” (Fanning 33). When pondering the “Celtic nature,” the renowned English poet and cultural critic Mathew Arnold concluded that “sentimental” was the best single term to use (100). This perception pervaded internationally, with early depictions of Irish-Americans in US cinema centring on varieties of negative excess, such as lawlessness, drunkenness and violence (Rains). Against this prevailing image of negative excess, the intellectuals and artists associated with what became known as the Celtic Revival began a conscious effort to “rebrand” Ireland from the nineteenth century onwards, reversing the negatives of the colonial project and celebrating Irish tradition, language and culture (Fanning).At first, only distinctly Irish sports associated with the amateur Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) were co-opted in this very particular nation-building project. Since then, however, sport more generally has acted as a site for the negotiation of a variety of overlapping Irish identities. Cronin, for example, describes how the GAA successfully repackaged itself in the 1990s to reflect the confidence of Celtic Tiger Irishness while also remaining rooted in the counties and parishes across Ireland. Studies of Irish football and rugby have similarly examined how these sports have functioned as representatives of changed or evolving Irish identities (Arrowsmith; Free). And yet, throughout Ireland’s changing economic fortunes – from boom to bust, to the gradual renewal of late – a touristic image of Irishness has remained hegemonic in the global imagination. In popular culture, and especially American popular culture, Ireland is often depicted as a kind of pre-industrial theme park – a place where the effects of modernity are felt less, or are erased altogether (Negra). The Irish are known for their charm and sociability; in Clancy’s words, they are seen internationally as “simple, clever and friendly folk” (98). We can identify a number of representational tropes within this dominant image, but two in particular are apposite here: ‘smallness’ and ‘happy-go-luckiness’.Sporting NewsBefore we consider Euro 2016, it is worth briefly considering how the news industry approaches such events. “News”, Dahlgren reminds us, is not so much “information” as it is a specific kind of cultural discourse. News, in other words, is a particular kind of discursive composition that constructs and narrates stories in particular ways. Approaching sports coverage from this vantage point, Poulton and Roderick (xviii) suggest that “sport offers everything a good story should have: heroes and villains, triumph and disaster, achievement and despair, tension and drama.” Similarly, Jason Tuck observes that the media have long had a tendency to employ the “vocabulary of war” to “hype up sporting events,” a discursive tactic which, he argues, links “the two areas of life where the nation is a primary signifier” (190-191).In short, sport is abundant in news values, and media professionals strive to produce coverage that is attractive, interesting and exciting for audiences. Stead (340) suggests that there are three key characteristics governing the production of “media sports packages”: spectacularisation, dramatisation, and personalisation. These production characteristics ensure that sports coverage is exciting and interesting for viewers, but that it also in some respects conforms to their expectations. “This ‘emergent’ quality of sport in the media helps meet the perpetual audience need for something new and different alongside what is familiar and known” (Rowe 32). The disproportionate attention to Irish fans at Euro 2016 was perhaps new, but the overall depiction of the Irish was rather old, I would argue. The news discourse surrounding Euro 2016 worked to suggest, in the Irish case at least, that the nation was embodied not only in its on-field athletic representatives but more so, perhaps, in its travelling fans.Euro 2016In June 2016 the Euros kicked off in France, with the home team beating Romania 2-1. Despite widespread fears of potential terrorist attacks and disruption, the event passed successfully, with Portugal eventually lifting the Henri Delaunay Trophy. As the competition progressed, the behaviour of Irish fans quickly became a central news story, fuelled in large part by smart phone footage uploaded to the internet by Irish fans themselves. Amongst the many videos uploaded to the internet, several became the focus of news reports, especially those in which the goodwill and childlike playfulness of the Irish were on show. In one such video, Irish fans are seen singing lullabies to a baby on a Bordeaux train. In another video, Irish fans appear to help a French couple change a flat tire. In yet another video, Irish fans sing cheerfully as they clean up beer cans and bottles. (It is noteworthy that as of July 2017, some of these videos have been viewed several million times.)News providers quickly turned their attention to Irish fans, sometimes using these to draw stark contrasts with the behaviour of other fans, notably English and Russian fans. Buzzfeed, followed by ESPN, followed by Sky News, Le Monde, Fox News, the Washington Post and numerous other providers celebrated the exploits of Irish fans, with some such as Sky News and Aljazeera going so far as to produce video montages of the most “memorable moments” involving “the boys in green.” In an article titled ‘Irish fans win admirers at Euro 2016,’ Fox News reported that “social media is full of examples of Irish kindness” and that “that Irish wit has been a fixture at the tournament.” Aljazeera’s AJ+ news channel produced a video montage titled ‘Are Irish fans the champions of Euro 2016?’ which included spliced footage from some of the aforementioned videos. The Daily Mirror (UK edition) praised their “fun loving approach to watching football.” Similarly, a headline for NPR declared, “And as if they could not be adorable enough, in a quiet moment, Irish fans sang on a French train to help lull a baby to sleep.” It is important to note that viewer comments under many of these articles and videos were also generally effusive in their praise. For example, under the video ‘Irish Fans help French couple change flat tire,’ one viewer (Amsterdam 410) commented, ‘Irish people nicest people in world by far. they always happy just amazing people.’ Another (Juan Ardilla) commented, ‘Irish fans restored my faith in humanity.’As the final stages of the tournament approached, the Mayor of Paris announced that she was awarding the Medal of the City of Paris to Irish fans for their sporting goodwill. Back home in Ireland, the behaviour of Irish fans in France was also celebrated, with President Michael D. Higgins commenting that “Ireland could not wish for better ambassadors abroad.” In all of this news coverage, the humble kindness, helpfulness and friendliness of the Irish are depicted as native qualities and crystallise as a kind of ideal national character. Though laudatory, the tropes of smallness and happy-go-luckiness are again evident here, as is the recurrent depiction of Irishness as an ‘innocent identity’ (Negra). The “boys” in green are spirited in a non-threatening way, as children generally are. Notably, Stephan Reich, journalist with German sports magazine 11Freunde wrote: “the qualification of the Irish is a godsend. The Boys in Green can celebrate like no other nation, always peaceful, always sympathetic and emphatic, with an infectious, childlike joy.” Irishness as Antidote? The centrality of the Irish fan footage in the international news coverage of Euro 2016 is significant, I suggest, but interpreting its meaning is not a simple or straightforward task. Fans (like everyone) make choices about how to present themselves, and these choices are partly conscious and partly unconscious, partly spontaneous and partly conditioned. Pope (2008), for example, draws on Emile Durkheim to explain the behaviour of sports fans sociologically. “Sporting events,” Pope tells us, “exemplify the conditions of religious ritual: high rates of group interaction, focus on sacred symbols, and collective ritual behaviour symbolising group membership and strengthening shared beliefs, values, aspirations and emotions” (Pope 85). Pope reminds us, in other words, that what fans do and say, and wear and sing – in short, how they perform – is partly spontaneous and situated, and partly governed by a long-established fandom pedagogy that implies familiarity with a whole range of international football fan styles and embodied performances (Rowe). To this, we must add that fans of a national sports team generally uphold shared understandings of what constitutes desirable and appropriate patriotic behaviour. Finally, in the case reported here, we must also consider that the behaviour of Irish fans was also partly shaped by their awareness of participating in the developing media sport spectacle and, indeed, of their own position as ‘suppliers’ of news content. In effect, Irish fans at Euro 2016 occupied an interesting hybrid position between passive consumption and active production – ‘produser’ fans, as it were.On one hand, therefore, we can consider fan footage as evidence of spontaneous displays of affective unity, captured by fellow participants. The realism or ‘authenticity’ of these supposedly natural and unscripted performances is conveyed by the grainy images, and amateur, shaky camerawork, which ironically work to create an impression of unmediated reality (see Goldman and Papson). On the other hand, Mike Cronin considers them contrived, staged, and knowingly performative, and suggestive of “hyper-aware” Irish fans playing up to the camera.However, regardless of how we might explain or interpret these fan performances, it is the fact that they play a role in making Irishness public that most interests me here. For my purposes, the most important consideration is how the patriotic performances of Irish fans both fed and harmonized with the developing news coverage; the resulting depiction of the Irish was partly an outcome of journalistic conventions and partly a consequence of the self-essentialising performances of Irish fans. In a sense, these fan-centred videos were ready-made or ‘packaged’ for an international news audience: they are short, dramatic and entertaining, and their ideological content is in keeping with established tropes about Irishness. As a consequence, the media-sport discourse surrounding Euro 2016 – itself a mixture of international news values and home-grown essentialism – valorised a largely touristic understanding of Irishness, albeit one that many Irish people wilfully celebrate.Why such a construction of Irishness is internationally appealing is unclear, but it is certainly not new. John Fanning (26) cites a number of writers in highlighting that Ireland has long nurtured a romantic self-image that presents the country as a kind of balm for the complexities of the modern world. For example, he cites New York Times columnist Thomas Friedman, who observed in 2001 that “people all over the world are looking to Ireland for its reservoir of spirituality hoping to siphon off what they can feed to their souls which have become hungry for something other than consumption and computers.” Similarly, Diane Negra writes that “virtually every form of popular culture has in one way or another, presented Irishness as a moral antidote to contemporary ills ranging from globalisation to post-modern alienation, from crises over the meaning and practice of family values to environmental destruction” (3). Earlier, I described the Arnoldian image of the Irish as a race governed by ‘negative excess’. Arguably, in a time of profound ideological division and resurgent cultural nationalism – a time of polarisation and populism, of Trumpism and Euroscepticism – this ‘excess’ has once again been positively recoded, and now it is the ‘sentimental excess’ of the Irish that is imagined as a salve for the cultural schisms of our time.ConclusionMuch has been made of new media powers to contest official discourses. Sports fans, too, are now considered much less ‘controllable’ on account of their ability to disrupt official messages online (as well as offline). The case of Irish fans at Euro 2016, however, offers a reminder that we must avoid routine assumptions that the “uses” made of “new” and “old” media are necessarily divergent (Rowe, Ruddock and Hutchins). My interest here was less in what any single news item or fan-produced video tells us, but rather in the aggregate construction of Irishness that emerges in the media-sport discourse surrounding this event. Relatedly, in writing about the London Olympics, Wardle observed that most of what appeared on social media concerning the Games did not depart significantly from the celebratory tone of mainstream news media organisations. “In fact the absence of any story that threatened the hegemonic vision of the Games as nation-builder, shows that while social media provided an additional and new form of newsgathering, it had to fit within the traditional news structures, routines and agenda” (Wardle 12).Obviously, it is important to acknowledge the contestability of all media texts, including the news items and fan footage mentioned here, and to recognise that such texts are open to multiple interpretations based on diverse reading positions. And yet, here I have suggested that there is something of a ‘preferred’ reading in the depiction of Irish fans at Euro 2016. The news coverage, and the footage on which it draws, are important because of what they collectively suggest about Irish national identity: here we witness a shift from identity performance to identity writ large, and one means of analysing their international (and intertextual significance), I have suggested, is to view them through the prism of established tropes about Irishness.Travelling sports fans – for better or worse – are ‘carriers’ of places and cultures, and they remind us that “there is also a cultural economy of sport, where information, images, ideas and rhetorics are exchanged, where symbolic value is added, where metaphorical (and sometimes literal, in the case of publicly listed sports clubs) stocks rise and fall” (Rowe 24). There is no question, to borrow Rowe’s term, that Ireland’s ‘stocks’ rose considerably on account of Euro 2016. In news terms, Irish fans provided entertainment value; they were the ‘human interest’ story of the tournament; they were the ‘feel-good’ factor of the event – and importantly, they were the suppliers of much of this content (albeit unofficially). Ultimately, I suggest that we think of the overall depiction of the Irish at Euro 2016 as a co-construction of international news media practices and the self-presentational practices of Irish fans themselves. The result was not simply a depiction of idealised fandom, but more importantly, an idealisation of a people and a place, in which the plucky little people on tour became the global standard bearers of Irish identity.ReferencesArnold, Mathew. Celtic Literature. 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New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. 39–51.Cronin, Mike. “Serenading Nuns: Irish Soccer Fandom as Performance.” Post-Celtic Tiger Irishness Symposium, Trinity College Dublin, 25 Nov. 2016.Dahlgren, Peter. “Beyond Information: TV News as a Cultural Discourse.” The European Journal of Communication Research 12.2 (1986): 125–36.Fanning, John. “Branding and Begorrah: The Importance of Ireland’s Nation Brand Image.” Irish Marketing Review 21.1-2 (2011). 25 Mar. 2017 <https://www.dit.ie/media/newsdocuments/2011/3%20Fanning.pdf>.Free, Marcus. “Diaspora and Rootedness, Amateurism and Professionalism in Media Discourses of Irish Soccer and Rugby in the 1990s and 2000s.” Éire-Ireland 48.1–2 (2013). 25 Mar. 2017 <https://muse.jhu.edu/article/510693/pdf>.Friedman, Thomas. “Foreign Affairs: The Lexus and the Shamrock.” The Opinion Pages. 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Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2007.Rowe, David, Andy Ruddock, and Brett Hutchins. “Cultures of Complaint: Online Fan Message Boards and Networked Digital Media Sport Communities.” Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technology 16.3 (2010). 25 Mar. 2017 <http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1354856510367622>.Rowe, David. Sport, Culture and the Media: The Unruly Trinity. 2nd ed. Berkshire: Open University Press, 2004.Stead, David. “Sport and the Media.” Sport and Society: A Student Introduction. 2nd ed. Ed. Barrie Houlihan. London: Sage, 2008. 328-347.Wardle, Claire. “Social Media, Newsgathering and the Olympics.” Journalism, Media and Cultural Studies 2 (2012). 25 Mar. 2017 <https://publications.cardiffuniversitypress.org/index.php/JOMEC/article/view/304>.

Digital Articulations of the Relational Self Identity continues to be one of the enduring topics in digital media research. This interdisciplinary take on the digital self extends the discussion in my dissertation (Harju) of contemporary articulations of the relational self in the digital context by focusing on potentiality of the evolving self. I adopt a relational approach to being (Gergen Relational) where the self is seen as always already a product of relations, borne out of them as well as dependent on them (Gergen Realities). The self as fluid and processual is reflective of our liquid times (Bauman), of globalisation and digitalisation where we are surrounded by global flows of images, taste and trends (Appadurai).The view of the self as a process underlies future-oriented action, emphasing the becoming of the self. The process of becoming implies the potential of the self that can be narrated into existence. The relational view of the self, perhaps indirectly, also posits the self as a temporal interface between the present and the future, as a site where change unfolds. It is therefore important to critically reflect on the kinds of potentialities we can discover and engage with and the kinds of futures (Berardi) we can construct.Extending Gergen’s conceptualisation of the kinds of relations to include non-human actors (e.g. media technologies) as well socio-cultural and economic forces allows me to explore the conflicting forces shaping the self, for example, the influence the market exerts on self-construction together with the media logics that guide digital self-production practices. Because of the market’s dominant position in today’s imagination, I seek to explore the relational processes of inclusion and exclusion that position individuals relative to as well as in terms of the market as more or less included or excluded subjects (Harju).The digital environment is a unique setting for identity projects as it provides spatial and temporal flexibility, the possibility for curation, consideration and reconstruction. At the same time, it lacks a certain historicity; as Smith and Watson note, the self constructed online lacks narrative beginning and end that in “analog life writing [are] distinguishable by birth or death” (90). While it is tempting therefore to assume that self-construction online is free from all constraints, this is not necessarily so as the self is nevertheless produced within the wider socio-cultural context in which it also needs to “make sense,” these conditions persisting across these modes of being. Self as a relational process inevitably connects what for analytical purposes may be called online and offline social spaces as there is a processual linkage, a relational flow, that connects any online entity to a form outside the digital realm.Media institutions and the process of mediation (Rak Boom!) shape the autobiographical practices (Poletti), and the notion of automedia was introduced as a way to incorporate images, text and technologies as constitutive in autobiographic accounts (Smith and Watson) and help see online life as life instead of mere representation (Rak "Life"). The automedial approach rejects essentialist accounts of the self, assuming rather that the self is called into being and constructed in and by the materiality of the medium, in the process of mediation. This furthermore entails a move beyond the literary in terms of autobiographies toward consideration of the enabling and restricting roles of media technologies in the kinds of selves that can be constructed (Maguire 74).Viewing the self as always already relationally emergent (Gergen Relational) and combining this view with the framework of automedial construction of the self allows us to bring into the examination of the digital self the socio-cultural and economic forces and the diverse discourses meeting at the site of the self. Importantly, the relational approach prioritises relations and therefore the self is constituted in a relational flow in a process of becoming, placing importance on the kinds of relational configurations where the becoming of the self takes place.This paper explores how the digital self is forged under the joint pressures of consumerist logic and media logics in the contemporary society where “being a consumer” is the predominant subjectivity (Firat; Bauman). I draw on sociology of consumption to examine the relational tensions shaping identity construction of marginalised individuals. To empirically illustrate the discussion I draw on a previous study (Harju and Huovinen) on plus-sized fashion blogging and examine fatshion blogging as a form of automedia (see also Rak "Digital" on blogs).Plus-Sized Fashion Bloggers and Market-Mediated IdentityPlus-sized fashion bloggers, “fatshionistas,” actively seek social and cultural inclusion by way of fashion. As a collective activity, plus-sized fashion blogging is more than diary writing (see also Rak Digital) but also more than fashion blogging: the blogs constitute “networked, collective and active consumer resistance,” illuminating “marginalised consumers’ identity work at the intersection of commercial culture and the counter-representations of traditional femininity” (Harju and Huovinen 1603). Blogging resistant or subversive identities into being is thus also a form of activism and political action (Connell). As a form of automedia and autobiographical production, fatshion blogging has as its agenda the construction of alternative subjectivities and carving out a legitimate social space in the “fatosphere,” “a loosely interconnected network of online resources aimed at creating a safe space where individuals can counter fat prejudice, resist misconceptions of fat, engage in communal experiences and promote positive understandings of fat” (Gurrieri and Cherrier 279). Fashion blogs are rich in self-images portraying “fat fashion”: thus, not only fashion as a physical medium and the images representative of such materiality, but also the body acts as a medium.Plus-sized fashion bloggers feel marginalised as women due to body size but they also face rejection in and by the market. Normalised discourses around fashion and the female body as one that is fashioned render fashion blogging an avenue to normativity (Berlant): the symbolic power of taste (Bourdieu) embedded in fashion is harnessed to construct the desired self and to mobilise discourses of acceptable subjectivity. However, it is these very discourses that also construct the “state of being fat” as deviant and stigmatise the larger body as something falling outside the definition of good taste (LeBesco).The description on the Fatshionista! Livejournal page summarizes the agenda that despite the focus on fashion carries political undertones:Welcome, fatshionistas! We are a diverse fat-positive, anti-racist, disabled-friendly, trans-inclusive, queer-flavored, non-gender-specific community, open to everyone. Here we will discuss the ins and outs of fat fashions, seriously and stupidly--but above all--standing tall, and with panache. We fatshionistas are self-accepting despite The Man's Saipan-made boot at our chubby, elegant throats. We are silly, and serious, and want shit to fit.In a previous study (Harju and Huovinen) on the conflicted identity construction of plus-sized fashion bloggers (see also Gurrieri and Cherrier; Limatius) we found the complex performative tactics used in constructing the plus-sized blogger identity both resisted the market as well as embraced it: the bloggers seek similarity via appeals to normativity (see also Coleman and Figueroa) yet underline difference by rejecting the demands of normative ideals.The bloggers’ similarity seeking tactics (Harju and Huovinen) emphasise shared commonalities with the feminine ideals (ultra-femininity, posing and girliness) and on the face of it contribute to reproducing not only the gendered self but also the market-compromised self that endorses a very specific type of femininity. The plus-sized blogger identity, although inherently subversive as it seeks to challenge and expand the repertoire and imagery available to women, nevertheless seeks inclusion by way of the market, the very same that rejected them as “consumers”. This relational tension is negotiated on the blogs, and resistance emerges through articulating difference.Thus, the bloggers’ diversity asserting tactics (Harju and Huovinen) add to the complexity of the identity project and constitute explicit resistance, giving rise to resistant consumer identity. Bodily differences are highlighted (e.g. the bigger body is embraced, skin and body revealed rather than concealed) as the bloggers take control of how they are represented, using media to challenge the market that defines acceptable femininity in ways that ostracises fat women. The contradictory processes at the site of the self give rise to relational tension (Gergen Relational) and blogging offers a site for collective negotiation. For the plus-sized bloggers, to be included means no longer occupying the margins: self-images displaying the fat body contribute to corporeal empowerment (Harju and Huovinen) where flaunting the fat body helps construct the identity of a “fatshionista” blogger liberated from shame and stigma attached to the bigger body:I decided to start this blog after being a regular poster on the Fatshionista LiveJournal community. Finding that community changed my whole outlook on life, I was fat (still am) & unhappy with myself (not so much now). I was amazed to find a place where fat people celebrated their bodies, instead of being ashamed. (Harju and Huovinen 1614).The fatshion blog as a form of automedia is driven by the desire for change in the social circumstances where self-construction can take place, toward the future potential of the self, by diversifying acceptable subject positions and constructing novel identification points for fat women. The means are limited, however, and despite the explicit agenda of promoting body positivity, the collective aspirations are rooted in consumption and realised in the realm of fashion and the market.The question, therefore, is whether resistance outside the market is possible when so much of our social existence is bound up with the market and consumerist logic, or whether the desire for inclusion, manifest in aspirational normativity (Berlant) with the promise of social acceptance linked to normative way of life, necessitates market participation and the adoption of consumer subjectivity? Consumer subjectivity offers normative intelligibility in the various expressions of identity, providing tools for the becoming of an included subject. However, it raises the question of whether resistant identity can occur outside the market and outside the logic of consumption when it seeks social inclusion.Market-compromised identity is a double-edged sword; while participation via the market may help construct a self that is intelligible, market participation also disciplines the subject to take part in a certain way, of becoming a certain type of consuming subject, all the time harnessing the self for the benefit of the market. With no beginning or an end, the digital self is in constant processual flux, responding to conflicting relational input. The market adds to this complexity as “the neoliberal subject is compelled to participate in society as both an enthusiastic consumer and as a self-controlled subject” (Guthman 193).Social Imaginaries as Horizons of Constrained Possibility Identity possibilities are inscribed in the popular imagination, and the concept of social imaginary (Castoriadis; Taylor) provides a useful lens through which to examine articulations of the digital self. Social imaginaries are not unitary constructions and different imaginaries are evoked in different contexts. Likewise, although often shared, they are nevertheless unique to the individual, presenting as a terrain of conceivable action befitting of the individual engaged in the act of imagining.In our socially saturated times relational input is greater than ever (Gergen Relational). Imagining now draws on a wider range of identity possibilities, the ways of imagining the self being reflective of the values of any given time. Both consumption and media infiltrate the social imagination which today is not only compromised by market logic but has become constitutive of a terrain where the parameters for inclusion, change and resistance are limited. Practices of performing desirable femininity normalise a certain way of being and strike a constitutive boundary between what is desirable and what is not. The plus-sized fashion blogging makes visible the lack of diversity in the popular imagination (Harju and Huovinen) while fatshion blogging also reveals what possibilities there are for inclusion (i.e. via consumption and by mobilising normative femininity) and where the boundaries of identity work lie (see also Connell).The fat body is subjected to discipline (Giovanelli and Ostertag; LeBesco) and “becoming fat” is regularly viewed as a lack of control. Not limited to fat subjects, the prevalent discourses of the self emphasise control and responsibility for the self (rather than community), often masquerading as self-approval. The same discourses, however, highlight work on the self (McRobbie) and cultivating the self by various means of self-management or self-tracking (Rettberg). Such self-disciplining carries the implication of the self as somewhat lacking (Skeggs Imagining, Exchange), of being in some way unintelligible (Butler).In plus-sized blogging, the fat body needs to be subjected to fashioning to become intelligible within the dominant discourses in the public sphere. The fatshionista community is a politically oriented movement that rejects the normative demands governing the body, yet regimes of ‘self-improvement’ are evident on the individual blogs displaying the fashioned body, which is befitting of the normative understandings of the female subject as sexualised, as something to be consumed (see also Maguire). Contrary to the discourses of fat female subjects where the dimension of sexuality is largely absent, this is also linked to the problematics related to the visibility of female subjects. The negotiation of relational tension is manifest as negotiation of competing discourses where bloggers adopt the hegemonic visual discourses to subvert the stigmatising discourses that construct the fat female subject as lacking. Utilising media logics (e.g. micro-celebrity) to gain visibility as fat subjects is an important aspect of the fatshionistas’ automedial self-construction.I argue that social imaginaries that feed into identity construction and offer pathways to normalcy cannot be seen simply and only as enabling, but instead they construct horizons of constrained possibility (Harju), thereby imposing limitations to the kind of acceptable identity positions marginalised individuals can seek. Digital productions form chains of symbolic entities and acquire their meaning by being interconnected as well as by being connected to popular social imaginaries. Thus, the narrative construction of the self in the digital production, and the recognition of the self in the becoming, is the very utility of the digital object. This is because through the digital artefact the individual becomes relationally linked to chains of significations (Harju). Through such linkages and subverted discourses, the disenfranchised may become enfranchised.Toward Horizons of Potentiality and PossibilityThe relational self is a process under continual change and thus always becoming. This approach opens up new avenues for exploring the complexities of the digital self that is never ‘just’ a reproduction. Automedia entails both the media about the maker (the subject) and the process of mediating the self (Rak "Life" 161) The relational approach helps overcome the binary distinction in modes of being (online versus offline), instead bringing into focus the relational flow between various articulations of the self in different relational scenarios. Then perhaps the question is not “what kinds of selves become or are borne digital” (Rak Life 177), but what kinds of selves are possible in the first place under the current conditions that include the digital as one mode of being, mediating the becoming, with the digital as one relational space of articulation of the self among many.Where in On Being Online I discussed the constraining effects of market ideology embedded in social imaginaries on how the self can be articulated, Berardi in his book Futurability offers a more optimistic take, noting how the different paths we take result in different possibilities becoming realised, resulting in different social realities in the future. Future is not a linear development from the present; rather, the present harbours the potential for multiple futures. Berardi notes how the “[f]uture is not prescribed but inscribed, so it must be selected and extracted through interpretation” (236). Despite the dominant code - which in our times is consumption (Baudrillard) - hindering the process of interpretation, there is hope in Berardi’s notion of inscribed possibilities for resistance and change, for different ways of being and becoming.This is the space the plus-sized fashion bloggers occupy as they grasp the potentialities in the present and construct new ways of being that unfold as different social realities in the future. In blogging, platform affordances together with other media technologies are intertwined with future-oriented life narration in the construction of the fatshionista identity which involves retrospective interpretation of life experiences as a fat woman as well as self-liberation in the form of conscious rejection of the dominant discourses around fat female subjects.The digital self is able to negotiate such diverse, even conflicting forces in the active shaping of the social reality of its existence. Blogging as automedia can constitute an act of carving out alternative futures not limited to the digital realm. Perhaps when freed from aspirational normativity (Berlant) we are able to recover hope in the inscribed possibilities that might also hide the potential for a transition from a subjectivity enslaved to the market logic (see Firat Violence) to a self actively engaged in changing the social circumstances and the conditions in which subjectivity is construed (see Firat and Dholakia). In the becoming, the digital self occupies a place between the present and the future, enmeshed in various discourses of aspiration, mediated by material practices of consumption and articulated within the limits of current media practices (Harju). A self in the making, it is variably responsive to the multitude of relational forces continually flowing at the site of it.Although the plus-sized bloggers’ identity work can be seen as an attempt to transform or discipline the self into something more intelligible that better fits the existing narratives of the self, they are also adding new narratives to the repertoire. If we adopt the view of self-conception as discourse about the self, that is, “the performance of languages available in the public sphere” (Gergen, Realities 185) whereby the self is made culturally intelligible by way of narration within ongoing relationships, we can see how the existing cultural discourses of the self are not only inclusive, but also alienating and othering. There is a need for identity politics that encourage the production of alternative discourses of the self for more inclusive practices of imagining. Blogging as automedia is not only a way of making visible that which occupies the margins, it also actively contributes to diversifying identification points in the public sphere that are not limited to the digital, but have implications regarding the production of social realities, regardless of the mode in which these are experienced.ReferencesAppadurai, Arjun. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota P, 1996.Baudrillard, Jean. The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures. Trans. C. Turner. London: Sage, 1998 [1970].Bauman, Zygmunt. “The Self in Consumer Society.” The Hedgehog Review: Critical Refections on Contemporary Culture 1 (1999): 35-40. ———. Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity, 2000.———. “Consuming Life.” Journal of Consumer Culture 1 (2001): 9–29.———, and Benedetto Vecchi. Identity: Conversations with Benedetto Vecchi. 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1. Guy Debord in the Land of the Long WeekendIt’s the weekend – leisure time. It’s the interlude when, Guy Debord contends, the proletarian is briefly free of the “total contempt so clearly built into every aspect of the organization and management of production” in commodity capitalism; when workers are temporarily “treated like grown-ups, with a great show of solicitude and politeness, in their new role as consumers.” But this patronising show turns out to be another form of subjection to the diktats of “political economy”: “the totality of human existence falls under the regime of the ‘perfected denial of man’.” (30). As Debord suggests, even the creation of leisure time and space is predicated upon a form of contempt: the “perfected denial” of who we, as living people, really are in the eyes of those who presume the power to legislate our working practices and private identities.This Saturday The Weekend Australian runs an opinion piece by Christopher Pearson, defending ABC Radio National’s Stephen Crittenden, whose program The Religion Report has been axed. “Some of Crittenden’s finest half-hours have been devoted to Islam in Australia in the wake of September 11,” Pearson writes. “Again and again he’s confronted a left-of-centre audience that expected multi-cultural pieties with disturbing assertions.” Along the way in this admirable Crusade, Pearson notes that Crittenden has exposed “the Left’s recent tendency to ally itself with Islam.” According to Pearson, Crittenden has also thankfully given oxygen to claims by James Cook University’s Mervyn Bendle, the “fairly conservative academic whose work sometimes appears in [these] pages,” that “the discipline of critical terrorism studies has been captured by neo-Marxists of a postmodern bent” (30). Both of these points are well beyond misunderstanding or untested proposition. If Pearson means them sincerely he should be embarrassed and sacked. But of course he does not and will not be. These are deliberate lies, the confabulations of an eminent right-wing culture warrior whose job is to vilify minorities and intellectuals (Bendle escapes censure as an academic because he occasionally scribbles for the Murdoch press). It should be observed, too, how the patent absurdity of Pearson’s remarks reveals the extent to which he holds the intelligence of his readers in contempt. And he is not original in peddling these toxic wares.In their insightful—often hilarious—study of Australian opinion writers, The War on Democracy, Niall Lucy and Steve Mickler identify the left-academic-Islam nexus as the brain-child of former Treasurer-cum-memoirist Peter Costello. The germinal moment was “a speech to the Australian American Leadership Dialogue forum at the Art Gallery of NSW in 2005” concerning anti-Americanism in Australian schools. Lucy and Mickler argue that “it was only a matter of time” before a conservative politician or journalist took the plunge to link the left and terrorism, and Costello plunged brilliantly. He drew a mental map of the Great Chain of Being: left-wing academics taught teacher trainees to be anti-American; teacher trainees became teachers and taught kids to be anti-American; anti-Americanism morphs into anti-Westernism; anti-Westernism veers into terrorism (38). This is contempt for the reasoning capacity of the Australian people and, further still, contempt for any observable reality. Not for nothing was Costello generally perceived by the public as a politician whose very physiognomy radiated smugness and contempt.Recycling Costello, Christopher Pearson’s article subtly interpellates the reader as an ordinary, common-sense individual who instinctively feels what’s right and has no need to think too much—thinking too much is the prerogative of “neo-Marxists” and postmodernists. Ultimately, Pearson’s article is about channelling outrage: directing the down-to-earth passions of the Australian people against stock-in-trade culture-war hate figures. And in Pearson’s paranoid world, words like “neo-Marxist” and “postmodern” are devoid of historical or intellectual meaning. They are, as Lucy and Mickler’s War on Democracy repeatedly demonstrate, mere ciphers packed with the baggage of contempt for independent critical thought itself.Contempt is everywhere this weekend. The Weekend Australian’s colour magazine runs a feature story on Malcolm Turnbull: one of those familiar profiles designed to reveal the everyday human touch of the political classes. In this puff-piece, Jennifer Hewett finds Turnbull has “a restless passion for participating in public life” (20); that beneath “the aggressive political rhetoric […] behind the journalist turned lawyer turned banker turned politician turned would-be prime minister is a man who really enjoys that human interaction, however brief, with the many, many ordinary people he encounters” (16). Given all this energetic turning, it’s a wonder that Turnbull has time for human interactions at all. The distinction here of Turnbull and “many, many ordinary people” – the anonymous masses – surely runs counter to Hewett’s brief to personalise and quotidianise him. Likewise, those two key words, “however brief”, have an unfortunate, unintended effect. Presumably meant to conjure a picture of Turnbull’s hectic schedules and serial turnings, the words also convey the image of a patrician who begrudgingly knows one of the costs of a political career is that common flesh must be pressed—but as gingerly as possible.Hewett proceeds to disclose that Turnbull is “no conservative cultural warrior”, “onfounds stereotypes” and “hates labels” (like any baby-boomer rebel) and “has always read widely on political philosophy—his favourite is Edmund Burke”. He sees the “role of the state above all as enabling people to do their best” but knows that “the main game is the economy” and is “content to play mainstream gesture politics” (19). I am genuinely puzzled by this and imagine that my intelligence is being held in contempt once again. That the man of substance is given to populist gesturing is problematic enough; but that the Burke fan believes the state is about personal empowerment is just too much. Maybe Turnbull is a fan of Burke’s complex writings on the sublime and the beautiful—but no, Hewett avers, Turnbull is engaged by Burke’s “political philosophy”. So what is it in Burke that Turnbull finds to favour?Turnbull’s invocation of Edmund Burke is empty, gestural and contradictory. The comfortable notion that the state helps people to realise their potential is contravened by Burke’s view that the state functions so “the inclinations of men should frequently be thwarted, their will controlled, and their passions brought into subjection… by a power out of themselves” (151). Nor does Burke believe that anyone of humble origins could or should rise to the top of the social heap: “The occupation of an hair-dresser, or of a working tallow-chandler, cannot be a matter of honour to any person… the state suffers oppression, if such as they, either individually or collectively, are permitted to rule” (138).If Turnbull’s main game as a would-be statesman is the economy, Burke profoundly disagrees: “the state ought not to be considered as nothing better than a partnership agreement in a trade of pepper and coffee, callico or tobacco, or some other such low concern… It is a partnership in all science; a partnership in all art; a partnership in every virtue, and in all perfection”—a sublime entity, not an economic manager (194). Burke understands, long before Antonio Gramsci or Louis Althusser, that individuals or social fractions must be made admirably “obedient” to the state “by consent or force” (195). Burke has a verdict on mainstream gesture politics too: “When men of rank sacrifice all ideas of dignity to an ambition without a distinct object, and work with low instruments and for low ends, the whole composition [of the state] becomes low and base” (136).Is Malcolm Turnbull so contemptuous of the public that he assumes nobody will notice the gross discrepancies between his own ideals and what Burke stands for? His invocation of Burke is, indeed, “mainstream gesture politics”: on one level, “Burke” signifies nothing more than Turnbull’s performance of himself as a deep thinker. In this process, the real Edmund Burke is historically erased; reduced to the status of stage-prop in the theatrical production of Turnbull’s mass-mediated identity. “Edmund Burke” is re-invented as a term in an aesthetic repertoire.This transmutation of knowledge and history into mere cipher is the staple trick of culture-war discourse. Jennifer Hewett casts Turnbull as “no conservative culture warrior”, but he certainly shows a facility with culture-war rhetoric. And as much as Turnbull “confounds stereotypes” his verbal gesture to Edmund Burke entrenches a stereotype: at another level, the incantation “Edmund Burke” is implicitly meant to connect Turnbull with conservative tradition—in the exact way that John Howard regularly self-nominated as a “Burkean conservative”.This appeal to tradition effectively places “the people” in a power relation. Tradition has a sublimity that is bigger than us; it precedes us and will outlast us. Consequently, for a politician to claim that tradition has fashioned him, that he is welded to it or perhaps even owns it as part of his heritage, is to glibly imply an authority greater than that of “the many, many ordinary people”—Burke’s hair-dressers and tallow-chandlers—whose company he so briefly enjoys.In The Ideology of the Aesthetic, Terry Eagleton assesses one of Burke’s important legacies, placing him beside another eighteenth-century thinker so loved by the right—Adam Smith. Ideology of the Aesthetic is premised on the view that “Aesthetics is born as a discourse of the body”; that the aesthetic gives form to the “primitive materialism” of human passions and organises “the whole of our sensate life together… a society’s somatic, sensational life” (13). Reading Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments, Eagleton discerns that society appears as “an immense machine, whose regular and harmonious movements produce a thousand agreeable effects”, like “any production of human art”. In Smith’s work, the “whole of social life is aestheticized” and people inhabit “a social order so spontaneously cohesive that its members no longer need to think about it.” In Burke, Eagleton discovers that the aesthetics of “manners” can be understood in terms of Gramscian hegemony: “in the aesthetics of social conduct, or ‘culture’ as it would later be called, the law is always with us, as the very unconscious structure of our life”, and as a result conformity to a dominant ideological order is deeply felt as pleasurable and beautiful (37, 42). When this conservative aesthetic enters the realm of politics, Eagleton contends, the “right turn, from Burke” onwards follows a dark trajectory: “forget about theoretical analysis… view society as a self-grounding organism, all of whose parts miraculously interpenetrate without conflict and require no rational justification. Think with the blood and the body. Remember that tradition is always wiser and richer than one’s own poor, pitiable ego. It is this line of descent, in one of its tributaries, which will lead to the Third Reich” (368–9).2. Jean Baudrillard, the Nazis and Public MemoryIn 1937, during the Spanish Civil War, the Third Reich’s Condor Legion of the Luftwaffe was on loan to Franco’s forces. On 26 April that year, the Condor Legion bombed the market-town of Guernica: the first deliberate attempt to obliterate an entire town from the air and the first experiment in what became known as “terror bombing”—the targeting of civilians. A legacy of this violence was Pablo Picasso’s monumental canvas Guernica – the best-known anti-war painting in art history.When US Secretary of State Colin Powell addressed the United Nations on 5 February 2003 to make the case for war on Iraq, he stopped to face the press in the UN building’s lobby. The doorstop was globally televised, packaged as a moment of incredible significance: history in the making. It was also theatre: a moment in which history was staged as “event” and the real traces of history were carefully erased. Millions of viewers world-wide were undoubtedly unaware that the blue backdrop before which Powell stood was specifically designed to cover the full-scale tapestry copy of Picasso’s Guernica. This one-act, agitprop drama was a splendid example of politics as aesthetic action: a “performance” of history in the making which required the loss of actual historical memory enshrined in Guernica. Powell’s performance took its cues from the culture wars, which require the ceaseless erasure of history and public memory—on this occasion enacted on a breathtaking global, rather than national, scale.Inside the UN chamber, Powell’s performance was equally staged-crafted. As he brandished vials of ersatz anthrax, the power-point behind him (the theatrical set) showed artists’ impressions of imaginary mobile chemical weapons laboratories. Powell was playing lead role in a kind of populist, hyperreal production. It was Jean Baudrillard’s postmodernism, no less, as the media space in which Powell acted out the drama was not a secondary representation of reality but a reality of its own; the overheads of mobile weapons labs were simulacra, “models of a real without origins or reality”, pictures referring to nothing but themselves (2). In short, Powell’s performance was anchored in a “semiurgic” aesthetic; and it was a dreadful real-life enactment of Walter Benjamin’s maxim that “All efforts to render politics aesthetic culminate in one thing: war” (241).For Benjamin, “Fascism attempts to organize the newly created proletarian masses without affecting the property structure which the masses strive to eliminate.” Fascism gave “these masses not their right, but instead a chance to express themselves.” In turn, this required “the introduction of aesthetics into politics”, the objective of which was “the production of ritual values” (241). Under Adolf Hitler’s Reich, people were able to express themselves but only via the rehearsal of officially produced ritual values: by their participation in the disquisition on what Germany meant and what it meant to be German, by the aesthetic regulation of their passions. As Frederic Spotts’ fine study Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics reveals, this passionate disquisition permeated public and private life, through the artfully constructed total field of national narratives, myths, symbols and iconographies. And the ritualistic reiteration of national values in Nazi Germany hinged on two things: contempt and memory loss.By April 1945, as Berlin fell, Hitler’s contempt for the German people was at its apogee. Hitler ordered a scorched earth operation: the destruction of everything from factories to farms to food stores. The Russians would get nothing, the German people would perish. Albert Speer refused to implement the plan and remembered that “Until then… Germany and Hitler had been synonymous in my mind. But now I saw two entities opposed… A passionate love of one’s country… a leader who seemed to hate his people” (Sereny 472). But Hitler’s contempt for the German people was betrayed in the blusterous pages of Mein Kampf years earlier: “The receptivity of the great masses is very limited, their intelligence is small, but their power of forgetting is enormous” (165). On the back of this belief, Hitler launched what today would be called a culture war, with its Jewish folk devils, loathsome Marxist intellectuals, incitement of popular passions, invented traditions, historical erasures and constant iteration of values.When Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer fled Fascism, landing in the United States, their view of capitalist democracy borrowed from Benjamin and anticipated both Baudrillard and Guy Debord. In their well-know essay on “The Culture Industry”, in Dialectic of Enlightenment, they applied Benjamin’s insight on mass self-expression and the maintenance of property relations and ritual values to American popular culture: “All are free to dance and enjoy themselves”, but the freedom to choose how to do so “proves to be the freedom to choose what is always the same”, manufactured by monopoly capital (161–162). Anticipating Baudrillard, they found a society in which “only the copy appears: in the movie theatre, the photograph; on the radio, the recording” (143). And anticipating Debord’s “perfected denial of man” they found a society where work and leisure were structured by the repetition-compulsion principles of capitalism: where people became consumers who appeared “s statistics on research organization charts” (123). “Culture” came to do people’s thinking for them: “Pleasure always means not to think about anything, to forget suffering even where it is shown” (144).In this mass-mediated environment, a culture of repetitions, simulacra, billboards and flickering screens, Adorno and Horkheimer concluded that language lost its historical anchorages: “Innumerable people use words and expressions which they have either ceased to understand or employ only because they trigger off conditioned reflexes” in precisely the same way that the illusory “free” expression of passions in Germany operated, where words were “debased by the Fascist pseudo-folk community” (166).I know that the turf of the culture wars, the US and Australia, are not Fascist states; and I know that “the first one to mention the Nazis loses the argument”. I know, too, that there are obvious shortcomings in Adorno and Horkheimer’s reactions to popular culture and these have been widely criticised. However, I would suggest that there is a great deal of value still in Frankfurt School analyses of what we might call the “authoritarian popular” which can be applied to the conservative prosecution of populist culture wars today. Think, for example, how the concept of a “pseudo folk community” might well describe the earthy, common-sense public constructed and interpellated by right-wing culture warriors: America’s Joe Six-Pack, John Howard’s battlers or Kevin Rudd’s working families.In fact, Adorno and Horkheimer’s observations on language go to the heart of a contemporary culture war strategy. Words lose their history, becoming ciphers and “triggers” in a politicised lexicon. Later, Roland Barthes would write that this is a form of myth-making: “myth is constituted by the loss of the historical quality of things.” Barthes reasoned further that “Bourgeois ideology continuously transforms the products of history into essential types”, generating a “cultural logic” and an ideological re-ordering of the world (142). Types such as “neo-Marxist”, “postmodernist” and “Burkean conservative”.Surely, Benjamin’s assessment that Fascism gives “the people” the occasion to express itself, but only through “values”, describes the right’s pernicious incitement of the mythic “dispossessed mainstream” to reclaim its voice: to shout down the noisy minorities—the gays, greenies, blacks, feminists, multiculturalists and neo-Marxist postmodernists—who’ve apparently been running the show. Even more telling, Benjamin’s insight that the incitement to self-expression is connected to the maintenance of property relations, to economic power, is crucial to understanding the contemptuous conduct of culture wars.3. Jesus Dunked in Urine from Kansas to CronullaAmerican commentator Thomas Frank bases his study What’s the Matter with Kansas? on this very point. Subtitled How Conservatives Won the Heart of America, Frank’s book is a striking analysis of the indexation of Chicago School free-market reform and the mobilisation of “explosive social issues—summoning public outrage over everything from busing to un-Christian art—which it then marries to pro-business policies”; but it is the “economic achievements” of free-market capitalism, “not the forgettable skirmishes of the never-ending culture wars” that are conservatism’s “greatest monuments.” Nevertheless, the culture wars are necessary as Chicago School economic thinking consigns American communities to the rust belt. The promise of “free-market miracles” fails ordinary Americans, Frank reasons, leaving them in “backlash” mode: angry, bewildered and broke. And in this context, culture wars are a convenient form of anger management: “Because some artist decides to shock the hicks by dunking Jesus in urine, the entire planet must remake itself along the lines preferred” by nationalist, populist moralism and free-market fundamentalism (5).When John Howard received the neo-conservative American Enterprise Institute’s Irving Kristol Award, on 6 March 2008, he gave a speech in Washington titled “Sharing Our Common Values”. The nub of the speech was Howard’s revelation that he understood the index of neo-liberal economics and culture wars precisely as Thomas Frank does. Howard told the AEI audience that under his prime ministership Australia had “pursued reform and further modernisation of our economy” and that this inevitably meant “dislocation for communities”. This “reform-dislocation” package needed the palliative of a culture war, with his government preaching the “consistency and reassurance” of “our nation’s traditional values… pride in her history”; his government “became assertive about the intrinsic worth of our national identity. In the process we ended the seemingly endless seminar about that identity which had been in progress for some years.” Howard’s boast that his government ended the “seminar” on national identity insinuates an important point. “Seminar” is a culture-war cipher for intellection, just as “pride” is code for passion; so Howard’s self-proclaimed achievement, in Terry Eagleton’s terms, was to valorise “the blood and the body” over “theoretical analysis”. This speaks stratospheric contempt: ordinary people have their identity fashioned for them; they need not think about it, only feel it deeply and passionately according to “ritual values”. Undoubtedly this paved the way to Cronulla.The rubric of Howard’s speech—“Sharing Our Common Values”—was both a homage to international neo-conservatism and a reminder that culture wars are a trans-national phenomenon. In his address, Howard said that in all his “years in politics” he had not heard a “more evocative political slogan” than Ronald Reagan’s “Morning in America”—the rhetorical catch-cry for moral re-awakening that launched the culture wars. According to Lawrence Grossberg, America’s culture wars were predicated on the perception that the nation was afflicted by “a crisis of our lack of passion, of not caring enough about the values we hold… a crisis of nihilism which, while not restructuring our ideological beliefs, has undermined our ability to organise effective action on their behalf”; and this “New Right” alarmism “operates in the conjuncture of economics and popular culture” and “a popular struggle by which culture can lead politics” in the passionate pursuit of ritual values (31–2). When popular culture leads politics in this way we are in the zone of the image, myth and Adorno and Horkheimer’s “trigger words” that have lost their history. In this context, McKenzie Wark observes that “radical writers influenced by Marx will see the idea of culture as compensation for a fragmented and alienated life as a con. Guy Debord, perhaps the last of the great revolutionary thinkers of Europe, will call it “the spectacle”’ (20). Adorno and Horkheimer might well have called it “the authoritarian popular”. As Jonathan Charteris-Black’s work capably demonstrates, all politicians have their own idiolect: their personally coded language, preferred narratives and myths; their own vision of who “the people” might or should be that is conjured in their words. But the language of the culture wars is different. It is not a personal idiolect. It is a shared vocabulary, a networked vernacular, a pervasive trans-national aesthetic that pivots on the fact that words like “neo-Marxist”, “postmodern” and “Edmund Burke” have no historical or intellectual context or content: they exist as the ciphers of “values”. And the fact that culture warriors continually mouth them is a supreme act of contempt: it robs the public of its memory. And that’s why, as Lucy and Mickler’s War on Democracy so wittily argues, if there are any postmodernists left they’ll be on the right.Benjamin, Adorno, Horkheimer and, later, Debord and Grossberg understood how the political activation of the popular constitutes a hegemonic project. The result is nothing short of persuading “the people” to collaborate in its own oppression. The activation of the popular is perfectly geared to an age where the main stage of political life is the mainstream media; an age in which, Charteris-Black notes, political classes assume the general antipathy of publics to social change and act on the principle that the most effective political messages are sold to “the people” by an appeal “to familiar experiences”—market populism (10). In her substantial study The Persuaders, Sally Young cites an Australian Labor Party survey, conducted by pollster Rod Cameron in the late 1970s, in which the party’s message machine was finely tuned to this populist position. The survey also dripped with contempt for ordinary people: their “Interest in political philosophy… is very low… They are essentially the products (and supporters) of mass market commercialism”. Young observes that this view of “the people” was the foundation of a new order of political advertising and the conduct of politics on the mass-media stage. Cameron’s profile of “ordinary people” went on to assert that they are fatally attracted to “a moderate leader who is strong… but can understand and represent their value system” (47): a prescription for populist discourse which begs the question of whether the values a politician or party represent via the media are ever really those of “the people”. More likely, people are hegemonised into a value system which they take to be theirs. Writing of the media side of the equation, David Salter raises the point that when media “moguls thunder about ‘the public interest’ what they really mean is ‘what we think the public is interested in”, which is quite another matter… Why this self-serving deception is still so sheepishly accepted by the same public it is so often used to violate remains a mystery” (40).Sally Young’s Persuaders retails a story that she sees as “symbolic” of the new world of mass-mediated political life. The story concerns Mark Latham and his “revolutionary” journeys to regional Australia to meet the people. “When a political leader who holds a public meeting is dubbed a ‘revolutionary’”, Young rightly observes, “something has gone seriously wrong”. She notes how Latham’s “use of old-fashioned ‘meet-and-greet’campaigning methods was seen as a breath of fresh air because it was unlike the type of packaged, stage-managed and media-dependent politics that have become the norm in Australia.” Except that it wasn’t. “A media pack of thirty journalists trailed Latham in a bus”, meaning, that he was not meeting the people at all (6–7). He was traducing the people as participants in a media spectacle, as his “meet and greet” was designed to fill the image-banks of print and electronic media. Even meeting the people becomes a media pseudo-event in which the people impersonate the people for the camera’s benefit; a spectacle as artfully deceitful as Colin Powell’s UN performance on Iraq.If the success of this kind of “self-serving deception” is a mystery to David Salter, it would not be so to the Frankfurt School. For them, an understanding of the processes of mass-mediated politics sits somewhere near the core of their analysis of the culture industries in the “democratic” world. I think the Frankfurt school should be restored to a more important role in the project of cultural studies. Apart from an aversion to jazz and other supposedly “elitist” heresies, thinkers like Adorno, Benjamin, Horkheimer and their progeny Debord have a functional claim to provide the theory for us to expose the machinations of the politics of contempt and its aesthetic ruses.ReferencesAdorno, Theodor and Max Horkheimer. "The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception." Dialectic of Enlightenment. London: Verso, 1979. 120–167.Barthes Roland. “Myth Today.” Mythologies. Trans. Annette Lavers. St Albans: Paladin, 1972. 109–58.Baudrillard, Jean. Simulations. New York: Semiotext(e), 1983.Benjamin, Walter. “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction.” Illuminations. Ed. Hannah Arendt. Trans. Harry Zorn. New York: Schocken Books, 1969. 217–251.Burke, Edmund. Reflections on the Revolution in France. Ed. Conor Cruise O’Brien. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969.Charteris-Black, Jonathan. Politicians and Rhetoric: The Persuasive Power of Metaphor. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.Debord, Guy. The Society of the Spectacle. Trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith. New York: Zone Books, 1994.Eagleton, Terry. The Ideology of the Aesthetic. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990.Frank, Thomas. What’s the Matter with Kansas?: How Conservatives Won the Heart of America. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2004.Grossberg, Lawrence. “It’s a Sin: Politics, Post-Modernity and the Popular.” It’s a Sin: Essays on Postmodern Politics & Culture. Eds. Tony Fry, Ann Curthoys and Paul Patton. Sydney: Power Publications, 1988. 6–71.Hewett, Jennifer. “The Opportunist.” The Weekend Australian Magazine. 25–26 October 2008. 16–22.Hitler, Adolf. Mein Kampf. Trans. Ralph Manheim. 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