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Journal articles on the topic 'Labile carbon'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Zhang, Xiuwei, and Feihai Yu. "Physical disturbance accelerates carbon loss through increasing labile carbon release." Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 11 (2020): 584–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/257/2020-pse.

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Labile carbon (C) is a major source of C loss because of its high vulnerability to environmental change. Yet its potential role in regulating soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics remains unclear. In this study, we tested the effect of physical disturbance on SOC decomposition using soils from two abandoned farmlands free of management practice for more than 28 years. The soil respiration rate was measured in undisturbed and disturbed soil columns and was inversely modeled using the two-compartment model. We found that the C loss was 16.8~74.1% higher in disturbed than in undisturbed soil columns. Physical disturbance increased the total amount of labile C (C1) loss by 136~241%, while had no effect on the kinetic decomposition rate constants of both labile (k1) and stable (k2) SOC decomposition. Physical disturbance fragmented the large macroaggregates into small macroaggregates, microaggregates, and free silt and clay-sized fractions. This indicates that C loss was derived from the initially protected labile C, and there was no change of SOC fraction being decomposed. Our results give insights into the understanding of the extent of labile C loss to physical disruption and demonstrate the potential effect of physical disturbance on SOC dynamics.

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Tobiašová, E., G. Barančíková, E. Gömöryová, et al. "Labile forms of carbon and soil aggregates." Soil and Water Research 11, No. 4 (2016): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/182/2015-swr.

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Wang, Hong, Andrew J. Stumpf, and Praveen Kumar. "Radiocarbon and Stable Carbon Isotopes of Labile and Inert Organic Carbon in the Critical Zone Observatory in Illinois, USA." Radiocarbon 60, no. 3 (2018): 989–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2018.31.

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ABSTRACTWe applied the high temperature pyrolysis-combustion technique to partition the total soil organic carbon (SOC) into labile and inert carbon pools for accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon (AMS 14C) dating and stable carbon isotope (δ13C), SOC, and carbonate carbon (CC) content analyses to examine SOC variability at a Critical Zone Observatory site in Illinois, USA. The AMS 14C dates of labile and inert carbon in the top 1.55 m overlap except in the Bt horizon. Below 1.55 m the labile carbon is younger by 8000–14,800 years. The SOC content decreases from 3.61% to 0.12% and CC content increases from 0% to 19.16% at this depth. Results indicate that SOC production exceeds its loss in the weathering zone causing a continuous turnover of both SOC pools. A small amount of modern SOC infiltrates into deeper sediment below 1.55 m, making the labile carbon pool much younger. Their difference of AMS 14C contents, ΔF14C, reveals 3−5% more modern carbon in the labile SOC pools except in the Bt horizon, further quantifying that <3−5% modern carbon with potential pollutants is translocated into the unweathered sediments. The δ13C reveals the sources for SOC cycling dynamics in both carbon pools at this site.

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Conteh, A., G. J. Blair, R. D. B. Lefroy, and D. A. Macleod. "Soil organic carbon changes in cracking clay soils under cotton production as studied by carbon fractionation." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 7 (1997): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96177.

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This study examined soil carbon levels across a wide range of cracking clay soils used for growing cotton in Australia by using a simple carbon fractionation procedure. The soils studied included reference and cropped sites. The procedure employed determines soil carbon fractions based on their ease of oxidation to obtain the labile (CL) and non-labile (CNL) carbon components. Based on the total carbon (CT), labile carbon (CL), and non-labile carbon (CNL) of a cropped soil relative to a reference soil, various monitoring indices were developed. It was found that cultivation has generally led to a decrease in the organic carbon status of the soils. The effect of cultivation was found to be more pronounced in the CL and the carbon management index (CMI) than in the CT and CNL. The changes in the ratio of CL to CNL as a result of cultivation have been variable. The CMI has generally declined during cultivation, and since the CMI has incorporated the changes taking place in CT, CL, and CNL, the use of this index can provide very useful results in monitoring of organic matter status of soils.

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Gulde, S., H. Chung, W. Amelung, C. Chang, and J. Six. "Soil Carbon Saturation Controls Labile and Stable Carbon Pool Dynamics." Soil Science Society of America Journal 72, no. 3 (2008): 605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2007.0251.

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Yu, Pujia, Xuguang Tang, Shiwei Liu, Wenxin Liu, and Aichun Zhang. "Short Term Effects of Revegetation on Labile Carbon and Available Nutrients of Sodic Soils in Northeast China." Land 9, no. 1 (2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9010010.

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In response to land degradation and the decline of farmers’ income, some low quality croplands were converted to forage or grassland in Northeast China. However, it is unclear how such land use conversions influence soil nutrients. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the influences of short term conversion of cropland to alfalfa forage, monoculture Leymus chinensis grassland, monoculture Leymus chinensis grassland for hay, and successional regrowth grassland on the labile carbon and available nutrients of saline sodic soils in northeastern China. Soil labile oxidizable carbon and three soil available nutrients (available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium) were determined at the 0–50 cm depth in the five land uses. Results showed that the treatments of alfalfa forage, monoculture grassland, monoculture grassland for hay, and successional regrowth grassland increased the soil labile oxidizable carbon contents (by 32%, 28%, 15%, and 32%, respectively) and decreased the available nitrogen contents (by 15%, 19%, 34%, and 27%, respectively) in the 0–50 cm depth compared with cropland, while the differences in the contents of available phosphorus and available potassium were less pronounced. No significant differences in stratification ratios of soil labile carbon and available nutrients, the geometric means of soil labile carbon and available nutrients, and the sum scores of soil labile carbon and available nutrients were observed among the five land use treatments except the stratification ratio of 0–10/20–30 cm for available phosphorus and the values of the sum scores of soil labile carbon and available nutrients in the 0–10 cm depth. These findings suggest that short term conversions of cropland to revegetation have limited influences on the soil labile carbon and available nutrients of sodic soils in northeastern China.

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Kolář, L., S. Kužel, J. Horáček, V. Čechová, J. Borová-Batt, and J. Peterka. "Labile fractions of soil organic matter, their quantity and quality." Plant, Soil and Environment 55, No. 6 (2009): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/87/2009-pse.

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The objective of the present paper is to contribute to the evaluation of quantity and quality of non-humified part of soil organic matter (SOM). In samples of soil organic matter from the humus profile of Šumava forest soils and forest meadows, taxonomically designated as mor and moder forms, the fractions of labile soil carbon Ccws, Chws, CPM and fraction of stable carbon represented by carbon of humus acids CHA and CFA were determined. Organic matter of samples was fractionated according to the degrees of hydrolyzability by two different methods in particle-size fractions of 2.00–0.25 mm and < 0.25 mm. The quality of labile fraction Chws was expressed on the basis of reaction kinetics as the rate constant of biochemical oxidation Kbio and rate constant of chemical oxidation Kchem of the first order reaction from a reduction in the concentration of C-compounds. The highest values of labile forms of carbon were determined in samples with the least favorable conditions for transformation processes of SOM, and these samples also had the highest content of labile forms in hydrolyses by both methods and the most labile fractions at the same time. The degree of SOM humification was strictly indirectly proportional to the lability of SOM and its hydrolyzability. The quality of labile fraction Chws can be expressed by both Kbio and Kchem while the sensitivity of Kbio is higher but the reproducibility of Kchem is better. Kbio corresponds with the degree of SOM transformation, Kchem with the proportion of CPM in total Cox.

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Ferraz de Almeida, Risely, Joseph Elias Rodrigues Mikhael, Fernando Oliveira Franco, Luna Monique Fonseca Santana, and Beno Wendling. "Measuring the Labile and Recalcitrant Pools of Carbon and Nitrogen in Forested and Agricultural Soils: A Study under Tropical Conditions." Forests 10, no. 7 (2019): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10070544.

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Soil organic carbon and nitrogen can be divided into labile and recalcitrant pools according to the time it takes to be cycled. The way in which carbon and nitrogen pools are cycled and distributed between labile and recalcitrant pools can directly relate to soil quality. This paper tested the hypothesis that labile and recalcitrant pools of carbon and nitrogen vary between agricultural soils with different species and fertilization management systems (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium need) under tropical conditions. This study aimed to examine the impact of land-uses on stocks and losses of carbon and nitrogen under tropical conditions. We explored labile (soil microbial biomass and labile carbon) and recalcitrant carbon pools (humin, humic acid, and fulvic acid) in forested and agricultural soils, defined as latosol (forest, fertilized pasture, and unfertilized pasture) and cambisol (forest, coast pasture, sugarcane, and silage corn). Forested soil was used as an appropriate use to soil conservation in tropical that presents levels adequate of carbon and nitrogen stocks and biological condition in soil. Results showed that pools of labile and recalcitrant carbon are different on soil layers and the use of soil. Forest use in cambisol and latosol promoted higher labile and recalcitrant pools of carbon and nitrogen due to the greater environmental stability without human intervention. On the other hand, human intervention occurred in fertilized pasture and coast pasture; however, both uses presented similar recalcitrant carbon and nitrogen pools when compared to forested soil on the soil surface due to fertilizer uses and the high volume of the grass root system. Overall, our findings reveal that under tropical conditions, agriculture and forested soil can present similar recalcitrant pools of carbon and nitrogen if agricultural soils are associated with the appropriate fertilizer management. Pasture with adequate fertilization management systems can be used as an alternative to recover degraded areas with low levels of recalcitrant carbon and nitrogen pools.

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Kalisz, Barbara, Andrzej Lachacz, Roman Glazewski, and Andrzej Klasa. "Effect of Municipal Sewage Sludge under Salix Plantations on Dissolved Soil Organic Carbon Pools / Wpływ Osadów Ściekowych Na Plantacjach Salix Na Zawartość Węgla Rozpuszczonego W Glebie." Archives of Environmental Protection 38, no. 4 (2012): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10265-012-0030-8.

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Abstract Labile fractions of organic matter can rapidly respond to changes in soil and they have been suggested as sensitive indicators of soil organic matter. Two labile fractions of organic carbon in the soils amended with fresh municipal sewage sludge in two rates (equivalent of 60 kg P ha-1 and 120 kg P ha-1) were studied. Soils under studies were overgrown with Salix in Germany, Estonia and Poland. In Polish soils application of sewage sludge increased the content of both labile organic carbon fractions (KMnO4-C and HWC) for a period of one year. Estonian soils were stable and no distinct changes in labile organic carbon fractions occurred.

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Kasurinen, V., H. Aarnos, and A. Vähätalo. "Biologically labile photoproducts from riverine non-labile dissolved organic carbon in the coastal waters." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 11 (2015): 8199–234. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-8199-2015.

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Abstract. In order to assess the production of biologically labile photoproducts (BLPs) from non-labile riverine dissolved organic carbon (DOC), we collected water samples from ten major rivers, removed labile DOC and mixed the residual non-labile DOC with artificial seawater for microbial and photochemical experiments. Bacteria grew on non-labile DOC with a growth efficiency of 11.5% (mean; range from 3.6 to 15.3%). Simulated solar radiation transformed a part of non-labile DOC into BLPs, which stimulated bacterial respiration and production, but did not change bacterial growth efficiency (BGE) compared to the non-irradiated dark controls. In the irradiated water samples, the amount of BLPs stimulating bacterial production depended on the photochemical bleaching of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). The apparent quantum yields for BLPs supporting bacterial production ranged from 9.5 to 76 (mean 39) (μmol C mol photons−1) at 330 nm. The corresponding values for BLPs supporting bacterial respiration ranged from 57 to 1204 (mean 320) (μmol C mol photons−1). According to the calculations based on spectral apparent quantum yields and local solar radiation, the annual production of BLPs ranged from 21 (St. Lawrence) to 584 (Yangtze) mmol C m−2 yr−1 in the plumes of the examined rivers. Complete photobleaching of riverine CDOM in the coastal ocean was estimated to produce 10.7 Mt C BLPs yr−1 from the rivers examined in this study and globally 38 Mt yr−1 (15% of riverine DOC flux from all rivers), which support 4.1 Mt yr−1 of bacterial production and 33.9 Mt yr−1 bacterial respiration.

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Peng, Juan, En Ci, Zhuo Wang Fu, Ming Gao, and De Ti Xie. "Effects of Conservation Tillage on Organic Carbon and Carbon Management Index in Paddy Soil." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 2759–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.2759.

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Effects of different tillage systems on organic carbon and carbon management index (CMI) in paddy soil of long-term experiment site (since 1990) were studied. The experiment included three tillage treatments: conventional tillage with rotation of rice and winter fallow (CT-r) system, no-tillage and ridge culture with rotation of rice and rape (RT-rr) system, and conventional tillage with rotation of rice and rape (CT-rr) system. Soil labile organic carbon measured by oxidation of KMnO4 respond rapidly to carbon supply changes, and it is considered as an important indicator of soil quality. Compared with CT-r system, long-term RT-rr system significantly increased total organic carbon and labile organic carbon in surface soil (0-10 cm and10-20 cm). The proportion of labile organic carbon to total organic carbon under RT-rr system was higher than other tillage systems. The carbon management index (CMI) is derived from the total soil organic carbon pool and carbon lability and is useful to evaluate the capacity of management systems to promote soil quality. The CMI increased in each layer under RT-rr system, while it decreased under CT-rr system. This indicated that conservation tillage improved the capacity of the management system into promoting soil quality in Sichuan Basin of China.

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Xu, J. G., and N. G. Juma. "Carbon kinetics in a Black Chernozem with roots in situ." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 75, no. 3 (1995): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss95-043.

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The rates of decomposition of roots and root-derived materials are needed to assess the contribution of these materials to sequestration of organic carbon in soil. The objective of this study was to examine the kinetics of different forms of C in a Black Chernozem, with roots in situ under two barley cultivars, using 14C pulse-labeling and incubation methods. Plants were pulse-labeled (1 d) with 14CO2 25 d after emergence. Shoots were excised, and undisturbed soil cores containing the roots of a single plant were incubated at 20 °C for 80 d. The experiment involved two barley cultivars, with six replications at six sampling dates (days 0, 5, 10, 25, 40 and 80). The percentage of the labile components in roots of Abee (48%) was greater than that of Samson (39%), but the half lives of the labile components (0.693 k−1) of the roots were not significantly different between the two barley cultivars. The decomposition-rate constants for the resistant components of the roots were also not significantly different between the two barley cultivars. This indicated that the difference between the two barley cultivars in root decomposition rate could be explained by the difference in the ratios of the labile components to the resistant components. The average half life of 14C in roots was 41 d for Abee and 71 d for Samson. The amount of root 14C + soil 14C under Samson was higher than under Abee during the incubation period. These results supported our hypothesis that the cultivar that translocated more 14C-labeled carbon into roots and root-derived material has greater microbial respiration and greater C stabilization because a portion of added C remains in the soil after being transformed by microorganisms. Key words: Carbon kinetics, carbon sequestration, roots in situ, 14C pulse-labeling, Black Chernozem

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Zhou, Hua, Wan Tai Yu, and Ying Zhao. "Total and Labile Carbon in Alfisol Soil Amended with Plant Residual and Livestock Manure." Advanced Materials Research 988 (July 2014): 411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.988.411.

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In a situ buried-bag experiment, the seasonal dynamics of soil total organic carbon (TOC) and labile organic carbon in soil amended with maize stalk (MS), chicken manure (CM), pig manure (PM) and mixture of them (MI) were studied in one year. MS with a low N content and high C/N ratio decomposed a little faster than other materials with low C/N ratios. Labile carbon pool – microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and light fraction of organic carbon (LFOC) exhibited an absolute difference in the 365-day incubation period: MS in MBC showed a gentle ascendant tendency; however, CM and PM displayed a rapid decrease. The concentrations of LFOC in all the treatments decreased coincidently nevertheless. MBC was more sensitive to organic material addition than other labile pools, despite of its low level.

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Nahrawi, Hafsah, M. H. A. Husni, and O. Radziah. "Labile Carbon and Carbon Management Index in Peat Planted with Various Crops." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 43, no. 12 (2012): 1647–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2012.681736.

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Kolář, L., V. Vaněk, S. Kužel, J. Peterka, J. Borová-Batt, and J. Pezlarová. "Relationships between quality and quantity of soil labile fraction of the soil carbon in Cambisols after liming during a 5-year period." Plant, Soil and Environment 57, No. 5 (2011): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/453/2010-pse.

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The labile fraction of soil organic carbon (SOC) in terms of its quantity is a sensitive but dynamic indicator of the reactive agent in soils. If it is to be considered as a feature of soil quality, the value of its quantity should be completed by data on its quality. It can be expressed by the value of the rate constant of microbial oxidation kbio of this fraction or by data on chemical stability during hydrolysis or oxidation. If the quality of SOC labile fraction is not determined, at least the ratio of CMIC: Corg should be given. The adjustment of soil acidity increases the microbial activity of soils, therefore the quantity of SOC labile fraction decreases and at the same time kbio decreases proportionately to the increasing stability of soil organic matters. During a 5-year period after the liming the soils acidify again and this process passes the faster the lesser their ion exchange capacity and buffering are. The quantity of the labile fraction of SOC raises again, its stability decreases and kbio raises again. The conversion pH value has secondary relevance.

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Søndergaard, M., and M. Middelboe. "A cross-system analysis of labile dissolved organic carbon." Marine Ecology Progress Series 118 (1995): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps118283.

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Lerch, R. N., K. A. Barbarick, L. E. Sommers, and D. G. Westfall. "Sewage Sludge Proteins as Labile Carbon and Nitrogen Sources." Soil Science Society of America Journal 56, no. 5 (1992): 1470–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1992.03615995005600050022x.

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Nieminen, Jouni K. "Labile carbon alleviates wood ash effects on soil fauna." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40, no. 11 (2008): 2908–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.07.025.

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Ikeda, Yutaka, Kimio Fukami, Beatriz Casareto, and Yoshimi Suzuki. "Refractory and labile organic carbon in coral reef seawater." Journal of the Japanese Coral Reef Society 2003, no. 5 (2003): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3755/jcrs.2003.11.

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Pedrosa‐Pàmies, R., M. H. Conte, J. C. Weber, and R. Johnson. "Hurricanes Enhance Labile Carbon Export to the Deep Ocean." Geophysical Research Letters 46, no. 17-18 (2019): 10484–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019gl083719.

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Laird, Gwenyth A., and Donald Scavia. "Distribution of labile dissolved organic carbon in Lake Michigan." Limnology and Oceanography 35, no. 2 (1990): 443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1990.35.2.0443.

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Zhou, Hua, Wan Tai Yu, and Qiang Ma. "Seasonal Changes in Various Soil Organic Carbon Pools with Different Soil Amendments." Advanced Materials Research 599 (November 2012): 870–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.599.870.

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In a sustainable agriculture farming systems experiment, the dynamics of soil organic carbon (OC), carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio and labile organic carbon pool in soil amended with maize stalk (MS), rice straw (RS) and alfalfa (AF) were studied from August 2005 to August 2006. The results showed that organic material with low N content decomposed slowly, while that with absolutely high N content depressed decomposition rate. After one year’s decomposition, the humification process of organic materials was basically complete. Soil labile carbon content was dramatically improved compared with the control after the addition of organic materials to the soil. The leached DOC was highly correlated with micro-organisms activity and MBC was highly dependent on N incorporation.

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Blair, GJ, RDB Lefroy, and L. Lisle. "Soil carbon fractions based on their degree of oxidation, and the development of a carbon management index for agricultural systems." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 7 (1995): 1459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9951459.

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Increasing population pressure is increasing the demand on agricultural systems in many parts of the world and this has often led to the degradation of the soil resource. Soil carbon (C) is a major determinant of sustainability of agricultural systems and changes can occur in both total and active, or labile, C pools. A procedure is presented to determine the degree of lability of soil C. By treating a ground sample of soil with 333 mM potassium permanganate (KMnO4) to oxidize a proportion of the carbon and by determining the total carbon by combustion, two fractions of C can be measured. These fractions represent carbon of different lability, with fraction I representing the Labile C (CL), which is oxidized by 333 mM KMnO4, and fraction I1 representing the non-labile C (CNL), which is not oxidized by 333 mM KMnO4. On the basis of changes in total carbon (CT), a Carbon Pool Index (CPI) is calculated and, on the basis of changes in the proportion of labile C in the soil between a reference site and those subjected to agricultural practice or research treatments, a Lability Index (LI) is determined. These two indices are used to calculate a Carbon Management Index (CMI), with CMI = C Pool Index (CPI) xLability Index (LI) x 100. Analyses of paired samples (cropped and uncropped) from three sites in northern and central New South Wales, Australia, have shown a decline in CPI, a greater decline in LI and hence a decline in the CMI with cropping. Introduction of a legume into a wheat cropping system restored the CMI from 22 to 37 at the Warialda site. Analyses of paired samples from a sugarcane area in north Queensland have shown a decline in CMI in systems dominated by trash burning, but an increase in CMI in systems dominated by green cane trash management. Similar data from Brazil showed no increase in CT with mulching but a 48% increase in CMI due to an increase in the lability of C in the soil. The fractionation procedure and CMI outlined can be used to determine the state and rate of change in soil C of agricultural and natural systems.

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Armstrong, R. D., B. J. Kuskopf, G. Millar, A. M. Whitbread, and J. Standley. "Changes in soil chemical and physical properties following legumes and opportunity cropping on a cracking clay soil." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, no. 4 (1999): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea99014.

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Incorporating legumes into the cropping system has been shown to significantly improve the nitrogen nutrition of cereal crops in Central Queensland. However, little is known about the effect of these legumes on the chemical and physical properties of soil. We examined changes in soil chemical (total nitrogen, organic carbon and pH) and physical (bulk density, cone penetrometer resistance and saturated hydraulic conductivity) properties following either continuous cropping (sorghum or mungbean) or pasture legumes (siratro, lucerne, lablab and desmanthus) over 4 years. Soil carbon was also fractionated using a KMnO4 oxidation procedure which classifies the soil carbon into either labile or non-labile pools. All pasture legumes except desmanthus increased soil total nitrogen in the topsoil (0–10 cm) after only 2 years compared with sorghum. Total nitrogen in the soil did not significantly change under mungbean. Soil organic carbon progressively increased under siratro, desmanthus and sorghum but remained unchanged under the other legumes. Before the experiment, the percentage of total soil carbon classified as labile (oxidised by 333 mmol KMnO4/L) ranged from 14 to 17%. The amount of labile carbon increased by 17% after 3 years of siratro, remained unchanged under desmanthus and sorghum, and decreased under the annual legumes and lucerne. Non-labile carbon remained either unchanged or increased under all legumes, whereas it tended to decrease after 3 consecutive sorghum crops. Soil pH was generally highest under sorghum and lowest under lablab. Soil after sorghum had higher bulk density and penetrometer resistance compared with the effect of legumes but these differences were comparatively small. Saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil was much higher on the soil surface than at 10 cm. On the surface, soil hydraulic conductivity (saturated) values were generally lower following siratro and higher after sorghum than the other species. At 10 cm depth, soil hydraulic conductivity (saturated) was generally lower in sorghum and, to a lesser extent, in mungbean plots reflecting the significantly lower density of macropores under these crops. It was concluded that although all legumes generally enhanced the chemical and physical properties of the cracking clay, perennial legumes such as siratro would have a greater beneficial effect in the longer term than annual legumes.

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Bohlen, P. J., C. A. Edwards, Q. Zhang, R. W. Parmelee, and M. Allen. "Indirect effects of earthworms on microbial assimilation of labile carbon." Applied Soil Ecology 20, no. 3 (2002): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0929-1393(02)00027-6.

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LEIFELD, J., M. ZIMMERMANN, and J. FUHRER. "Simulating decomposition of labile soil organic carbon: Effects of pH." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40, no. 12 (2008): 2948–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.08.019.

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Schmidt, Grégory, Arianna Filoramo, Vincent Derycke, Jean-Philippe Bourgoin, and Pascale Chenevier. "Labile Diazo Chemistry for Efficient Silencing of Metallic Carbon Nanotubes." Chemistry - A European Journal 17, no. 5 (2011): 1415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201002441.

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Smith, H. J., R. A. Foster, D. M. McKnight, et al. "Microbial formation of labile organic carbon in Antarctic glacial environments." Nature Geoscience 10, no. 5 (2017): 356–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2925.

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He, Fang, Lin-lin Shi, Jing-cheng Tian, and Li-juan Mei. "Effects of long-term fertilisation on soil organic carbon sequestration after a 34-year rice-wheat rotation in Taihu Lake Basin." Plant, Soil and Environment 67, No. 1 (2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/478/2020-pse.

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To evaluate the long-term effects of fertilisation on soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in rice-wheat cropping ecosystems, SOC dynamics, stocks and fractionation were determined. The treatments included no fertiliser, mineral N and P, mineral N, P and K, organic fertiliser (OF), OF plus NP and OF plus NPK. The results showed that the average carbon inputs that derived from crop stubble, root residues and organic fertilisers were between 1.47 and 4.33 t/ha/year over the past 34 years. The average SOC stocks measured in the samples collected in 2011–2013 ranged from 31.20 to 38.52 t/ha. The range of the SOC sequestration rate was 0.11–0.40 t/ha/year with a SOC sequestration efficiency of 6.3%. Overall, organic fertilisation significantly promoted C-input, SOC and the sequestration rate compared to mineral fertilisation. The "active pool" (very labile and labile fractions) and "passive pool" (less labile and recalcitrant fractions) accounted for about 71.0% and 29.0% of the SOC fractions, respectively. Significant positive relationships between C-inputs and SOC fractions indicated that SOC was not saturated in this typical rice-wheat cropping system, and fertilisation, especially organic amendment, is an effective SOC strategy sequestration.

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Tirol-Padre, A., and J. K. Ladha. "Assessing the Reliability of Permanganate-Oxidizable Carbon as an Index of Soil Labile Carbon." Soil Science Society of America Journal 68, no. 3 (2004): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2004.0969.

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Tobiašová, Erika. "The Potential Of The Soil For Stabilisation Of Organic Carbon In Soil Aggregates." Agriculture (Polnohospodárstvo) 61, no. 2 (2015): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agri-2015-0010.

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Abstract Carbon stabilisation in soil is the result of interaction between the chemical and physical mechanisms of protection and the dominance of the mechanism depends not only on the long-term constant characteristics of soil but also on the properties, which can be partly influenced by human activities. In this study, the potential of the soil for stabilisation of carbon (Ps) in different soil types depending on soil properties was compared. Experiment included six soils (Eutric Fluvisol, Mollic Fluvisol, Haplic Chernozem, Haplic Luvisol, Eutric Cambisol, and Rendzic Leptosol) of different land uses (forest, meadow, urban, and agro-ecosystem) in Slovakia. Ps was determined with dependence on the ratio of labile and stable fractions of carbon in the soil macro-aggregates. Ps was in an exponential dependence (r = 0.942; P < 0.01) with production potential of the soil, and the fractions of dry-sieved aggregates larger than 3 mm play an important role in the first stages of the carbon stabilisation. The suitable parameter, which reflects the changes in carbon stability in the soil is the ratio of the labile carbon and non-labile carbon in the soil macro-aggregates (L/NL). Lower values of L/NL that indicate a higher stability of carbon were determined at a higher pH, at the higher content of carbonates and exchangeable basic cations, and at a higherportion of humic acids free and bound with mobile sesquioxides R2O3.

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Gerke, Jörg. "Carbon Accumulation in Arable Soils: Mechanisms and the Effect of Cultivation Practices and Organic Fertilizers." Agronomy 11, no. 6 (2021): 1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061079.

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The organic carbon content of soils is a key parameter of soil fertility. Moreover, carbon accumulation in soils may mitigate the increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration. The principles of carbon accumulation in arable soils are well known. The inclusion of clover/alfalfa/grass within the rotation is a central instrument to increase soil organic carbon. In addition, the regular application of rotted or composted farmyard manure within the rotation can increase soil organic carbon contents much more than the separate application of straw and cattle slurry. Humic substances, as a main stable part of soil organic carbon, play a central role in the accumulation of soil carbon. A major effect of compost application on soil carbon may be the introduction of stable humic substances which may bind and stabilize labile organic carbon compounds such as amino acids, peptides, or sugars. From this point of view, a definite soil carbon saturation index may be misleading. Besides stable composts, commercially available humic substances such as Leonardite may increase soil organic carbon contents by stabilization of labile C sources in soil.

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Davis, Jenny, and Ronald Benner. "Quantitative estimates of labile and semi-labile dissolved organic carbon in the western Arctic Ocean: A molecular approach." Limnology and Oceanography 52, no. 6 (2007): 2434–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2007.52.6.2434.

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Kaushal, Rajesh, Salil Tewari, Shanker Dutt Thapliyal, et al. "Build-up of labile, non-labile carbon fractions under fourteen-year-old bamboo plantations in the Himalayan foothills." Heliyon 7, no. 8 (2021): e07850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07850.

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Vágner, Josef, Viktor Krchňák, Michal Lebl, and George Barany. "Solid-Phase Organic Synthesis: Creation of Carbon-Carbon Double Bonds Under Mild Conditions by Wittig-Type Reactions." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 61, no. 12 (1996): 1697–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19961697.

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Phosphorane ylides and phosphonate anions react smoothly with resin-bound aldehydes and ketones to provide alkenes in good yields and purities (assessed after cleavage of acid-labile PAL anchor to support). The reactions of aldehydes give excellent stereoselectivities. Effective conditions have been developed for carrying out these transformations.

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Lawson, E. C., J. L. Wadham, M. Tranter, et al. "Greenland Ice Sheet exports labile organic carbon to the Arctic oceans." Biogeosciences 11, no. 14 (2014): 4015–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4015-2014.

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Abstract. Runoff from small glacier systems contains dissolved organic carbon (DOC) rich in protein-like, low molecular weight (LMW) compounds, designating glaciers as an important source of bioavailable carbon for downstream heterotrophic activity. Fluxes of DOC and particulate organic carbon (POC) exported from large Greenland catchments, however, remain unquantified, despite the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) being the largest source of global glacial runoff (ca. 400 km3 yr−1). We report high and episodic fluxes of POC and DOC from a large (>600 km2) GrIS catchment during contrasting melt seasons. POC dominates organic carbon (OC) export (70–89% on average), is sourced from the ice sheet bed, and contains a significant bioreactive component (9% carbohydrates). A major source of the "bioavailable" (free carbohydrate) LMW–DOC fraction is microbial activity on the ice sheet surface, with some further addition of LMW–DOC to meltwaters by biogeochemical processes at the ice sheet bed. The bioavailability of the exported DOC (26–53%) to downstream marine microorganisms is similar to that reported from other glacial watersheds. Annual fluxes of DOC and free carbohydrates during two melt seasons were similar, despite the approximately two-fold difference in runoff fluxes, suggesting production-limited DOC sources. POC fluxes were also insensitive to an increase in seasonal runoff volumes, indicating a supply limitation in suspended sediment in runoff. Scaled to the GrIS, the combined DOC (0.13–0.17 Tg C yr−1 (±13%)) and POC fluxes (mean = 0.36–1.52 Tg C yr−1 (±14%)) are of a similar order of magnitude to a large Arctic river system, and hence may represent an important OC source to the near-coastal North Atlantic, Greenland and Labrador seas.

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Lawson, E. C., J. L. Wadham, M. Tranter, et al. "Greenland Ice Sheet exports labile organic carbon to the Arctic oceans." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 12 (2013): 19311–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-19311-2013.

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Abstract. Runoff from small glacier systems contains dissolved organic carbon (DOC), rich in protein-like, low molecular weight (LMW) compounds, designating glaciers as an important source of bioavailable carbon for downstream heterotrophic activity. Fluxes of DOC and particulate organic carbon (POC) exported from large Greenland catchments, however, remain unquantified, despite the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) being the largest source of global glacial runoff (ca. 400 km3 yr−1). We report high and episodic fluxes of POC and DOC from a large (1200 km2) GrIS catchment during contrasting melt seasons. POC dominates organic carbon (OC) export (70–89% on average), is sourced from the ice sheet bed and contains a significant bioreactive component (9% carbohydrates). A major source for the "bioavailable" (free carbohydrates) LMW-DOC fraction is microbial activity on the ice sheet surface, with some further addition of LMW-DOC to meltwaters by biogeochemical processes at the ice sheet bed. The bioavailability of the exported DOC (30–58%) to downstream marine microorganisms is similar to that reported from other glacial watersheds. Annual fluxes of DOC and free carbohydrates during two melt seasons were similar, despite the ~ 2 fold difference in runoff fluxes, suggesting production-limited DOC sources. POC fluxes were also insensitive to an increase in seasonal runoff volumes, indicating supply-limitation of suspended sediment in runoff. Scaled to the GrIS, the combined DOC and POC fluxes (0.13–0.17 Tg C yr−1 DOC, 0.36–1.52 Tg C yr−1 mean POC) are of a similar order of magnitude to a large Arctic river system, and hence represent an important OC source to the North Atlantic, Greenland and Labrador Seas.

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Lungmuana, B. U. Choudhury, Saurav Saha, et al. "Impact of postburn jhum agriculture on soil carbon pools in the north-eastern Himalayan region of India." Soil Research 56, no. 6 (2018): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr18031.

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Land-use change, particularly soil organic carbon (SOC) loss induced by shifting cultivation (jhum) is a common land degradation issue in the hilly tracts of the humid tropics. The SOC concentration comprises different pools (labile and recalcitrant fractions), and each fraction responds to temporal dynamics of adopted management practices at varying magnitudes, such as deforestation followed by cultivation. However, information on the variation of different SOC pools due to cultural practices of vegetation burning and postburn agricultural practices (crop production) associated with shifting cultivation remains inadequate. In the present investigation, we examined the effect of burning and postburning cultivation on SOC pools across different forest fallow periods at Kolasib district, Mizoram state of the north-eastern Himalayan Region of India. Results revealed increase in the soil C stocks and total organic carbon (TOC) due to the increase in the length of fallow periods ranging from 3 to 23 years. The TOC decreased significantly compared with antecedent concentrations before vegetation burning. This was mostly attributed to the reduction in contribution of active pools (very labile and labile) to TOC from 69% to 60%. However, contribution of passive pools (less labile and nonlabile) to TOC concentration increased from 31% to 40%. Postburn cultivation also resulted in reduction of TOC as well as considerable variation in the proportion of different SOC pools to TOC concentration. Among the different pools of SOC, the very labile C pool was most sensitive to land-use change induced by shifting cultivation (phytomass burning and postburn cultivation). The labile SOC pools can act as a sensitive indicator for devising suitable location specific management practices for restoration of soil health through SOC dynamics in degraded jhum lands in hilly ecosystems.

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Brackin, Richard, Nicole Robinson, Prakash Lakshmanan, and Susanne Schmidt. "Soil microbial responses to labile carbon input differ in adjacent sugarcane and forest soils." Soil Research 52, no. 3 (2014): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr13276.

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Soil microbial activity can be constrained by availability of energy because soil carbon (C) occurs mostly as complex soil organic matter (SOM), with relatively small quantities of high-energy, labile C. Decomposition of SOM is mediated by energy-requiring processes that need extracellular enzymes produced by soil microbial communities. We examined how an increase in energy status via sucrose supplementation affects the production of SOM-degrading enzymes, comparing matched soils under forest and sugarcane agriculture with histories of contrasting inputs of complex and labile C. Activities of SOM-degrading enzymes increased in both soils after sucrose addition, but CO2 production increased more rapidly in the sugarcane soil. The forest soil had greater increases in phosphatase and glucosidase activities, whereas the sugarcane soil had greater increases in protease and urease activity. The contrasting microbial community-level physiological profiles of the soils further diverged at 30 and 61 days after sucrose amendment, before returning to near pre-treatment profiles by 150 days. We interpreted the increasing soil enzyme production as indicative that enzyme production was limited by energy availability in both soils, despite contrasting histories of labile v. recalcitrant C supply. Quicker responses in sugarcane soil suggest pre-selection towards populations that exploit labile inputs.

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Figueiredo, C. C., D. V. S. Resck, M. A. C. Carneiro, M. L. G. Ramos, and J. C. M. Sá. "Stratification ratio of organic matter pools influenced by management systems in a weathered Oxisol from a tropical agro-ecoregion in Brazil." Soil Research 51, no. 2 (2013): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr12186.

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Enhancement of organic matter plays an essential role in improving soil quality for supporting sustainable food production. Changes in carbon stocks with impacts on emissions of greenhouse gases may result from the stratification of organic matter as a result of soil use. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of soil management systems on soil carbon stocks and stratification ratios (SR) of soil organic matter pools. Total organic carbon (TOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), mineral-associated organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen, basal respiration, and particulate organic matter nitrogen (PON) were determined. The field experiment comprised several tillage treatments: conventional tillage, no-till with biannual rotation, no-till with biannual rotation combined with a second crop, no-till with annual rotation, and pasture. The labile fractions indicated a high level of variation among management systems. Pasture proved to be an excellent option for the improvement of soil carbon. While the conventional tillage system reduced total carbon stocks of the soil (0–40 cm), no-tillage presented TOC stocks similar to that of native vegetation. Sensitivity of the TOC SR varied from 0.93 to 1.28, a range of 0.35; the range for POC was 1.76 and for MBC 1.64. The results support the hypothesis that the labile fractions (POC, MBC, and PON) are highly sensitive to the dynamics of organic matter in highly weathered soils of tropical regions influenced by different management systems. Reductions to SRs of labile organic matter pools are related to the impacts of agricultural use of Cerrado soils.

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Tang, Haiming, Xiaoping Xiao, Chao Li, et al. "Short-term responses of soil organic carbon and its labile fractions to different manure Nitrogen input in a double-cropping rice field." Journal of Agricultural Science 158, no. 1-2 (2020): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859620000398.

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AbstractChanges in soil bulk density (BD), soil organic carbon (SOC) content, SOC stocks and soil labile organic C fractions (mineralizable C (Cmin), microbial biomass C (MBC), dissolved organic C (DOC), particulate organic C (POC), light fraction organic C (LFOC) and permanganate oxidizable C (KMnO4-C)) were explored over 3 years in a double-cropping rice system of southern China. Five organic and inorganic nitrogen (N) inputs were used: (1) 100% from chemical fertilizer (M0), (2) 30% from organic manure, 70% from chemical fertilizer (M30), (3) 50% from organic manure, 50% from chemical fertilizer (M50), (4) 100% from organic manure (M100) and (5) without N fertilizer input, as control (CK). All organic manure treatments decreased BD significantly in the 0–20 cm soil layer compared with CK. The SOC content and stocks with organic manure were significantly higher than in M0 or CK; also, the cumulative amount of SOC stocks in M30 and M50 increased at the plough layer, compared with CK. The non-labile C content increased significantly and the percentage of labile C were significantly higher with organic manure application than in M0 or CK. The soil carbon management index (CMI) also increased significantly under the application of organic manure. Therefore, application of organic manure can increase the pool of stable C in surface layers, and increase content and percentage of labile C. Based on soil carbon storage and CMI, the combined application of 30 or 50% N of organic manure with chemical fertilizer improves carbon cycling services and soil quality in southern China paddy soil.

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Meyer, S., J. Leifeld, M. Bahn, and J. Fuhrer. "Free and protected soil organic carbon dynamics respond differently to abandonment of mountain grassland." Biogeosciences Discussions 8, no. 5 (2011): 9943–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-9943-2011.

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Abstract. Land-use change (LUC) and management are among the major driving forces of soil carbon (C) storage. Abandonment of mountain grassland promotes accumulation of aboveground biomass and litter, but related responses of soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics are uncertain. To determine SOM-C turnover we sampled 0–10 cm of soils along land-use gradients (hay meadows, grazed pastures and abandoned grasslands) in the European Alps varying in management intensity at Stubai Valley (MAT: 3 °C, P: 1097 mm) in Austria and Matsch Valley (MAT: 6.6 °C, P: 527 mm) in Italy. We determined C input and decomposition rates of labile water-floatable and free particulate organic matter (wPOM, fPOM <1.6 g cm−3) and stable aggregate-occluded particulate and mineral-associated organic matter (oPOM <1.6 g cm−3, mOM >1.6 g cm−3) using bomb radiocarbon. At both sites C turnover decreased from w- and fPOM (4–8 yr) to oPOM (76–142 yr) to mOM (142–250 yr). Following abandonment C input pathways shifted from root-derived towards litter-derived C. The decomposition rates of labile wPOM-C declined with a decrease in litter quality, while both C input and C decomposition rates of labile fPOM increased with an increase in litter quantity. In contrast, protected stable SOM-C (oPOM-C, mOM-C) dynamics remained relatively unaffected by grassland abandonment. Carbon accumulation rates of labile POM fractions decreased strongly with time since LUC (10, 25 and 36 yr). For wPOM-C, for example, it decreased from 7.45 &amp;pm; 0.99 to 2.18 &amp;pm; 1.06 to 0.82 &amp;pm; 0.21 g C m−2 yr−1. At both sites, most C was sequestered in the first years after LUC and labile SOM fractions reached new steady state within 20–40 yr. We concluded that w-and fPOM-C vs. oPOM-C dynamics respond differently to grassland management change and thus POM does not represent a homogeneous SOM fraction. Sequestered C is stored in the labile readily decomposable POM fractions and not stabilized in the long-term. Thus it is unlikely that abandonment, the dominant form of LUC in the European Alps, provides a substantial net soil C sink.

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Faithfull, Carolyn, Magnus Huss, Tobias Vrede, Jan Karlsson, and Ann-Kristin Bergström. "Transfer of bacterial production based on labile carbon to higher trophic levels in an oligotrophic pelagic system." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 69, no. 1 (2012): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2011-142.

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Additions of labile organic carbon (C) enhanced bacterial production (BP) and were associated with increases in crustacean zooplankton and planktivorous fish biomasses. This was shown in a mesocosm experiment where we traced the contribution of BP to zooplankton and fish using stable isotopes and labile glucose-C as a biomarker. BP increased with glucose-C addition, and all zooplankton and fish incorporated some glucose-C. However, the effect of labile-C addition on zooplankton was taxa-dependant, as although cladocerans incorporated the most labile-C, increased BP did not affect cladoceran biomass. Instead, calanoid copepod biomass increased with glucose addition. This suggests that the ability to selectively graze on high quality food, such as bacterial grazing protists capable of trophic upgrading, had a stronger positive effect on calanoid copepods biomass than unselective grazing on bacteria and protists had on cladoceran biomass. Higher BP was associated with increased survival and population growth of young-of-the-year perch ( Perca fluviatilis ) when stocked at high densities, which suggested that BP had a density-dependant positive effect on fish growth.

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Bao, Rui, Ann P. McNichol, Jordon D. Hemingway, Mary C. Lardie Gaylord, and Timothy I. Eglinton. "Influence of Different Acid Treatments on the Radiocarbon Content Spectrum of Sedimentary Organic Matter Determined by RPO/Accelerator Mass Spectrometry." Radiocarbon 61, no. 2 (2018): 395–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2018.125.

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ABSTRACTIn practice, obtaining radiocarbon (14C) composition of organic matter (OM) in sediments requires first removing inorganic carbon (IC) by acid-treatment. Two common treatments are acid rinsing and fumigation. Resulting14C content obtained by different methods can differ, but underlying causes of these differences remain elusive. To assess the influence of different acid-treatments on14C content of sedimentary OM, we examine the variability in14C content for a range of marine and river sediments. By comparing results for unacidified and acidified sediments [HCl rinsing (RinseHCl) and HCl fumigation (FumeHCl)], we demonstrate that the two acid-treatments can affect14C content differentially. Our findings suggest that, for low-carbonate samples, RinseHClaffects the Fm values due to loss of young labile organic carbon (OC). FumeHClmakes the Fm values for labile OC decrease, leaving the residual OC older. High-carbonate samples can lose relatively old organic components during RinseHCl, causing the Fm values of remaining OC to increase. FumeHClcan remove thermally labile, usually young, OC and reduce the Fm values. We suggest three factors should be taken into account when using acid to remove carbonate from sediments: IC abundance, proportions of labile and refractory OC, and environmental matrix.

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Wei, Hui, Jialin Xu, Guoming Quan, Jiaen Zhang, and Zhong Qin. "Invasion of Praxelis clematidea increases the chemically non-labile rather than labile soil organic carbon in a tropical savanna." Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 64, no. 3 (2017): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2017.1359412.

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Fang, C., P. Smith, and J. U. Smith. "Is resistant soil organic matter more sensitive to temperature than the labile organic matter?" Biogeosciences 3, no. 1 (2006): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-65-2006.

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Abstract. A recent paper by Knorr et al. (2005a) suggested that the decomposition of resistant soil organic matter is more temperature sensitive than labile organic matter. In Knorr et al.'s (2005a) model, the reference decay rate was presumed to be same for all pools of soil carbon. We refit Knorr et al.'s (2005a) model but allow both the activation energy and the reference decay rate to vary among soil C pools. Under these conditions, a similar fit to measured data can be obtained without invoking the assumption that the resistant C pool is more temperature sensitive than the labile pool. Other published evidence does not unequivocally support Knorr et al.'s (2005a) hypothesis of increased temperature sensitivity of resistant pools of soil carbon. Because of the lack of experimental data, Knorr et al.'s (2005a) conclusion that the decomposition of the resistant SOM is more temperature sensitive than the labile pool is premature.

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Li, Shuo, Xiushuang Li, Wenling Zhu, Juan Chen, Xiaohong Tian, and Jianglan Shi. "Does Straw Return Strategy Influence Soil Carbon Sequestration and Labile Fractions?" Agronomy Journal 111, no. 2 (2019): 897–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2018.08.0484.

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Sequeira, Cleiton H., Marcus M. Alley, and Brian P. Jones. "Evaluation of potentially labile soil organic carbon and nitrogen fractionation procedures." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 43, no. 2 (2011): 438–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.11.014.

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Wang, Q., F. Xiao, F. Zhang, and S. Wang. "Labile soil organic carbon and microbial activity in three subtropical plantations." Forestry 86, no. 5 (2013): 569–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpt024.

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