Academic literature on the topic 'Labor Economics (Specific Aspects)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Labor Economics (Specific Aspects)"
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Shovkhalov, Sh A. "Islamic Economics’ Perspective on Labor Relations." Entrepreneur’s Guide 14, no. 3 (July 7, 2021): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24182/2073-9885-2021-14-3-179-185.
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The situation when employees are not paid wages is more common nowadays, and labor conflicts are mainly related to this. In the Islamic economy, wage arrears and all issues related to it are of fundamental importance, since the relationship between the manager and employees is much closer than with counterparties or creditors. In addition, there are specific aspects that should be taken into account when analyzing these kinds of questions. The purpose of this article is to explore the Islamic economics view of labor relations.
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Mokrousova, Daria I., and Maria A. Pokusaenko. "Gender-Specific Aspects of Precariat." Journal of Economic Regulation 11, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17835/2078-5429.2020.11.4.132-144.
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One of the most vulnerable groups presented in precariat in addition to graduate students are women. Thanks to the importance of their social role as mother women are forced to enter into non-stable, short- term employment relationships with lower remuneration and lower level of career opportunities than man have. Relevance of this problem is often demonstrated in Mass media, in research and discussions of such important global institutions as World Bank, International Labor Organization, The World Economic Forum. These organizations also provide us with important statistical data about gender discrimination around the world including preparation of annual reports such as Women, Business and The Law and also the preparation of indexes of gender equality. This data enables to evaluate the level of gender equality in the labor market around the world and estimate the peculiarities of different countries in sphere of legislative regulation of gender discrimination. The analysis of these laws and other limitations will help us to identify main obstacles that prevent women to work at the same jobs and the same positions as men do and as a consequence to influence women’s choice in favour of unstable or precarious job positions.
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Mokrousova, Daria I., and Maria A. Pokusaenko. "Gender-Specific Aspects of Precariat." Journal of Economic Regulation 11, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17835/2078-5429.2020.11.4.132-144.
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One of the most vulnerable groups presented in precariat in addition to graduate students are women. Thanks to the importance of their social role as mother women are forced to enter into non-stable, short- term employment relationships with lower remuneration and lower level of career opportunities than man have. Relevance of this problem is often demonstrated in Mass media, in research and discussions of such important global institutions as World Bank, International Labor Organization, The World Economic Forum. These organizations also provide us with important statistical data about gender discrimination around the world including preparation of annual reports such as Women, Business and The Law and also the preparation of indexes of gender equality. This data enables to evaluate the level of gender equality in the labor market around the world and estimate the peculiarities of different countries in sphere of legislative regulation of gender discrimination. The analysis of these laws and other limitations will help us to identify main obstacles that prevent women to work at the same jobs and the same positions as men do and as a consequence to influence women’s choice in favour of unstable or precarious job positions.
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POTEMKIN, Leonid, and Antonina POTEMKINA. "ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE MANAGERIAL PROCESS IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 4, no. 4 (October 30, 2019): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2019-4-27.
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Introduction. The article discusses the most pressing scientific issues, basic economic laws and concepts that affect the process of management and motivation of hired personnel, based on the position of increasing the efficiency of agricultural enterprises functioning. Results. In modern conditions, interests between the actual owners of enterprises and operating personnel have sharpened. The first strive to maximize profits. To do this, they use official, and mainly shadow income. In the second category, they apply simple management methods (dismissal from work, violation of labor laws, payment of salaries in envelopes, etc.). In this situation, it is necessary to clearly monitor the actions of the owners. It is advisable to assign this function to the personnel of the enterprise and trade union bodies. Conclusions. The relationship process of the concepts of expanded market production, distribution by labor and the cost of agricultural products, as well as labor prices is considered. The article proves that the interconnection of the concepts of value and labor regulation is reduced to free pricing and acceleration of the cash flow rate. Effective organization of the personnel management process reduces the cost of production and products sales and, automatically, increases the income of the owner. Therefore, it becomes possible to form motivation funds and accrue dividends. In the article, the authors substantiate the opinion that the interaction level of the concept of distribution according to work and the law of value is due to their essence and manifestation form in specific economic reality. The distribution process can be based on a specific or abstract work, as well as their combination. There is no consensus among economists on this issue. Key words: economic laws, concepts, industrial enterprises, factors, interconnection, material motivation, employees, employees, management.
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Dobrydnev, S. I., and T. S. Dobrydneva. "APPLYING CONSUMER BEHAVIOR MODEL TO THE STUFF LABOR MOTIVATION." Economics Profession Business, no. 2 (June 10, 2021): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/epb202121.
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The article appeals to the problem of designing motivation model for the labor behavior of company stuff. Human behavior is one of the key areas of research in many fields of knowledge. The main forms of human behavior in economics are consumer and labor behavior. For each of them, extensive theoretical and practical material has been developed, a significant variety of behaviors has been proposed. Moreover, in the absence of general models of human behavior that would be applicable in any field of his activity, each science develops its own methodological apparatus and builds models based on its own approaches. Models of consumer behavior describe a clearly defined object (purchasing act), are specific and practically oriented. Patterns of labour behaviour are more general and relate to conduct in general, but not to a specific act of activity. The article attempts to apply the principles of building models of consumer behavior to modeling labor behavior. The model of type “Definition of target actions — Stimulus selection — Information and desire — Choice and location — Check and preference — Confirmation and relation” is proposed. The content of these stages for the task of changing labor behavior is shown. A methodological feature of the model is the isolation of rational and emotional aspects in some elements of labor behavior.
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Ryazanova, G. "The influence of classical philosophy on the transformation of economics and economic institutions." Entrepreneur’s Guide 13, no. 4 (November 23, 2020): 268–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24182/2073-9885-2020-13-4-268-278.
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The author reveals the connection between philosophical and economic thought in the classical period. The influence of philosophy on political and economic aspects of national economy development in the pre–scientific and scientific periods is revealed. The features of philosophical and worldview concepts of classicism that reflect the specifics of the era are indicated. The analysis of the relationship between classical philosophy and Economics has shown the influence of spiritual and moral aspects of the epoch, transcendentalism, rationalism, and a apriorism on economic theories based on the mechanistic paradigm, the logic of economic laws, and clear and unambiguous provisions for the formation and development of economic institutions. A model is presented that reveals the interaction of economic institutions from the position of classical philosophy in terms of the individualistic concept of behavior of classical economic agents, the Institute of labor resources as the basis of value and wealth, balance as a key element of the self–regulating order and distribution of economic benefits, and other aspects.
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FENOALTEA, STEFANO. "Peeking Backward: Regional Aspects of Industrial Growth in Post-Unification Italy." Journal of Economic History 63, no. 4 (December 2003): 1059–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050703002535.
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The new sectoral estimates of industrial production in 1871, 1881, 1901, and 1911 are regionally allocated using census labor-force data. The regional aggregates suggest that the “industrial triangle” emerged over these decades out of a traditional surplus-recycling economy. The concomitant change in the industrial rankings argues against attributing the regions' different paths to their different initial conditions; surprisingly, too, overall growth does not seem closely tied to industrial development. The disaggregated estimates suggest in turn that the industrial structure of the various regions remained relatively similar, as if comparative advantages were generically industrial rather than sector-specific.
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Bielova, Alla, Nataliia Zhuravska, Gheorghij Olijnyk, Svetlana Koval, and Alona Kochedykova. "Labor market: problematic aspects of informal employment in Ukraine." SHS Web of Conferences 67 (2019): 06005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196706005.
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The subject of the article is the study of specific problems of informal employment of people in the labor market of Ukraine by analyzing the statistical estimation of dynamics and structure of some indicators in 2015 and 2017. The study used general scientific and special statistical methods: analysis of dynamics and synthesis, analogy and comparison, expert assessments, etc. On the basis of the study of the numerical characteristics of the main indicators of the labor market, an analysis of certain aspects of the problems of the informal sector in the field of employment and unemployment in Ukraine was conducted, as well as the main prospects for their possible future solution in the modern economic conditions. It is determined that coordination of efforts of the authorities at all levels in the implementation of the employment policy and reduction of its shadowing scale is impossible without a scientifically based comprehensive national program for promoting employment aimed at ensuring a balanced supply and demand for labor in the labor market.
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Stasiuk, Andriy. "THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION PROCESSES ON THE ECONOMY ON THE EXAMPLE OF UKRAINE." Green, Blue and Digital Economy Journal 3, no. 2 (October 30, 2022): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2661-5169/2022-2-3.
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The need to study the consequences of international migration processes is urgent for Ukraine, which is the general purpose of this work. The purpose of this work is to generalize theoretical approaches to the study of methods of analysis of the impact of international migration processes on the economy of the state, to study specific aspects of the impact on the economy of Ukraine. Despite the fact that the theoretical base, although present, cannot fully reveal all the aspects presented in the work, there is a need to use a significant methodological apparatus. The methods of induction, deduction, synthesis and analysis, comparison, historical retrospective, economic-mathematical analysis, graphic method for visual presentation of the results were used to write this research. The object of research in this paper is actually the processes of international labor migrations at the current stage of development. The subject of research in this paper is the economic aspect of the consequences of international labor migration for the economy of the country in the conditions of globalization. The practical significance of the article is to study the impact of international migration processes on the economy of Ukraine. The bottom line is that similar works were mainly aimed at studying the effects of individual factors that shape international migration processes or at the limited economies of individual countries that have their own characteristics and, accordingly, such conclusions cannot be extrapolated to absolutely all world economy. Value/originality lies in the fact that the article analyzed applied aspects of the impact of international migration processes on the economy of Ukraine. As a result of the study, key aspects of the positive and negative impact of international migration processes on the economic development of countries were analyzed. It was found that despite the presence of positive aspects of the impact of migration in the overall result, the labor donor country still loses. And on the example of Ukraine, we found that as a result of migration, the Ukrainian economy still loses.
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Hoffmann, Eran B., Davide Malacrino, and Luigi Pistaferri. "Earnings dynamics and labor market reforms: The Italian case." Quantitative Economics 13, no. 4 (2022): 1637–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/qe1865.
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This paper summarizes statistics on the key aspects of the distribution of earnings levels and earnings changes using administrative (social security) data from Italy between 1985 and 2016. During the time covered by our data, earnings inequality and earnings volatility increased, while earnings mobility did not change significantly. We connect these trends with some salient facts about the Italian labor market, in particular the labor market reforms of the 1990s and 2000s, which induced a substantial rise in fixed‐term and part‐time employment. The rise in part‐time work explains much of the rise in earnings inequality, while the rise in fixed‐term contracts explains much of the rise in volatility. Both of these trends affect the earnings distribution through hours worked: part‐time jobs reduce hours worked within a week, while fixed‐term contracts reduce the number of weeks worked during the year as well as increase their volatility. We only find weak evidence that fixed‐term contracts represent a “stepping‐stone” to permanent employment. Finally, we offer suggestive evidence that the labor market reforms contributed to the slowdown in labor productivity in Italy by delaying human capital accumulation (in the form of general and firm‐specific experience) of recent cohorts.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Labor Economics (Specific Aspects)"
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Sonderhof, Katja Alena [Verfasser]. "Empirical essays on different aspects of labor economics / Katja Alena Sonderhof." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1004976070/34.
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Irons, Benjamin Mark. "Essays in labour and behavioural economics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5452462d-540d-402a-9d4b-5435b4118985.
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The entire literature on adverse selection in the labour market spawned by Greenwald (1986, Review of Economic Studies, 63(3)) has been built, somewhat unwittingly, on the assumption that firms forget the type of a worker after the worker quits. In many contexts, this assumption is implausible. The first three chapters of this thesis therefore explore an alternative approach to modelling labour markets with asymmetric information by assuming firms will never forget a worker's type. The first chapter turns the standard Greenwald result on its head by showing that if the worker knows her own type and productivity is unchanging, the possibility of competitive wage offers from fully-informed previous employers means that adverse selection will never persist. Job changing frictions can cause a semi-separating equilibrium where the more productive workers have their type revealed whilst the least productive workers receive a pooling payoff. But even where asymmetric information persists there is no adverse selection because job changing frictions shield potential employers from the winner's curse. The second chapter investigates the robustness of the non-persistence of adverse selection result where previous employers are asymmetrically informed. The result is found to be robust where firms bid for the worker under a closed but not an open auction. The third chapter finds that, if workers are not sure of their exact value to their employer, there will be an adversely selected stream of job changers in equilibrium, even as the probability of a worker quitting for exogenous reasons approaches zero. Less able workers are quickly revealed as such, whilst more able workers have their type revealed gradually. The fourth substantive chapter of this thesis investigates the widely observed paradox that, despite what traditional economics would lead us to believe, there can be such a thing as too much choice. The model provides a formal theoretical explanation for this phenomenon using the regret theory of Loomes and Sugden (1982, Economic Journal, 92(368)). When options are few it is shown that enlarging the choice set improves welfare, but when options are many, a "less is more" phenomenon emerges. In some cases, excess search options can decrease search.
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Weinstein, Amanda L. "A Regional Approach to Productive Skills." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1373386096.
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Peng, Xiao Art. "Three essays in teacher value added| Teacher assignments from the self-contained classroom to the subject-specific classroom." Thesis, Vanderbilt University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3584412.
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Shure, Dominique Alexandra. "Essays in education economics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4c4e9922-1028-41eb-ad81-7ab74b80311b.
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This thesis examines three different aspects of education policy to ascertain their effects on individual outcomes, both in the classroom and in the labour market. The goal is to provide new empirical evidence using robust identification strategies that can inform better policy. The first chapter looks at the role of pre-primary education in Germany using the German Socio-Economic Panel data set (GSOEP) to determine if attending an early education programme for longer increases the probability of attending a higher-level secondary school at age fourteen. I employ family fixed effects estimation and quasi-experimental analysis to control for selection. The results of the family fixed effects estimation show a small and negative impact of attending early education for more years. In the quasi-experimental analysis, based upon a federal law change in 1996, I find no impact of more years of early education on later schooling outcomes. In the second chapter of this thesis, I again use the GSOEP to examine the recent German reform to extend the length of the primary school day. I exploit the quasi-experimental roll-out of reform to assign treatment to women and look at whether increasing school hours increases the likelihood that mothers enter into employment or extend their hours if already working. I find that the policy has an effect at the extensive margin, drawing more women into the labour market, but that there is no significant impact of the policy at the intensive margin. In the final chapter I turn my attention to how peers' non-cognitive traits impact an individual's learning outcomes. Using an educational panel from Flanders, Belgium, I use the linear-in- means model of peer effects as well as several non-linear models to see how peers' personalities in a classroom affect Dutch and math scores. The results show that having more conscientious peers on average positively impacts Dutch and math scores, but that a greater dispersion of conscientiousness hurts Dutch outcomes. I also find that having more extroverted peers on average hurts math performance.
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Caria, Antonio Stefano. "Efficiency and other-regarding preferences in information and job-referral networks." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4c243348-af82-4cdc-b402-e75997e4a599.
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In this thesis I study how networks are formed and I analyse the strategies that well-connected individuals adopt in public good games on a network. In chapter one I study an artefactual field experiment in rural India which tests whether farmers can create efficient networks in a repeated link formation game, and whether group categorisation increases the frequency of in-group links and reduces network efficiency. I find that the efficiency of the networks formed in the experiment is significantly lower than the efficiency which could be achieved under selfish, rational play. When information about group membership is disclosed, in-group links are chosen more frequently, while the efficiency of network structure is not significantly affected. Using a job-referral network experiment in an urban area of Ethiopia, I investigate in chapter two whether individuals create new links with the least connected players in the network. In a first treatment, competition for job-referrals makes it in the player's interest to link with the least connected partners. In this treatment, links to the least connected players are significantly more likely than links to better connected individuals. In a second treatment, connections only affect the welfare of the new partner. Choosing the least connected player minimises inequality and maximises aggregate efficiency. This may motivate other-regarding players. In this treatment, however, links to least connected partners are not significantly more likely than links to other players. In chapter three I explore the characteristics that individuals value in the people they approach for advice. Using cross-sectional data on cocoa farmers in Ghanaian villages and a matched lottery experiment, I find an association between the difference in the aversion to risk of two farmers and the probability that one farmer is interested in the advice of the other farmer. In chapter four I study a one-shot public good game in rural India between farmers connected by a star network. Contributions by the centre of the star have a larger impact on aggregate payoffs than contributions by the spoke players. I use the strategy method to study whether the centre of the star contributes more than the average of the spokes. In selected sessions, I disclose participants' expectations about the choices of the centre of star. I find that the centre player contributes just as much as the average of the spokes, and that he is influenced by the expectations that other players hold about his decisions.
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Sharpe, James. "Three Essays on the Economic Impact of Immigration." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/economics_etds/20.
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With the significant rise in immigration to the U.S. over the last few decades, fully understanding the economic impact of immigration is paramount for policy makers. As such, this dissertation consists of three empirical essays contributing to the literature on the impact of immigration. In my first essay, I re-examine the impact of immigration on housing rents and completely controlling for endogenous location choices of immigrants. I model rents as a function of both contemporaneous and initial economic and housing market conditions. I show that existing estimates of the impact of immigration on rents are biased and the source of the bias is the instrumental variable strategy common in much of the immigration literature. In my second essay, I present a new approach to estimating the effect of immigration on native wages. Noting the imperfect substitutability of immigrants and natives within education groups, I posit an empirical framework where labor markets are stratified by occupations. Using occupation-specific skill to define homogeneous skill groups, I estimate the partial equilibrium (within skill group) effect of immigration. The results suggest that when one defines labor market cohorts that directly compete in the labor market, the effect of immigration on native wages is roughly twice as large as previous estimates in the literature. In my third essay, I return to the housing market and examine the effects of immigration within metropolitan areas. Specifically, I investigate the relationship between immigrant inflows, native outflows, and rents. Taking advantage of the unique settlement patterns of immigrants, I show that the effect of immigration on rents is lower in both high-immigrant neighborhoods and portions of the rent distribution where immigrants cluster. Contrary to the existing belief in the literature, the results suggest that the preferences of natives, not immigrants, bid up rents in response to an immigrant inflow.
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Franklin, Simon. "Essays on labour market frictions in developing countries." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f222bf6a-46de-4a8b-b942-fd1ff7b13670.
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This thesis is about imperfections in urban labour markets of three developing countries. I study how physical living conditions place constraints on labour force participation, and increase risks associated with unemployment. In Chapter One I test for the impact of high search costs on labour market outcomes of job seekers. I use a randomized trial of transport subsidies among youth living far away from the centre of the city in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Lowering transport costs increases the intensity of job search and leads to better employment outcomes. Weekly phone call data shows that treatment works to stop job search activity from declining over time. I show that the results are consistent with a dynamic model of job search with cash constraints and monetary search costs. Income from temporary work is used to smooth consumption and pay for the costs of search. I find that subsidies reduce participation in temporary work. Chapter Two looks at the links between poor housing conditions in slums and market labour supply. I test for the effect of free government housing in South Africa on households, using four waves of panel data and a natural experiment due to the allocation of new housing according to proximity from housing projects. I then use planned but cancelled projects to control for non-random selection of housing project sites. I find that government housing leads to large increases in household incomes from wage work, and increases in the labour supply of female household members. I argue that these results are due to reduced burdens of work in the home of improved housing, especially for women. In Chapter Three we look at how labour markets respond to large but temporary economic shocks caused by typhoons in the Philippines. We use quarterly aggregate, repeated-cross sectional and panel data to demonstrate robust evidence of downward wage flexibility. Lay-offs do not occur when storms hits, but hours per worker fall. We explain these results with a model of implicit contracts under which risk is shared between workers and firms through wage cuts, but workers are insured against lay-offs so that adjustments in labour demand occur through reductions in hours per worker. Our results are particularly strong for workers in long term contractual relationships in the private sector.
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Thulin, Per. "Essays on Regional Growth, Comparative Advantages and Foreign Direct Investments." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Transporter och samhällsekonomi (stängd 20110301), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11846.
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This thesis consists of four essays, covering four different topics. The first essay investigates the relationship between inter-firm labor mobility and regional productivity growth. Previous studies have shown that density is positively correlated with growth. I claim that it is not density in itself, but rather the attributes associated with it that drives economic growth. One such attribute is the increased possibility for labor mobility and knowledge diffusion that follows when firms and individuals locate in close proximity to each other. This hypothesis is tested using density as an instrument for labor mobility. The result shows that labor mobility increases regional growth rates. The second essay examines the relationship between agglomeration economies and relative wage costs in influencing location of multinational corporations. An inflow of firms to certain regions and industries is likely to increase demand for labor. If mobility of labor is low increased costs can be expected to deter additional inflows of firms, albeit agglomeration economies may compensate for higher wages. The empirical analysis finds that FDI has become increasingly sensitive to differences in wage costs across industrialized countries, but also that agglomeration economies related to knowledge externalities positively influences higher costs. The third essay looks at the impact of FDI on home country investments. Previous research has been inconclusive as regards the effects on domestic investments. In this article, we show that this inconclusiveness can be explained at a disaggregated level as a function of the way industries are organized. We argue that a complementary relationship can be expected to prevail in vertically integrated industries, whereas a substitutionary relationship can be expected in horizontally organized production. The empirical analysis confirms a significant difference between the two categories of industry as regards the impact of outward FDI on domestic investment. The fourth, and final, essay of this thesis analyses how increased R&D expenditures and market size influence the distribution of comparative advantage. Previous studies report ambiguous results and also refer to periods when markets were much more segmented and production factors less mobile. The empirical analysis comprises 19 OECD-countries and spans the period 1981 to 1999. It is shown how an increase in R&D-expenditures by one percentage point implies a three-percentage point increase in high-technology exports, whereas market size fails to attain significance. In addition, institutional factors influence the dynamics of comparative advantage.
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Azong, Jecynta A. "Economic policy, childcare and the unpaid economy : exploring gender equality in Scotland." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/22827.
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The research undertaken represents an in-depth study of gender and economics from a multi-disciplinary perspective. By drawing on economic, social policy and political science literature it makes an original contribution to the disciplines of economics and feminist economics by advancing ideas on a feminist theory of policy change and institutional design. Equally, the study develops a framework for a multi-method approach to feminist research with applied policy focus by establishing a pragmatic feminist research paradigm. By espousing multiple research philosophies, it extends understanding of gender differences in policy outcomes by connecting theories from feminist economics, feminist historical institutionalism and ideational processes. Jointly funded by the Economic and Social Research Council UK and the Scottish Government, this project attempts to answer three key questions: What is the relative position of men and women in the Scottish economy and how do childcare responsibilities influence these? Which institutions, structures and processes have been instrumental in embedding gender in Scottish economic policy? To what extent and how is the Scottish Government’s approach to economic policy gendered? Quantitative analysis reveals persistently disproportionate differences in men and women’s position in the labour market. Women remain over-represented in part-time employment and in the public sector in the 10years under investigation. Using panel data, the multinomial logistic regression estimation of patterns in labour market transitions equally reveal disproportionate gendered patterns, with families with dependent children 0-4years at a disadvantage to those without. Qualitative analysis indicates that these differences are partly explained by the fact that the unpaid economy still remains invisible to policymakers despite changes in the institutional design, policy processes and the approach to equality policymaking undertaken in Scotland. Unpaid childcare work is not represented as policy relevant and the way gender, equality and gender equality are conceptualised within institutional sites and on political agendas pose various challenges for policy development on unpaid childcare work and gender equality in general. Additionally, policymakers in Scotland do not integrate both the paid and unpaid economies in economic policy formulation since social policy and economic policy are designed separately. The study also establishes that the range of institutions and actors that make-up the institutional setting for regulating and promoting equality, influence how equality issues are treated within a national context. In Scotland, equality regulating institutions such as parliament, the Scottish Government, equality commission and the law are instrumental variables in determining the range of equality issues that are embedded in an equality infrastructure and the extent to which equality issues, including gender, are consequently embedded in public policy and government budgets. Significantly despite meeting all the attributes of an equality issue, unpaid care is not classified as a protected characteristic in the Equality legislation. These institutions can ameliorate, sustain or perpetuate the delivery of unequitable policy outcomes for men and women in the mutually dependent paid and unpaid economy. Thus, economic, social and political institutions are not independent from one another but are interrelated in complex ways that subsequently have material consequences on men and women in society. In summary, there are interlinkages between the law, labour market, the unpaid economy, the welfare state and gendered political institutions such that policy or institutional change in one will be dependent on or trigger change in another. These institutions are gendered, but are also interlinked and underpin the gender structure of other institutions to the extent that the gendered norms and ideas embedded in one institution, for example legislation or political institutions, structure the gendered dimensions of the labour market, welfare state, and the unpaid economy. By shedding light on institutional and political forces that regulate equality in addition to macroeconomic forces, the analysis reveals the important role of institutions, policy actors and their ideas as instrumental forces which constantly define, redefine and reconstruct the labour market experiences of men and women with significant material consequences.
Books on the topic "Labor Economics (Specific Aspects)"
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Sayer, Andrew. The new social economy: Reworking the division of labor. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1992.
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Stewart, Smith Robert, ed. Modern labor economics. 2nd ed. Glenview, Ill: Scott, Foresman and Co., 1985.
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Takizawa, H. Job-specific investment and the cost of dismissal restrictions: The case of Portugal. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, European I Department, 2003.
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Ehrenberg, Ronald G. Modern labor economics: Theory and public policy. Boston: Pearson/Addison Wesley, 2009.
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Ehrenberg, Ronald G. Modern labor economics: Theory and public policy. 3rd ed. Glenview, Ill: Scott, Foresman, 1987.
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Ehrenberg, Ronald G. Modern labor economics: Theory and public policy. 3rd ed. Glenview, Ill: Scott, Foresman, 1988.
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Ehrenberg, Ronald G. Modern labor economics: Theory and public policy. 4th ed. New York: HarperCollins, 1991.
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Stewart, Smith Robert, ed. Modern labor economics: Theory and public policy. 5th ed. New York: HarperCollins College Publishers, 1994.
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Stewart, Smith Robert, ed. Modern labor economics: Theory and public policy. 7th ed. Reading, Mass: Addison Wesley, 2000.
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Stewart, Smith Robert, ed. Modern labor economics: Theory and public policy. 6th ed. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Labor Economics (Specific Aspects)"
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Grubel, Herbert G. "The Economics of International Labor and Capital Flows." In Economic Aspects of International Migration, 75–92. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78749-2_3.
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Oi, Shinji. "Investment in General and Specific Human Capital: Social Optimality via Labor Turnover." In SpringerBriefs in Economics, 19–35. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8700-7_2.
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Casoria, Fortuna, Arno Riedl, and Peter Werner. "Behavioral Aspects of Communication in Organizations." In Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, 1–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57365-6_149-1.
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Moreno-Fuentes, Francisco Javier. "Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Spain." In IMISCOE Research Series, 405–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51241-5_27.
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Abstract From traditional country of emigration, Spain became a country of immigration in a relatively short period, practically catching up with the rest of Western European countries in terms of percentage of population of foreign origin by 2010. The hybrid nature of its welfare regime, a combination of social insurance schemes and universalistic programs, determined the eligibility of foreign populations to each specific social protection scheme. In basic terms, foreigners can access Spanish social protection schemes through their participation in the labour market (for social insurance programs), and their residence in Spanish territory (for schemes based on a universalistic logic). The international agreements signed by Spain are a key aspect as well in determining welfare entitlements for foreigners, particularly in the case of nationals from other EU member states and Latin America. The strong reliance on contributory schemes, and the significant role played by the underground economy, leave economic migrants (particularly undocumented ones) without much social protection. The economic crisis initiated in 2008 implied an increase in immigrants’ vulnerability, but their actual welfare take-up decreased due to their more limited access to the formal labour market, and the restrictive conditions of targeted social assistance schemes.
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Falchetta, Giacomo, and Simone Tagliapietra. "Economics of Access to Energy." In The Palgrave Handbook of International Energy Economics, 567–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86884-0_28.
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AbstractEnergy services underpin the socio-economic development of nations and their prosperity. This chapter discusses the key obstacles that have so far prevented 840 million people worldwide from gaining access to electricity and 2.9 billion from accessing clean cooking facilities. The authors argue that the problem of access to modern commercial energy is fundamentally an economic one. They explore the different yet common roots linking energy access to technological, governance, and financing aspects. The electricity and clean cooking challenges are firstly discussed separately to highlight the specific techno-economic issues underlying each service. This is beneficial to a conclusive discussion of the key economic policy instruments and financing approaches necessary to achieve universal access to modern energy.
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Wildman, Wesley J. "Out with the Old, In with the New? From Conceptual Reconstruction in Philosophical Anthropology to a Realistic Theory of Change." In Relational Anthropology for Contemporary Economics, 181–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84690-9_11.
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AbstractPhilosophers have solid analyses of defective understandings of the human condition and regularly propose inspirational alternatives that would seem to have the promise of changing the fortunes and fate of our species. But philosophers sometimes over-generalize in their criticisms, attributing to a vast cultural complex a specific anthropological understanding when in fact any large culture plays host to a large variety of mutually inconsistent anthropological visions. Moreover, philosophers rarely demonstrate that a culture-level change in anthropological understandings would have the effects they claim and they virtually never spell out a theory of change by which such a culture-level transformation could ever be realized. This paper begins in philosophical anthropology, spelling out two specific problematic aspects of contemporary western human self-understanding: individualism and cognitive error; two corresponding correctives: relationality and self-awareness; and two spiritual translations of these corrective measures: love as agape and karuna and wisdom as knowledge and humility. The argument then transitions to practical questions about what differences the envisaged transformation in ideas about human nature might be expected to make on socioeconomic conditions and how such changes might be implemented to realize the envisaged changes. The conclusion is that the anthropological insights of philosophers would be best served by a partnership with education and policy experts that would add realism about the conditions for social change to the generative creativity of philosophical analysis.
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Château, Bertrand. "Energy Demand Drivers." In The Palgrave Handbook of International Energy Economics, 511–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86884-0_26.
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AbstractCountries with similar level of economic development and energy prices may show significant differences as regards energy/cap and dynamics of energy demand in relation to GDP and prices. Climate, endowment in natural resources and geography are obviously discriminating factors. Policies and cultural habits also, through technology choices and social behaviour orientations. This chapter helps to better understand which are the actual drivers of energy demand and how they play. It proposes first an overview of the issue: the actual needs behind energy demand, the specific role of actors and social forces in the energy dynamics and its timing and so on. It then discusses in greater depth the critical aspects of energy demand in the three consuming macro-sectors: industry, transport and buildings. Finally, the determinants of increasing electrification are discussed.
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Neeteson, Anne-Marie, Santiago Avendaño, and Alfons Koerhuis. "Poultry breeding for sustainability and welfare." In The economics of farm animal welfare: theory, evidence and policy, 117–46. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786392312.0117.
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Abstract Animal breeding for welfare and sustainability requires improving and optimizing environmental impact, productivity, robustness and welfare. Breeding is a long-term exercise at the start of the food chain with permanent cumulative outcomes, disseminated widely. This chapter explains, with a focus on poultry, breeding programme design and how broadening breeding goals and managing trait antagonism results in balanced breeding and more robust animal populations. Breeding progress in skeleton and skin health, physiology and body composition, and behaviour are addressed. The economic impact of welfare and environmental improvements is worked out, and the ethical and societal aspects of genetic improvement are put into perspective. The consideration of feedbacks of all stakeholders, including customers and the wider society, is crucial. For each crossbreed, breeders will continue to improve overall welfare, health, productivity and environmental impact, but between the crossbreeds there will be clear differences answering specific demands of concepts and brands.
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Briziarelli, Marco. "Utopia, Labor, and Informational Capitalism." In Socio-Economic Development, 817–36. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7311-1.ch043.
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Through the lens of a political economic approach, I consider the question whether or not social media can promote social change. I claim that whereas media have consistently channeled technological utopia/dystopia, thus be constantly linked to aspirations and fear of social change, the answer to that question does not depend on their specific nature but on historically specific social relations in which media operate. In the case here considered, it requires examining the social relations re-producing and produced by informational capitalism. More specifically, I examine how the productive relations that support user generated content practices of Facebook users affect social media in their capability to reproduce and transform existing social contexts. Drawing on Fuchs and Sevignani's (2013) distinction between “work” and “labor” I claim that social media reflect the ambivalent nature of current capitalist mode of production: a contest in which exploitative/emancipatory as well as reproductive/transformative aspects are articulated by liberal ideology.
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Briziarelli, Marco. "Utopia, Labor, and Informational Capitalism." In Promoting Social Change and Democracy through Information Technology, 49–68. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8502-4.ch003.
Full textAbstract:
Through the lens of a political economic approach, I consider the question whether or not social media can promote social change. I claim that whereas media have consistently channeled technological utopia/dystopia, thus be constantly linked to aspirations and fear of social change, the answer to that question does not depend on their specific nature but on historically specific social relations in which media operate. In the case here considered, it requires examining the social relations re-producing and produced by informational capitalism. More specifically, I examine how the productive relations that support user generated content practices of Facebook users affect social media in their capability to reproduce and transform existing social contexts. Drawing on Fuchs and Sevignani's (2013) distinction between “work” and “labor” I claim that social media reflect the ambivalent nature of current capitalist mode of production: a contest in which exploitative/emancipatory as well as reproductive/transformative aspects are articulated by liberal ideology.
Conference papers on the topic "Labor Economics (Specific Aspects)"
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KARNUPA, Indra, Janis IEVINS, and Inese VILCANE. "MOST SPECIFIC INCONSISTENCIES OF LABOR SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY ENTERPRISES." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.243.
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The construction industry and the safety of workers in it is also related to the agricultural sector and its development. The construction industry is one of the most dangerous sectors in the world where employees relatively often suffer from accidents. The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of labor safety management systems in construction industry enterprises. The main goal of the study is to detect the most significant inconsistencies in the labor safety management system, to develop the necessary actions and activity, which ensure the elimination of inconsistencies or minimization of their consequences, and also provide an economic benefit for the company. Since the purpose of this study is to ensure that the construction company, knowing the most common weaknesses in the system, is preventive in dealing with these issues. The study methods used are secondary data analysis, case study and expert observations in ten companies that chooses to implement the OHSAS Standard. A total of 35 external audit reports were analyzed for the period 2008 to 2016. The study examines the role of labor safety management systems in construction industry enterprises. The study identifies the problems and influencing factors associated with implementation and maintenance of the systems. The work analyzes theoretical aspects of the safety culture, its development and choices of the labor safety culture in the organization. Requirements of labor safety legislation in the European Union are reviewed and how these requirements are integrated into Latvian legislation, and specifically in the enterprises of the reviewed sector. The most significant inconsistencies of the labor safety management system was identified and summarized in construction companies.
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Briža, Ilze, and Anita Pipere. "Work-based Learning in Professional Education of Latvia: Historical Development." In 79th International Scientific Conference of University of Latvia. University of Latvia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/htqe.2021.65.
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The Latvian labor market has been facing the problem of a quality labor force shortage for several years now. The acquisition of demanded specialties in Latvia is possible in the framework of professional education, which is offered at three levels – the level of primary education, professional secondary education, and professional higher education. Since 2015, work-based learning has been introduced in the professional education of Latvia, serving as a measure for the economic enhancement for the entry of quality labor force into the labor market. As a part of this initiative, educational institutions in cooperation with employers develop curricula that match the requirements of the labor market. This learning model is based on an example of a higher professional education model, where practical skills are acquired mostly during the students’ field practice. To conduct the empirical research on work-based learning in higher professional education, at first, it is necessary to look at the historical aspects of this learning model. The given article provides historical evidence, describing the historical development of work-based learning in professional education in Latvia. The beginnings of work-based learning in Latvia date back to the 14-15th century, but for the first time given form of education in its contemporary meaning has been introduced in Soviet times, as historical sources show the calls for get to know work experience as an integral part of communist work schools. After the regaining of independence, Latvia focuses on building the democratic education system, and since 2015 work-based learning is explicit in the Law on Professional Education as a specific form of education. Since its inception, work-based learning has reflected the public’s perceptions of the necessary specialties in the labor market.
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Petrova, Daniela. "LEGAL ASPECTS OF DIGITAL INNOVATION IN THE FIELD OF LABOR LAW." In EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND DIGITAL INNOVATIONS 2021. Varna Free University "Chernorizets Hrabar", 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/esdi2021.93.
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The aim of the author in this publication is to present the legal aspects of digital innovations in the field of labor law. The development has an interdisciplinary nature with a scope of labor law, information technology and economics. Innovations in the modern digital society applicable in labor law.
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Nikolov, Georgi, Elka Vasileva, and Veselina Lyubomirova. "REGIONAL HUMAN CAPITAL MANAGEMENT – ASPECTS OF INTERACTION WITH THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE TERRITORY." In Sixth International Scientific-Business Conference LIMEN Leadership, Innovation, Management and Economics: Integrated Politics of Research. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/limen.2020.253.
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The development and modernization of societies define new approaches in managing human resources and, in particular, their characteristic - human capital. There is a growing need for its study and characterization and analysis of the extent to which it is crucial for the economic development of European regions, particularly Bulgaria. Human capital is a specific public resource phenomenon that creates added value based on education, knowledge, skills, intelligence, acquired professional experience, and many other components. The object of study is the targeted promotion of these components through public policies, programs, and initiatives, which creates prerequisites for improving the regions' overall economic performance. The authors set the task to analyze the stated public policies presented in the integrated territorial strategies to develop the planning regions, emphasizing the specific dimensions of human capital management in the different territories.
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Stefanovska, Lidija, and Taip Jakupi. "CHALLENGES AND PROBLEMS THAT FAMILY BUSINESSES FACE." In Sixth International Scientific-Business Conference LIMEN Leadership, Innovation, Management and Economics: Integrated Politics of Research. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/limen.2020.201.
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It is a fact that the family business is becoming increasingly interesting for researchers in the field of management. From here the initial basis for their special treatment is drawn, since their holistic treatment with other MSMEs still does not emphasize their uniqueness in many aspects. If the importance of these family businesses is supported by the fact that they participate with 70% in the GDP of Europe as well as the fact that they employ up to 60% of the labor force in Europe, then it is more than clear that the scientific community should pay much more attention to these businesses. The paper aims to cover the biggest challenges and problems faced by family businesses, especially in terms of their management, inheritance, organizational communication and vision for their development, as segments where the biggest problems are observed.
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Izgarskaya, Anna A., and Ekaterina A. Gordeychik. "WORLD-SYSTEM ASPECTS OF EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITY IN A PERIPHERIZED SOCIETY." In All-Russian Conference with International Participation "Education, Social Mobility, and Human Development: to the 90th Anniversary of Prof. L.G. Borisova". Novosibirsk State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1383-0-151-161.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the problems of inequality in modern education from the point of view of the world-system approach. The authors establish links between educational inequality and in- 153 equality of societies in the «core – semiperiphery – periphery» structure. The authors attempt to consider the mechanism of the formation of educational inequality in peripheral societies in which social contradictions are most clearly observed from the perspective of the world-system approach. The authors use the theoretical constructions of the world-system approach of I. Wallerstein, S. Amin, F. Cardozo, the ideas of the representatives of the world-system paradigm in comparative education of R.F. Arnove, T. Griffiths, and the concept of a closed circle of inequality in education by R. Flecha. The authors believe that changes in the education system of a society that is integrated into the world-system through the specialization of its economy correspond to those specific transformations that are caused in this society by the innovation spread by the global hegemon. The authors of the article show that the reform of the education system proceeds in the general direction of integrating society into the world system of the division of labor, when the elite forms priority consumption patterns in a peripheralized society (including patterns of knowledge and education), borrowing they from the countries of the core and the hegemon of the world system. The formation of priority patterns leads to the displacement of their own educational culture, the imitation of the masses of the elite and the uneven spread of the patterns. Since full compliance with the priority patterns is unattainable for the majority of the population, its imitations are spreading.
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Сорочан, Т. М. "УПРАВЛІННЯ ЯКІСТЮ ОСВІТНІХ ПОСЛУГ У ВІДКРИТОМУ УНІВЕРСИТЕТІ." In Proceedings of the XXV International Scientific and Practical Conference. RS Global Sp. z O.O., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_conf/25012021/7356.
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The article is devoted to the issue of quality provision in respect of educational services rendered by the open university which is regarded as an innovative digital educational and scientific environment. The article gives substantiation and features the results achieved in approbation process of modern model applied for management of educational services quality in open university; this model is presented as the one which provides competitiveness of specialists in the labor market in conditions of social instability and uncertainty. In particular, the article characterizes such aspects as the influence of educational economics upon apprehension of educational services quality, the importance of transformational education applied to ensure the competitiveness of students in the labor market, the management basics of open university considered by the example of functioning of non-formal education system at SEE "University of Education Management" at NAES of Ukraine. The article features the orientation of transformational pedagogy at formation and development of complex (interdisciplinary) mentality of specialists, as well as at their ability to overcome obstacles in activities and to critically analyze different situations, to participate in joint problems solving, to find creative approaches and alternatives.
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Jiříček, Petr, and Zdeňka Dostálová. "J. A. SCHUMPETER, A THEORIST OF INNOVATION AND A HISTORIAN OF ECONOMIC SCIENCE." In Sixth International Scientific-Business Conference LIMEN Leadership, Innovation, Management and Economics: Integrated Politics of Research. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/limen.2020.315.
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The paper commemorates the 70th anniversary of the death of Joseph Alois Schumpeter, the world-renowned economist of Czech-Austrian origin and creator of innovation theory. It analyses Schumpeter’s work from the perspective of two aspects, complementing each other in his work: historical economic analysis and entrepreneurial innovation theory. The introduction reveals the genesis of his relation to enterprise, innovation, and the historical economics concept. The historical approach to economics appears in his scientific works at the time of his work at the European universities in Chernivtsi, Graz and Bonn, as well as in his later work at Harvard University. The paper also studies the rise of his innovation theory, first appearing during his work in Graz, Styria, and its gradual reflection in his professional work. The paper shows how these approaches merge in his economic teaching, which is very specific and includes both purely economic and technological and social aspects.
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Karn, Arodh Lal, and Rakshha Kumari Karna. "Social media and tourism promotion: the case of travelmarketers facebook fan pages after Nepal earthquake." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2019.089.
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Purpose – the purpose of this research is to systematically understand the behavioral and emotional aspects of potential tourists and investigated the conceptual model in the context of the travel marketers’ (TMs) facebook fan pages. Research methodology – the present study performed the two-step SEM approach suggested. the first step involved confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), which was used to validate scales for the measurement of specific constructs proposed in a research model and SEM followed. Findings – the supportive part of the conceptual framework studied how the cognitive (information source, social interaction ties, design characteristics) and effective (entertainment) factors influenced attitudes. Research limitations – the key limitation of this topic may belong to the propensity of the sample to embody the population. This also has a certain influence on SEM exploration. Practical implications – this study provides important guidelines for fan pages’ designers and marketers in the tourism sector especially during the time of destination image crisis. Originality/Value – this research was the earliest to relate the prototype willingness model on travel and tourism Facebook fan pages. In a sense, this research offers a basis for acclimating the prototype willingness model to the touristry social media setting.
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Szemlér, Tamás. "The Changing Role of the State in Post-COVID Economic Life." In Challenges in Economics and Business in the Post-COVID Times. University of Maribor Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.epf.5.2022.7.
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During the pandemic – similarly to crises of other nature – the role of the state became more important in many economies. However, there is a question over whether this increased importance will be sustainable. In this paper, the author examines one of the most important fields related to this question – the development of public finances. The analysis focuses on the member states of the European Union (EU). The preliminary conclusion is that in many EU member states, there is more acceptance (and even more claim) for stronger public action (and related public finances), however, the picture is far from monochromatic. The specific issue of supranational (EU) public action is also tackled. The steps induced by the pandemic look promising (and in some aspects, even (evolutionary), however, for the time being, the direction and speed of the new processes (potentially leading to more EU-level public action) remain unclear in the long run. Both member state-level and EUlevel changes are important in shaping the future of European integration.
Reports on the topic "Labor Economics (Specific Aspects)"
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Kimhi, Ayal, Barry Goodwin, Ashok Mishra, Avner Ahituv, and Yoav Kislev. The dynamics of off-farm employment, farm size, and farm structure. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695877.bard.
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Objectives: (1) Preparing panel data sets for both the United States and Israel that contain a rich set of farm attributes, such as size, specialization, and output composition, and farmers’ characteristics such as off-farm employment status, education, and family composition. (2) Developing an empirical framework for the joint analysis of all the endogenous variables of interest in a dynamic setting. (3) Estimating simultaneous equations of the endogenous variables using the panel data sets from both countries. (4) Analyzing, using the empirical results, the possible effects of economic policies and institutional changes on the dynamics of the farm sector. An added objective is analyzing structural changes in farm sectors in additional countries. Background: Farm sectors in developed countries, including the U.S. and Israel, have experienced a sharp decline in their size and importance during the second half of the 20th century. The overall trend is towards fewer and larger farms that rely less on family labor. These structural changes have been a reaction to changes in technology, in government policies, and in market conditions: decreasing terms of trade, increasing alternative opportunities, and urbanization pressures. As these factors continue to change, so does the structure of the agricultural sector. Conclusions: We have shown that all major dimensions of structural changes in agriculture are closely interlinked. These include farm efficiency, farm scale, farm scope (diversification), and off-farm labor. We have also shown that these conclusions hold and perhaps even become stronger whenever dynamic aspects of structural adjustments are explicitly modeled using longitudinal data. While the results vary somewhat in the different applications, several common features are observed for both the U.S. and Israel. First, the trend towards the concentration of farm production in a smaller number of larger farm enterprises is likely to continue. Second, at the micro level, increased farm size is negatively associated with increased off-farm labor, with the causality going both ways. Third, the increase in farm size is mostly achieved by diversifying farm production into additional activities (crops or livestock). All these imply that the farm sector converges towards a bi-modal farm distribution, with some farms becoming commercial while the remaining farm households either exit farming altogether or continue producing but rely heavily on off-farm income. Implications: The primary scientific implication of this project is that one should not analyze a specific farm attribute in isolation. We have shown that controlling for the joint determination of the various farm and household attributes is crucial for obtaining meaningful empirical results. The policy implications are to some extent general but could be different in the two countries. The general implication is that farm policy is an important determinant of structural changes in the farm sector. For the U.S., we have shown the different effects of coupled and decoupled (direct) farm payments on the various farm attributes, and also shown that it is important to take into account the joint farm-household decisions in order to conduct a meaningful policy analysis. Only this kind of analysis explains the indirect effect of direct farm payments on farm production decisions. For Israel, we concluded that farm policy (or lack of farm policy) has contributed to the fast structural changes we observed over the last 25 years. The sharp change of direction in farm policy that started in the early 1980s has accelerated structural changes that could have been smoother otherwise. These accelerated structural changes most likely lead to welfare losses in rural areas.
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Fernandez-Stark, Karina, Penny Bamber, and Vivian Couto. Analysis of the Textile and Clothing Industry Global Value Chains. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004638.
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The textile and apparel industry is a highly globalized, multi-trillion-dollar sector. Today, production networks are dominated by low-cost Asian countries with very large labor-pools, which has made it increasingly difficult for other producers around the world to compete, including those in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). While the region has participated in the industry, there are currently no LAC countries amongst the leading ten exporters. The COVID-19 pandemic, together with rising geopolitical tensions between the US and China, however, has disrupted this well-established business model over the past two to three years. This creates the most significant opportunity of the past decade to reconfigure the geography of the supply chain; as a small, but long-term supplier, with proximity to the worlds largest single market, Central America is well-positioned to benefit from these changes. Nonetheless, the region needs to upgrade various aspects of their GVC participation in order to become a serious contender in the reconfiguration of the industry. Key policies should focus on developing human capital through industry-specific training initiatives; intensifying investment attraction efforts; and aggressively investing in both hard and soft infrastructure to reduce barriers to trade and enhance lead time responsiveness.
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Fernandez-Stark, Karina, Penny Bamber, and Vivian Couto. Analysis of the Textile and Clothing Industry Global Value Chains: Summary. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004663.
Full textAbstract:
The textile and apparel industry is a highly globalized, multi-trillion-dollar sector. Today, production networks are dominated by low-cost Asian countries with very large labor-pools, which has made it increasingly difficult for other producers around the world to compete, including those in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). While the region has participated in the industry, there are currently no LAC countries amongst the leading ten exporters. The COVID-19 pandemic, together with rising geopolitical tensions between the US and China, however, has disrupted this well-established business model over the past two to three years. This creates the most significant opportunity of the past decade to reconfigure the geography of the supply chain; as a small, but long-term supplier, with proximity to the worlds largest single market, Central America is well-positioned to benefit from these changes. Nonetheless, the region needs to upgrade various aspects of their GVC participation in order to become a serious contender in the reconfiguration of the industry. Key policies should focus on developing human capital through industry-specific training initiatives; intensifying investment attraction efforts; and aggressively investing in both hard and soft infrastructure to reduce barriers to trade and enhance lead time responsiveness.