Relevant bibliographies by topics / Labor mobility – Middle East

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Labor mobility – Middle East'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 16 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Labor mobility – Middle East"

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Feiler, Gil. "Migration and Recession: Arab Labor Mobility in the Middle East, 1982-89." Population and Development Review 17, no. 1 (1991): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1972356.

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Tsourapas, Gerasimos. "Authoritarian emigration states: Soft power and cross-border mobility in the Middle East." International Political Science Review 39, no. 3 (2018): 400–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192512118759902.

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Can labor emigration form part of a state’s foreign policy goals? The relevant literature links emigration to states’ developmental needs, which does not explain why some states choose to economically subsidize their citizens’ emigration. This article explores for the first time the soft power importance of high-skilled emigration from authoritarian emigration states. It finds that the Egyptian state under Gamal Abdel Nasser employed labor emigration for two distinct purposes linked to broader soft power interests: first, as an instrument of cultural diplomacy to spread revolutionary ideals of Arab unity and anti-imperialism across the Middle East; second, as a tool for disseminating development aid, particularly in Yemen and sub-Saharan Africa. Drawing on Arabic and non-Arabic primary sources, the article identifies the interplay between foreign policy and cross-border mobility, while also sketching an evolving research agenda on authoritarian emigration states’ policy-making.
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Polonyankina, Tatiana. "SPECIALIZATION OF EUROPEAN WORKERS IN TIMES OF ECONOMIC RECESSION AND EXPANSION." International Conference on Advances in Business, Management and Law (ICABML) 2, no. 1 (2019): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30585/icabml-cp.v2i1.219.

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Majority of studies proved that labor mobility and the effect of immigration differs with respect to the business cycle. The aim of the paper is to investigate differences in workers allocation within European countries during recession and expansion period. The presented analysis split European counties on two groups: a) West and South Europe; b) Middle and East Europe (post-communist economies). The specialization of workers is studied concentrating on differences between natives and immigrants with secondary or lower education. For the expansion period was found a sizable relocation of native workers to occupations with more interactive rather than manual content after immigration in West and South European counties. This effect was not found for recession period and for post-communist economies.
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Batmanghelichi, Kristin Soraya, A. George Bajalia, and Sami Al-Daghistani. "Introduction to the Special Issue Pluralism in Emergenc(i)es in the Middle East and North Africa." Review of Middle East Studies 54, no. 2 (2020): 162–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rms.2021.11.

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AbstractThe issue “Pluralisms in Emergenc(i)es” is a result of a two-conference series that took place in Amman and Tunis, in December 2017 and October 2018, respectively. Taking these two locations as historical epicenters of human, commodity, and capital mobility, in two connected regions, these conferences set out to interrogate the historical, social, and religious underpinnings of the migrant and refugee crisis in order to position this moment as a state of emergence, rather than a state of emergency. The focus of the essays included here explores pluralism as it has emerged in response to contemporary global crises, and asks a number of questions: What are the variations in how “pluralism” is understood, and how does it function in a time of crisis? What are the material and immaterial modes through which pluralism takes shape? Moreover, how does it change through the circulation of people - as migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers – and capital – whether under the auspices of international development funds, religious aid, or new labor markets? By crossing disciplinary boundaries, this special issue enters into a fundamental discussion about how “pluralism” is conceived across sites and offers new vistas for its conceptualization in North Africa and the Middle East.
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Caciagli, Mario. "Le sette elezioni federali nella Germania unita (1990-2013)." Quaderni dell Osservatorio elettorale QOE - IJES 72, no. 4 (2014): 55–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/qoe-9571.

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Stability and predictability had been the norm in the German political system before the unification. The seven federal elections in the unified Germany from 1990 to 2013 did have significant consequences on the traditional continuity. After the last two governments headed by Helmut Kohl (1990-1998), the Social Democrat Gerhard Schröder became Chancellor in a Red-Green coalition (1998-2005) and the Christian Democrat Angela Merkel became Chancellor, fi rst in a Grand Coalition with the Social Democrats (2005-2009), than in a coalition with the Liberals (2009-2013), and after the 2013 elections in a Grand Coalition again. These frequent changes can be explained by the mobility of the electorate: the cumulative effect of the growth of the middle class and the general social mobility have eroded traditional loyalties, as the disaffection of the youth includes changing electoral choices or tendency to no-vote. Economic and social issues too did have effect on voting behavior: because their critical social situation the electors of the East had preferred fi rst Kohl’s CDU, than Schröder’s SPD and again the CDU under Merkel’s leadership; in the West millions of left electors disappointed by Schröder’s contentious reforms of the labor market leaved the SPD in the 2009 and 2013 elections; the performance of the economy in the last years after periods of crisis, collocating Germany at the top of the European Union, has stimulated the support to Merkel. Because a new party, the PDS than Linke, which has stable roots in the East, but can’t be partner of a government; because the exclusion from the Bundestag of the liberal FDP; and, finally, because the least reform of the electoral system toward more proportionality: all that injects uncertainty into a “fluid” party and political system.
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Sadiq, Kamal, and Gerasimos Tsourapas. "The postcolonial migration state." European Journal of International Relations 27, no. 3 (2021): 884–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13540661211000114.

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The evolution of migration policymaking across the Global South is of growing interest to International Relations. Yet, the impact of colonial and imperial legacies on states’ migration management regimes outside Europe and North America remains under-theorised. How does postcolonial state formation shape policies of cross-border mobility management in the Global South? By bringing James F. Hollifield’s framework of the contemporary ‘migration state’ in conversation with critical scholarship on postcolonialism, we identify the existence of a ‘postcolonial paradox,’ namely two sets of tensions faced by newly independent states of the Global South: first, the need to construct a modern sovereign nation-state with a well-defined national identity contrasts with weak institutional capacity to do so; second, territorial realities of sovereignty conflict with the imperatives of nation-building seeking to establish exclusive citizenship norms towards populations residing both inside and outside the boundaries of the postcolonial state. We argue that the use of cross-border mobility control policies to reconcile such tensions transforms the ‘postcolonial state’ into the ‘postcolonial migration state,’ which shows distinct continuities with pre-independence practices. In fact, postcolonial migration states reproduce colonial-era tropes via the surveillance and control of segmented migration streams that redistribute labour for the global economy. We demonstrate this via a comparative study of post-independence migration management in India and Egypt, which also aims to merge a problematic regional divide between scholarship on the Middle East and South Asia. We urge further critical interventions on the international politics of migration that prioritise interregional perspectives from the broader Global South.
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CHIA, Siow Yue. "Labor Mobility and East Asian Integration." Asian Economic Policy Review 1, no. 2 (2006): 349–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-3131.2006.00042.x.

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Sethy, Bhagyadhar. "INDIA-RUSSIA ENERGY COOPERATION BLOOMING TIES BEYOND THE HORIZON." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 11 (2020): 705–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12059.

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Russia and India have a long history of cooperation in the energy sector. The prospects for the development of the energy dialogue are as promising now as they were during the period of friendship between the Soviet Union and India. Since the late 2000s, the Russia–India energy partnership has been enjoying a renaissance. So why is now the time for Russia to think seriously about giving a new impetus to the energy dialogue with India? India is the worlds third largest energy consumer and a major energy importer with steadily growing demand. Russia is a key global producer and exporter of petroleum and natural gas. The two countries needs naturally complement each other. The current energy bilateral cooperation, already strong, can significantly extend to new sources such as Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). Building on these can be an industry in natural gas vehicles and renewable energy, enabling economic instruments, such as energy benchmarks, and a policy framework, including labour mobility, to develop a skills corridor in energy. This paper examines the current state of Energy and economic relations between India and Russia. It flags the major issues that hinder development of economic ties between the two countries and discusses future prospects for growth. India and Russia have a long-standing relationship and securing an economic and energy partnership is important from both the diplomatic and geopolitical perspectives. Russia has a vital role in ensuring Indias energy security in the coming decade. India imports oil, mostly from the volatile region of the Middle East. However, to sustain current high rates of growth, India needs to secure and diversify its energy sources. How Russia is an obvious choice in this respect?
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GOTO, Junichi. "Comment on "Labor Mobility and East Asian Integration"." Asian Economic Policy Review 1, no. 2 (2006): 368–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-3131.2006.00043.x.

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YAMAGATA, Tatsufumi. "Comment on "Labor Mobility and East Asian Integration"." Asian Economic Policy Review 1, no. 2 (2006): 370–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-3131.2006.00044.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Labor mobility – Middle East"

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Swed, Nannette. "Essays on socio-economic consequences of violent conflict in the Middle East." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16927.

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Diese Dissertation besteht aus drei Aufsätzen, welche die sozio-ökonomische Konsequenzen der Verwicklung in Konflikte untersuchen. Der erste Artikel untersucht den Einfluss der “Operation Iraqi Freedom” und des folgenden Bürgerkrieges auf die Beschulung von irakischen Kindern im schulpflichtigen Alter. Einen Schwerpunkt der Studie bildet die Überwindung eines Endogenitätsproblems, welches sich durch nicht-zufällige Verwicklung in Gewalt ergibt. Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigen, dass in Abhängigkeit von der Intensität des Konfliktes die Schuleinschreibung von Mädchen durch eine Verwicklung in Konflikte zwischen sechs bis zwölf Prozent reduziert wird. Der bei Jungen gemessene Effekt beläuft sich auf eine Reduzierung um ein bis neun Prozent. Im zweiten Artikel werden Lohnzuschläge von hochqualifizierten palästinensischen Arbeitskräften in Zusammenhang mit alternierender Intensität im Nahostkonflikt gestellt. Mit dem Ausbruch der Zweiten Intifada im Jahr 2000 führen erhöhte Grenzkontrollen zu eingeschränkte Mobilität. Dadurch gewinnt Der Dienstleistungssektor in den Besetzten Gebieten an relativer Bedeutung. Dieser beschäftigt anteilig mehr hochqualifizierte Arbeitskräfte als andere Sektoren, was den Anstieg ihrer relativen Löhne erklärt. Im dritten Artikel wird die Entwicklung des Geschlechterlohndifferentials in den Palästinensischen Gebieten untersucht. Während der Lohnunterschied zwischen Mann und Frau bis 1999 ansteigt, lässt sich mit dem Ausbruch der Zweiten Intifada die Umkehrung dieses Trends verzeichnen. Die Verlagerung der palästinensischen Beschäftigung aus Israel in den lokalen Arbeitsmarkt erklärt dabei 57,8 Prozent der schrumpfenden Lohnlücke. Die dadurch veränderte Industriestruktur macht weitere 26,5 Prozent der Lohnkonvergenz aus. Die veränderte Beschäftigung zugunsten der Agrar- und Dienstleistungssektoren, welche sich beide durch einen hohen Anteil an Arbeiterinnen auszeichnen, führt zu einem Anstieg ihrer relativen Löhne.<br>This thesis consists of three essays that analyze the socio-economic consequences of conflict involvement. The first essay studies the effect of the Operation Iraqi Freedom and the following civil war on schooling outcomes of Iraqi children in mandatory schooling age. Several conflict measures which vary over geographic regions are proposed to capture different traits of conflict involvement. A special focus is laid on overcoming the potential endogeneity arising from non-random involvement into conflicts. I find decreased school enrollment of six-year-old boys and girls. Depending on the intensity of the conflict enrollment of girls is reduced by six to twelve percent. The detrimental effect measured for boys ranges between one and nine percent. The second essay examines wage differentials of high-skilled workers in relation to relaxing and tightening conflict intensity in the Israeli-Palestinian case. After the outbreak of the Second Intifada in 2000 the relative wage of skilled workers experiences a substantial increase. Regional employment shifts coming along with a change in the sector composition are responsible for a higher skill-intensive labor employment which translates into higher relative wages for skilled workers. The third essay explores the evolution of the gender wage gap in the Palestinian Territories. While the male-female wage differential increases till 1999, this trend is reversed with the outbreak of the Second Intifada. The catch-up of the female wages is mainly driven by relative employment shifts across workplaces and sectors. The shift of employment in Israel to the local labor market explains 57.8 percent of the closing wage gap between men and women. The related change in the industry structure explains another 26.5 percent of the wage convergence. I find relative gains of the service and agricultural sectors located in the Palestinian Territories, both of which rely on high shares of female labor input.
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Johnson, Susan Allyn. "Industrial voyagers a case study of Appalachian migration to Akron, Ohio : 1900-1940 /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1140124259.

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Herbel, Lindsey Christine. "Explaining Gender Inequality in the Middle East:Islam vs. Oil." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/political_science_theses/28.

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What is the relationship between gender inequality and resource wealth in the Middle East? Why has progression of women’s rights in the Middle East advanced at a comparatively slower rate than most of the world? Conventional wisdom attributes the continued significant gaps in gender equality to the region’s strong patriarchic culture associated with Islam. However, recent statistical analysis conducted by Michael Ross suggests a correlation between oil production and women’s rights. This thesis examines an emerging schism in the literature and evaluates the relationship between social and political emancipation of women relative to Islam and oil wealth. The findings of this examination conclude that Ross’s theoretical framework is incomplete: Islamic law is a key causal mechanism left out of his examination. Furthermore, Islamic law has a more comprehensive negative impact on women’s social and political rights than oil wealth.
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Abdi, Ali Dusit. "The bright hopes and desoluted dream of Ethiopian women : A study of circular migration to middle east and the gulf states." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kulturantropologi och etnologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-343986.

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Migration and re-migration of economically and socially marginalized Ethiopian women and girls has become a phenomenon. Based on interviews with 12 Ethiopian migrant women returned from the Middle East and the Gulf States, the primary aim of this thesis is to describe and study Ethiopian women migrants’ circular migration to the Middle East. I will mainly focus on how social dynamics in the family, gender relations and economic circumstances are intricate. The process of women’s migration and how the expectations of the family can be gender differentiated are discussed. Further, the migrant women’s power relation when class and ethnicity determine their position is discussed. Relations with the sending family and the issues related to the women who return, as well as problems affecting them at home and in the destination countries, are looked at. Various and complex issues of migration and the women’s roles are discussed with reference to the women’s experiences. Migration provides women with opportunities for social and economic mobility but can also subject them to ethnic discrimination, exploitation, and abuse. The movement is generally seen as voluntary labor migration and it has placed them in a vulnerable position both at home and abroad. Their migration is interconnected to the economic need but also the responsibilities they have towards their family and kin.
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Kerle, Freya M. "Factors Influencing Female Labor Force Participation Rates in the Middle East and North African Region: Looking at the Role of Oil and Islam in Tunisia and Saudi Arabia." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/845.

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This thesis seeks to explore the social, cultural, economic and political factors that influence female labor force participation rates. Specifically, this research will focus on female economic activity in the Middle East and North African (MENA) region. MENA is often understood as being monolithic in its treatment of women. This study aims to challenge this rhetoric by evaluating the factors that impact female labor in MENA. Upon considering multiple social, cultural, economic and political factors, this thesis will focus on the role of oil and religion in influencing female labor rates. Finally, this study will explore these influences on a micro-level and the role of oil and religion will be examined as to how they apply to female economic activity in both Tunisia and Saudi Arabia.
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Söderlind, Sandra. "Between the east and west : The pioneer settlement of Dalarna – Studies of lithic technology and raw material use at the Middle Mesolithic site Orsa 527." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-293644.

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In this thesis the pioneer settlement of northern Dalarna is investi­gated by means of a local study of lithic technology and raw material use on the Orsa 527 site in the area. This newly excavated site will be presented, for the first time in completion, in this thesis. The technological traits and raw material distribution on the site, which directly relate to the prehistoric people moving in this area during the Middle Mesolithic, are subsequently put into a larger regional perspective by comparing these results with other Middle Mesolithic sites in northern Dalarna and eastern Norway.             Through the theoretical framework of chaîne opératoire and methods, such as dynamical classification of blades, the study of knapping properties of local raw materials and the study of raw material composition on five other sites in the area, questions regarding cultural transition, mobility and contacts can be discussed.             The results of this work indicate that both technological and raw material parallels exist between eastern Norway and northern Dalarna during the Middle Mesolithic. This places these areas in a larger cultural sphere that was based on contacts and mobility during the pioneer settlement of the area.
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Espinoza, Revollo Patricia. "The emergence of indigenous middle classes in highly stratified societies : the case of Bolivia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3b89c28e-2f6f-4648-b360-03e5d8209c70.

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This thesis investigates the emergence of an indigenous middle class between 1975 and 2010 in Bolivia - a country characterized by poor and unstable long-term economic growth, high inequality, and enduring ethnic and class cleavages. The study takes a two-tiered approach. It focuses first on tracing the emergence of the middle class by highlighting the main drivers of socio-economic improvement for individuals. Based on a longitudinal examination of a Socio-Economic Index (SEI) - upon which the middle class is operationally defined in this thesis - I explain the emergence of the middle class as the result of two distinct but interconnected processes: (i) a massive urbanization process that reached a peak in the mid-1980s, which brought individuals closer to areas favoured by state policies; and (ii) an institutional change in the mid-1990s, consisting of a new national framework that allocated resources more efficiently throughout the country. In addition, my analysis uncovers the different occupational trajectories that middle-class individuals followed to gain access to the new structure of opportunities and to prosper and become part of the middle class. Based on inter- and intra-generational analyses of occupational mobility, I find that in a context of an over supply of labour and with limited skills and economic capital, migrants found the means to thrive socially and economically in commerce, transport, and construction activities. Secondly, I explore the extent to which the emergence of the new middle class has opened-up opportunities for indigenous peoples. I conduct a periodic headcount of indigeneity based on spoken languages (indigenous and/or Spanish) and self-ascription to indigenous groups. Two messages emerge from this exercise. First, the new middle class has provided opportunities for individuals who are monolingual in indigenous languages, whether they ascribe themselves or not to an indigenous group. Second, individuals' ethnic identities become fuzzier as they move into the middle class. This is revealed by indigenous language loss and a significant decrease in self-ascription that happened in a markedly stratified manner over just ten years. I tackle the intricacies of middle-class ethnic identity by drawing on a social identity conceptual framework that allows me to integrate synergistically the discussions on class, ethnicity, and modernization. By approaching social identities through the analysis of differentiated lifestyles, I find that new middle-class individuals have hybrid and segmented identities. That is, individuals combine indigenous/traditional and modern forms of living that vary according to their socio-economic level, but do not necessarily move towards cultural assimilation. I contend that the creation of new status symbols and forms of recognition based on indigenous idiosyncrasies in the new middle class constitutes a categorical break with historical, ethnic-based forms of social, economic, and cultural exclusion and discrimination. In summary, this thesis advances the conceptualization and understanding of the middle class, contributing to the burgeoning literature on emerging middle classes in developing countries by offering a more complex picture of its expansion and identity construction.
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Yalcin, Asli. "Emotional Labor: Dispositional Antecedents And The Role Of Affective Events A Thesis Submitted To The Graduate School Of Social Sciences Of Middle East Technical University By Asli Yalcin In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements For The Degre." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612507/index.pdf.

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The present study aimed to explore both situational (Emotional Display Rules and Affective Events) and dispositional antecedents (Four of Big Five personality dimensions<br>Extraversion, Neuroticism, Conscientiousness and Agreeableness) of emotional labor. Potential interaction effects of situational and dispositional variables on emotional labor<br>and long-term consequences of the construct were also examined. Data were collected from table servers working in caf&eacute<br>s, restaurants, and hotels in Ankara, Istanbul, Kusadasi, (Aydin) and Antalya. The study was performed in three stages. In the first stage, diary study was conducted and Affective Events Scale was created for the service work. In the second stage, psychometric properties of the new scale were pilot tested. In the main study, reliabilities of the scales, hypotheses and potential moderation effects were tested with a total sample of 254 employees. Results revealed that emotional display rules were a significant predictor of both surface and deep acting. Positive events positively predicted emotional labor. Among dispositional antecedents, agreeableness was the only dimension that predicted surface acting. Deep acting was predicted by all of the personality dimensions utilized in the study, especially by agreeableness. On the other hand,conscientiousness had a marginally significant moderation effect on the relationship between emotional display rules and surface acting. With respect to consequences of emotional labor, both surface acting and deep acting positively predicted personal accomplishment. Deep acting was also positively related to job satisfaction, and negatively related to turnover intentions. Findings discussed and practical implications, limitations, and directions for future research were presented.
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Kröhnert, Steffen. "Ausprägung und Ursachen geschlechtsselektiver Abwanderung aus den neuen Bundesländern." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät III, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15934.

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Im Zeitraum 1989 bis 2005 sind per Saldo 1,6 Millionen Menschen aus den neuen in die alten Bundesländer gezogen. Die Mehrheit dieser Binnenwanderer war zwischen 18 und 29 Jahre alt und die Mehrheit war weiblich. Als Ergebnis dieser anhaltenden geschlechtsselektiven Wanderung ist in den neuen Bundesländern eine stark unausgewogene Geschlechterproportion in der Wohnbevölkerung entstanden. In der Altersgruppe der 18- bis 29-Jährigen lag die Geschlechterproportion in den neuen Bundesländern (einschließlich Berlin) im Jahr 2005 nur bei 90 Frauen zu 100 Männern und sank in zahlreichen Landkreisen auf Werte von weniger als 85 zu 100. Eine so unausgewogene Geschlechterproportion ist auch im europäischen Maßstab ungewöhnlich und kommt in keinem ähnlich großen und dicht besiedelten Gebiet vor. Als eine wesentliche Ursache der disproportionalen Wanderung wird ein erhebliches Bildungsgefälle zwischen jungen Frauen und Männern in den neuen Bundesländern identifiziert. Das hohe Bildungsniveau von Frauen ist dabei nicht nur als ökonomischer Faktor für den Fortzug zu sehen: Da Frauen Partnerschaften mit geringer gebildeten Partnern meiden, werden auch Paarbeziehungen mit westdeutschen Männern und damit das Verbleiben in Westdeutschland wahrscheinlicher. Als Ursache für die Auseinanderentwicklung des Bildungsniveaus von Frauen und Männern in den neuen Bundesländern sieht die Studie die Kollision eines Geschlechterarrangements, das seine Wurzeln in der DDR-Geschichte hat, mit den ökonomischen und gesellschaftlichen Veränderungen nach der Wiedervereinigung. Das Rollenbild von Frauen, gekennzeichnet durch hohe Wertschätzung ökonomischer Selbstständigkeit und Orientierung auf Tätigkeiten im qualifizierten Dienstleistungsbereich, erweist sich im wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Strukturwandel als prinzipiell anpassungsfähiger als jenes der Männer, deren klassische Tätigkeiten in Industrie und Handwerk eine tief greifende Entwertung erfahren haben.<br>Between the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the year 2005, 1.6 million people have migrated from East Germany (the former German Democratic Republic – GDR) to West Germany. The majority of these migrants were female and between the ages of 18 and 29. This unbalanced migration has caused a disproportionate sex ratio in the East German population. The sex ratio (in the age group between 18 and 29) in 2005 was only 90 women per 100 men and in many remote counties the ratio was less than 85 to 100. In such a large and densely populated area this phenomenon is unique within Europe. This study identifies the development of a considerable discrepancy in educational levels between women and men in Eastern Germany as one important cause for the disproportionate sex ratio in migration. The higher educational level of women is not only an economic factor: Since women generally prefer partners with at least the same educational level, relationships between East German women and West German men has become much more likely than the opposite. As a cause for the discrepancy in educational levels the study highlights a clash between gender roles rooted in GDR history and structural changes that took place after German reunification. The role model of women – a high valuation of economic independence and orientation towards professions in the service sector – proves to be more adaptable to the economic and social changes in East Germany than the role model of men, whose classical vocations in industry and crafts experience a considerable devaluation.
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Reusch, Kathryn. ""That which was missing" : the archaeology of castration." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b8118fe7-67cb-4610-9823-b0242dfe900a.

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Castration has a long temporal and geographical span. Its origins are unclear, but likely lie in the Ancient Near East around the time of the Secondary Products Revolution and the increase in social complexity of proto-urban societies. Due to the unique social and gender roles created by castrates’ ambiguous sexual state, human castrates were used heavily in strongly hierarchical social structures such as imperial and religious institutions, and were often close to the ruler of an imperial society. This privileged position, though often occupied by slaves, gave castrates enormous power to affect governmental decisions. This often aroused the jealousy and hatred of intact elite males, who were not afforded as open access to the ruler and virulently condemned castrates in historical documents. These attitudes were passed down to the scholars and doctors who began to study castration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, affecting the manner in which castration was studied. Osteometric and anthropometric examinations of castrates were carried out during this period, but the two World Wars and a shift in focus meant that castrate bodies were not studied for nearly eighty years. Recent interest in gender and sexuality in the past has revived interest in castration as a topic, but few studies of castrate remains have occurred. As large numbers of castrates are referenced in historical documents, the lack of castrate skeletons may be due to a lack of recognition of the physical effects of castration on the skeleton. The synthesis and generation of methods for more accurate identification of castrate skeletons was undertaken and the results are presented here to improve the ability to identify castrate skeletons within the archaeological record.
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Books on the topic "Labor mobility – Middle East"

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Varma, Ajay Prakash. Agency process and overseas labour mobility from India to the Middle East. V.V. Giri National Labour Institute, 1996.

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Feiler, Gil. Labour migration in the Middle East following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. Israel/Palestine Center for Research and Information, 1993.

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Beg, Muhammad Abdul Jabbar. Social mobility in Islamic civilization: In the Middle East. 2nd ed. M. A. J. Beg, 2006.

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Spaan, Ernst. Labour circulation and socioeconomic transformation: The case of East Java, Indonesia. Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute, 1999.

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People at work in the Middle East. B.T. Batsford, 1987.

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Ziskind, David. Labor laws in the Middle East: Tradition in transit. Litlaw Foundation, 1990.

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7

Wyplosz, Charles. Post-reform East and West: Capital accumulation and the labor mobility constraint. Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1991.

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Wyplosz, Charles. Post-reform East and West: Capital accumulation and the labor mobility constraint. INSEAD, 1991.

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Connected in Cairo: Growing up cosmopolitan in the modern Middle East. Indiana University Press, 2011.

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Bloom, David E. Is an integrated regional labor market emerging in East and Southeast Asia? National Bureau of Economic Research, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Labor mobility – Middle East"

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Yacobi, Haim. "Globalization, Labor Migration, and Cities in Israel." In The Middle East and Globalization. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137031761_12.

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Wick, Livia. "Trajectories of Gendered Labor." In A Companion to the Anthropology of the Middle East. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118475683.ch9.

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Daher, Rami Farouk. "Chapter 1. Reconceptualizing Tourism in the Middle East: Place, Heritage, Mobility and Competitiveness." In Tourism in the Middle East, edited by Rami Farouk Daher. Multilingual Matters, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/9781845410520-005.

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Simon, Reeva Spector. "Labor camps and refugees in Morocco." In The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429276248-15.

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Haghighat-Sordellini, Elhum. "Labor Migration, Oil Revenue, and their Impact on Women’s Employment." In Women in the Middle East and North Africa. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230110083_8.

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Isayev, Elena. "Making ancient mobility visible." In Migration and Migrant Identities in the Near East from Antiquity to the Middle Ages. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351254762-14.

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Abdurrahman, Zainab, George Naufal, and Ismail Genc. "Data Limitation in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region: Causes and Consequences." In Expats and the Labor Force. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137117854_7.

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Moatti, Claudia. "Mobility in the Roman world." In Migration and Migrant Identities in the Near East from Antiquity to the Middle Ages. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351254762-2.

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Wyplosz, Charles. "Post-Reform East and West: Capital Accumulation and the Labor Mobility Constraint." In Building a New Europe. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22922-2_7.

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Ullah, AKM Ahsan. "Rights, Safety, and Identity: The Context of Forced Mobility in the MENA." In Refugee Politics in the Middle East and North Africa. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137356536_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Labor mobility – Middle East"

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Reichel, Roland S. "Power for mobility … pure e-motion." In 2008 12th International Middle East Power System Conference - MEPCON. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mepcon.2008.4562411.

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Shi, Junfeng, Xishun Zhang, Liming Gu, et al. "Mobility Management Platform Improves Management Level of Artificial Lift Systems." In SPE Middle East Artificial Lift Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/184185-ms.

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Sagir, Muhammad, Muhammad Mushtaq, and Muhammad Rehan Hashment. "CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery By Using Surfactants As Possible Mobility Control Agents." In SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/172760-ms.

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Rahim, Zillur, Hamoud Al-Anazi, Dwi Waspada, Adnan Al-Kannan, and Eduardo Pacheco. "Far Mobility Evaluation Using Minifrac Analysis in a Deep Sandstone Formation: Case Histories." In SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/172530-ms.

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Masalmeh, Shehadeh K., Lingli Wei, and Carl P. A. Blom. "Mobility Control for Gas Injection in Heterogeneous Carbonate Reservoirs: Comparison of Foams versus Polymers." In SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/142542-ms.

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Hadibeik, Hamid, Mark Proett, Dingding Chen, Sami Eyuboglu, Carlos Torres-Verdin, and Kamy Sepehrnoori. "A New Pressure Testing for Low-Mobility Unconventional Formations: A Synthetic Case Study Based on Field Data." In SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/164379-ms.

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Dhufairi, Mubarak A., Nicolas Orban, Danish Ahmed, Abdullah Mohammed Ebrahim, Daniel Anatolievitch Kalinin, and Fernando Baez. "While Drilling Mobility and Distributed Temperature Profiles Applied to Matrix Stimulation of a Giant Carbonate Oil Field: A Case Study." In SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/142637-ms.

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Saint, Craig, Thomas Glowig, Ashis S. S. Swain, et al. "Hydrocarbon Mobility Steering for Optimum Placement of a Power Water Injector above Tar Mats - A Case Study from a Light Oil Carbonate Reservoir in the Middle East." In SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/164282-ms.

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Goodkey, Brennanl, Rafael Carvalho, Andres Nunez Davila, et al. "Recipe for Digital Change: A Case Study Approach to Drilling Automation." In SPE/IADC Middle East Drilling Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/202181-ms.

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Abstract As margins tighten, players in the modern O&amp;G landscape are being forced to reimagine their business models and re-evaluate their strategic direction to maintain a competitive edge. This often means doing more with less and spreading ever slimmer margins across increasingly complex well operations. Fortunately, with the wave of digital innovations that are sweeping the industry, most E&amp;P organizations have a wealth of opportunities to streamline activity and increase efficiency while reducing the resources required. However, with the increasing array of digital opportunities, the gauntlet is set: those who adopt quickly and reap early benefits will undoubtedly be tomorrow's leaders. Laggards slow to adapt will fall progressively further behind as leaders successfully navigate through the learning phase and accelerate into new standards of efficiency. This combination of urgency and opportunity will undoubtedly be the force that propels the industry into the fourth great revolution; digital transformation. As observed in a variety of industries, automation has proven to be one of these instrumental digital levers to unlocking the next level of efficiency. Across the O&amp;G industry, we are beginning to see a number of applications in which tasks are not only becoming less labor-intensive but also faster, safer and with increased levels of precision. This ensures that repetitive tasks which often drain and distract workers are re-allocated to automated processes while ensuring that employees remain concentrated on prioritizing safety and operations integrity. The value proposition for automation in drilling is especially compelling as human operators can easily become overwhelmed with the volume of competing priorities and the pressure to make immediate decisions. By carefully delegating some of the decision-making to an intelligent drilling system, the cognitive burden on human operators is reduced resulting in a safer working environment conducive to increased performance and engagement. In this paper, a detailed case study is presented to document the effort of a major service company to deploy a full drilling automation system in the Middle East implemented to autonomously operate rig surface equipment. A detailed description of the system's intelligent management system will be provided to communicate its capacity to interpret and autonomously respond to changing well conditions. A case study approach will be used in attempt to specifically identify the areas where automation delivers a step change in results compared to manual operations. Additionally, given the complexity inherent to executing a digitalization project in drilling, insight will be shared on the strategies leveraged to navigate the intricacies of deployment and adoption. Throughout this paper, it will become evident that automation is quickly becoming a reliable solution for the consistent delivery of top quartile performance by unlocking new levels of consistency and procedural adherence.
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Bal, Harun, Neşe Algan, Müge Manga, and Esra Ballı. "The Determinants of Middle Income Trap: The Case of Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01688.

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The term “middle income trap” was firstly used in the World Bank’s Report titled “An East Asian Renaissance Ideas for Economic Growth” (2007), which then swiftly gained wide currency. According to this report, some countries that failed to align themselves with the requirements of changes and diversification of 21st century would remain in their respective income bracket. As long as the labor force of a given middle income country is not gradually transferred from the agriculture sector operating with low levels of productivity into the manufacturing sector which produces high added value products thanks to innovation-based practices, it will be losing its competitive edge as compared advanced countries, leading it to reach a plateau at its given level of income. This study is dedicated to determining whether or not Turkey do suffer from middle income trap, and examining the factors responsible for such trap, if they do so. This study also analyzes the primary causes behind middle income trap by utilizing both social and economic data these countries such as real GDP, inflation, good and services export to GDP, agriculture sector to GDP, Gini coefficient and age dependency ratio utilizing Vector Error Correction Model.
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