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Journal articles on the topic 'Labor mobility – Middle East'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Feiler, Gil. "Migration and Recession: Arab Labor Mobility in the Middle East, 1982-89." Population and Development Review 17, no. 1 (1991): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1972356.

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2

Tsourapas, Gerasimos. "Authoritarian emigration states: Soft power and cross-border mobility in the Middle East." International Political Science Review 39, no. 3 (2018): 400–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192512118759902.

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Can labor emigration form part of a state’s foreign policy goals? The relevant literature links emigration to states’ developmental needs, which does not explain why some states choose to economically subsidize their citizens’ emigration. This article explores for the first time the soft power importance of high-skilled emigration from authoritarian emigration states. It finds that the Egyptian state under Gamal Abdel Nasser employed labor emigration for two distinct purposes linked to broader soft power interests: first, as an instrument of cultural diplomacy to spread revolutionary ideals of Arab unity and anti-imperialism across the Middle East; second, as a tool for disseminating development aid, particularly in Yemen and sub-Saharan Africa. Drawing on Arabic and non-Arabic primary sources, the article identifies the interplay between foreign policy and cross-border mobility, while also sketching an evolving research agenda on authoritarian emigration states’ policy-making.
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3

Polonyankina, Tatiana. "SPECIALIZATION OF EUROPEAN WORKERS IN TIMES OF ECONOMIC RECESSION AND EXPANSION." International Conference on Advances in Business, Management and Law (ICABML) 2, no. 1 (2019): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30585/icabml-cp.v2i1.219.

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Majority of studies proved that labor mobility and the effect of immigration differs with respect to the business cycle. The aim of the paper is to investigate differences in workers allocation within European countries during recession and expansion period. The presented analysis split European counties on two groups: a) West and South Europe; b) Middle and East Europe (post-communist economies). The specialization of workers is studied concentrating on differences between natives and immigrants with secondary or lower education. For the expansion period was found a sizable relocation of native workers to occupations with more interactive rather than manual content after immigration in West and South European counties. This effect was not found for recession period and for post-communist economies.
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4

Batmanghelichi, Kristin Soraya, A. George Bajalia, and Sami Al-Daghistani. "Introduction to the Special Issue Pluralism in Emergenc(i)es in the Middle East and North Africa." Review of Middle East Studies 54, no. 2 (2020): 162–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rms.2021.11.

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AbstractThe issue “Pluralisms in Emergenc(i)es” is a result of a two-conference series that took place in Amman and Tunis, in December 2017 and October 2018, respectively. Taking these two locations as historical epicenters of human, commodity, and capital mobility, in two connected regions, these conferences set out to interrogate the historical, social, and religious underpinnings of the migrant and refugee crisis in order to position this moment as a state of emergence, rather than a state of emergency. The focus of the essays included here explores pluralism as it has emerged in response to contemporary global crises, and asks a number of questions: What are the variations in how “pluralism” is understood, and how does it function in a time of crisis? What are the material and immaterial modes through which pluralism takes shape? Moreover, how does it change through the circulation of people - as migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers – and capital – whether under the auspices of international development funds, religious aid, or new labor markets? By crossing disciplinary boundaries, this special issue enters into a fundamental discussion about how “pluralism” is conceived across sites and offers new vistas for its conceptualization in North Africa and the Middle East.
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5

Caciagli, Mario. "Le sette elezioni federali nella Germania unita (1990-2013)." Quaderni dell Osservatorio elettorale QOE - IJES 72, no. 4 (2014): 55–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/qoe-9571.

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Stability and predictability had been the norm in the German political system before the unification. The seven federal elections in the unified Germany from 1990 to 2013 did have significant consequences on the traditional continuity. After the last two governments headed by Helmut Kohl (1990-1998), the Social Democrat Gerhard Schröder became Chancellor in a Red-Green coalition (1998-2005) and the Christian Democrat Angela Merkel became Chancellor, fi rst in a Grand Coalition with the Social Democrats (2005-2009), than in a coalition with the Liberals (2009-2013), and after the 2013 elections in a Grand Coalition again. These frequent changes can be explained by the mobility of the electorate: the cumulative effect of the growth of the middle class and the general social mobility have eroded traditional loyalties, as the disaffection of the youth includes changing electoral choices or tendency to no-vote. Economic and social issues too did have effect on voting behavior: because their critical social situation the electors of the East had preferred fi rst Kohl’s CDU, than Schröder’s SPD and again the CDU under Merkel’s leadership; in the West millions of left electors disappointed by Schröder’s contentious reforms of the labor market leaved the SPD in the 2009 and 2013 elections; the performance of the economy in the last years after periods of crisis, collocating Germany at the top of the European Union, has stimulated the support to Merkel. Because a new party, the PDS than Linke, which has stable roots in the East, but can’t be partner of a government; because the exclusion from the Bundestag of the liberal FDP; and, finally, because the least reform of the electoral system toward more proportionality: all that injects uncertainty into a “fluid” party and political system.
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6

Sadiq, Kamal, and Gerasimos Tsourapas. "The postcolonial migration state." European Journal of International Relations 27, no. 3 (2021): 884–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13540661211000114.

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The evolution of migration policymaking across the Global South is of growing interest to International Relations. Yet, the impact of colonial and imperial legacies on states’ migration management regimes outside Europe and North America remains under-theorised. How does postcolonial state formation shape policies of cross-border mobility management in the Global South? By bringing James F. Hollifield’s framework of the contemporary ‘migration state’ in conversation with critical scholarship on postcolonialism, we identify the existence of a ‘postcolonial paradox,’ namely two sets of tensions faced by newly independent states of the Global South: first, the need to construct a modern sovereign nation-state with a well-defined national identity contrasts with weak institutional capacity to do so; second, territorial realities of sovereignty conflict with the imperatives of nation-building seeking to establish exclusive citizenship norms towards populations residing both inside and outside the boundaries of the postcolonial state. We argue that the use of cross-border mobility control policies to reconcile such tensions transforms the ‘postcolonial state’ into the ‘postcolonial migration state,’ which shows distinct continuities with pre-independence practices. In fact, postcolonial migration states reproduce colonial-era tropes via the surveillance and control of segmented migration streams that redistribute labour for the global economy. We demonstrate this via a comparative study of post-independence migration management in India and Egypt, which also aims to merge a problematic regional divide between scholarship on the Middle East and South Asia. We urge further critical interventions on the international politics of migration that prioritise interregional perspectives from the broader Global South.
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7

CHIA, Siow Yue. "Labor Mobility and East Asian Integration." Asian Economic Policy Review 1, no. 2 (2006): 349–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-3131.2006.00042.x.

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8

Sethy, Bhagyadhar. "INDIA-RUSSIA ENERGY COOPERATION BLOOMING TIES BEYOND THE HORIZON." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 11 (2020): 705–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12059.

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Russia and India have a long history of cooperation in the energy sector. The prospects for the development of the energy dialogue are as promising now as they were during the period of friendship between the Soviet Union and India. Since the late 2000s, the Russia–India energy partnership has been enjoying a renaissance. So why is now the time for Russia to think seriously about giving a new impetus to the energy dialogue with India? India is the worlds third largest energy consumer and a major energy importer with steadily growing demand. Russia is a key global producer and exporter of petroleum and natural gas. The two countries needs naturally complement each other. The current energy bilateral cooperation, already strong, can significantly extend to new sources such as Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). Building on these can be an industry in natural gas vehicles and renewable energy, enabling economic instruments, such as energy benchmarks, and a policy framework, including labour mobility, to develop a skills corridor in energy. This paper examines the current state of Energy and economic relations between India and Russia. It flags the major issues that hinder development of economic ties between the two countries and discusses future prospects for growth. India and Russia have a long-standing relationship and securing an economic and energy partnership is important from both the diplomatic and geopolitical perspectives. Russia has a vital role in ensuring Indias energy security in the coming decade. India imports oil, mostly from the volatile region of the Middle East. However, to sustain current high rates of growth, India needs to secure and diversify its energy sources. How Russia is an obvious choice in this respect?
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9

GOTO, Junichi. "Comment on "Labor Mobility and East Asian Integration"." Asian Economic Policy Review 1, no. 2 (2006): 368–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-3131.2006.00043.x.

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10

YAMAGATA, Tatsufumi. "Comment on "Labor Mobility and East Asian Integration"." Asian Economic Policy Review 1, no. 2 (2006): 370–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-3131.2006.00044.x.

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11

Napier, Ted L., Fred Arnold, and Nasra M. Shah. "Asian Labor Migration; Pipeline to the Middle East." Contemporary Sociology 17, no. 5 (1988): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2073974.

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12

Abisaab, Malek. "Gendered Expressions of Labor in the Middle East." International Journal of Middle East Studies 48, no. 3 (2016): 570–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743816000520.

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A dearth of information is available on workingwomen in the Middle East during the 19th and first half of the 20th century. This gap is compounded by the male biases of the official reporters, journalists, unionists, labor activists, and scholars who produced the information that does exist. Nevertheless, it is possible to write a gendered history of labor on the basis of less-than-ideal sources, which can be enriched by the use of oral history, popular literature, autobiographies, and even fieldwork focused on women's and men's family relations and work patterns.
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13

Rodriguez, Robyn Magalit. "Philippine Migrant Workers' Transnationalism in the Middle East." International Labor and Working-Class History 79, no. 1 (2011): 48–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547910000384.

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AbstractHow do migrants assert their rights as workers when they do not enjoy the rights of citizenship in their countries of employment and are unable to assert their human rights through international conventions? This article focuses on the work of Migrante-International's Middle East chapter in Saudi Arabia. Specifically, it examines the ways Philippine migrants strategically assert their rights as Philippine citizens transnationally in local labor struggles. This case study of transnational labor activism in a region where migrant workers enjoy limited rights not only highlights how migrants exercise their agency in spite of major obstacles, but it also offers up novel ways to think about worker organizing within the context of contemporary neoliberal globalization for labor activists and scholars concerned with the labor rights of migrants.
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14

Alexander, Christopher, and Ellis Jay Goldberg. "The Social History of Labor in the Middle East." Middle East Report, no. 210 (1999): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3012507.

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15

Parthasarathi, Prasannan, and Donald Quataert. "Migrant Workers in the Middle East: Introduction." International Labor and Working-Class History 79, no. 1 (2011): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547910000268.

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Transnational labor migration is one of the most visible features of our globalizing world. The International Organization for Migration estimates that there are 214 million migrant workers crossing national borders in the world today. Migration both in and to the Middle East constitutes an important part of this movement of laborers and has deep roots. In the mid-fifteenth century, workers across a broad spectrum of occupations, including stevedores, boatmen, and bakers, trekked from areas in eastern and central Anatolia to the new imperial Ottoman capital, Istanbul, where they lived and worked for months and even years. Workers from outside the Middle East also have been part of the fabric of life in the region for several centuries, the slave trade from sub-Saharan Africa, which long supplied labor for a variety of purposes, being one of the most notable. Migrant workers took on new significance in the twentieth century, especially after the oil price hikes of 1973. Today the nations on the Arabian Peninsula, the destination for most workers, have the highest ratio of migrants to locals in the world.
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16

D'yachenko, V. N., and V. V. Lazareva. "Changes in the labor force mobility in the Russian Far East regions." Regional Economics: Theory and Practice 18, no. 9 (2020): 1675–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/re.18.9.1675.

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Subject. This article examines the transformations in regional labor markets, causing changes in labor mobility, redistribution of employment between sectors of the economy, economic activities, jobs in the resettlement system of the region. Objectives. The article aims to define regional particularities of worker mobility. Methods. For the study, we used logical, comparative, and statistical analyses, and classification. Results. The article describes adaptive strategies of population behavior in the labor market in the context of crisis processes in the region's economy. It also identifies trends in employment patterns at the municipal level and assesses the characteristics of the development of human settlements in terms of spatial labor mobility. Conclusions. Changes in migration processes, redistribution of employment by line of business, and the development of small business and informal employment have significant regional specificity that must be taken into account when making management decisions.
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17

Keddie, Nikki R. "Women in the Middle East: Progress and Backlash." Current History 107, no. 713 (2008): 432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2008.107.713.432.

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Throughout the region, recent advances in family planning, women's health, and female education and labor force participation have led to greater and more equal participation by women in national life.
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18

Harvey, William, and Dimitria Groutsis. "Skilled migrants in the Middle East: definitions, mobility and integration." International Journal of Business and Globalisation 8, no. 4 (2012): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbg.2012.047080.

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19

Abella, Manolo. "The Troublesome Gulf: Research on Migration to the Middle East." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1, no. 1 (1992): 145–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689200100106.

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This review of recent research outlines changes in the composition and organization of labor supplies to the Middle East since the 1970s and indicates some effects on both sending and receiving countries. Before the recent Gulf war, Asians increasingly supplanted Arab migrant workers, entering the Gulf labor force through kinship networks, recruitment agencies and project-tied migration. At the national level, this emigration has sometimes led to severe labor shortages, as in Pakistan. Another effect is the impact of remittances on saving and investment behavior. A few detailed studies about countries of origin have provided insights into the push factors of the migration process; however, a major problem limiting research is poor survey and census data. In addition, research is lacking on the conditions of Asian migrant workers in the Middle East, the impact of emigration on demographic trends, and the important link between migration and development.
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20

Cammett, Melani, and Marsha Pripstein Posusney. "Labor Standards and Labor Market Flexibility in the Middle East: Free Trade and Freer Unions?" Studies in Comparative International Development 45, no. 2 (2010): 250–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12116-010-9062-z.

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21

Stefanova, Boyka M. "The Political Economy of Outsourcing in the European Union and the East-European Enlargement." Business and Politics 8, no. 2 (2006): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1158.

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This paper explores the East-West dichotomy of outsourcing in the European Union in the context of its 2004 eastward enlargement. The purpose of the study is to shed light on the connection between outsourcing and the causal logic of regional integration. The conventional view is that the transfer of business operations from Western Europe to low-cost locations to the east represents a process of outsourcing West-European jobs which deprives the EU core of growth opportunities to the exclusive benefit of the new members from Eastern Europe. This analysis posits the systemic functions of EU outsourcing as a mechanism of economic homogenization in the regional market along its three principal dimensions: investment, commodity trade, and labor mobility. At the macro-level, outsourcing complements capital movements and trade, and acts as a substitute for labor mobility. Keeping labor mobility “down” is the main value added of EU outsourcing. Empirically, its relevance to the regional market is established in an input-output framework of relationships with indicators of economic convergence (homogenization effects) and labor mobility (substitution effects) in the EU. Positive correlations with indices of business synchronization and weak negative correlations with measures of labor supply and wages suggest that outsourcing fits well both with strategies fostering market integration and those counterbalancing the politically sensitive labor mobility in the EU. There is no significant evidence to suggest that, at the aggregate level, outsourcing has independent substitution effects with regard to unemployment rates and wages in Western Europe. The geographic expansion of EU integration, therefore, is not a proxy for losses of social welfare in the West. The paper concludes that as the cost efficiency and resource allocation functions of outsourcing facilitate the homogenizing dynamics of regional integration, it is likely to become increasingly subsumed under EU-level regulation and monitoring in a trade-off between the regional interest and domestic sectoral concerns.
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22

Brooks, Brian. "Book Reviews : Labor Laws in the Middle East: Tradition in Transit." Journal of Industrial Relations 33, no. 2 (1991): 273–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569103300212.

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23

Zolotaryova, Olga. "Individual Labor Mobility: Categorical Definitions and Priorities of State Regulation in Ukraine." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 58 (September 2015): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.58.104.

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The purpose of the article to determine the category of "individual labor mobility", to reveal its methodological foundations of research and justify the need for it and the direction of government regulation. On the basis of official statistical data have been identified and analyzed the socio-economic factors, which have now negative impact on the individual labor mobility in Ukraine (unsatisfactory dynamics and structure of incomes of the population, a significant social inequalities and lack of a strong middle class, lack of labor market flexibilisation, deformed economic system of the country). Based on the analysis set forth the priorities of state regulation of individual labor mobility in Ukraine.
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24

Zilfi, Madeline. "SERVANTS, SLAVES, AND THE DOMESTIC ORDER IN THE OTTOMAN MIDDLE EAST." Hawwa 2, no. 1 (2004): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920804322888239.

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AbstractTo an appreciable degree, female domestic work in the Ottoman Middle East was shaped by organizational and valuative premises that were also common to women outside the Ottoman and Islamic worlds. Ambiguity such as between women's duties and socially recognized "work", or between kin and servant—was a keynote of women's condition regardless of cultural setting. However, in the Middle East, the persistence of slavery into the late nineteenth century as a predominantly female and domestic-labor institution added a distinctive element to the nature of domestic labor and women's role within it.
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25

Akulich, M. M. "Russian-speaking expats in the Middle East countries." RUDN Journal of Sociology 19, no. 4 (2019): 756–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2019-19-4-756-768.

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The present scale of labor migration of highly qualified specialists determines the necessity to study the essence and consequences of this social phenomenon. The author offers the sociological interpretation of the concept ‘expat’ and explains its meaning in the empirical study of the adaptation of Russian-speaking expats in the Middle East countries. The relevance of the research in this region is determined, on the one hand, by the attractiveness of the Persian Gulf countries for professional and labor migration, and, on the other hand, by the lack of applied research aimed at considering the peculiarities of adaptation of Russian-speaking specialists and their families to the life in the Arab country. The data were gathered in the survey/interview of specialists and their family members ( n = 50/14) living in the countries of the Middle East. The results indicate that the expats migrate by their own will or by the invitation of the host party through the selection process in English. Expatriates and their families do not experience special difficulties in the adaptation to new living conditions, strive to maintain the traditions of their culture, and actively interact with representatives of the diaspora. In general, expats are satisfied with professional activities, self-realization, and living conditions. However, their family members practically do not work in their specialty though most of them got higher education. The expat family members are mainly employed in the service sector, and their children study in American and English schools and communicate regardless of nationality. Social-cultural adaptation of children is quite successful due to the available conditions - social (parks, playgrounds, beaches) and social-cultural (respectful and friendly attitude).
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26

Cole, Juan R. I. "Chinese Soft Power and Green Energy Investment in the Greater Middle East." Sociology of Islam 4, no. 1-2 (2016): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131418-00402008.

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Green energy investment is one avenue through with the Chinese government is beginning to create a new relationship with the Middle East. Chinese solar panel firms have research and production advantages in the world market, but face rising labor costs at home. The Communist Party under Xi Jinping has pursued two major policies, “Go out!” and “One Road, One Belt.” The first refers to Chinese firms creating factories abroad to benefit from cheap labor and from local low-tariff trade blocs. China will therefore set up solar panel factories in the United Arab Emirates and in Morocco. Both countries have strong national commitments to renewable energy, but also have access to a wide range of export markets. This sort of investment changes China’s relationship to the region from being one of buying hydrocarbons to a much more intensive set of interactions, including acting as employer for local labor.
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Hu, Qiongjing, Yanlong Zhang, and Jingjing Yao. "Family Involvement in Middle Management and Its Impact on the Labor Productivity of Family Firms." Management and Organization Review 14, no. 2 (2018): 249–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mor.2018.5.

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ABSTRACTFamily business owners and researchers tend to overwhelmingly focus on the top-level structure of firms but ignore the middle-level practice – involving family members in the middle-management team. Compared to top managers at the strategic apex, middle-level managers are mainly responsible for internal operations and control, and the composition of the middle-management team has an immediate and direct impact on the overall workforce efficiency of family firms. Integrating agency theory and organizational justice perspective, we proposed that family involvement in middle management would have a negative impact on the labor productivity of family firms. We further corroborated this effect by identifying three boundary conditions at the individual (i.e., familial CEO), organizational (i.e., firm size), and regional (i.e., labor mobility) levels. Using a sample of 1,284 privately owned family firms in China, we found that family involvement in middle management, measured as the percentage of familial middle-level managers, was negatively associated with labor productivity. Furthermore, this negative relationship existed only when the CEO is a family member rather than a professional manager, when the size of the firm is large rather than small, or when the firm is located in regions with low rather than high labor mobility. These findings contribute to family business literature and provide practical implications for human resource management in family firms.
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Ceyhun qızı Adıgözəlova, Gülnurə. "The impact of migration on the search for jobs and decent wages in the Middle East." SCIENTIFIC WORK 66, no. 05 (2021): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/66/128-131.

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The Middle East is one of the world's most striking geographical regions in terms of labor migration. This article analyzes the main migration trends and the main causes of migration in the Middle East at present. We can conclude that this increase in migrant settlements in the Middle East is mainly the result of two factors – conflict and economic opportunity. Key words: migration, economic opportunities, labour migration, perspective, displacement, population, immigration
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29

Shami, Seteney. "Mobility, Modernity And Misery: Population Displacement And Resettlement In The Middle East." Center for Migration Studies special issues 11, no. 4 (1994): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2050-411x.1994.tb00791.x.

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30

Eelens, Frank, and J. D. Speckmann. "Recruitment of Labor Migrants for the Middle East: The Sri Lankan Case." International Migration Review 24, no. 2 (1990): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2546553.

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31

Eelens, Frank, and J. D. Speckmann. "Recruitment of Labor Migrants for the Middle East: The Sri Lankan Case." International Migration Review 24, no. 2 (1990): 297–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839002400205.

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32

KOOLI, Chokri, and Hend Al MUFTAH. "Female labor force participation in the Middle East and North African Countries." Brazilian Journal of Policy and Development 2, no. 1 (2020): 58–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.29327/210816.2.1-3.

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33

Dibeh, Ghassan, Ali Fakih, and Walid Marrouch. "Labor market and institutional drivers of youth irregular migration in the Middle East and North Africa region." Journal of Industrial Relations 61, no. 2 (2018): 225–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185618788085.

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This article examines the drivers of youth irregular migration in the Middle East and North Africa region. A multinomial logit model is implemented to test the effect of labor market and institutional characteristics on the decision of youth to migrate using a unique and novel dataset covering young people aged 15–29 from five major Middle East and North Africa countries. Specifically, the article investigates the effect of micro determinants of irregular migration: individual socio-economic factors, wealth factors, adaptability factors, labor market factors, and institutional factors. The article finds that the labor market drivers matter more for regular rather than irregular migration amongst the youth from the Middle East and North Africa region. However, institutional settings are of great importance for any decision to migrate, be it regularly or irregularly. In addition, youth from wealthier households are more likely to express willingness to migrate using regular channels, whereas youth from disadvantaged backgrounds are more likely to consider the irregular route.
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34

Agénor, Pierre-Richard, Mustapha K. Nabli, Tarik Yousef, and Henning Tarp Jensen. "Labor market reforms, growth, and unemployment in labor-exporting countries in the Middle East and North Africa." Journal of Policy Modeling 29, no. 2 (2007): 277–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2006.07.007.

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35

Gallagher, Nancy. "Middle East and North Africa Human Rights Activism in Cyberspace." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 31, no. 1 (1997): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400034842.

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Human Rights activists and scholars are finding information technology advantageous in their work. Through electronic communication activists can disseminate information widely, rapidly and inexpensively with far less labor than before. Censorship can often be circumvented. Information can be easily compiled, analyzed and managed. Action alerts can be disseminated almost instantaneously. Distances are reduced to nearly nothing. Not surprisingly, human rights resources on the Internet are increasing by leaps and bounds. There are, however, limitations for the human rights community.
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36

Kozma, Liat. "Going Transnational: On Mainstreaming Middle East Gender Studies." International Journal of Middle East Studies 48, no. 3 (2016): 574–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743816000532.

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Middle East gender studies is a lively and fascinating field. With two very different journals (HawwaandJournal of Middle East Women Studies) and dozens of panels at the Middle East Studies Association Annual Conference and the World Congress for Middle Eastern Studies, we have come a long way over the last two decades. Women's, queer, and masculinity studies are now part of how we understand gender studies in the region. Middle East gender studies does, however, remain marginal in two fields—Middle East studiesandgender studies. It is normally assigned to the end of a Middle East studies conference (“and gender”), or, conversely, to the end of a gender studies conference or edited volume (“and elsewhere”). But can a discussion of technology or World War I in the modern Middle East weave in insights gained from gender or queer studies? And can a discussion of women's movements or women's labor incorporate what we know about the Middle East? I believe that more can be done to mainstream gender in Middle East studies, and to mainstream the Middle East in gender studies. Transnational history is a particularly promising direction for this endeavor.
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37

Verma, SaunJuhi. "State labor sponsorship: The role of nation state regulation in undermining migrant employment standards." Journal of Industrial Relations 62, no. 2 (2019): 304–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185619886616.

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Temporary worker programs are on the rise both across the globe and particularly within the United States. Established research focuses upon the impact of immigration policies as well as outcomes for migrant communities within the labor market. In contrast, my work draws attention to the population of citizen-workers who participate in cyclical migration patterns within transnational labor markets. My multi-site ethnography, consisting of 109 interviews with US guest workers, oil industry employers, and Indian labor brokers, evaluates the impact of temporary worker programs on migration patterns from India to the Middle East to the United States. (In this article, I use the counter-naming of the Middle East as Southwest Asia and North Africa (SWANA). I avoid use of colonial terminology such as Middle East to refer to the countries in the region of North Africa and West Asia. The language is archaic and perpetuates the historic referencing of Europe as the central geographic reference point.). In particular, the study evaluated a multi-country migrant recruitment chain to address the question: How does the non-citizen visa situate migrants as global labor within the transnational economy? Findings identify that non-citizen visa pathway is a contemporary mode of governance through which labor is traded among third parties. The article outlines the complicity of nation-state regulation in shaping limited economic outcomes for migrants within cyclical multi-country labor markets.
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38

Inglot, Tomasz. "Social Policy and the New Middle Class in Central and Eastern Europe." Current History 118, no. 806 (2019): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2019.118.806.96.

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“The region has seen a radical shift from widespread unemployment to labor shortages, a historic expansion in higher-education opportunities, and unprecedented mass migration to the West.” Seventh in a series on social mobility around the world.
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39

Ishaq, Maryam. "Regional Economic Integration and Productivity Convergence: Empirical Evidence from East Asia." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 25, no. 2 (2020): 23–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2020.v25.i2.a2.

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The study attempts to seek evidence on regional economic integrationin driving labor productivity convergence in low-and middle-income East Asian states towards Japan, the country assumed to be the regional technology leader. The labor productivity convergence of low-and middle-income East Asian countries towards their rich neighbor is modelled against their national levels of innovation, technology spill-oversfrom the regional economic leader and their productivity differential with the frontier country. The hypothesized relationship is empirically verified for seven East Asian states, using a robust econometric approach. The time-series test estimates under Error Correction Representation yield absolute support in favor of valid productivity convergence occurring between Japan and its low-and middle income neighbors. However, panel data estimates generated with better statistical power outperform the time-series test findingsand these results reject the significance of Japan as the regional productivity growth driver for its regionaldevelopingstates.
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40

Weissbrodt, David, and Justin Rhodes. "United Nations Treaty Body Monitoring of Migrant Workers in the Middle East." Middle East Law and Governance 5, no. 1-2 (2013): 71–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763375-00501003.

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This article provides an overview of international instruments and institutions that monitor the status and treatment of migrant workers. Special focus is given to the Middle East and the dynamics of labor migration in that region.
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41

Kooli, Chokri, and Hend Al Muftah. "Female labor force participation in the Middle East and North African Countries: constraints and levers." Brazilian Journal of Policy and Development 2, no. 1 (2020): 58–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.52367/brjpd.2675-102x.2020.2.1.58-90.

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 Despite the importance of the subject, few researches have attempted to explain the female labor force participation (FLFP) in MENA region. This research tries to exploring the geopolitical, social, ethnic and economic levers or constraints that facilitate or bloc women’s access to the labor market. A quantitative approach based on data analysis was performed through the review of the World Bank statistics related to women participation in the labor market in MENA region. Data analysis revealed that the studied labor market was marked by an overall positive progress of the presence of female workers. However, this evolution is still considered very low and slow in comparison with world standards. The research also revealed huge disparities in the level of progress of the FLFP among the studied countries. The disparities observed were interpreted in correlation with the religious, economic, political, social and cultural aspects.
 
 
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42

Amar, Paul, and Omnia El Shakry. "Introduction: Curiosities of Middle East Studies in Queer Times." International Journal of Middle East Studies 45, no. 2 (2013): 331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743813000068.

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Starting in 2010, movements of transformation, spaces of sociability, relations of power, and economies of affect in the Middle East plunged into a time of radical dislocation. Fearless, dissident solidarities challenged patterns of identity, normativity, and authority that had constituted the region for more than a generation. One epoch ended, in which struggles over power seemed all too often restricted to constrained contests between nongovernmental organizations, religious dissidents, and security-state repressors. In their place new insurgencies came to question the narratives, binaries, and regimes of feeling pinned to “identity politics” as defined by categories of class, gender, sexuality, and religion. Curious forms of revolutionary social uprising exploded among gender, labor, and community dissidents at street level, generating novel popular cultures, rebel counterpublics, and carnivals of new-media experimentation.
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43

Hasanah, Nurul, and Ira Eka Pratiwi. "EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF FEMALE PARTICIPATION IN EDUCATION, PARLIAMENTS, AND WORKFORCE ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN MUSLIM COUNTRIES." OIKONOMIKA : Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi dan Keuangan Syariah 1, no. 2 (2020): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.53491/oikonomika.v1i2.74.

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The main objective of this study is to investigate female participation on education, parliament, and workforce in Muslim countries. By using secondary data over the period from 2010 until 2014 and parametric analysis, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between female participation in Middle East and non-Middle East countries. The estimation showed that the average of female in parliament and female labor force participation are higher in non-Middle East countries. Furthermore, the study also estimates the influence of female participation on economic growth. By using multiple regression panel data method, processed by E-Views, the result found that both female literacy rate and female participation in parliament have a positive and significant relationship with economic growth in Muslim countries. Meanwhile, the result of female labor force participation and female unemployment rate show insignificant effect on economic growth.
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44

Rainwater, Katie, and Lindy Brooks Williams. "Thai Guestworker Export in Decline: The Rise and Fall of the Thailand-Taiwan Migration System." International Migration Review 53, no. 2 (2018): 371–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197918318769315.

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For decades, rural Thais have been employed as “guestworkers” in the Middle East and Asia. Once the predominate source of guest labor in Taiwan, Thais are being replaced by migrants from other countries. Building on the migration systems literature, we examine this transition. We find that Thais are increasingly deciding against work in Taiwan because of a diminishing wage gap between the two states. We argue that one outcome of the maturation of guestworker programs in Asia and the Middle East is the succession of migrant groups, especially a decline among those from relatively prosperous labor-sending states.
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45

Skeldon, Ronald. "International Migration within and from the East and Southeast Asian Region: A Review Essay." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1, no. 1 (1992): 19–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689200100103.

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Five migration systems are described: settler, student, contract labor, skilled labor, and refugee. Settler migration to the U.S., Canada and Australia has consisted primarily of family members; the future may bring a greater emphasis on highly skilled and business categories. Contract labor migration, particularly to the Middle East, has provided jobs, foreign currency through remittances and greater participation of women, but also led to illegal migration, skills drain, and labor abuses. The hierarchy of development has led to intra-regional flows: (1) skilled labor mainly from Japan to other countries in the region, and (2) contract labor and illegal migration from the LDCs to the NIEs and Japan.
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46

Leven, Bozena. "Middle-Income Trap - Threat or Reality." Contemporary Economics 15, no. 3 (2021): 321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.452.

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The middle-income trap (MIT) describes obstacles to sustainable growth experienced by some middle-income countries. The initial growth of emerging economies is often characterized by reliance on labor intense, import driven factors, facilitated by foreign direct investment (FDI). As it matures, that initial growth becomes more dependent on foreign technology imports to produce exports, which can impede sustained growth. Poland is representative of several middle-income East European countries; after the 1990 transition, Poland had inadequate infrastructure and obsolescent industries, but a work force that was highly educated. Since 1990, relatively low labor costs, technology imports, European Union (EU) funding, and FDI have propelled Poland to middle-income status. However, Poland’s comparative labor advantages have recently diminished, while both the quantity and composition of FDI inflows are changing. In this paper, we examine whether some growth factors have been exhausted, leaving Poland subject to MIT. To answer this question, we assess changes in investment and factor productivity, labor force educational attainments, FDI, new product/technology development, imports, export diversification, product complexity, and other factors. We conclude that in Poland several conditions consistent with MIT are gaining importance and may be an early warning sign of challenges to its future growth.
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Angeles, Vivienne S. M. "The Middle East and the Philippines: Transnational Linkages, Labor Migration and the Remaking of Philippine Islam." Comparative Islamic Studies 7, no. 1-2 (2012): 157–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/cis.v7i1-2.157.

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In this article, Angeles explains how historically Islam in the Philippines has been identified as a religion of ethnic groups that are concentrated in the southern part of the country. Yet Islam in the Philippines has now transcended ethnic boundaries with the increasing number of Filipino Catholics converting to Islam. The author describes how labor migration to the Middle East has led to changes in the composition of Muslims in the Philippines, which in turn has resulted in the growing plural nature of Philippine Islam. This change is demonstrated by the growth of the Balik Islam (converts/ “reverts” to Islam) movement in the country and the changing material culture of the religion (Islamic dress, mosque architecture). Angeles traces the historical development of Philippine labor migration to the Middle East, explores the linkage between labor migration and conversion, and then studies the composition, purposes and aims of the Balik Islam movements that are linked to labor migration. She goes on to analyze the patterns that emerge out of these movements and their implications for Philippine Islam.
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48

Haindorfer, Raimund. "Impacts of negative labor market experiences on the life satisfaction of European East–West mobile workers: Cross-border commuters from the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary in Austria." Journal of Industrial Relations 62, no. 2 (2020): 256–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185619897087.

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This article investigates the impacts of negative labor market experiences on the life satisfaction of European East–West mobile workers by taking Czech, Slovak and Hungarian cross-border commuters working in Austria as an example. The recent literature has indicated a ‘dark side’ of East–West mobility, as many mobile Eastern Europeans face negative labor market experiences in the Western labor markets. If East–West commuters accept such experiences, employers and employees may quite easily subvert working standards, with detrimental effects on host countries that are intertwined in cross-border labor markets. Empirically, this study used a sequential mixed-methods design, based on quantitative and qualitative data from a research project on East–West commuters in Austria. The empirical findings showed that the negative labor market experiences are not important for commuters’ life satisfaction. From a multitude of those experiences under investigation, only ethnic discrimination experiences had a significantly negative impact. Instead, life satisfaction was mainly influenced by the overall health status and the perception that one’s own living conditions have improved in comparison with those of others from one’s country of origin. The in-depth qualitative findings corroborated the quantitative findings in terms of the low relevance of negative labor market experiences for the subjective assessments of commuting.
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Wickramage, Kolitha, Sharika Peiris, and Suneth B. Agampodi. "“Don’t forget the migrants”: exploring preparedness and response strategies to combat the potential spread of MERS-CoV virus through migrant workers in Sri Lanka." F1000Research 2 (July 29, 2013): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.2-163.v1.

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From September 2012 to July 2013, 81 laboratory-confirmed cases of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), including 45 deaths (a case fatality ratio of 55%) have been reported from eight countries. Human-to-human transmission is now confirmed showing potential for another pandemic of zoonotic disease, with an extremely high mortality rate. Effective surveillance strategies are required in countries with a high influx of migrants from the Middle East to mitigate the probable importation of MERS-CoV. We discuss here the risk of MERS-CoV in major labor sending countries and list the probable strategies for control and prevention of MERS-CoV using Sri Lanka as an example. It is conservatively estimated that 10% of Sri Lanka’s population work as international labor migrants (1.8 to 2 million workers), with 93% residing in the Middle East. An average of 720 workers depart each day, with the majority of these workers (71%) departing to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (the country with 81.5% of total MERS-CoV cases). We also describe other inbound migration categories such as tourists and resident visa holders relevant to the context of preparedness and planning. The importance of partnerships between public health authorities at national and regional levels with labor migration networks to establish institutional and/or policy mechanisms are highlighted for ensuring effective preparedness and response planning. Strategies that can be taken by public health authorities working in both labor sending and labor receiving counties are also described. The strategies described here may be useful for other labor sending country contexts in Asia with a high frequency and volume of migrant workers to and from the Gulf region.
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Рязанцева, Margarita Ryazantseva, Якушова, and E. Yakushova. "Features Regarding the Migration Situation in the Territories of Advanced Development in the Far East." Management of the Personnel and Intellectual Resources in Russia 4, no. 5 (2015): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/14960.

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The article examines the factors influencing human resources software features advanced development areas created by the Far Eastern Federal District. The
 authors reveal the basic characteristics of these areas shows the average population of the subject and the number of jobs. The article analyzes the problems
 of security of territories of priority development of the Far Eastern Federal District human resources. The authors also considered the possibility of attracting
 in the region of foreign labor. It is shown that the strategy of development of the Far East should be implemented in conjunction with a comprehensive
 strategy for labor mobility. The results of the analysis of the dynamics of the labor force in the region, which indicate the existing problems in the region. The
 features of the migration situation in the region. Estimated value for the development of the region’s labor migration from abroad.
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