Academic literature on the topic 'Labor productivity – China – Hong Kong'

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Journal articles on the topic "Labor productivity – China – Hong Kong"

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Lei, Chun Kwok (Henry). "The Influences of Revenue Diversification and Incoming Tourists on the Performance of Star-Rated Hotels in China." Tourism Analysis 24, no. 4 (November 13, 2019): 483–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/108354219x15652651367488.

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Human capital and a transformed data set are combined into a stochastic frontier analysis to estimate the technical efficiency of star-rated hotels in 30 provinces and municipalities of China for the period of 2011–2015. The influences of revenue diversification across room, food & beverage, and other services and incoming tourists on technical efficiency, labor, and capital productivities are addressed. Hotels in Zhejiang, Shanghai and Tianjin are found to be the most efficient. For the efficiency and productivities determinants, per capita GDP of the hosting province is the primary determinant, hotel ranking and diversification in revenue sources contribute to efficiency and partial productivities, while tourists from different origins bring about diversified impacts. Hotels located in regions with more Taiwan tourists are more efficient with higher capital productivity. Tourists from Hong Kong, Macau, and foreign countries have brought about both positive and negative linkages to efficiency and partial productivities. In general, hotels can reallocate their resources to diversify their services for better efficiency and productivities. In contrast, expanding external markets cannot guarantee higher efficiency and better productivities. Hotel management should be careful in formulating their marketing strategies.
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Baten, Abdul. "HOW TRAINING AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT IMPROVE EMPLOYEE'S PERFORMANCE, MORAL, AND MOTIVATION." Emerging Markets : Business and Management Studies Journal 4, no. 2 (March 8, 2018): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33555/ijembm.v4i2.7.

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Ready Made Garments (RMG) became a huge sector in Bangladesh. This sector is contributing tremendously to our economy. Nippon Garments Ltd. (NGL) is in RMG sector which is a sister concern of Abedin Group of Industries. NGL try to follow all the rules and regulations of labor laws by labor ministry of the government of Bangladesh. They maintain all compliances properly so that it won’t be harmful to the employees and environment. Training and development are one of the crucial components of Human Resource Management (HRM), besides all of the things like recruitment, selection, and, compensation. Training and development help an organization to motivate the employees in the work place and increase skills, productivity, and confidence for effective performance. To become successful and run an organization efficiently, it is very important to maintain good HR practices. When an organization has strong HR practices, and everyone in the company follow all the rules and regulations properly then the organization can create a healthy working environment which makes everyone happy. To follow all the rules and policies for growth, an organization should train the employees as per their training needs. HR always help to find the better ways to motivate employees through training and other facilities because if employees are not happy in their workplace, then they become less productive and quit the company. As a result, turnover is going to go up. Nippon Garments Ltd. is a project of Abedin Group of Industries, and it started its operation in 1984, and during the time NGL have faced so many ups and downs, but till now it has been successful in keeping its brand reputation. NGL also established competitive work environment and proved to become the number one RMG factory in Bangladesh. It is 100% export oriented garments factory. They input their best efforts to create a remarkable reputation in the RMG sector. They have both foreign and local customers, and their main customers are from Europe. They always try to give the best quality products to their customers, and for this, they are very much conscious about the raw materials used to make their end product. They import their basic fabric from China, Pakistan, Hong Kong, and India. Regarding of innovation, they are always up to date about the fashion trends and styles. Their main products are the jacket, pant, jogging & tracksuit, trouser, and more. They build up a strong relationship with the workers and employees and they also take necessary actions to maintain the strong relationship.
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Yang, Nan, and Stefan Kühner. "Beyond the Limits of the Productivist Regime: Capturing Three Decades of East Asian Welfare Development with Fuzzy Sets." Social Policy and Society 19, no. 4 (January 20, 2020): 613–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474641900054x.

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Systematic accounts of East Asian government responses to the ‘limits of productivist regimes’ (Gough, 2004) remain surprisingly rare. This article develops three distinct types of East Asian welfare development, i.e. quantitative, type-specific, and radical, employing set-theoretic methods. It then uses these types to analyse six policy fields, including education, health care, family policy, old-age pensions, public housing, and passive labour market policy, in six East Asian societies: China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Singapore and Taiwan. We find that all cases except Hong Kong and Singapore have experienced at least one radical shift in their welfare models over the past three decades (1990–2016). East Asian governments have increasingly combined quantitative expansion or retrenchment of ‘productive’ and ‘protective’ policy structures but have done so in unique ways. South Korea has followed the most ‘balanced’ approach to welfare development and stands out as the best candidate for further type-specific expansions moving forward.
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Wu, Chung-Tong, and Christine Inglis. "Illegal Immigration to Hong Kong." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1, no. 3-4 (September 1992): 601–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689200100310.

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Illegal migration from China is contrasted to that from Vietnam to highlight Hong Kong's unique place in such flows. Political upheavals in China, economic recessions and labor shortages in Hong Kong have caused waves of legal and illegal Chinese migration into Hong Kong which have been effectively contained through the vigilance of border patrols, police checks for identity cards, fines on employers of illegals, and cooperation from China. The increased numbers of Vietnamese boat people from 1988 led to a hardening in government and public attitudes, resulting in the reclassification of refugees as illegal migrants. The key difference in Hong Kong's effectiveness at stemming these two illegal migrant streams has been bilateral cooperation, which has been achieved with China but lacking in the case of Vietnam.
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Vagg, Jon. "Sometimes a Crime: Illegal Immigration and Hong Kong." Crime & Delinquency 39, no. 3 (July 1993): 355–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128793039003006.

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This article deals with the policies controlling migration from China to the British colony of Hong Kong. Immigrants have been responded to in different ways by the Hong Kong authorities, and often there has been a significant gap between legal provisions and policy implementation. The author argues that the primary determinants of the treatment of illegal immigrants in Hong Kong have been the economy and labor market, the fear of social unrest, and British foreign policy toward China. It is also pointed out that Hong Kong policies toward illegal immigrants have been used as political negotiating points by the Chinese authorities.
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Zhang, Di, Xiaming Wang, Xueru Yuan, Li Yang, Yu Xue, and Qian Xie. "Scientific publications in nursing journals from Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong: a 10-year survey of the literature." PeerJ 4 (March 14, 2016): e1798. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1798.

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Background:China has witnessed remarkable progress in scientific performance in recent years. However, the quantity and quality of nursing publications from three major regions (Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong) have not been reported. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of scientific research productivity from Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong in the field of nursing.Methods:Articles published in the 110 nursing journals originating from Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong between 2005 and 2014 were retrieved from the Web of Science. The total number of articles published, the impact factor, and the citation count were analyzed.Results:There were 2,439 publications between 2005 and 2014 from China, including 438 from Mainland China, 1,506 from Taiwan, and 495 from Hong Kong. There was a significant increase in publications for these three regions (p < 0.05), especially for Mainland China, with a 59.50-fold increase experienced. From 2011, the number of publications from Mainland China exceeded that from Hong Kong. Taiwan had the highest total journal impact factor (2,142.81), followed by Hong Kong (720.39) and Mainland China (583.94). The mean journal impact factor from Hong Kong (1.46) was higher than that from Taiwan (1.42) and Mainland China (1.33). Taiwan had the highest total citation count (8,392), followed by Hong Kong (3,785) and Mainland China (1,493). The mean citation count from Hong Kong (7.65) was higher than that from Taiwan (5.57) and Mainland China (3.41). The Journal of Clinical Nursing was the most popular journal in the three regions.Discussion:Chinese contributions to the field of nursing have significantly increased in the past ten years, particularly from Mainland China. Taiwan is the most productive region in China. Hong Kong had the highest-quality research output, according to mean journal impact factor and mean citation count.
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Hsieh, Chang-Tai, and Keong T. Woo. "The Impact of Outsourcing to China on Hong Kong's Labor Market." American Economic Review 95, no. 5 (November 1, 2005): 1673–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/000282805775014272.

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We measure the impact of China's decision to open its economy in 1980 on outsourcing from Hong Kong and the relative demand for less-skilled workers. We show that the relative demand for skilled workers in Hong Kong increased at the same time outsourcing to China began to increase. The reallocation of workers from manufacturing to “outsourcing services” can account for 15 percent, and increased utilization of skilled workers within manufacturing industries for 30 percent, of the aggregate relative demand shift. In addition, the rate of skill upgrading has been greater in manufacturing industries that have seen a greater degree of outsourcing to China.
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Skeldon, Ronald. "Turning Points in Labor Migration: The Case of Hong Kong." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 3, no. 1 (March 1994): 93–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689400300106.

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The Hong Kong experience of emigration and immigration does not fit neatly into models of migration transition. As a city-state with a small rural population, it has exhibited different developmental characteristics from the larger Asian newly industrialized economies. Geopolitical factors have also played a key role in “patterns” of migration, such as restrictive immigration policies in receiving countries. Also significant are individual considerations of political and economic risk, as evidenced by the current rise in the emigration of skilled and professional workers prior to the return of Hong Kong to China. The author concludes that, rather than a simple turning point in labor migration, there may be multiple turning points in a complex sequence of change.
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BARKER, THOMAS ALEXANDER CHARLES. "Screen Connections between Malaysia, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and China." Issues & Studies 54, no. 01 (March 2018): 1840002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1013251118400027.

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To date Malaysia has occupied a peripheral position in studies of Chinese cinemas and East Asian pop culture, often overlooked in favor of the more productive centers in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and increasingly China. By engaging with the field of Chinese transnationalism as developed by Aihwa Ong and others, this paper reconsiders Malaysia’s place in the broader Chinese media landscape and the role of Chinese Malaysians as agents driving Malaysia’s engagement with Taiwan, Hong Kong, and China. Focusing on Malaysia, this paper explores Malaysia’s screen connections to China through the two vectors of Malaysian migration and Chinese co-productions entering Malaysia. Increasingly, Malaysian creative workers who are already quite mobile are moving in increasing numbers to Mainland China and working on Chinese entertainment projects. Primarily, they take on intermediary roles within China’s growing entertainment industries which need cosmopolitan, multi-lingual creative labor as it increasingly globalizes and seeks foreign partners. Conversely, as China’s industry expands outwards, it seeks co-production partners and locations and has found Malaysia to be conducive. In outlining this new screen industry relationship, this paper suggests cultural and economic implications and futures for Chinese cinemas in Southeast Asia and the role of Malaysia’s ethnic Chinese population.
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Shibuya, Kumiko, Hua Guo, and Eric Fong. "Unemployment Patterns of Local-Born and Migrant Youth in a Postcolonial Society: A Double Cohort Analysis." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 688, no. 1 (March 2020): 20–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716219896290.

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In this study, we use postcolonial and migration literature to discuss the differences in the labor market participation of the local-born and migrant youth populations in Hong Kong. Hong Kong was a British colony until it was returned to China in 1997. Drawing on the 1996, 2006, and 2016 Hong Kong Census data, we use the “double cohort” method to compare how the birth and migration cohorts are related to the patterns of unemployment in Hong Kong. We find that the birth and migration cohorts are independently related to the unemployment rate, that they strongly interact with the likelihood of youth unemployment, and that migrant youths have benefited from the postcolonial environment and have lower rates of unemployment. Specifically, those who are younger and who arrived in Hong Kong after 1997 are less likely to be unemployed than those who are older and resided in Hong Kong before 1997.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Labor productivity – China – Hong Kong"

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Sum, Wan-wah, and 岑蘊華. "The enhanced productivity programme: the implementation of the first phase." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31966342.

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Fung, K. K., and 馮國健. "Job creation and destruction in Hong Kong manufacturing industries: some empirical evidence." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31954650.

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Ko, Man-fai, and 高文輝. "Proposals for the organisation and management of the Architectural Services Department." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1991. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31251225.

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張智強 and Chris C. K. Cheung. "Improving performance: an effective approach for an organisation providing low cost housing." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31251341.

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Wong, Sze-ching Terence, and 黃詩靖. "A review of container terminal productivity." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B27024751.

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Chau, Kwong-wing, and 鄒廣榮. "Total factor productivity of the building industry of Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1990. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31232152.

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Tang, Sai-fan. "Factors affecting the implementation of Hong Kong management practices in PR China : problems faced by Hong Kong Chinese Expatriates in China /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18836902.

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Chan, Lap-chung, and 陳立中. "Productivity and efficiency improvement programmes of the Hong Kong Government." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31266976.

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Chan, Ha-kwan Nikkiter, and 陳夏鈞. "Labour policy in Hong Kong in the 90'." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3196610X.

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Hui, Wah-ying Daniel, and 許華英. "Improvement of productivity in the trucking industry: a feasibility study on the effect of implementing theowner-driver scheme on transport productivity of an industrial gasescompany." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1985. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31263203.

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Books on the topic "Labor productivity – China – Hong Kong"

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J, Downey Michael. Butterworths Hong Kong employment handbook. Edited by Mohamed Nisha, Liang Kenneth, Hong Kong (China), and Hong Kong (China). Hong Kong: LexisNexis Butterworths, 2013.

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Downey, Michael J. Butterworths Hong Kong employment handbook. Edited by Mohamed Nisha, Hong Kong (China), and Hong Kong (China). 3rd ed. Hong Kong: LexisNexis, 2010.

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Price, R. B. E. The employment laws of Hong Kong and China. Hong Kong: LexisNexis, 2009.

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England, Joe. Industrial relations and law in Hong Kong. 2nd ed. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1989.

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Maid to order in Hong Kong: Stories of Filipina workers. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press, 1997.

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Constable, Nicole. Maid to order in Hong Kong: Stories of migrant workers. 2nd ed. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007.

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Kwan, Daniel Y. K. Marxist intellectuals and the Chinese labor movement: A study of Deng Zhongxia (1894-1933). Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997.

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Gender and the south China miracle: Two worlds of factory women. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.

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Ltd, ICON Group. CHINA TELECOM (HONG KONG) LTD.: Labor Productivity Benchmarks and International Gap Analysis. 2nd ed. Icon Group International, Inc., 2000.

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Ltd, ICON Group. CHINA MOBILE (HONG KONG) LTD.: Labor Productivity Benchmarks and International Gap Analysis. 2nd ed. Icon Group International, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Labor productivity – China – Hong Kong"

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Lee, Chun Wing. "Hong Kong-China Integration, Neoliberalization, and the Young Lower Class in Hong Kong." In Labor and Class Identities in Hong Kong, 123–39. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137517562_7.

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Jin, Ying. "Spatial Economics, Urban Informatics, and Transport Accessibility." In Urban Informatics, 115–32. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8983-6_8.

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AbstractOne central pillar in the development of urban science which is key to the development of simulation of models of urban structure is spatial econometrics. In this chapter, we outline the way in which ideas pertaining to accessibility which we define conventionally, as in transport economics, as the relative nearness and size of locations to one another, can be embedded in a wider econometric framework. We are thus able to explore how GDP (gross domestic product) of different locations is influenced by different spatial investments. To illustrate this, we first outline the intellectual context, followed by a review of the most relevant econometric models. We examine the data required for such models and look at various quantifications in terms of elasticities of business productivity with respect to transport accessibility, using ordinary least squares, time-series fixed effects, and a range of dynamic panel-data models which narrow down the valid range of estimates. We then show how the model is applied to Guangdong province (with its connections to Hong Kong and Macau), which is one of the three major mega-city regions and a leading adopter of new technologies in China.
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Nattrass, Nicoli, and Jeremy Seekings. "Decent Work Fundamentalism and Job Destruction in the South African Clothing Manufacturing Industry." In Inclusive Dualism, 101–38. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841463.003.0006.

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Chapter 6 reviews the history of collective bargaining in the South African clothing manufacturing industry. We show that its profoundly dualist character (high- and low-productivity firms co-existing) has historical and market-related roots and highlight the role of wage policy during and after apartheid in shaping the regional location of firms. The rise of China as a global producer of clothing had a profound impact on the South African industry—but it was the simultaneous introduction of national collective bargaining and the enforcement of minimum wages on relatively low-wage labour-intensive firms that drove the job losses. We describe the 2010/11 ‘compliance drive’ that resulted in legal action against the National Bargaining Council for the Clothing Manufacturing Industry by low-wage employers, including the Chinese firms (that is, owned by people who originated from Taiwan, Hong Kong, or China) in Newcastle seeking to obtain relief from the imposition of sector-wide minimum wages on their labour-intensive firms. Whilst trade union strategy as well as government policy adapted to some extent and many employers transformed their enterprises into workers’ co-operatives, that is to circumvent wage regulation, the outcome was nonetheless the preclusion of employment growth in this crucial sector.
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Lee, Ching Kwan. "Social Organization of the Labor Market in Hong Kong." In Gender and the South China MiracleTwo Worlds of Factory Women, 90–108. University of California Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520211254.003.0005.

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"Total factor productivity convergence between China, Hong Kong and Macau." In Routledge Studies on the Chinese Economy, 159–83. Routledge, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203884423.ch6.

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Wong, Yue Chim Richard. "Differential Growth Rates in Singapore and Hong Kong." In Fixing Inequality in Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888390625.003.0005.

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The crucial driver of the difference in growth rates between Hong Kong and Singapore – two of the freest market economies in the world – is their different rates of growth in human capital. Free markets in labor, capital, and land allow these resources to be allocated more efficiently, but you cannot achieve growth and productivity increases if you do not invest in capital. In a modern economy, the most important form of capital is human capital. Human capital markets are imperfect, so there is an important role for government and nongovernment charities and voluntary organizations to play in fostering and financing investment in human capital.Hong Kong must not lose any more time getting its act together on human capital.
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"Chapter Five. Social Organization of the Labor Market in Hong Kong." In Gender and the South China Miracle, 90–108. University of California Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520920040-007.

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Wong, Yue Chim Richard. "New Strategies Needed as Third Industrial Age Unfolds." In Fixing Inequality in Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888390625.003.0029.

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Many today believe the world has entered the Third Industrial Age, during which technological improvements in robotics and automation will boost productivity and efficiency, implying significant gains for companies. These advancements have three biases: they tend to be capital-intensive (favoring those with financial resources), skill-intensive (favoring those with a high level of technical proficiency), and labor saving (reducing the total number of unskilled and semi-skilled jobs). The pundits speculate the economic impact on the job market will be significant and will present serious social and political challenges for society in growing inequality and the provision of safety nets to mitigate the consequences of disruptive technological progress. History has shown capitalist markets and business enterprises are incredibly efficient at turning technological advances into profitable businesses and providing incentives to discover new technologies. They succeed because companies that compete successfully with each other to provide benefits for clients are rewarded handsomely.
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Yip, Man-Fung. "Epilogue." In Martial Arts Cinema and Hong Kong Modernity. Hong Kong University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888390717.003.0007.

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An underlying premise of this book is that Hong Kong martial arts cinema from the mid-1960s through the end of the 1970s, marked by new aesthetic and thematic directions as well as by new practices of transnationality, is best conceptualized as a cultural counterpart and response to processes of modernization and modernity that were shaping the former British colony. But despite its specific time focus, the issues explored in the book have broader significance and are useful for understanding martial arts films of more recent times. Without doubt, Hong Kong continued and intensified its march towards urban-capitalist modernization throughout the 1980s, the 1990s, and beyond. The pace of growth—economically, socially, and demographically—showed no signs of slowing during the period. On the one hand, the population expanded from 4 million in 1970 to 6.7 million in 2000. On the other hand, although the economy underwent a process of restructuring in the 1980s when the “Open Door” policy of post–Cultural Revolution China and other factors resulted in the relocation of Hong Kong’s industrial sector to the mainland and triggered its transition from labor-intensive manufacturing to finance- and service-oriented industries, the city continued to enjoy great prosperity and had by the mid-1990s established itself as one of the world’s foremost centers of international trade and finance. Rapid growth spawned more transportation, shops, infrastructure, entertainment, and commodities. As a result, the city became more congested, frantic, and noisy—in short, perceptually busier and more intense—than ever before. Meanwhile, gender relations and identities were also in constant reformulation as both men and women tried to negotiate the changing social, economic, and political contexts of Hong Kong....
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Bauder, Harald. "Rules to Work By." In Labor Movement. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195180879.003.0010.

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“Culture shock” is a common phenomenon among visitors to another country, and even the most seasoned traveler can be stymied by local behavioral norms, cultural conventions, and values. Tourists often revel in the sensation of being surrounded by the exotic and unknown. Other visitors, such as foreign exchange students, face a greater challenge as they attempt to forge relationships with native classmates and host families while learning a new language. Immigrants also face a challenge of cultural adaptation when they arrive in their new country, but they have much more at stake than the casual tourist or exchange student. Although the shock experience fades in most cases, immigrants often continue to experience difficulties reconciling the dominating cultural norms and conventions of their new home with their own norms and values. That is, the habitus of the newcomer does not match local norms and expectations. The rules of the game are defined locally, and the stranger who is unfamiliar with the rules will be unable to play effectively or will be excluded from the game altogether. Labor markets and business networks also operate according to a set of rules. For immigrants, being unfamiliar with these rules can have profound effects. For example, many Chinese business-class immigrants who came to Canada as entrepreneurs quickly discovered that the business world operates differently in Vancouver than in Hong Kong or Taipei. Many of their businesses folded and their investments flopped because they were unprepared for stringent regulations, strange business practices, and peculiar consumer behavior (Ley 1999, 2003). Consequently, a large number of Chinese immigrant entrepreneurs reoriented their investments back to China, where they knew how to run a business profitably. The return of Chinese entrepreneurs to East Asia is one of the reasons the astronaut family is a common phenomenon in Vancouver. Business regulations and conventions rendered Canada an unattractive place for investment by many Chinese immigrant entrepreneurs. In the labor market, conventions and norms are equally important. Many immigrants are unfamiliar with the norms and conventions of the hiring process in Canada, are unable to judge employers’ expectations, and are unaware of the codes of conduct in the Canadian workplace.
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Conference papers on the topic "Labor productivity – China – Hong Kong"

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Zhao, Huifang, Sheng Xu, and Changhui Yang. "A P-SVM and chaos based model for high-technology manufacturing labor productivity." In 2008 IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN 2008 - Hong Kong). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2008.4633812.

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