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Alban, Conto Maria-Carolina. "Private Income Transfers and Development : three Applied Essays on Latin America." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH006/document.
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Pendant des décennies, les économistes se sont intéressés à étudier pourquoi et comment les agents s'entraident, en accordant une place particulière à l'analyse des transferts de revenus privés. Les applications récentes comprennent des sujets très divers tels que: l'analyse de l'accumulation du capital, la cohésion sociale etla solidarité, le marché de l'assurance et des taux d'intérêt, les stratégies de gestion des risques face aux chocs négatifset les politiques gouvernementales.La présente thèse analyse de quelles manières les décisions de transfert entre ménages, les envois de fonds internationauxet les transferts intra-ménages ont un impact sur cinq aspects fondamentaux du développement:(i) les interactions sociales, (ii) le travail de marché et domestique, (iii) les dépenses, (iv) la nutrition et (v) la santé.Trois questions de recherche sont traitées en utilisant des données provenant de la Colombie, de l'Équateur et du Pérou, ainsi que de multiples techniques économétriques. Premièrement, y a-t-il une relation entre les transferts entre ménages et la distance entre les donateurs et les récepteurs? Deuxièmement, faire des envois de fonds internationaux modifie-t-il de manière asymétrique l'offre de travail, en fonction des caractéristiques individuelles? Troisièmement, avoir recours des transferts intra-ménages influence-t-il les habitudes de dépenses, la nutrition et la santé au sein des ménages?Les résultats suggèrent que les transferts de revenus privés jouent un rôle clé de redistribution, en modifiant leniveau de vie et en améliorant le bien-être des individus. Dans des contextes de pauvreté, où les mécanismes d'apparentant à une sécurité sociale sont rares, où l'informalité est courante, où les institutions sont fragmentées et où le secteur public est faible, les transferts d'argent et en nature entre ménages constituent des stratégies essentielles de subsistance. Ainsi, améliorer notre compréhension de cette dimension des comportements sociaux est fondamentalFor decades, economists have been interested in studying why and how agents support eachothers, giving a special place to the analysis of private income transfers. Recent applicationsinclude very diverse topics such as: the analysis of capital accumulation, social cohesion andsolidarity, market insurance and interest rates, risk-coping strategies against negative shocksand government policies.The present dissertation analyzes how inter-household transfer decisions, international remittancesand intra-household transfers contribute to shape five fundamental aspects of development:(i) social interactions, (ii) market and household work, (iii) spending patterns, (iv)nutrition and (v) health.Three research questions are addressed using applied data from Colombia, Ecuador and Peru,and multiple econometric techniques. First, is there a relationship between inter-householdtransfer dynamics and distance between donors and receivers? Second, do remittances asymmetricallyshape labor supply responses depending on people’s characteristics? Third, dointra-household transfers influence spending patterns, nutrition and health outcomes?Results suggest that private income transfers play a key re-distributive role, shaping agents’living standards and improving individual and social well-being. In contexts of economic deprivation,where social safety nets are scarce, informality is at stake, institutions are highlyfragmented and the public sector is weak, money and in-kind help from other households orindividuals constitute crucial livelihood strategies to get through the economic world. Thus,enhancing our understanding of this dimension of social behaviors is a must
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Carnes, Matthew Edward. "The politics of labor regulation in Latin America /." May be available electronically:, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Canavire-Bacarreza, Gustavo J. "Essays on Labor Economics and Fiscal Decentralization." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/econ_diss/78.
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This dissertation comprises two essays. While the topics of both essays are different both are interrelated on the base of economic development. The first essay examines ethnic wage gaps on segmented labor markets with evidence from Latin American countries. The second essay revisits the determinants of fiscal decentralization with an emphasis on the role that geography plays in determining fiscal decentralization. The first essay contributes to limited literature on ethnic wage gaps in Latin America. It examines ethnic wage gaps for workers in formal and informal labor markets. Using data from Latin American countries we estimate and examine across-ethnic wage gaps for informal and formal markets, their changes over time, factors that explain their differences, and the wage gap distribution. More specifically, we verify that different ethnic wage gaps do exist across formal and informal markets; they behave differently not only at their means but also along the wage distribution. The results indicate that higher ethnic wage gaps in informal sectors exist not only on average but also throughout the distribution. In addition, we find that wage gaps have declined significantly over the last 10 years. we explain this by examining changes in the prices of institutional factors and changes in human capital endowments. The distributional analysis shows a decrease in the unexplained component, especially in the top part of the distribution. The second essay contributes to the existing literature on the determinants of fiscal decentralization by motivating theoretically and exploiting in depth the empirical relevance that geography has as a determinant of fiscal decentralization. The relationship between decentralization and geography is based on the logic that more geographically diverse countries show greater heterogeneity among their citizens, including their preferences and needs for public goods and services provisions. Communications and physical distance are also a very important issue and play a key role on the effect of geography over time. (Lora et. al., 2003) argue geography plays a key role in economic and social development, as well as in the institutional design of the countries; yet, this effect could be enhanced (or diminished) in the presence of better physical infrastructure or communications. The theoretical model in this paper builds on the work by Arzaghi and Henderson (2002) and Panizza (1999). For the empirical estimation, we use a panel data set for approximately 91 countries for the period 1960-2005. Physical geography is measured along several dimensions, including elevation, land area and climate. We construct a geographical fragmentation index and test its effect on fiscal decentralization. In addition, we interact the geographical fragmentation index with time-variant infrastructure variables in order to test the effect that infrastructure and communications have on the relationship between geography and fiscal decentralization. For robustness, we construct Gini coefficients for in-country elevation and climate. We find a positive and strong correlation between geographical factors and fiscal decentralization. We also find that while the development of infrastructure (in transportation, communications, etc.) tends to reduce the effect of geography on decentralization, this effect is rather small and mostly statistically insignificant, meaning that the impact of geography survives over time. The strategy has additional value because geography may be used as an instrument for decentralization in future econometric estimations where decentralization is used as an explanatory variable, but may be suspected to be endogenous to the economic process being studied (economic growth, political instability, macroeconomic stability, income distribution, etc.).
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Joyce, Elizabeth. "EU drug policy in the Andes : international cooperation and the politics of illicit cocaine supply." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297535.
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Torres, Retamal Luis Dario. "Corporate social responsibility (CSR) and development : the case of gender equality in Latin America." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/44398/.
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The 2030 global development agenda represents a renewed commitment to gender equality and an explicit call for business contribution. Even though during the last 15 years the gender gap has narrowed, women continue to lag behind men in the economic opportunities available to them. Feminist economists have largely acknowledged that many gender inequalities happen in organisations and, therefore, business organisations have much to contribute. In this respect, one of the most significant shifts of the post-2015 agenda has been the explicit call for a more proactive role of the private sector. Responsible business practices or Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) represent an opportunity for the effective incorporation of gender issues into the business strategy. However, the actual integration of gender issues in the CSR agenda has been limited, CSR has been frequently studied at one level at a time (macro, organisational or individual), research has been primarily carried out in developed regions such as Europe and North America, and the practice of CSR has been characterised by a more external focus on philanthropic environmental and community activities. Considering this context, the main purposes of this thesis is twofold. On the one hand, it seeks to contribute to strengthening the theoretical links between CSR and gender equality at work by developing an integrated multilevel framework. This framework takes a CSR perspective and it is based on the capability approach for human development proposed by the Nobel Prize Laureate in Economics Amartya Sen. Besides this central theoretical background, levels are built from a multidisciplinary standpoint including literature from public policy, development studies, management, organisation studies and social and organisational psychology. On the other hand, this thesis pursues a better empirical understanding of CSR and gender equality in developing countries by implementing the proposed framework in Latin America. By focusing on global and national governance institutions in studies one and two, organisational strategies in study three, and employees’ attitudes and perceptions in study four; this research collects and analyses quantitative and qualitative data under a mixed method research design. The first two studies use a qualitative approach based on the analysis of documents and interviews. The last two studies take a quantitative approach by collecting and analysing data from an online survey. Findings emphasise the need of a better integration of gender issues within the CSR agenda at all levels but particularly for public governance at the national level. Global governance institutions have been effective at enacting legally binding measures and reporting country progress in terms of gender equality across the region. However, there is still a lack of policy instruments based on economic incentives and public-private partnerships aimed at engaging the private sector in gender issues. On the other hand, the level of integration of gender issues was found to be stronger at the organisational level. Particularly, companies that have aligned their strategies to international responsibility standards tend to also include policy initiatives aimed at reducing gender inequalities. Similarly, companies that are perceived as being responsible by their employees generate favourable attitudes towards the implementation of these gender initiatives at work. However, these gender initiatives have been found to have almost no impact on the actual advancement of female workers. These results are discussed from an integrative perspective and implications for public policy and business organisations are proposed. Limitations and avenues for future research are also identified with focus placed on the possible developments of the proposed framework considering these findings.
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Canessa, Montejo Miguel Francisco. "The Low Representativeness of Unions in Latin America: A Wrong Interpretation." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118611.
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The level of membership of trade Unions in Latin America is low. This affects the level of representation of workers by the unions. However, this statement would leave aside the fact that the national legislation formally prevents a substantive number of workers to establish a union in the enterprise or in the industry. The present investigate clarifies this issue based on an analysis or the normative framework and based on official statistical data.La sindicalización en América Latina es baja. Lo que pone en tela de juicio la representación de los trabajadores por medio de los sindicatos. Sin embargo, esta afirmación dejaría de lado que la propia normativa nacional impide formalmente que un significativo número de trabajadores puedan constituir un sindicato en la empresa o en la industria. El presente estudio aborda esta problemática integrando en su análisis tanto la interpretación normativa como los datos estadísticos oficiales para dilucidar esta interrogante.
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Thoene, Ulf V. "Social protection and labour law : regulatory approaches to the informal employment sector in Latin America." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/57756/.
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The phenomena of high and persistent levels of informal employment and informal entrepreneurial activity have been among the most pressing features undermining the development of participatory socio-economic and political institutions in Latin America over the past decades. The informal sector does not exist separately from the formal economy. Although some individuals profit from shirking regulation such as tax payments, others are denied their basic rights as citizens. Many policy initiatives that set out to enable an increasing share of the region’s population to enjoy protected workplace conditions, access the social protective systems and nurture productive firms have had negligible or even detrimental effects. This research thesis argues that in order to understand the complex mechanics of informal labour in Latin America, a wide analytical perspective must be adopted, so that various interconnected developmental policy issues such as citizenship, state capacity, the political economy of the region, the design structure and the coverage of the contributory social protection regime, the quality of political participation, access to the legal system, and education must be examined with respect to their impact on social and labour rights. Employing the analytical lens of institutionalist regulatory theory and adopting central insights from Sen’s Capability Approach allow for the identification of path-dependent patterns in Latin American labour law and social polices, a reassessment of the role of the state as a regulatory actor, and the crucial importance of lifting the quality of employment and social services delivery. That approach allows this research dissertation to move beyond the traditional discourses that advocate either state regulation in the areas of social and labour legislation coupled with enforcement mechanisms, or alternatively deregulatory policies that place their faith in market forces as the ultimate formula to approach a societal issue that must actually be tackled from several vantage points. Fieldwork was carried out in Colombia in order to enrich this research with data obtained from interviews, participant observation and library visits.
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Galup, Maria Cecilia I. "Intersecting Lives: Labor and Spirit in the Oral History of Dora Ciudad." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193265.
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This thesis is based on oral histories with Dora Cuidad, a paid domestic worker in Lima, Peru. Dora Cuidad's stories are a window into how relationships permeated with racial and class differences, may be negotiated by paid domestic workers and the families that employ them. Dora depicts a life in the Zwinkel household, filled with intimate moments and acts that create emotional bonds that extend across generations as well as over distance and time. Dora's vibrant narrative also reflects how a working-class individual in Lima, Peru imbues meaning to her life experiences, how such an individual engages with the world as she attempts to further the well-being of her children and fulfill her own dreams.
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Villavicencio, Ríos Alfredo. "Constitution, configuration and registration of trade unions in Latin America: The spurious reign of Law." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/109487.
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The right of freedom of association, nowadays, is considered a fundamental right of workers. However, and though it has been internationallyrecognized in several Covenants of the International Labor Organization, it has been a tendency among Latin American governments to limit the exercise of this freedom.In the present article, the author criticizes what he considers to be an excessive regulation of the exercise of the right of freedom of association by workers, present in almost every country in the region. These limitations are manifested through constitutional or legal restrictions to the formation of labor unions, union unity regimes and difficulties for the constitution of labor unions. In that way, he calls for the guarantee of the right of freedom of association for workers in Latin America.El derecho a la libertad sindical es considerado, hoy en día, como un derecho fundamental del trabajador. Sin embargo, y a pesar de estar reconocido internacionalmente en diversos Convenios de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, ha sido una tendencia de los gobiernos latinoamericanos la limitación del ejercicio de la libertad sindical.En el presente artículo, el autor hace una crítica a lo que él considera una excesiva regulación del ejercicio de la libertad sindical presente en casi todos los ordenamientos jurídicos de la región. Estas limitaciones se manifestarían a través de restricciones constitucionales o legales a la formación de sindicatos, regímenes de unicidad sindical y trabas a la constitución de los mismos. De ese modo, hace un necesario llamado a la garantía del derecho a la libertad sindical en Latinoamérica.
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Wilson, Silvius Egerton. "The 1924 Workers' Incident at Ruimveldt British Guiana and the development of working people's organisation." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1997. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2989/.
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In 1924 stevedores and other categories of dock workers in Georgetown, British Guiana, went on strike in response to a call by the British Guiana Labour Union (BGLU). In a demonstration of solidarity, estate workers from several sugar plantations along the East Bank of Demerara embarked upon a march to Georgetown. At Plantation Ruimveldt, the workers confronted a detachment of police officers and members of the military forces. As a result of an order to shoot into the crowd thirteen workers were killed and twenty-four wounded. The dissertation has been able to establish the '1924 Workers' Incident at Ruimveldt' as a watershed in Guianese working people's struggle by highlighting its prominence among other moments of overt resistance through its impact upon workers' organisation. The significance of the Incident is also brought out in the new relationship which developed between the British government, the Colonial Office and the British TUC, on the one hand, and the Guianese labour leaders on the other. In pursuit of this task, the dissertation addresses the following: the organisational structures of the working people at the formal and non-formal or 'street corner' levels; the leadership which emerged from the ranks of the working people and the middle class; the impact of 'grassroots' organisation in fostering working peoples' consciousness and co-operation among members of the major racial sections in the country; and their attempts to establish links with progressive individuals and organisations within Guiana and throughout the international community.
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Price, Amy. "Beyond the Beauty of a Dozen Roses: Implications of Free Trade on Women Workers in Colombia's Cut Flower Industry." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/18434.
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Under the prevailing global capitalist model, increased access to the formal economy for women is touted as a panacea to women´s empowerment and gender equality. Despite an unprecedented increase in women's participation in the global workforce and international labor standards, women are often assigned to precarious and exploitative low-wage work with little opportunity for social mobility. This thesis examines the effects of U.S.-Colombia Free Agreement and Labor Action Plan on women workers in Colombia's cut flower export-oriented industry. The impacts of free trade on women are contradictory, and despite hopes for the Labor Action Plan, women in the cut flower industry have seen little improvement in the working conditions and gender inequality. I explore the ways in which women actively resist exploitation and argue that women face powerful structural barriers to collective action under the imperialist and racist order of the capitalist patriarchy enshrined in Free Trade Agreements.
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Cantu, Roselyn. "The Glass Ceiling’s Missing Pieces: Female Migrant Domestic Workers Navigating Neoliberal Globalization in Latin America." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1820.
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This thesis explores globalization’s effects on female migrant domestic workers in Latin America by examining the socioeconomic and political status of Paraguayan and Peruvian domestic workers in Argentina. Through this research, I answer several key questions. First, how does globalization shape neoliberal markets that enforce the exploitative structures of domestic labor? Second, how is gender inequality present in governmental and social discrimination? Third, do the costs of transnational care labor outweigh the benefits? The former two questions are answered by the rising demand for care labor and resulting global care chains that fuel greater cross-border migration and statelessness of female migrants. Additionally, cultural and familial pressures magnify the sexual division of labor and maintain domestic labor’s low social status. Using a gender analysis, I address the last question by concluding that gender inequalities through governmental and social discrimination, plus emotional-familial burdens, outweigh domestic labor’s short-sighted financial prospects and autonomy provided by globalization.
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Thomas, Courtney Alexandra. "A comparative study of labor rights in Guatemala after the enactment of DR-CAFTA." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/144369.
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In this study different variables proven to be correlated with labor rights to are used in a qualitative – descriptive study of the labor rights environment in the DR-CAFTA Latin American countries in order to determine if the current situation in Guatemala, subject of the first labor rights dispute under a free-trade agreement in United States history, is mirrored in each country, or is an environment unique to Guatemala. After a review of the variables this study concludes that Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua all have similarly low levels of all the correlated variables studied, but that Guatemala does in fact present as having a political and legal environment that is less conducive to labor rights.
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Monsalve, Zanatti Martín. "Schneider, Ben Ross. Hierarchical Capitalism in Latin America. Business, Labor and the Challenges of Equitable Development. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013, 237 pp." Economía, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118301.
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Ibanez, Lindsey McKay. "The Reputation Game: Searching for Low-Wage Work in Urban Nicaragua." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1531305966893766.
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Hollenkamp, Charles Clayton. "A marriage of convenience : Batista and the Communists, 1933 - 1944." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001696.
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Francis, Joseph A. "The terms of trade and the rise of Argentina in the long nineteenth century." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/918/.
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Argentina’s early twentieth century is commonly portrayed as a ‘golden age’ in which it became ‘one of the richest countries in the world’. Here, however, this optimistic vision is challenged by placing Argentina within a new metanarrative of global divergence during the long nineteenth century. A massive terms-of-trade boom – the extent of which has not previously been appreciated – had profoundly uneven impacts across the periphery. Where land was abundant, frontiers could expand, leading to dramatic extensive (that is, aggregate) growth. An expanding frontier then had a safety-valve effect on labour markets, so capitalists responded to high wages by mechanising production, which raised labour productivity and, consequently, per capita incomes. In the land-scarce periphery, by contrast, deindustrialisation led to increasing quantities of labour receiving diminishing returns by being applied to limited land resources. Similarly, Argentina’s own century-long terms-of-trade boom allowed the Littoral to prosper but made the more densely populated interior stagnate. The presence of the poor interior then prevented the country from developing the kind of white-egalitarian democracy that had allowed the prosperous European offshoots to make the transition to rapid intensive (that is, per capita) growth. Most importantly, Argentina’s political backwardness ensured that landownership remained concentrated, which muted the safety-valve effect of the expanding frontier, so capitalists did not make the same investments in laboursaving technologies. The new metanarrative of global divergence thus leads to a far more pessimistic revision of Argentina at the beginning of the twentieth century – a revision that is verified through a comparative assessment of its living standards that shows them to have been considerably below the levels of Northern Europe and the European offshoots. Argentina’s ‘golden age’ is therefore a myth.
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Barba-Viniegra, Ricardo Manuel. "Policy analysis of energy-economy interactions in Mexico : a multiperiod optimizing general equilibrium model." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1989. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/107461/.
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The objective of this thesis is to analyze three key aspects of the long-term relationship between energy policy and overall economic policy in Mexico: (1) energy- industrialization; (2) energy-labour force; and (3) energy-foreign debt. The importance of the energy sectors in the general economy is evaluated from a historical perspective. Some of the most representative energy studies, both theoretical and empirical are reviewed. Also, the structure and specification of some general equilibrium (GE) models constructed for Mexico are compared within a SAM-type conceptual framework. The SAM approach is then used to formulate the one-period version of the model. An optimizing intertemporal GE model is constructed and implemented to analyze the interdependence between the decisions of the various economic agents, and to explore the sensitivity of optimal policies with respect to such key parameters as elasticities of substitution and world oil prices. The starting point of the model is the work by Blitzer and Eckaus (1986a). However, given the different nature of the present study, five types of improvements have been introduced: (i) the objective function and the terminal constraints are formulated in a way that leads to more attractive price structures; (ii) the model contains truly price-sensitive endogenous choices; (iii) there is a greater degree of disaggregation of the accounts; (iv) the data base is more updated; and (v) a much improved software is employed for solving the model. The following are some of the main conclusions derived from the various solutions of the model: - Both the real and dual sides of the model capture a structural adjustment process towards expansion of nonoil tradeable producing sectors. Manufacturing exports replace oil and gas revenues and external capital inflows as the main source of foreign currency. - Foreign exchange is the most serious constraint of the system, so that foreign debt reduction is considered as the most profitable way of allocating current income. - This calls for a portfolio switching effect among the assets that constitute Mexico's wealth: foreign debt reduction affects investment in real capital assets, which, in turn, means that the economy grows below the labour force growth. Moreover, in the majority of the experiments, oil and gas extraction levels are constrained by the ceilings imposed by the government. - Skilled labour force shortages also restrict the economy significantly. Yet, the economy is not constrained in its ability to absorb oil revenues.
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Vega, Núñez Adriana Patricia. "Essays on informal labor markets." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/663417.
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The dissertation deals with the analysis of informality in developing countries considering both the worker’s and the firm’s perspective. Within a context of a strong presence of this phenomenon in the majority of South and Central America countries, the main goal of this research is to explore the factors that may influence the prevalence and the consequences of informality in this region. The analysis focuses in two dimensions of the informal labor market: the firms and the workforce, divided in three main topics. The initial point of analysis intends to provide evidence of the presence of informal firms and its differences between the South and Central America countries. Therefore, we evaluate which are the cross-national factors that account for the prevalence of informality and we try to identify the reason influencing the decision to run a business in the borderlines of the formal or informal sector in this region. It is worth mentioning that with these objectives in mind, this study is the first analysis using firm-level data covering a wide sample of South and Central America countries.
In this sense, we found three main results on firms’ informality. Firstly, it sheds light on the association between informality and the characteristics of firms. In this sense, small firms, less productive firms, older firms, one proprietor firms, less technological firms and manufacturing firms are more likely to operate informally. As second result, it reveals that entrepreneurs face obstacles in their operations, such as the presence of informal competitors, financial and tax administration obstacles, which positively influence informality. Thirdly, it analyses the effect of cross-country determinants of the likelihood of being informal firm. These factors are associated with the average
GDP growth and the governance performance of the country. While the previous analysis addresses informality as a challenge issue to deal with in developing countries, the next two analyses focus their attention in Ecuador. The next tòpic explains the determinants of the job placement process in the Ecuadorian formal and informal labor market. In this regard, it seeks to answer weather being part of an informal job is a worker’s voluntary decision, or it is because there are restrictions on the number of job placements in the formal sector. In order to consider both workers’ preferences and employers’ hiring decisions, we apply a bivariate binomial probit model with partial observability since we can only observe the joint decision of both actors of the market. The study supports the presence of a restriction in the number of formal jobs in the economy and therefore existence of both, voluntary and involuntary informal employment. Nonetheless, these results lead directly to a next question, explicitly, how are the dynamics of the formal and informal sectors and which paterns affected the transitions within the labor sectors. Therefore, the next topic provides an overview of the dynamics of the formal and informal sectors and some specific patterns of the transitions within the labor sectors. We specify a transition matrix and a multinomial logit model to identify the movements across the sectors and the effect of each worker’s characteristics on the probability of moving to a given a sector. The transition matrix results suggest an important dynamics not only in and out of the labor market but also across the sectors; and as well that individuals are searching for job opportunities in both formal and informal sectors.
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Paus, Matthias. "A revised theoretical framework for the role of communities of practice in learning and knowledge sharing within a geographically dispersed organization in an emerging economy in Latin America." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2015. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/2737/.
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This thesis is about communities of practice [hereafter: CoPs], learning and knowledge sharing within the geographically dispersed organization Komatsu in Chile, which is an emerging economy in Latin America. Chile is characterised by a unique cultural and macroeconomic context and thus particularly suitable to broaden the scope about CoP theory. The research questions revolve around the forms that CoPs take within this context as-well-as their contribution to learning and knowledge sharing. The literature review sheds light on the aspects of learning, knowledge sharing and CoPs in a comprehensive manner. It suggests that it is unsuitable to think of a single CoP that spans across geographically dispersed organizations, but rather to consider multiple interconnected CoPs. The boundary processes constitute the pivotal aspect in fostering learning and knowledge sharing among them. This exploratory case study about shovel maintenance within Komatsu Chile, conducted within the social constructionism paradigm, provides evidence that CoPs are organised within a hierarchically-structured network. Extending beyond the premise that CoPs are bound together by shared practice (Brown & Duguid, 1991, 2001b), the research puts forward the argument that CoP Glue, (meaning a reified abstraction, known and accepted throughout the network of CoPs) constitutes the mechanism that holds them together. As part of the revised theoretical framework, it is advocated that CoP Alterity, along the dimensions of practice, domain and community (Wenger, 2011), is the aspect according to which CoPs can be differentiated. This revised theory opens up an interesting field of future academic enquiry. From a practitioner perspective the research has generated interesting findings and suggestions, which ought to be considered by those wishing to enhance learning and knowledge sharing within geographically dispersed organizations.
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Goldin, Adrián O. "Reforma y contrarreforma laboral en Argentina, crónica simple de un proceso pendular." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116205.
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Labor reform and counter-reform in Argentina, simple chronic of a pendulum processAfter placing it in the context of the processes of labor reforms produced in Latin America in the early 90’s (its inspiration, its dynamics, its actors), the article considers in particular the case of Argentina. Inthat assignment, it examines the labor reforms that took place there from dominant perspectives - external flexibility, internal flexibility, reduction and variation of costs, collective labor relations - confirming a strong deregulated activism in the field of individual relations, while it was verified a high administrative interventionism of decentralized bias with a limited institutional transformation in collective relations.At the end of that decade, it had already been clear that those strategies haven’t had a virtuous effect on the social labor situation or the labor market. In this context, a new government that comes into power in 2003, leaves without effect a good part of those reforms and instead it undertakes a process of institutional reconfiguration of the legal system of labor protection: a systematic increase of the Living Wage, strengthening of the collective wage bargaining - with the consequent tendential improvement of wages of workers in the formal sector - and, by virtue of parliamentary initiatives, a sequence of introduction of micro-reforms always oriented to increase the protection of workers, which as a whole would have to involve a remarkable recovery of the tutelary bias of labor regulations.El artículo analiza la reforma argentina en el contexto de los procesos de las reformas laborales producidas en América Latina en la década de los noventa (su inspiración, su dinámica, sus actores). En ese cometido, examina las reformas laborales que tuvieron lugar allí desde las perspectivasdominantes —la flexibilidad externa, la flexibilidad interna, la reducción y variabilización de los costos, las relaciones colectivas del trabajo— constatándose un fuerte activismo desregulador en el campo de las relaciones individuales, en tanto se verificaba un alto intervencionismo administrativo de sesgo descentralizador con escasa transformación institucional en el de las relaciones colectivas.Al final de aquella década había quedado ya en evidencia que esas estrategias no habían tenido un efecto virtuoso sobre la situación socio-laboral ni sobre el mercado de trabajo. En ese contexto, un nuevo Gobierno, que accede al poder en 2003, deja sin efecto buena parte de aquellas reformas y emprende en cambio un proceso de reconfiguración institucional del sistema legal de protección del trabajo: incremento sistemático del Salario Mínimo Vital, fortalecimiento de la negociación colectiva salarial —con la consiguiente tendencial mejora de los salarios de los trabajadores del sector formal– y, envirtud de iniciativas parlamentarias, una secuencia de introducción de microreformas siempre orientadas a intensificar la protección de los trabajadores que en su conjunto habrían de implicar una notable recuperación del sesgo tutelar del ordenamiento laboral.
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Krozer, Alice. "Inequality in perspective : rethinking inequality measurement, minimum wages and elites in Mexico." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/290078.
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The role of inequality in development has been the subject of long-standing debates in academic and policy circles. Notwithstanding disagreements about exactly how the two are linked, conventional wisdom agrees that inequality is an objective 'fact' that can be measured free from ideological considerations. New data detect trends towards higher inequality, weaker economic positions for those at the bottom, and a concentration of wealth at the very top of the distribution in most regions. Inequality studies as currently practiced are ill-equipped to accommodate the empirical changes and the resulting theoretical implications. Putting an end to over half a century of mainstream consensus assuming that inequality would automatically recede with developmental progress, the discipline needs rethinking. My thesis proposes a new research agenda for studying inequality that is not only able to integrate these empirical developments, but which also challenges what has been taken for granted: that inequality just is, independently of context, time and observer. Instead, it proposes that along with its objective existence, inequality is a relational phenomenon subjectively experienced relative to a particular context. In five interconnected Sections, my dissertation challenges conventional views of how inequality looks, how it is seen, and what can be done about it, especially in developing countries. The study focuses on the ways in which inequality is perceived, and how it is perpetuated. After an introduction to the subject in Section I, Section II investigates how inadequate measurement perpetuates inequality, proposing a new indicator that shows that inequality is largely defined in the extreme ends of the income distribution. Section III examines the reproduction of inequality at the bottom, contrasting minimum wage policies over recent decades in Mexico with those of other countries in Latin America. In light of a political economy resistant to change, Section IV scrutinizes Mexican elites, exploring how inequality is perceived from the very top of the income distribution, how this affects policy-making and, subsequently, measured inequality levels. Section V concludes by outlining the theoretical and practical implications of my findings.
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Ellersick, Linda J. "Expanding Fair Trade to Garment Production in Ciudad Sandino, Nicaragua." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1236817596.
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Martins, Tatiana Carence. "Ressoâncias do processo de Bolonha e discurso das competências: o projeto tuning América Latina." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/84/84131/tde-21082018-092331/.
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O estudo situou-se no campo da educação superior latino-americana, em perspectiva comparada com a europeia. Teve como objetivo analisar o Projeto Tuning América Latina, de forma a discutir a assimilação de alguns dos elementos do Processo de Bolonha na América Latina, assim como investigar a correlação desta política educacional com a noção de pedagogia das competências, questionando-se a função da educação superior na sociedade capitalista atual. O método adotado foi o da pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, de abordagem qualitativa, e desenvolveu-se no eixo de pesquisa da educação e trabalho tendo, por um lado, o trabalho enquanto princípio educativo, devido a seu caráter formativo, e por outro, a educação, enquanto ação humanizadora. Como contexto amplo, o estudo considerou a atual fase do capitalismo, nomeada de acumulação flexível, e a relação da educação superior com a formação do profissional polivalente por meio de uma Pedagogia das Competências. O Processo de Bolonha, nessa conjuntura, surgiu como política pública inserido na União Europeia, tendo como objetivo fim a ampliação da vantagem competitiva do bloco em termos de educação superior e a internacionalização de seu modus operandi. Como exemplo, verificou-se o projeto Tuning Educational Structures in Europe, surgido na Europa em 2000, cujo alinhamento às orientações de Bolonha e ao discurso das competências é importado à América Latina sem grandes alterações por meio do Projeto Tuning América Latina. Este, objeto da pesquisa, dispôs de duas fases, de 2004 a 2007 e de 2011 a 2013, sendo conduzido por um conjunto de universidades e concretizando-se na publicação de um elencado de relatórios. Uma das considerações do estudo foi que os Projetos Tuning funcionam como políticas concretizadoras do Processo de Bolonha, que apoiado na crença na sociedade do conhecimento, esforça-se na colocação da Europa enquanto produtora do conhecimento mundial, chamada de estratégia para a Europa do Conhecimento. Outra consideração admitiu que o Projeto Tuning América Latina objetiva agir como metodologia para compatibilizar e comparar as formações superiores, com vistas à transnacionalização dos currículos e à formação de mão-de-obra em nível internacional. Neste sentido, a principal conclusão da pesquisa foi que o Projeto Tuning América Latina possui ressonâncias do Processo de Bolonha e orienta-se no discurso da Pedagogia das Competências, visando à colaboração na sustentação do sistema capitalista por meio de uma educação superior voltada às demandas do mercado.The study involved the area of Latin American higher education, in a comparative perspective with the european. It is aimed to analyze the Tuning Latin America Project, discussing the assimilation of some of the elements of the Bologna Process in Latin America, as well as investigates the correlation of this educational policy with the notion of pedagogy skills, questioning the role of higher education in the current capitalist society. The method used was the bibliographical and documentary research, qualitative approach, and developed in the research axis of education and labor, on the one hand, works as an educational principle, due to its formative, and on the other hand, the education while humanizing. How broader context, the study considered the current phase of capitalism, named flexible accumulation, and the relationship of higher education with the formation of polyvalent professional through a Pedagogy of Skills. The Bologna Process, at this juncture, emerged as a public policy inserted in the European Union, aiming to end the expansion of competitive advantage of the block in terms of higher education and the internationalization of their modus operandi. As an example, there was the project Tuning Educational Structures in Europe, emerged in Europe in 2000, whose alignment with the guidelines of Bologna and the discourse of skills is imported to Latin America without major changes through the Tuning Latin America Project. The research object had two phases, from 2004 to 2007 and from 2011 to 2013, being driven by a set of universities and realizing on the publication of a part listed reports. One of the considerations of the study was that the Tuning Projects work as assured policies of the Bologna Process, which supported the belief in the knowledge society, strives in getting Europe as a producer of world knowledge, strategy call for the Europe of Knowledge. Another consideration admitted that the objective Tuning Latin America Project act as a methodology to match and compare the higher education, with a view to globalization of curricula and training of skilled manpower internationally. In this sense, the main conclusion of the research claims that the Tuning Latin America Project has the Bologna Process resonances and oriented in the discourse of the Pedagogy of Skills, in order to collaboration in support the capitalist system by facing higher education market demands.
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Campos, Rosana Soares. "Escolhas políticas, decisões econômicas, consequências sociais : um estudo sobre os impactos da democracia procedimental e do neoliberalismo na América Latina e no Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/24053.
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O objetivo desta tese é mostrar como a democracia de procedimentos foi funcional para a implementação e a consolidação de políticas econômicas neoliberais que, por sua vez, acarretaram aumento do desemprego, expansão do mercado de trabalho informal e da pobreza na América Latina, de um modo geral, e do Brasil, particularmente. Para cumprir o objetivo, analisou-se inicialmente a democracia sob a perspectiva liberal, com a pretensão de evidenciar o discurso e a prática democrática procedimental implementada na América Latina, durante o processo de redemocratização da região, nos quais a democracia resumiu-se apenas a um método político, negligenciando os aspectos sociais e econômicos do regime. Posteriormente, o neoliberalismo foi analisado como uma ideologia político-econômica cujo principal objetivo é a expansão da acumulação capitalista. Em seguida, as conseqüências sociais da implementação do neoliberalismo na região foram analisadas sob a perspectiva do mundo do trabalho e da pobreza, de forma a testar a hipótese de relação entre reformas econômicas neoliberais e desemprego e pobreza, a qual foi confirmada. Para finalizar, a tese foram apresentados os impactos dessas políticas econômicas no Brasil e mais detalhadamente nos trabalhadores do mercado de trabalho informal, utilizando como estudo de caso trabalhadoras do comércio de rua (camelôs) de Porto Alegre/RS. Desse modo, a pretensão é evidenciar que escolhas políticas, em particular a democracia procedimental, favoreceram determinadas decisões econômicas, o neoliberalismo, que, por sua vez, acarretaram conseqüências sociais como o aumento do desemprego e da pobreza na região latina.This research shows as the procedural democracy was important to implementation of neoliberal economic politics, which caused more unemployment, underemployment and poverty in the Latin America and Brazil. Firstly, it analyses the democracy in the liberal perspective to show the procedural democratic speech and practice implemented in the Latin America during the democratization process. This kind of democracy is only a political method which carelessness economic and social aspects. Secondly, the neoliberal model is studied as a economic political ideology, whose main objective is the capitalism expansion. Thirdly, the social consequences of neoliberal economic policies in the region were analyzed through of the labor and poverty, to verify if there is a relationship between economic reforms, work and poverty. Finally, this thesis presented the impacts of these economic policies in Brazil. To exemplify, it was showed a case study about these impacts in workers of the informal labor market. In this way, this thesis intends to confirm that political chooses, like the procedural democracy, benefit certain economic decisions, as the neoliberalism, that caused drastic social consequences to the population; as more unemployment and poverty.
El objetivo de esta tese es evidenciar como la democracia de procedimientos fue funcional para la implementación y consolidación de las políticas económicas neoliberais, que provocaron mas de desempleo, expansión de lo mercado de trabajo informal y de la pobreza en la América Latina, en general, y en lo Brasil, en particular. Para cumplir lo objetivo, se analizó, inicialmente, la democracia bajo la perspectiva liberal, con la pretensión de evidenciar lo discurso e la practica democrática de procedimientos, implementados en la América Latina durante lo proceso de redemocratización en la región, en los cuales la democracia se resumió en un método político, con negligencia a los aspectos económicos e sociales de lo regime. Posteriormente, el neoliberalismo fue analizado como una ideología político económica con el objetivo de expandir la acumulación capitalista en la región. Enseguida, las consecuencias sociales de la implementación de estas políticas fueron analizadas bajo la perspectiva de lo mundo del trabajo e da pobreza, para testar la hipótese de que ha una relación entre reformas económicas, desempleo e pobreza; que fue confirmada. Para finalizar, la tese presentó los impactos de estas políticas en el Brasil e con más detalles en los trabajadores de el mercado de trabajo informal, utilizando como estudio de caso trabajadoras ambulantes de Porto Alegre/RS. De este modo, la pretensión es evidenciar que escojas políticas, el tipo de democracia de procedimientos, fueron funcionales para determinadas decisiones económicas, la política neoliberal, que, por su vez, provocaron más desempleo e más pobreza en la región.
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Blair, James. "RESIST, OCCUPY, and PRODUCE: The Evolution of Autonomous Struggle in Argentina." Thesis, Boston College, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/524.
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Thesis advisor: Deborah LevensonThe emergence of the concept of Fair Trade has inspired a new form of supply-determination by socially conscious consumers. Since it began official certification, Fair Trade has served as a tool to curb the exploitation of labor. It has also promoted direct connections between vendors and producers, organized participatory democracy, continuity in trade relations, respect for the environment, movement toward equal status of gender, and living wages for workers. Small family farmers now produce over 51 percent of coffee in the world, and 90 percent of the world's cocoa. With a History Honors Thesis, I seek to examine the use of worker-owned recuperated factories of Argentina for the production of Fair Trade footwear and apparel. Such factories require more complicated chains of supply (primary materials, numerous factories for production, contractors, transportation, warehouses, and retail) than primary materials such as coffee. Started in the 1980s, the recuperated factories in Argentina may provide the complex links to a sweatshop-free market, which have been lacking. The experiment has exploded to about 180 businesses since an economic crisis in 2001 forced owners to flee and workers to gain expropriation, half through legislation and half through occupation, according to journalist Andrés Ruggeri. My project seeks to investigate whether chains of production and distribution of complex Fair Trade certified or sweatshop-free products, using recuperated factories in Argentina, could serve as an economic alternative for manufactured Fair Trade products. By pursuing in-depth research on this project and understanding porteño culture and labor struggles, I have built a strong foundation for a thesis. My independent study project for the School for International Training during my Fall 2005 semester abroad in the Southern Cone (Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Brazil) became my passion and provides preliminary background information. Basing the project on interviews I had conducted with workers from ceramics, textile, and shoe recuperated factories all over, I found evidence of new supply chains with words from key leaders like Raul Godoy, Vasco Abelli, and Luis Caro (Control Obrero, El Movimiento Nacional de Empresas Recuperadas, and El Movimiento Nacional de Fábricas Recuperadas por los Trabajadores). I also became personally involved in the network of founders of current trade groups based in Argentina, with whom I will consult for my work on the History Honors Thesis. Building directly on research interests, and especially the interviews that I conducted in my semester in Argentina, I will address the complexities of the philosophical foundations, key figures, and actions that have comprised the vast history of labor in Argentina from its pre-capitalist mutuales artisan communities up to the contemporary situation with close academic mentorship from Professor Levenson. With plentiful sources of information, I will document each prospective or current deal to produce for Fair Trade distributors, develop an understanding of which products are feasible for ethical supply chains, analyze the success of such collaborations with new distributors, and compare and contrast them with business for former or other clients. Portions of the movement vary in ideology and vision, but all seek to maintain relations with former distributors. The primary concern is surviving and gaining expropriation, but the movement is witnessing a series of new strong inter-relations and projects for Fair Trade. There is a hopeful outlook for the recuperated factories, and integration into a Fair Trade market is a feasible goal for the next era (2006-2011) of the movement
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2007
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: History
Discipline: History Honors Program
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Molina-Lopez, Karol C. "Los Derechos Económicos de Las Mujeres en Chile Bajo el Gobierno de Pinochet." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/607.
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Este tesis explorara las facetas de los derechos económicos de la mujeres antes, durante y despues del régimen de Pinochet. El primer capítulo se enfocara en resumir las políticas económicas y sociales de Allende, el antecesor de Pinochet. El segundo capítulo analiza el rol de la mujer en la casa y el trabajo en este momento, donde se determinó la diferencia salarial entre los dos sexos. El tercer capitulo demostrara una comparación entre las mujeres que son de clase altas versus las de las clases socio-económicas más bajas. El último capítulo tocara el tópico de la moderna perspectiva sobre los derechos de la mujer post-Pinochet.
This thesis will explore the facets of the economic rights of women before, during, and after the Pinochet regime. The first chapter will focus on summarizing the economic and social policies of Allende, the predecessor of Pinochet. The second chapter analyzes the role of women in the home and work, where there will be a comparison on the wage difference between the two sexes. The third chapter will show the contrast between women who are in high-class status versus those of lower socio-economic classes. The last chapter will be relating to the modern perspective on the rights of women post-Pinochet.
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Teixeira, Valadares de Oliveira Luiza. "Expatriate Adjustment in Brazil: A Cross-Cultural Analysis." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1366842311.
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Silva, Adalberto Oliveira da. "A dependência latino-americana: o "desenvolvimento do subdesenvolvimento" à luz da teoria marxista da dependência." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2011. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/9161.
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This work aims to recover the contributions of Marxist theory of dependence in the 1960s and 1970s in order to understand the dynamics of peripheral capitalism in Latin America. Ruy Mauro Marini and Theotonio dos Santos, as the main authors of this line of studies of dependence, seek in the analysis of the contradictions of the capitalist system the explanation for the dependent status of Latin American countries. Thus, the dependence would be seen as a conditioning situation attributed to the development of the central economies due to the underdevelopment of peripheral economies. This is due to the transfer of values produced in the periphery toward the center economies, which would lead within the economies dependent on the formation of "deformations", both in its production process and the cycle of capital that it presents. Focussing on the region's economic integration can be evidenced the reasons for the condition of dependence on the movement of capital accumulation in Latin America, highlighting the relevant factors in this case the characterization and the basis for examining the state of dependence in its various manifestations . Thus, besides the presentation of this theory, the waves of criticism will that sought to refute the explanations constructed by Marxist dependency theory be highlighted and at the same time, accompanied by their replies, generating a debate that has enriches the dialectics of dependence and the conclusions moving towards the development alternatives for the countries of Latin America
Este trabalho tem o propósito de recuperar as contribuições da teoria marxista da dependência, na década de 1960 e 1970, para a compreensão da dinâmica do capitalismo periférico latino-americano. Ruy Mauro Marini e Theotônio dos Santos, como os principais autores desta vertente dos estudos da dependência, buscam na análise das contradições do sistema capitalista a explicação para a condição dependente dos países da América Latina. Assim, a dependência seria entendida como uma situação de condicionamento dada pelo desenvolvimento das economias centrais devido ao subdesenvolvimento das economias periféricas. Tal fato decorre da transferência de valores produzidos na periferia em direção as economias centrais, o que levaria no interior das economias dependentes a formação de deformações , tanto em seu processo produtivo quanto no ciclo do capital que apresenta. Tomando como foco a inserção econômica da região podem-se evidenciar as razões da condição de dependência no movimento da acumulação capitalista na América Latina, ressaltando neste processo os elementos pertinentes a sua caracterização e as bases para o exame da situação de dependência em suas diversas manifestações. Assim, além da apresentação desta teorização, serão evidenciadas as ondas críticas que buscaram refutar as explicações construídas pela vertente marxista da teoria da dependência e, ao mesmo tempo, acompanhadas por suas réplicas, gerando um debate que enriqueceu a dialética da dependência e as conclusões a que chega sobre as alternativas de desenvolvimento para os países da América Latina
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Deguilhem, Thibaud. "Revisiter le marché du travail urbain en Amérique Latine : segmentation, réseaux sociaux et qualité de l'emploi à Bogota." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0258/document.
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Dans le contexte latino-américain, façonné par une urbanisation rapide, de fortes inégalités et une faiblesse des institutions de placement de la main d’oeuvre, les problématiques liées à la structure du marché du travail et à l’effet des dispositifs d’intermédiation relationnelle sur les performances dans l’emploi apparaissent fondamentales. Cette thèse se propose de décrire la structure du marché du travail et d’analyser les effets des réseaux de relations sur la qualité de l’emploi et les performances des actifs occupés à Bogota (Colombie). Elle adopte une démarche de recherche pluridisciplinaire reposant sur un cadre d’analyse socioéconomique et institutionnaliste. Dans une première partie, une réflexion théorique et analytique est tout d’abord conduite autour de la notion de qualité de l’emploi envisagée comme un nouvel indicateur de performance. Au prisme de la théorie de la segmentation du marché du travail, l’analyse de ce nouvel indicateur permet d’envisager les logiques et les effets différentiés du recours aux relations sociales. À partir de données quantitatives (enquête ménage geih de 2013) et qualitatives (entretiens collectifs), l’analyse exploratoire multidimensionnelle, économétrique et compréhensive permet de vérifier que : (i.) la qualité de l’emploi traduit une structure fortement polarisée du marché du travail à Bogota, (ii.) l’usage des relations est associé différemment à la qualité de l’emploi des travailleurs en fonction de leur segment, des réseaux de nécessité (segment vulnérable) s’opposant à des réseaux d’opportunité (segment protégé). Dans une seconde partie, s’appuyant sur les théories de l’encastrement et de la sociologie des réseaux, la thèse se propose d’explorer plus précisément les effets des différentes dimensions, configurations et mécanismes de réseau de relations personnelles sur les performances dans l’emploi. À partir d’un système spécifique d’enquêtes mixtes déployé à Bogota entre 2016 et 2018 des données originales de réseaux égocentrés ont été collectées. Les analyses statistiques multidimensionnelles et économétriques ainsi que l’analyse des narrations quantifiées mettent en évidence que : (i.) la combinaison entre un réseau potentiel étendu et un réseau actif cohésif augmente le temps de recherche mais aussi la probabilité de trouver un emploi plus satisfaisant, (ii.) la force des liens apparaît contextualisée et est corrélée négativement avec le revenu et positivement avec l’évolution de ce dernier entre deux emplois, (iii.) au cours des trajectoires professionnelles des acteurs, les ressources nécessaires et les relations permettant d’y accéder se différencient nettement en fonction du type de changement d’emploi (incrémental ou radical)In the Latin American context, shaped by rapid urbanization, high inequalities and the weakness of labor institutions, issues related to the structure of the labor market and the effect of relational intermediation on job performance appear fundamental. This thesis aims to describe the structure of employment and analyzes the effects of social networks on the quality of employment and the performance of workers in Bogota’s labor market (Colombia). This work adopts a multidisciplinary research approach based on a socioeconomic and institutionalist framework. In the first part, a theoretical and analytical reflection is conducted through the notion of quality of employment, to overcome the classical typologies commonly used in developing countries. From this perspective, quality of employment can be seen as a new performance indicator grasped through the prism of the labor market segmentation theory, making possible to consider the rationales and the differential effects produced by the use of social networks. Subsequently, based on quantitative data from the household survey (geih, 2013) supplemented by information collected through focus groups, the multidimensional, econometric and comprehensive exploratory analysis allows to empirically verify that : (i.) quality of employment reflects a strongly polarized structure of the labor market in Bogota, (ii.) the use of social networks is associated differently with the quality of employment of workers according to their segment ; opposing necessity networks (for the vulnerable segment) and opportunity networks (for the protected segment). Based on the theories of the embeddedness and the sociology of networks, the second part of this thesis proposes to explore the dimensions, configurations and mechanisms of different types of social networks to get a job. Using original data on egocentric networks collected from a specific mixed survey system deployed in Bogota between 2016 and 2018, the empirical results from multidimensional and econometric analyzes and, the application of quantified narratives method demonstrate that : (i.) the combination of an extended potential network and a cohesive active network increases the search time but also the probability of finding a satisfactory job, (ii.) the strength of ties appears contextualized and negatively correlated with income but positively with its evolution between the last and the current job, (iii.) during the actors’ labor market trajectories, the necessary resources for changing job and the relationships to access them are clearly differentiated by the type of evolution (incremental or radical)
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Barreno, Jessica. "Borders and Belonging: Using Oral History to Renegotiate Salvadoran Transnationalism." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1310.
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This thesis elucidates new perspectives on transnational migration. The analysis draws from three oral histories that recount border-crossings and their unique impact on Salvadoran immigrant self-realization. The oral histories presented refine the study of transnational migration by providing valuable qualitative information that supplements and nuances empirical fact.
The first subject, whose story takes place in the 1970s just before the outbreak of the Salvadoran civil war, constructs identity through an embrace of assimilationist practices. The second narrative, occurring just after the civil war, is of a woman who navigates hegemonic Anglo structures by appropriating a space of her own. The third subject, a man who immigrates in the wake of post-9/11 heightened security concerns, desires permanent settlement; however, his undocumented status prevents him from fully integrating into American mainstream society. Additionally, an analytical focus on transnationalism reveals an important relationship with gendered identities. Through close analysis, these narratives reveal how Salvadoran immigrants have renegotiated what it means to belong in the United States. Overall this thesis contributes to a relatively young and undeveloped line of research on Salvadoran migration, particularly through its focus on gender.
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Escudero, Vasconez Maria Veronica. "Design and Delivery of Effective Activation Measures : what Works and for Whom?" Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH122.
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Les politiques actives du marché du travail (PAMT) sont considérées de plus en plus comme nécessaires pour renforcer le lien entre protection sociale et création de sources de revenu plus durables dans l’objectif d’améliorer la qualité de l’emploi mais aussi, de façon plus générale, les conditions de vie. En conséquence, ces mesures jouent un rôle essentiel aujourd’hui dans les programmes de politique publique de la plupart des économies avancées et voient leur importance augmenter fortement dans les pays émergents et dans les pays en développement, où elles ne sont pas encore aussi bien établies. Il reste toutefois encore beaucoup à apprendre sur l’impact de ces mesures, en particulier sur le rôle des caractéristiques de leur mise en œuvre. Cette thèse entend contribuer à ce débat en étudiant l’efficacité des PAMT et le rôle des systèmes de mise en œuvre pour ce qui est de leur impact à la fois dans les pays développés et dans les pays émergents et en développement.Le premier chapitre examine sous un angle macroéconomique l’efficacité des PAMT à améliorer les résultats sur le marché du travail au sein des pays de l’OCDE, en particulier pour les travailleurs peu qualifiés. Il est capital de saisir de façon empirique l’effet net global des PAMT sur l’ensemble du marché du travail, car ces politiques entraînent souvent des phénomènes de substitution, de déplacement et d’autres conséquences indirectes. Les deux chapitres suivants cherchent à déterminer si les PAMT doivent être encore étendues dans les pays émergents et en développement. Pour ce faire, les effets au niveau individuel de deux types de PAMT en Amérique latine sont étudiés, en s’appuyant sur la présence de règles d’attribution intéressantes et de données de qualité au niveau individuel. Ainsi, le deuxième chapitre s’intéresse plus particulièrement aux conséquences à moyen et long terme d’un programme de workfare péruvien, l’une des mesures d’activation les moins étudiées, bien que fréquemment mise en œuvre dans la région, afin d’évaluer la durabilité de ses effets. Le troisième chapitre s’intéresse à l’introduction d’un ensemble complet de PAMT en Argentine, dans le but d’aider les bénéficiaires éligibles d’un programme de transfert de fonds sous conditions à trouver des sources de revenus plus stables. Dans les deux cas, l’accent est mis sur les effets sur la qualité de l’emploi et sur la manière dont la mise en œuvre des mesures conditionne leur impact.Ces travaux montrent que les PAMT sont utiles mais à condition qu’elles s’accompagnent d’une conception et d’une mise en œuvre appropriées. Les résultats confirment l’importance de ces facteurs pour ce qui est de l’efficacité des mesures tant dans les pays de l’OCDE que dans ceux d’Amérique latine étudiés. L’ampleur des effets dépend du type de mesure étudiée et de la catégorie de bénéficiaires viséeToday, active labor market policies (ALMPs) are increasingly seen as a necessary tool to strengthen the link between social protection and the creation of more sustainable sources of income with a view to increasing work quality but also improving living conditions more broadly. As a result, the role of ALMPs in policy agendas remains high in most advanced economies and has increased dramatically in emerging and developing countries, where ALMPs are still less established. Despite this, there is still a lot to be learned regarding the impact of these policies, particularly with regards to the role of implementation characteristics. My dissertation aims to contribute to this debate by looking at the effectiveness of ALMPs and the role of delivery systems in shaping their impact in both, developed and emerging and developing countries.It starts by examining the effectiveness of ALMPs in OECD countries in improving labor market outcomes, especially for low-skilled individuals, from a macroeconomic perspective (Chapter 1). Capturing empirically the overall net effect of ALMPs on the wide labor market is of upmost importance, since the role of ALMPs frequently involves substitution, displacement and other indirect effects. Then, the following two chapters aim to assess whether ALMPs should be leveraged further in emerging and developing countries, by investigating the individual-level effects of two different types of ALMPs in Latin America, exploiting the availability of interesting assignment rules and good-quality individual-level data. Chapter 2 focuses on the medium- to long-term effects of a Peruvian workfare program, one of the least studied ALMPs in the region albeit commonly implemented, to assess the sustainability of these type of programs’ effects. Chapter 3 then looks at the provision of a comprehensive package of ALMPs in Argentina, implemented to support eligible beneficiaries of a conditional cash transfer program in finding more stable income opportunities. In both cases, the focus is placed on the effects on work quality and on the role of design and implementation in shaping the effects.My research suggests that ALMPs are relevant but mostly through appropriate design and implementation aspects. The results confirm the importance of these factors in ensuring effectiveness both in OECD and the Latin American countries assessed. The size of effects depends on the type of policy assessed and on the beneficiary group
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Claro, Mauro. "Dissolução da Unilabor: crise e falência de uma autogestão operária - São Paulo, 1963 - 1967." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16133/tde-04032013-103923/.
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Este estudo busca trazer elementos para explicar a crise que dissolveu a Unilabor, uma experiência autogestionária operária única a seu tempo, em São Paulo, através da análise da documentação interna da empresa, das informações prestadas por alguns dos participantes, entrevistados, e pelo recurso à hipótese de prevalência de uma racionalidade instrumental, a certa altura dos acontecimentos, em lugar da racionalidade substantiva pressuposta nos fundamentos da comunidade. Os elementos para a formulação e exame dessa hipótese provêm das teorias marxistas do trabalho, conforme reformuladas e atualizadas por autores como Robert Kurz, Roberto Schwarz, Moishe Postone, Jürgen Habermas, André Gorz e Ricardo Antunes, os quais, mesmo não uniformemente, apontam os elementos atuais de uma crise da categoria \'trabalho\' como elemento central da formação da riqueza. Também os conceitos de comunidade, solidariedade, esperança e amizade, conforme expostos e analisados por Giorgio Agamben e Terry Eagleton, servirão para problematizar as conclusões do trabalho. O aspecto estético, consubstanciado no desenho industrial utilizado nos móveis produzidos pela Unilabor, aparece como fundamento secundário da hipótese de insuficiência substantiva apresentada, pois pretendeu ser fator pedagógico, portanto de aprendizado de ofício, para os operários envolvidos na autogestão. Tal programa estético, tanto quanto a solidariedade, a amizade e a racionalidade substantiva, também mostrou-se insuficiente para a manutenção dos laços comunitários.This study aims to gather elements to explain the crisis that dissolved Unilabor, a workers\' self-management experience in São Paulo that was unique in its time, through the analysis of the company\'s internal documentation, through information provided by some of the participants who were interviewed, as well as by resorting to the hypothesis of prevalence of an instrumental rationality, at one point, in place of the substantive rationality assumed in the fundamentals of the community. The elements for the formulation and analysis of this hypothesis come from Marxist theories of labor, as reformulated and updated by authors such as Robert Kurz, Roberto Schwarz, Moishe Postone, Jürgen Habermas, André Gorz, and Ricardo Antunes, who, albeit not uniformly, have pointed out the current elements of a crisis of the category \'work\' as a central element in the creation of wealth. Additionally, the concepts of community, solidarity, hope, and friendship, as defined and analyzed by Giorgio Agamben, and Terry Eagleton will be used to open the conclusions of this paper up to discussion. The aesthetic aspect, embodied in the industrial design of the furniture produced by Unilabor is present as a background for the substantive insufficiency hypothesis that is presented, since it intends to function as a factor that is pedagogical, thus concerning the learning of one\'s craft by workers involved in the self-management. This aesthetic program, as much as the solidarity, friendship, and substantive rationality, also proved to be insufficient for the maintenance of community ties.
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"Wage differentials, microenterprises, and the household evidence from Latin America." Tulane University, 1998.
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This dissertation contains three independent essays on labor market issues that are most relevant for Latin American countries from a development economics standpoint. The first essay is about microenterprises' informality. Our research question is whether access to physical and human capital play a role in the decision of a microentrepreneur to become formal. Results show that human and physical capital are essential in explaining institutional participation. Thus, the transition towards formality would only be natural for firms with access to credit, education, and training The second essay studies the relationship between women's bargaining power in the household and female labor supply in Chile and Nicaragua. Most cooperative and non-cooperative bargaining models incorporate bargaining power as an exogenous factor in the determination of female labor force participation and number of hours worked. The objective of this essay is to establish whether bargaining power is an exogenous or endogenous determinant of labor force participation and labor supply in a specific theoretical and empirical context. Our findings indicate that appropriate treatment of simultaneous causality is essential to study the relationship among bargaining power, labor force participation, and labor supply The purpose of the last essay is to study the impact of occupational choice on measures of inter-sectoral wage differentials in the context of urban Mexico, employing individual survey data. The existence of wide inter-sectoral wage differentials unexplained by human capital characteristics has important implications both for labor economics theory and labor markets policy. One weakness of current estimations of inter-sectoral wage differentials is the lack of appropriate consideration of occupational choice. We propose to use a model of earnings and occupational choice, which employs a multinomial logit specification to predict the probabilities of having selected an occupation for workers who are already in the labor force. We estimate inter-sectoral wage differentials using the traditional least squares regression with dummies as a benchmark. In general the interval of wage variation explained by inter-sectoral wage gaps is reduced when using selectivity corrected log-wage regressions for each occupationacase@tulane.edu
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Posso, Alberto. "Outward orientation and labour market outcomes in Asia and Latin America." Phd thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150475.
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Wang, Hsu Yumin, and 王許裕民. "Organized Labor as Obstacle to Redistribution: Inequality, Dualization and Redistributive Spending in Latin America." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/fqce6p.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
政治學研究所
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Why do so many Latin American countries fail to address economic disparities, even though the political power of organized labor and the level of social spending in this region is stronger and more generous than its counterparts in the rest of the developing world? My argument starts with the reality characterizing most of developing countries: the large size of the informal sector. Drawing on insider-outsider theory and the Meltzer and Richard model, I argue that formal-sector workers will tend to impede expanding redistributive policies as economic inequality worsens. Labor divide arising from the segmentation between formal-sector and informal-sector workers indicates different preferences for redistributive policies. Moreover, increasing inequality intensifies the conflicting interests because of more redistribution demand from informal-sector workers. In response to the redistributive pressure, labor market insiders may hinder further redistribution because they may suffer from more taxation that is used to finance more redistributive spending. The empirical tests consist of three parts. I first test this argument using time-series-cross-section data covering 15 Latin American countries from 1985 to 2002. The empirical results are robust to a variety of settings, including changing the main independent variable, scope conditions, and model specifications. Furthermore, I also test the observable implications that derive from my argument, seeking to assess if my theory still works after disaggregating redistributive spending and after accounting for the role informal sector plays in moderating my theoretical expectation. Finally, I evaluate causal mechanisms underlying correlation analysis in the previous results by providing three abbreviated cases from secondary sources, as well as quantitative analysis on how inequality mobilizes labor protests and on how labor mobilization, in turn, impedes redistribution. Overall, this thesis contributes to the emerging literature on the impact of working class divide on redistribution in the developing world.
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Rinne, Jeffrey James. "Redesigning the state in Latin America pundits, policymakers, and organized labor in Argentina and Brazil /." 2001. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/49417403.html.
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Vidarte, Carolina, and 卡羅琳Carolina. "Managing supply chain risk in Latin America: a case study of IT product distributors in Peru." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ug4e4g.
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碩士輔仁大學
國際經營管理碩士學位學程
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This thesis is designed to explore the extent of concern of companies about Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM) and the most common supply chain risks that companies have to face expanding into Latin America. Also, the most important factors to consider before entering to Latin America; for this reason, I want to know to what extent multinational companies that are now trading in Latin America understand, monitor, control and manage their supply chains risks; besides, how they have improved their transportation and logistics standards in this region. There are key literature review used that can vary in their definitions of the most important terms. Pires & Carretero (2007) suggest that supply chain management (SCM) is a contemporary area that has more than one source; but at the same time, as a focal point in the expansion of other traditional areas of business management such as production, logistics, marketing and purchasing. In addition, the risks can be classified in the internal supply chain risks that occur during the normal course of operations of the companies; and external risks, mainly come from the environment where companies operate (Jüttner, Peck, & Christopher, 2003) (Paulsson, 2007) (Waters, 2007). Through in-depth interviews with Peruvian companies, responses were collected and evaluated to determine the awareness and understanding of risk management in their supply chains, with a specific focus on technology industry. The findings of this research will provide insights about the experience and awareness on risk management of companies trading in Peru. Finally, there are important research limitations such as the sample size because probably cannot be a good representation or the methodology for data collection.
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Werner, Jack. "Wanderers of Empire: The Tropical Tramp in Latin America, 1870-1930." 2018. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/masters_theses_2/675.
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U.S. public and private imperial interests confronted the problem of labor and labor power in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century as the U.S. empire expanded into Latin America and the Caribbean. The question of how to make an empire work spurred the creation of new labor regimes reliant on black West Indians who traveled to work in the Panama Canal Zone and on United Fruit Company (UFCO) banana plantations. Just as importantly, new labor regimes engendered new categories for troublesome laborers. One of these classifications, “tramp,” surfaced in the United States after the U.S. Civil War as a shorthand for vagrant, vagabond, and hobo. This thesis examines the so-called “tramp crisis” of the late nineteenth century to show how questions of labor invariably shaped problems of empire. As a category, the tramp moved outside of the United States where various U.S. foreign policymakers, writers, and business officials created the idea of the “tropical tramp” in U.S. imperial spaces. This label, tropical tramp, offers scholars a different starting point to analyze larger issues of whiteness, masculinity, sexuality, class, and the U.S. empire. By following discursive formations of the tramp and tropical tramp into Central and South America, this thesis argues that the figure of the tramp represented someone unbefitting the U.S. empire’s desired sociopolitical order.
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Rudin, Daniel. "Negotiating documentary space." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2012-05-5803.
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This essay attempts to propose an art practice based on an ethical and aesthetic relation of author, subject, and viewer. This relationship is productive of results that are seen as critical to a precise, useful, and ethical representation of social problems.text
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Amiot, Laëtitia. "L'incorporation des normes internationales de droits humains dans la législation bolivienne : lorsque les mouvements d'enfants et d'adolescents travailleurs s'en mêlent." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22749.
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