Relevant bibliographies by topics / Labor unions – Germany – Political activity

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Labor unions – Germany – Political activity'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023
Last updated: 19 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Labor unions – Germany – Political activity"

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IONESOV, VLADIMIR I., and SERGEY N. FOLOMEEV. "WAYS OF TRANSFORMING SOCIETY IN THE HISTORICAL LESSONSOF THE LASSALLEAN AND EISENACHER WORKERS’ TRADE MOVEMENTIN GERMANY (60-80S OF THE XIX CENTURY)." Bulletin of Chelyabinsk State University 495, no. 1 (2025): 53–63. https://doi.org/10.47475/1994-2796-2025-495-1-53-63.

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The article, based on publications in the German Social Democratic press of the 1860s-80s and documentary materials on the history of the labor movement, including correspondence between the classics of Marxism and their party comrades, shows the evolution of the ideological views of the leaders of the Lassallean and Eisenach labor trade union movement and the leaders of German Social Democracy on the role of labor unions in the transformation of capitalist society. The origins of the labor movement in Germany can be found in the 1840s, when the “Central Society for Increasing the Welfare of t
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Rozhin, Alexander Aleksandrovich. "Trade unions in Germany: challenges and solutions." Contemporary Europe, no. 6 (December 15, 2023): 154–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s020170832306013x.

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German trade unions traditionally play critical role in securing fair work conditions and wages. However, in the XXI century they are facing significant challenges, caused by effects of globalization, structural changes in the labor market and others. The most prominent problem is gradually declining membership and therefore shrinking resource capacity. Necessity to attract new members encourages them to undertake many different actions: from increasing protest activity to altering their work models. Author considers the cases of German trade unions and how they react to the acute issues and t
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Shapkin, Igor. "Organized Capital and Labor. Activities of Employers Associations of Russia in the Early 20th Century." Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 19, no. 4 (2018): 531–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2588.2018.19(4).531-555.

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Activity of business associations is of great importance in market environment. Academic literature divides these associations into representative and employer. For the first time employers associations appeared in Germany in the late nineteenth century. They were the reaction of the German business for growing working class movement. History has shown that the process of business self-organization increases in terms of aggravation of social, political and economic contradictions. Employers associations had a significant impact on the development of the so-called monarchical socialism in Germa
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Belov, Vladislav. "German-Russian Cooperation – Challenges of 2020 and Prospects for 2021. Part 1. Political aspects." Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran120217080.

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The events of 2020 had a significant impact on all aspects of political and economic cooperation between Germany and Russia. The year began with a constructive political dialogue on a number of different international issues. However, in the second half of the year, when the FRG was the chairman of the Council of the European Union, it found itself in a deep crisis. The main reason is the so-called «The Navalny factor». At the same time, Berlin proposed to build relations with Russia in the field of security from a position of strength. The coronavirus pandemic has prompted Berlin and Moscow t
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Andrievskiy, Oleksandr, and Oleksandr Ivanov. "Causes of the West German student movement’s radicalization in the late 60s and a foundation of terroristic organization RAF." European Historical Studies, no. 6 (2017): 64–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2017.06.64-83.

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On the basis of published documents on the activities of the terrorist organization “Red Army Fraction” (RAF) in West Germany during the 70s-80s, the authors highlight the causes that led to the radicalization of the student movement and the transition of activists to the armed confrontation with the police in the name of “City guerrilla” concept. Among the documents mentioned, texts of the RAF members, their manifestos, etc. are avaliable, as well as the articles by one of the leaders of the organization, Ulrike Meinhof, which she wrote for the left-radical magazine “Concrete”. Also there aut
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Meyer, Brett. "Learning to Love the Government." World Politics 68, no. 3 (2016): 538–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887116000058.

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One counterintuitive variation in wage-setting regulation is that countries with the highest labor standards and strongest labor movements are among the least likely to set a statutory minimum wage. This, the author argues, is due largely to trade union opposition. Trade unions oppose the minimum wage when they face minimal low-wage competition, which is affected by the political institutions regulating industrial action, collective agreements, and employment, as well as by the skill and wage levels of their members. When political institutions effectively regulate low-wage competition, unions
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Цюняк, Оксана. "PROGRESSIVE IDEAS OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF FUTURE MASTERS OF ELEMENTARY EDUCATION TO INNOVATIVE ACTIVITIES IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES." Mountain School of Ukrainian Carpaty, no. 22 (June 26, 2020): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/msuc.2020.22.167-170.

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Today, Ukrainian society needs professionals with innovative thinking and a keen desire to implement their ideas in social life, driven by information, economic, social, political, cultural and religious processes of the third millennium. The modern world requires young people to be able to respond efficiently and promptly to innovative changes that are taking place in society, to be self-sufficient, proactive, responsible citizens, successful people, that is, professionally competent. That is why the problem of effective professional training of future specialists is an urgent one, which will
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Baran, A. B. "The concept of «Citizens in uniform»: a comparative analysis of the legal status of soldiers in the EU Member States and Ukraine." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 1 (March 1, 2025): 394–98. https://doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2025.01.64.

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The article analyses the legal status of military personnel, the specific features of the legal regulation of their service, and the interrelation between military duties, civil rights, and freedoms. It is noted that the legal status of military personnel requires improvement, especially in the current context of military aggression. The author emphasizes the importance of utilizing the experience of European Union countries to enhance national legislation and align it with international standards. The concept of political neutrality of military personnel, which is a fundamental element in ens
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Rudenko, Galina, Yuliya Dolzhenkova, and Anna Chub. "Agency Work in Employment of the Late 19th ‒ Early 20th Century: Historical Patterns and National Characteristics." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no. 1-2 (2022): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202201statyi44.

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The article examines the historical prerequisites for the creation of labor exchanges in France, Germany, and Russia in the period from 1870s to 1930s. It was determined, that the French revolutionary proletariat has initiated agency activity in the labor market to protect its rights. In Germany, the competitive relationships between private entrepreneurs and public unions effectively facilitated the solvation of the unemployment problems. The situation on Russian labor market required active agency work in employment by 1915. As a response an extensive network of labor exchanges, exchange art
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Crampton, Suzanne M., John W. Hodge, and Jitendra M. Mishra. "The Use of Union Dues for Political Activity-Current Status." Public Personnel Management 31, no. 1 (2002): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102600203100111.

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The NLRB, in a significant ruling for organized labor, recently ruled that employees who are forced to pay union dues are entitled to know how their money is being spent. The NLRB ruled in January 1997 that unions must supply financial information to workers who pay dues but who have elected not to join the union. The use of union dues for political activity continues to be a controversial issue for both public and private unions. This paper will provide a brief overview of the legal history of unions in America and the current issues they are encountering. Legal issues relating to the use of
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Labor unions – Germany – Political activity"

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Leymon, Ann, and Ann Leymon. "Fighting for a Fair Economy? The Response of Labor Unions to Economic Crisis." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12343.

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Political opportunity theory suggests that social movement organizations will increase political action efforts during times of opportunity, such as economic crises. On the other hand, business cycle theory predicts that economic crisis will be detrimental to unions, reducing membership and subsequently dues and power. This dissertation involves historical case studies of innovative and conservative labor unions, comparing organizational behavior during the Great Depression and the economic crisis of 2008. The dissertation also includes a QCA analysis of ten labor unions' political, organizing
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Tattersall, Amanda. "Coalition unionism : exploring how and when coalitions contribute to union renewal in Sydney, Toronto and Chicago." Phd thesis, Faculty of Economics and Business, Discipline of Work and Organisational Studies, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/8919.

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Gay, Morgan K. "Organized labour and the Quebec state, neo-corporatism, nationalism and trade union consensus, 1988-1998." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ48574.pdf.

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Wan, Ho-in Eric, and 溫浩然. "A study of the political participation of Hong Kong's labour movement leadership in the transitional period." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31211021.

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De, Bruno Giselle Audrey. "An analysis of the role of Latin American labor unions under democratization: the Argentine CGT's role under president Carlos Menem." FIU Digital Commons, 1993. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3013.

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Labor unions have played an important role in Latin American society. This is particularly true in Argentine, where the labor union movement gained strength in 1946 under the populist government of Juan Domingo Peron. When Carlos Menem, from the Peronist party, assumed presidency in 1989, the CGT, Argentina's labor confederation, expected traditional populism to return. Instead, Menem abandoned populism and aligned with the Conservative right to implement a neoliberal agenda. This thesis explores the processes by which Argentine labor unions lost strength during the dual processes of democrati
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Bryans, Andrew Nils. "The response to left-wing radicalism in Portland, Oregon, from 1917 to 1941." PDXScholar, 2002. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3565.

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In the early twentieth century industrial, political, and social conflicts occurred throughout the United States during a period of rapid industrialization and modernization. Examples of these disputes, such as labor strikes and political struggles, have frequently been the subjects of scholarly investigations. Yet certain aspects of these conflicts remain relatively unknown, particularly on the community and local levels. The purpose of the present study was to explore and provide the context for a better understanding of the motives behind the responses of antiradicals to left-wing radicalis
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Charlton, Christopher, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "An analysis of the links between the Alberta New Democrats and organized labour." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Political Science, 2009, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/2526.

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Like its counterparts in other provinces, the Alberta New Democratic Party has a formal relationship with organized labour. This thesis will examine the logic of the underlying relationship that persists between the two parties despite the difficult political and economic environment in Alberta. This thesis will discuss the complex and changing relationship between labour and the NDP in Alberta, making use of data from a variety of sources, but will rely heavily on data gathered from a series of interviews conducted with union and party officials in 2008. The thesis will deal particularly with
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Güentzel, Ralph Peter. "In quest of emotional gratification and cognitive consonance : organized labour and Québec separatist nationalism, 1960-1980." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=42049.

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This thesis examines the reaction of organized labour to Quebec separatist nationalism for the period between 1960, the year of the creation of the Rassemblement pour l'independance nationale and the beginning of the Quiet Revolution in Quebec, and 1980, the year of the first referendum on Quebec's constitutional status. The thesis investigates four labour organizations: the Canadian Labour Congress (CLC), the Federation des travailleurs et travailleuses du Quebec (FTQ), the Confederation des syndicats nationaux (CSN), and the Centrale de l'enseignement du Quebec (CEQ). It shows in which ways
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Güntzel, Ralph Peter. "The Confédération des syndicats nationaux, the idea of independence, and the sovereigntist movement, 1960-1980 /." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60027.

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During most of the 1960s, the CSN was both an advocate of provincial autonomy and a defender of federalism. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, however, a majority of its leaders and militants came to favour separatism. Many of them saw independence as a precondition for the creation of a socialist Quebec. In 1972, the CSN rejected capitalism, endorsed socialism, and envisaged an internal referendum on the independence issue. The internal debate, however, took place only after the Parti quebecois was elected to power in 1976. Fearing internal divisions and disaffiliations, the CSN did not endor
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Visser, Wessel Pretorius. "Die geskiedenis en rol van persorgane in die politieke en ekonomiese mobilasasie van die georganiseerde arbeiderbeweging in Suid-Afrika, 1908-1924." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52202.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: During the course of the 20th century the press played an absolutely crucial role as a source of information, a medium of communication and propaganda, educator, critic, public watchdog and in forming and influencing opinion. In this respect the press may also be regarded as a reflection of South African society. This study investigates the role that the press played and the influence that it exercised in the political and economic mobilisation of the organised labour movement during the period 1908 to 1924. In view of the
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Books on the topic "Labor unions – Germany – Political activity"

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Marks, Gary. Unions in politics: Britain, Germany, and the United States in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Princeton University Press, 1989.

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Dörre, Klaus. Im Schatten der Globalisierung: Strukturpolitik, Netzwerke und Gewerkschaften in altindustriellen Regionen. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2006.

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Perels, Joachim. Befreiung aus gesellschaftlicher Unmündigkeit: Beiträge zur Geschichte und Theorie der Arbeiterbewegung. Peter Lang, 2011.

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Ratz, Ursula. Zwischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft und Koalition: Bürgerliche Sozialreformer und Gewerkschaften im Ersten Weltkrieg. K.G. Saur, 1994.

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Schönhoven, Klaus. Gewerkschaften und soziale Demokratie im 20. Jahrhundert: Vortrag vor dem Gesprächskreis Geschichte der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung in Bonn am 11. Dezember 1995. Forschungsinstitut der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 1995.

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Jahn, Detlef. New politics in trade unions: Applying organization theory to the ecological discourse on nuclear energy in Sweden and Germany. Dartmouth, 1993.

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Klaus, Schönhoven, and Braun Bernd, eds. Generationen in der Arbeiterbewegung. Oldenbourg, 2005.

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Klaus, Schönhoven, and Braun Bernd, eds. Generationen in der Arbeiterbewegung. Oldenbourg, 2005.

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Ursula, Birsl, ed. Jugendlicher Rechtsextremismus und Gewerkschaften: Lebensverhältnisse und politische Orientierungen von Auszubildenden. Leske + Budrich, 1995.

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Durrenberger, E. Paul. The anthropology of labor unions. University Press of Colorado, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Labor unions – Germany – Political activity"

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Manow, Philip. "Social Insurance and the Origins of the German Political Economy." In Social Protection, Capitalist Production. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198842538.003.0002.

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The chapter reconstructs the parallel emergence of Germany’s corporatist industrial relations and of the Bismarckian welfare state. It traces the influence that the parity representation of organized labor and organized capital on the self-government boards of the various social insurance schemes had (1) on union organization and organizational development, and (2) on the system of corporatist regulation of work and welfare that started to emerge in Germany in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The chapter argues that the principle of self-administration of the various social insurance schemes was decisive for the development of German unions into industrial unions, and that it provided both capital and labor with extremely important organizational resources which helped in the creation and then stabilization of corporatist coordination between both. It also provided the responsible ministry with a blueprint for regulating industrial conflict.
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Manow, Philip. "The Political Construction of a Coordinated Political Economy." In Social Protection, Capitalist Production. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198842538.003.0001.

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The first chapter motivates the book’s central research question: how did the German variant of capitalism emerge, and what today is its central functioning logic? The chapter argues that past and recent accounts of Germany’s economic performance and economic policy have failed to fully explain how long-term stable economic coordination could have evolved in as large a country as Germany, and that this has also translated into an often biased view of Germany’s current economic policies. The chapter sketches the basic argument of the book—namely that the German welfare state was the prime means of economic coordination for unions and employers, labor and capital—and situates it in two relevant literatures: the Varieties of Capitalism literature on the one hand and the Comparative Welfare State literature on the other. The chapter also presents an overview of the book.
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Hirsch-Weber, Wolfgang. "Labor Unions in Their Social and Political Environments: Britain, West Germany, and the United States." In Constitutional Democracy. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429050275-16.

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Kircheimer, Otto. "Nazi Plans for Dominating Germany and Europe: Domestic Crimes." In Secret Reports on Nazi Germany. Princeton University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691134130.003.0030.

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This chapter discusses the criminal responsibility of the Nazis for their violations of German domestic law, including the suppression of labor organizations and political parties. It first considers the expected plea by the Nazi Defense that the war crimes of which the prisoners are accused were in fact authorized by the laws of the Third Reich. It then shows how—and under what pretexts—the Nazis went about the organization of their system of terror. In particular, it emphasizes the role of the police as an instrument of repression and notes that the opposition parties were driven underground, the elections were rigged, and the trade unions were taken over. The chapter examines two types of agencies employed by Nazi Germany: the “legal terror,” which operated by way of the courts and the application of Nazi laws, and the police and organizational terror, which applied force directly.
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Manow, Philip. "Modell Deutschland as an Interdenominational Compromise." In Social Protection, Capitalist Production. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198842538.003.0003.

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Chapter 3 argues that the cooperation in the interwar period between, economically, unions and employers and, politically, between Social and Christian Democracy, estranged the liberal Protestant camp from its former pet project, social reform. An important consequence of this estrangement was the birth of ordoliberalism. Ordoliberalism, however, was much less influential in the postwar period than usually claimed. It legitimized a politics of non-intervention, which rather left a void for the corporate actors to fill, so it involuntarily furthered corporatism, not liberalism. Otherwise it provided the inability of the central state to actively manage the economy with a post hoc ideological justification. Thus, Germany’s postwar compromise was “bipolar,” combining corporatist cooperation between capital and labor, heavily reliant on the organizational and material resources of the welfare state, with a central government with limited capacity for macroeconomic steering and without the means of credibly issuing promises of full employment (as the main difference in comparison to the Scandinavian cases).
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Goldman, Wendy Z., and Donald Filtzer. "“Brick Dust and Ashes”: Liberation and Reconstruction." In Fortress Dark and Stern. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190618414.003.0011.

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As the Red Army fought its way back west, it discovered a devastated land: thousands of villages burnt to the ground; Jewish civilians, along with those accused of partisan activity or Soviet sympathies, lying dead; and millions of young people sent to Germany as slave labor. Party activists were faced with reintegrating survivors and rebuilding the economy. In western Ukraine, Belorussia, and the Baltic states, nationalist guerrillas continued to fight against Soviet power. NKVD officials carried out “filtration” to identify active collaborators, and the Party and unions reviewed all members who sought reinstatement. The newly freed inhabitants were incorporated into the ration system and subject to mobilization for labor and the army. Many resisted mobilization, especially for work on distant sites, and rebuilding was complicated by nationwide shortages. The German High Command finally surrendered on May 8, 1945. People streamed into the streets to celebrate, dance, embrace, and toast the victory. Although reconstruction would continue for years, the war at last was over.
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Strote, Noah Benezra. "The Creation of Constitutional Consensus." In Lions and Lambs. Yale University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300219050.003.0007.

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This chapter demonstrates how, over the following decade, leaders of the old judiciary and the old labor unions attempted to find resolution to the class conflict that had pitched their forces against each other during the Weimar years, ultimately laying the foundation for the constitutional consensus of a post-Nazi, Western Germany in 1948. This constitutional consensus enabled partnership between the two largest political parties in Western-occupied Germany: the rebranded Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the new Christian Democratic Union (CDU), which together received the vast majority of votes in the elections for a constitutional convention in Bonn. Despite their bitter differences on questions of economic and cultural policy, the leaders of these two parties were in near unanimous agreement that the will of the people as represented in a democratic parliament should not be sovereign, and that an unelected, elite judiciary should be able to review and strike down legislation whenever found to be unconstitutional.
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Holden, Robert H. "El Salvador: Distrustful Collaborator." In Armies Without Nations. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195161205.003.0012.

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Abstract Just as it did for the rest of Latin America, World War II forced an abrupt about-face in El Salvador’s military training and supply lines, with the United States replacing Europe. Gen. Maximiliano Hernández Martínez, whose government declared war on Germany and Italy immediately after the United States did so, had already consolidated his dictatorship. Rolling back the modest social welfare legislation of the 1920s, he outlawed labor unions and all political parties but his own and imposed censorship while strengthening the power of the central government at the expense of the municipalities. Like his fellow dictator General Ubico in Guatemala, Hernández Martínez, an alumnus of Guatemala’s Escuela Politécnica Militar, was a pioneer in the technique of “disappearing” recalcitrant dissidents that South American military dictatorships would perfect in the 1970s.
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Nowakowska-Wierzchoś, Anna. "„Zamiast pilnować garnków mieszają się do polityki”. Udział polskich emigrantek we Francji w strajkach i protestach ekonomicznych w latach 1920–1950." In Kobiety niepokorne. Reformatorki – buntowniczki – rewolucjonistki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/7969-873-8.02.

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In the twenties of the twentieth century to France arrived almost half million crowd of Polish emigration. Women largely accompanied traveling for work husbands but was there a single Polish women who decided abandon the family home and go out to another country in search of a work. Unemployed women was active on the social field. They organized a care on children, elders and care on Polish local and religious tradition. Economical crisis and arrival behind him labor strikes, threat of fascism, victory of the Popular Front and outbreak civil war in Spain meant that women themselves or through their husbands began to get involved in political and union activity. With poor education they did not read the classics leftist but political awareness gained standing under factories where strikes their husbands fighting with police and strike breakers. In period of German occupation they participated in strikes of houswifes. “Instead watch of pots” – like say one of French policeman they mingled to policy. After war they spread propaganda for a communist government in Poland. They lead agitation for a came back to country and restoration a country, believing that they built a equitable system for all. These women despite the lack of education, traditional education could motivate their neighbors to act, even if it is limited only to a closed Polish community. They went beyond the space of your own home to other women with whom co-created organizations, they take public voice, argued their political choices and to cooperate were acquiring another compatriot. It was not a feminist revolution, more faith in the power of women passed from mother to daughter, and refusal to hunger and insecurity of their offspring.
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Strote, Noah Benezra. "The Constitutional Crisis." In Lions and Lambs. Yale University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300219050.003.0002.

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This chapter explores both sides of the country's deep-seated class conflict, which revealed itself in a public debate about constitutional democracy between the highest levels of the judiciary and the leaders of Germany's powerful labor unions. Legal theorists often emphasize the importance of reaching consensus on moral principles for the stability of a constitutional system. In Germany, that consensus did not exist. The political representatives whom Germans elected after the Great War to draft a constitution could agree that the new German state should be a republic as opposed to a monarchy. However, they could not find common ground regarding as foundational a question as the authority of the three branches of government and their proper relationship to one another. Most important, minds diverged on whether the state should embrace parliamentary supremacy: the idea that the legislative branch, not the judicial or executive, should enjoy final authority in national decision making.
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Reports on the topic "Labor unions – Germany – Political activity"

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Prysyazhna-Gapchenko, Julia. Еміграційні видання для селян: між фаховістю і політикою. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11720.

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In the article rare editions of magazine type are first probed for peasants which nursed in an environment the Ukrainian emigrants in the first post-war years on territory of the American area of occupation in Germany, and also in the USA. Separately paid regard to mision role of magazines in the association of the nebulized peasants round a desire to apply the obtained previous experience and knowledge on strange land, to present the world the Ukrainian peasantry as labour productive force and also round the idea of fight for independence, joining in with political activity of «old» parties a
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