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Journal articles on the topic 'Labor unions in fiction'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 27 July 2025

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1

Wanzo, Rebecca. "Sentimental Solidarities." Film Quarterly 75, no. 2 (2021): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.2021.75.2.89.

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Film Quarterly columnist Rebecca Wanzo surveys the history of fictional treatments of labor in US television and film and examines the frequently overlooked role played by sentimentality in media representations of labor and union organizing. Noting that sentimentality has been criticized for its deployment of suffering bodies as “other” objects for voyeuristic tears as well as for sometimes collapsing difference in an effort to construct empathy, Wanzo observes that documentary has often been a more welcoming space for the telling of sympathetic narratives about unions than Hollywood fiction

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2

Hoffmann, Jürgen. "Gewerkschaften in der »Globalisierungsfalle«?" PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 27, no. 106 (1997): 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v27i106.889.

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The article focusses on the process of »globalization« as fiction and reality in order to outline both: the threats to the cooperative institutional concept of the so-called »rhenish capitalism« and the necessity of renewed trade union politics and policies within national and European labour markets. The basic proposition made is that the process of »disembedding«, which characterizes the globalization process, has to be answered by strategies of re-embedding labour and money markets by building up new fonns of regulation regimes. Taking the example of Gennany and the German trade unions, the

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3

Petar, Taleski. "Pan-European Pension System, Possibility or Fiction?" AICEI Proceedings 6, no. 1 (2011): 222–47. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4499155.

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Today Europe has different pension systems. According to the history of forming, there are some based on the Bismarck model, like in central and southern Europe; and others on Beveridge’s model, like in UK, Ireland, Netherlands and Cyprus; and those based on the Scandinavian model in the Scandinavian countries. In the past two decades there are pension reforms that are conducted in the eastern European countries based on the World Bank model. Most Western European countries did not reform their pension systems. In the past two decades they have made only adjustments but not reforms. Some

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4

SHEIKH, ABDULLAH ZAFAR. "The Implications of Pay-Rolling Agency Systems for Workers’ Statutory Rights in Pakistan." Journal of Social Policy 42, no. 2 (2013): 371–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279412001031.

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AbstractThe proliferation of agency employment in Pakistan is a serious social problem and a public policy concern because of the potentially negative implications for agency workers’ basic statutory rights. Agency workers are normally given a vastly different, often negligible, package of benefits compared to their permanent counterparts and are generally excluded from collective bargaining arrangements. Unions regard the use of agency employment as a threat to their jurisdiction and membership. This study explored the motives, nature and implications of agency employment in six case study or

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5

Lityński, Adam. "Soviet Criminal Law in the Eyes of a Gulag Prisoner: Alexandr Solzhenitsyn’s Lecture on Criminal Law in Light of “The Gulag Archipelago”." Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa 16, (Special Issues) (2023): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844131ks.23.038.18860.

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In his monumental non-fiction book, The Gulag Archipelago, Nobel Prize-winning author Alexandr Solzhenitsyn illustrates real events in Soviet labor camps in literary form. The depiction of EVIL is shocking. The totalitarian Soviet regime subjected millions of people to a horrific fate. As is generally well-known, A. Solzhenitsyn spent eight years in a Soviet concentration camp. Mass terror was the essence of Soviet totalitarianism. A. Solzhenitsyn included a lecture on Soviet criminal law in his book, stressing the importance of Article 58 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Soviet Federative

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6

McGurk, Michael. "Beckett's Big House: Watt, Waste, and the Fiction of Irish Autonomy." Novel 55, no. 2 (2022): 305–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00295132-9785043.

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Abstract How can an economic model designed to eliminate waste produce nothing but? The answer, according to Samuel Beckett's Watt, can be found in the system of economic relations presupposed by the Anglo-Irish Big House novels that emerged after the 1800 Acts of Union. These novels, which contrasted the profligacy and neglect of absentee English landlords with the idealized social harmony and economic self-sufficiency of the homegrown Protestant Ascendency, allowed an Anglo-Irish readership to imagine a self-sustaining body politic, invulnerable to an unevenly developed empire's devastating

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7

Chyrak, Iryna. "Robert Owen: businessman, economist-theorist and science fiction writer (to the 350th anniversary of his birth)." Herald of Economics, no. 2 (August 10, 2021): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2021.02.176.

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Introduction. Robert Owen is a very prominent figure in the history of economic thought in England in the early XIX century. His talent was evident as an economist-theorist and in his organizational skills, which allowed Owen to make significant improvements in the textile industry.Purpose is to generalize the economic views of a prominent economist in conjunction with his experimental and reformist activities in production in order to create an «ideal labor community» that will improve the world of capitalism, provide high profits for entrepreneurs and prosperous lives of employees. Analyze t

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8

Kostruba, Anatoliy. "Integrated Structures of Corporations: Ukrainian Legal Reality." Teisė 124 (September 28, 2022): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/teise.2022.124.10.

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The article is devoted to the study of legal nature of the mechanism for association of legal entities. Such associations of legal entities are realized in order to attract not only capital and other production resources, including labor, but also in order to satisfy nonproperty interests.Legal capacity of legal entities in the process of their merger is analyzed, based on what – statutory or contractual – association of corporations is determined. The statutory association does not lead to the creation of another fiction other than a legal entity, due to which it is ensured through its inhere

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9

Lityński, Adam. "Sowieckie prawo karne w oczach łagiernika. Aleksandra Sołżenicyna wykład o prawie karnym w świetle Archipelagu GUŁag." Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa 15, no. 4 (2022): 577–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844131ks.22.040.16737.

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Soviet Criminal Law in the Eyes of a Gulag Prisoner: Alexandr Solzhenitsyn’s Lecture on Criminal Law in Light of The Gulag Archipelago In his monumental non-fiction book, The Gulag Archipelago, Nobel Prize winning author Alexandr Solzhenitsyn illustrates real events in Soviet labor camps in literary form. The depiction of EVIL is shocking. The totalitarian Soviet regime subjected millions of people to a horrific fate. As is gener- ally well-known, Solzhenitsyn spent eight years in a Soviet concentration camp. Mass terror was the essence of Soviet totalitarianism. Solzhenitsyn included a lectur

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10

Clarke, Oliver, and Joan Campbell. "European Labor Unions." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 47, no. 4 (1994): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2524688.

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11

Linden, Marcel van de, and Joan Campbell. "European Labor Unions." Labour / Le Travail 32 (1993): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25143772.

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12

Marbun, Jaminuddin. "The Juridical Analysis between Collective Labor Agreements between Employers and Trade Unions/ Labor Unions in the Company." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal) : Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (2020): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v3i1.769.

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Both Employers and Trade Unions / Labor unions and workers/laborers always want high productivity and the welfare of workers/laborers and their families. This desire can be achieved if employers and trade unions/labor unions as well as workers/laborers are fostered a harmonious working relationship at the company. To create a harmonious working relationship between employers and trade unions/labor unions and with workers/laborers, one of them needs to set working requirements in the company. The Manpower laws does not regulate the working requirements in the company and only regulates work nor

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13

Kojima, Shinji. "Social movement unionism in contemporary Japan: Coalitions within and across political boundaries." Economic and Industrial Democracy 41, no. 1 (2017): 189–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143831x17694242.

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This article on social movement unionism in Japan examines the particular ways in which labor unions form coalitions when undertaking disputes that concern the dismissal of blue-collar temporary agency workers. The triangular employment arrangement nullified the right of labor unions that represent the temporary agency workers to bargain with the user corporations. Against this predicament, labor unions formed alliances by flexibly negotiating the divisions that exist among labor. Labor unions in Japan are largely grouped under national labor federations and by their ties to political parties.

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14

Pennell, Joan. "Feminism and Labor Unions:." Journal of Progressive Human Services 6, no. 1 (1995): 45–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j059v06n01_04.

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15

Zullo, Roland. "Labor Unions and Charity." ILR Review 64, no. 4 (2011): 699–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979391106400404.

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16

Childre, Frances, Robin Baker, Betty Szudy, and Judith Guerriero. "Working with Labor Unions." AAOHN Journal 48, no. 12 (2000): 563–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507990004801204.

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17

Manthous, Constantine A. "Labor Unions in Medicine." Medical Care 52, no. 5 (2014): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000000123.

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18

Bennett, James T. "Labor unions and antitrust." Journal of Labor Research 21, no. 4 (2000): 533–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12122-000-1029-9.

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19

TODD, KATHERINE. "LIBRARIANS IN LABOR UNIONS." Journal of Collective Negotiations in the Public Sector 14, no. 3 (1985): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/488k-b6j0-0pbb-8kxg.

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20

Permana, Setia, T. Subarsyah, and Evita Firdatunnisa. "Implementation of Article 87 Law Number 2 of 2004 Concerning Resolution of Industrial Relations in the Court of Industrial Relations in Article of the Republic of Indonesia." International Journal of Science and Society 2, no. 3 (2020): 198–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v2i3.155.

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The formulation of article 87 of Law Number 2 of 2004 in its implementation still requires firmness to provide certainty that what is meant by trade unions / labor unions that can become legal counsel to proceed at the Industrial Relations Court to represent their members are trade unions / labor unions located in in the company or including labor unions / labor unions outside the company. The purpose of this study is to describe / describe the rights and authority of trade unions / labor unions as legal counsel in the process of resolving industrial relations disputes along with descriptions

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21

Jeon, Sung Min, and Sang Hyuk Lee. "Labor Union’s Characteristics and Firm’s Cost Behavior." Korean Accounting Information Association 41, no. 3 (2023): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29189/kaiaair.41.3.2.

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[Purpose] This study investigates the effect of a labor union and its characteristics on a firm’s cost behavior, with a particular focus on both listed and non－listed firms. [Methodology] We employ labor union data obtained from the Human Capital Corporate Panel (HCCP) provided by the Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education and Training. We examine how the labor union affects cost stickiness (selling, general, and administration costs) using the model developed by Anderson et al. (2003). [Findings] First, we find that firms exhibit cost stickiness in their cost behavior a

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22

Banks, Andy. "Transnational Labor Cooperation Among Labor Unions (review)." Labor Studies Journal 27, no. 4 (2003): 105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lab.2003.0002.

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23

Octaviani, Jefahnia, and Andari Yurikosari. "AKIBAT HUKUM KRIMINALISASI PENGURUS SERIKAT PEKERJA ATAS TINDAK PIDANA PENCEMARAN NAMA BAIK TERHADAP KEDUDUKAN SERIKAT PEKERJA DI DALAM PERUSAHAAN (STUDI PUTUSAN PENGADILAN TINGGI DKI JAKARTA NOMOR: 95/PID/2018/PT.DKI)." Jurnal Hukum Adigama 2, no. 1 (2019): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/adigama.v2i1.5258.

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One of the legal subjects in the employment sector is labor unions. Labor unions are considered as organizations that able to help workers fight for their rights. When there is an industrial relations dispute between employers and workers, labor unions can represent their members in the process of resolutions that includes three steps, which are Bipartite, Tripartite, and Court of Industrial Relations. Based on the applicable laws, in order to carry out their main duties and functions, labor unions must be independent and democratic. Referring to DKI Jakarta High Court Judgement No. 95/Pid/201

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24

Shin, Ilhang, and Sorah Park. "The impact of labor unions on corporate tax avoidance: evidence from Korea." Problems and Perspectives in Management 18, no. 2 (2020): 114–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.18(2).2020.11.

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This study examines the effect of labor unions on corporate tax avoidance activities. Labor union is an important stakeholder in terms of corporate governance; thus, managers may engage in certain accounting choices that reflect union members’ position to improve the relation with labor union. This paper empirically investigates whether managers engage in tax avoidance activities to secure financial resources for workers’ pay when the negotiation power of labor unions is higher. The empirical analysis is based on a sample of firms listed in the Korean stock market from 2001 to 2008. The author

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25

Ahmadi and Moh Abu Mahmud. "The Importance of Trade Unions / Labor Unions in Companies." Widya Pranata Hukum : Jurnal Kajian dan Penelitian Hukum 6, no. 1 (2024): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.37631/widyapranata.v6i1.1549.

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An employment relationship occurs if there are elements of orders, wages, work carried out between the employer and the worker/laborer. Once there is an employment relationship, workers/laborers have the right to establish a workers/labor union within the Company. After workers/laborers have a trade union/labor union organization in the company, the worker/labor union has rights that must be accepted by the company in order to achieve dynamic work relations within the company. The rights of workers/labor unions that must be accepted after being established in a company are; represent workers/l

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26

Nasution, Faizal Amir P., Henriko Tobing, Nur Farizal, Syahdan Abdul Haris Siregar, and Muhyiddin Muhyiddin. "Study on the Implementation of ILO Convention No. 98 in Indonesia and Its Comparison with Developed and Developing Countries." Jurnal Ketenagakerjaan 19, no. 1 (2024): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.47198/jnaker.v19i1.350.

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Law No. 11 of 2020 on Job Creation has been reported by ITUC, KSPI, and KSBSI for violating ILO Convention No. 98. The Indonesian government is considered not involving Trade Unions/Labor Unions in terms of collective bargaining when drafting the Job Creation Law and the substance of the Job Creation Law which is considered to limit the role of Trade Unions/Labor Unions. The United States Government, the United States Labor Association, the Belgium Labor Association, Netherlands Labor Association, Republic of Korean Labor Association, and the Brazil Labor Association provide different views fr

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27

Jumiati, Eti, and Ifa Faizah Rohmah. "The Role of Trade Unions/Labor Unions in Islamic Economic Perspective." International Journal of Islamic Thought and Humanities 1, no. 2 (2022): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.54298/ijith.v1i2.33.

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This paper examines the role of trade unions/labor unions in an Islamic perspective. In industrial relations between workers/labor and company owners/entrepreneurs, there may also be disputes between the two. But usually the disputes that occur will be more detrimental to the workers. Usually the imbalance includes the bargaining position between the rights and obligations of workers/laborers and employers. The position of workers/laborers who are weak/not strong need a forum/union to be strong. The forum is the exercise of the right to associate in a trade/labor union. Trade unions/labor unio

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28

Son, Byunghwan. "INTERPERSONAL TRUST AND CONFIDENCE IN LABOR UNIONS: THE CASE OF SOUTH KOREA." Journal of East Asian Studies 20, no. 2 (2020): 267–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jea.2020.5.

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AbstractHow do ordinary citizens view labor unions? The importance of public opinion about unions has rarely been highlighted in the contemporary literature on labor politics. Using five waves of the World Value Surveys on South Korea, this article suggests that public confidence in labor unions is significantly affected by individuals’ interpersonal trust, conditional on their perception of the political representation of labor. Unlike those with high levels of trust, low-trust individuals view unions as an agent seeking their exclusionary interests at the expense of the rest of the society.

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29

Friedman, Gerald. "Is Labor Dead?" International Labor and Working-Class History 75, no. 1 (2009): 126–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014754790900009x.

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AbstractThe Labor Movement has entered a crisis. Declining support for unions and for socialist political movements reflects the exhaustion of a reformist growth strategy where capitalists and state officials accepted unions in exchange for labor peace. While winning real gains for workers, this strategy undermined labor and its broader democratic aspirations by establishing unions and union and party leaders as authorities over the workers themselves. In the upheavals of the late-1960s and the 1970s, dissident movements, directed as much against reformist leaders as against employers and stat

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30

Dasgupta, Kabir, and Zofsha Merchant. "Understanding Workers’ Financial Wellbeing in States with Right-to-Work Laws." FEDS Notes, no. 2023-09-08-1 (September 2023): None. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.3372.

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As public interest in labor unions has increased in recent months, along with an increase in union representation petitions, it is valuable to understand the economic implications of labor unions. Previous empirical studies on the effects of labor unions and collective bargaining processes have focused on several economic outcomes ranging from workers' pay and productivity to firms' profitability, investments, and overall economic performance.

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31

Chaison, Gary, Michael E. Gordon, and Lowell Turner. "Transnational Cooperation among Labor Unions." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 55, no. 3 (2002): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2696064.

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32

Rundle, James R., and Howard Jacob Karger. "Social Workers and Labor Unions." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 43, no. 2 (1990): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2523710.

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33

ANIK, Cengiz. "LABOR UNIONS AND WELFARE STATE." INTERNATIONAL PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION AND HUMANITIES RESEARCHES, no. 20 (2018): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.17361/uhive.2018.20.5.

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34

Herrick, John M., and Howard Jacob Karger. "Social Workers and Labor Unions." Labour / Le Travail 26 (1990): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25143452.

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35

Hamm, Sophia J. W., Boochun Jung, and Woo-Jong Lee. "Labor Unions and Income Smoothing." Contemporary Accounting Research 35, no. 3 (2017): 1201–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12321.

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36

Todate, Mitsunori. "Economic Effect of Labor Unions." Japanese Economy 37, no. 1 (2010): 111–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/jes1097-203x370104.

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37

Zhang, Yi, Guangzi Li, and Yili Lian. "Labor unions and loan contracts." European Journal of Finance 26, no. 6 (2019): 461–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1351847x.2019.1686044.

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38

Cornfield, Daniel B. "Labor Unions, Corporations, and Families:." Marriage & Family Review 15, no. 3-4 (1990): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j002v15n03_03.

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39

Scanlon, Edward, and Scott Harding. "Social Work and Labor Unions." Journal of Community Practice 13, no. 1 (2005): 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j125v13n01_02.

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40

Luce, Stephanie. "Revitalizing Unions, Rebuilding Labor Studies." Work and Occupations 42, no. 3 (2015): 370–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0730888415578643.

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41

Chyz, James A., Winnie Siu Ching Leung, Oliver Zhen Li, and Oliver Meng Rui. "Labor unions and tax aggressiveness." Journal of Financial Economics 108, no. 3 (2013): 675–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2013.01.012.

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42

Botein, Hilary. "Labor Unions and Affordable Housing." Urban Affairs Review 42, no. 6 (2007): 799–822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087407299595.

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43

Brinker, Paul A. "Violence by U.S. labor unions." Journal of Labor Research 6, no. 4 (1985): 417–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02685496.

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44

Koyshibayeva, Nurshat. "THE ROLE OF TRADE UNIONS IN SOCIAL AND LABOR CONFLICTS: AN ACADEMIC PERSPECTIVE." Eurasian Science Review An International peer-reviewed multidisciplinary journal 2, no. 3 (2024): 172–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.63034/esr-70.

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This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the role of trade unions in managing social and labor conflicts, emphasizing their significance in contemporary workplace dynamics. It explores the various strategies employed by trade unions to address conflicts, including negotiation, mediation, and collective bargaining, highlighting their impact on resolving disputes and improving working conditions. The study also examines the challenges faced by trade unions in representing workers' interests effectively, such as legal constraints and employer resistance. Furthermore, it discusses the broad

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45

Cho, Eun Jung, Ju Ryum Chung, and Ho-Young Lee. "The Role of Labor Unions in Corporate Transparency: Focusing on the Role of Governance in Auditor Change Process." Sustainability 11, no. 9 (2019): 2643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092643.

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This study investigates how the presence and power of labor unions are associated with auditor replacement, more specifically, external auditor tenure and the direction of auditor change. External auditor tenure and direction have been of great interest to stakeholders, as they are very likely associated with the financial reporting quality and corporate transparency, crucial factors for sustainable business. We are focusing on the role of the labor union, one of the key stakeholders involved in corporate governance and transparent operations, in external auditor selection processes. During th

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46

Dixon, Marc. "Limiting Labor: Business Political Mobilization and Union Setback in the States." Journal of Policy History 19, no. 3 (2007): 313–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jph.2007.0015.

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The 1940s were heady times for the American labor movement. The tight wartime labor market and the backing of the federal government in defense industries facilitated impressive membership gains for both AFL and CIO unions. By 1945, labor unions represented almost 35 percent of the workforce—a more than fivefold increase from the early 1930s. What is more, union membership gains penetrated previously unorganized and resistant regions like the South. Unions indeed appeared on the verge of recruiting millions of new members and establishing a truly national social movement. Critics and supporter

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47

Hart, Jennifer. "Motor Transportation, Trade Unionism, and the Culture of Work in Colonial Ghana." International Review of Social History 59, S22 (2014): 185–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859014000339.

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AbstractThe emergence of drivers’ unions in the 1920s and 1930s highlights the wide range of strategies for social and economic organization available to workers in the Gold Coast. Particularly among workers who operated outside the conventional categories of the colonial economy, unions provided only one of many models for labor organization. This article argues that self-employed drivers appropriated unions and an international discourse of labor organization in the early twentieth century in order to best represent their interests to the colonial government. However, their understanding of

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48

Huang, Qianqian, Feng Jiang, Erik Lie, and Tingting Que. "The Effect of Labor Unions on CEO Compensation." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 52, no. 2 (2017): 553–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109017000072.

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We find evidence that labor unions affect chief executive officer (CEO) compensation. First, we find that firms with strong unions pay their CEOs less. The negative effect is robust to various tests for endogeneity, including cross-sectional variations and a regression discontinuity design. Second, we find that CEO compensation is curbed before union contract negotiations, especially when the compensation is discretionary and the unions have a strong bargaining position. Third, we report that curbing CEO compensation mitigates the chance of a labor strike, thus providing a rationale for firms

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49

BÉLAND, DANIEL. "Does Labor Matter? Institutions, Labor Unions and Pension Reform in France and the United States." Journal of Public Policy 21, no. 2 (2001): 153–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x01001088.

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This article challenges Paul Pierson's account on the (supposedly declining) role of labor unions in the ‘new politics of the welfare state’. More specifically, the text compares labor's influence on the French and the American politics of pension reform since the 1980s. The analysis of recent reforms undertaken in both countries demonstrates the impact of institutions and managerial settings on labor's political strategies. These institutional variables explain the fact that French unions have a much more direct influence on public pension reform than their American counterparts. In France, l

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50

Nikitas, Margot A., and César F. Rosado Marzán. "Danbury Hatters in Sweden: A U.S. Perspective on the Available Remedies and Sanctions for Employers Who Suffer Unfair Labor Practices by Labor Unions." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 30, Issue 3 (2014): 339–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2014019.

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This article describes the remedies available to employers who suffer unfair labor practices by labor unions, and contributes to European Union (EU) discussions on how the EU should sanction labor organizations that infringe on fundamental freedoms. These EU discussions have flourished ever since the Court of Justice of the European Union decided the Laval quartet of cases which held that worker concerted activities that impacted freedom of services and establishment in the EU violated EU law. After Laval, the Swedish Labor Court imposed exemplary or punitive damages, on labor unions for viola

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