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Journal articles on the topic 'Laboratory Techniques and Procedures'
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Reid, Marion E. "Milestones in laboratory procedures and techniques." Immunohematology 25, no. 2 (2020): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21307/immunohematology-2019-229.
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Hyatt, Doreene R., and J. Scott Weese. "Salmonella culture: sampling procedures and laboratory techniques." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 20, no. 3 (December 2004): 577–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2004.07.007.
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Francis, J. L. "ECAT Assay Procedures. A Manual of Laboratory Techniques." Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis 3, no. 5 (October 1992): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001721-199210000-00031.
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Malovrh, Tadej, and Peter Hostnik. "Diagnostics procedures in rabies." Veterinarski glasnik 59, no. 1-2 (2005): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0502099m.
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Rabies is a major zoonosis for which diagnostic techniques can only be performed in the laboratory. Laboratory techniques are preferably oriented on tissue removed from the cranium: hippocampus (Ammon's horn), cerebellum and the medulla oblongata or tissue liquids. Clinical observation may only lead to a suspicion of rabies. The only way to perform a reliable diagnosis of the disease is to identify the virus or some of its specific components using laboratory tests such as histological identification of characteristic cell lesions, immunochemical identification of rabies virus antigen and virus isolation. Serological tests are rarely used in epidemiological surveys but much more frequently in control of the vaccination programs (e.g. oral vaccination). Most commonly used serological tests are the virus neutralization test on cell culture (FAVN), virus neutralization in mice and ELISA.
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Reiffer, D. R. "Flight Inspection Procedures and Position Fixing Techniques." Journal of Navigation 40, no. 1 (January 1987): 120–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300000345.
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Flight inspection is the means by which the performance of a navigation aid is measured to ensure that it is meeting the requirements of the operational procedures based upon it. It can involve laboratory-type measurements in an environment which is generally unstable and sometimes hostile. The first requirement is the position of the aircraft fixed to an accuracy commensurate with that implied by the operational specification of the navigational aid. A range of techniques for position fixing has been developed over the years. Where possible the technique should just meet the ‘one order better than’ criteria. The use of systems with accuracies significantly better will usually result in financial or logistic penalties.
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Lambert, Patrick, Mike Goldthorp, Ben Fieldhouse, Zhendi Wang, Mervin F. Fingas, L. Pearson, and E. Collazzi. "A REVIEW OF OIL-IN-WATER MONITORING TECHNIQUES." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 1375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-1375.
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ABSTRACT A comprehensive laboratory study of the Turner Instrument flow-through fluorometers was conducted to review their ability to measure real-time oil-in-water concentrations, to compare the results to alternative total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) procedures and to carry out supporting laboratory analysis in order to further understand the relationship of the fluorescent signal to the composition of the oils. The model 10 AU was equipped with the long wavelength optical kit for crude oils while the model 10 was equipped with the short wavelength optical kit for diesel fuels and light refined oil products. Eight oils and the dispersant COREXIT®9500 were used. The oils were Alberta Sweet Mixed Blend crude oil (0% and 27% weathered), Prudhoe Bay crude oil (0% and 27% weathered), Bunker C fuel oil (0% and 8% weathered), and diesel fuel (0% and 37% weathered). Efforts were made to establish a calibration procedure which was used to convert the real-time fluorometer data to oil concentration. Initial comparisons of the fluorometer results to standard infrared and gas chromatography laboratory procedures showed all methods capable of detecting and differentiating between small changes in oil concentration. The infrared and gas chromatography generated similar values while the fluorometer values were of the same order of magnitude but typically 20 to 80% higher.
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Karatas, Meltem Ozdemir, Ebru Demet Cifter, Didem Ozdemir Ozenen, Ali Balik, and Erman Bulent Tuncer. "Manufacturing Implant Supported Auricular Prostheses by Rapid Prototyping Techniques." European Journal of Dentistry 05, no. 04 (October 2011): 472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1698921.
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ABSTRACTMaxillofacial prostheses are usually fabricated on the models obtained following the impression procedures. Disadvantages of conventional impression techniques used in production of facial prosthesis are deformation of soft tissues caused by impression material and disturbance of the patient due to.Additionally production of prosthesis by conventional methods takes longer time. Recently, rapid prototyping techniques have been developed for extraoral prosthesis in order to reduce these disadvantages of conventional methods. Rapid prototyping technique has the potential to simplify the procedure and decrease the laboratory work required. It eliminates the need for measurement impression procedures and preparation of wax model to be performed by prosthodontists themselves In the near future this technology will become a standard for fabricating maxillofacial prostheses. (Eur J Dent 2011;5:472-477)
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Życiński, Paweł, and Dawid Miśkowiec. "Analgosedation approaches in the Electrophysiology Laboratory – a review of currently used techniques – part 2." In a good rythm 4, no. 61 (January 31, 2022): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8136.
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Clinical electrophysiology (EP) had undergone tremendous technological development in the last years. Along with more and more complex EP procedures, including advanced radiofrequency catheter ablations, the need for a safe and effective analgetic and sedation approach become imperative. Sedation in the EP laboratory range from intravenous sedation techniques to general anesthesia. In our review, we discuss current analgosedation approaches in the EP lab, with particular emphasis on the type of procedure performed.
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Życiński, Paweł, and Dawid Miśkowiec. "Analgosedation approaches in the Electrophysiology Laboratory – a review of currently used techniques – part 1." In a good rythm 1, no. 58 (May 31, 2021): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.0107.
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Clinical electrophysiology (EP) had undergone tremendous technological development in the last years. Along with more and more complex EP procedures, including advanced radiofrequency catheter ablations, the need for a safe and effective analgetic and sedation approach become imperative. Sedation in the EP laboratory range from intravenous sedation techniques to general anesthesia. In our review, we discuss current analgosedation approaches in the EP lab, with particular emphasis on the type of procedure performed.
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Mohammedsaleh, Zuhair M. "Improving Quality in a Cytopathology Laboratory." Global Journal of Health Science 12, no. 12 (October 30, 2020): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v12n12p121.
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Quality assurance in a cytopathology laboratory is achieved by involving all the parties that contributes to cytopathology procedures. Quality assurance measures start with the laboratory directors to the cytopathotechnologists at work. High-quality results are achieved when all the parties work together by following the Standard operation procedures failure to which quality is undermined. Laboratory directors in a cytopathology laboratory are responsible for risk analysis and management. Proper risk analysis techniques help the lab manager to identify the weak points among the technologists. Proper management involves giving out good guidelines or instructions on what should be done to solve the problems that have been identified. There is the need to accredit and comply with the international accepted policies and procedures and excellent documentation to help deal with malpractices. Modern health care has faced a revolution due to a variety of factors, some of which are: newest techniques in laboratory medicine, trained staff operating diagnostic medical laboratories and ultra-modern analytical equipment. A Quality Management System (QMS) has been suggested by the ISO 15189 International Standard, which if followed, can help sustain and improve the testing services offered by diagnostic laboratories, such as cytopathology laboratories. Cytopathology laboratories should only employ laboratory technologists have undergone through the recommended training and have licenses from the regulatory bodies. The staff members of cytopathology laboratory should follow the standard operating procedures. SOPs help in coming up with high-quality results.
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Samama, M. M. "Laboratory Techniques in Thrombosis – A Manual, 2nd Revised Edition of ECAT Assay Procedures." Fibrinolysis and Proteolysis 14, no. 4 (July 2000): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/fipr.2000.0086.
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Mizen, Lindsay A. M., and Andrew C. Stanfield. "Demystifying neuroscience laboratory techniques used to investigate single-gene disorders." BJPsych Advances 26, no. 6 (May 19, 2020): 345–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bja.2020.30.
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SUMMARYThere is considerable work being carried out in neuroscientific laboratories to delineate the mechanisms underlying single-gene disorders, particularly those related to intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. Many clinicians will have little if any direct experience of this type of work and so find the procedures and terminology difficult to understand. This article describes some of the laboratory techniques used and their increasing relevance to clinical practice. It is pitched for clinicians with little or no laboratory science background.
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Etsias, Georgios, Gerard A. Hamill, Eric M. Benner, Jesús F. Águila, Mark C. McDonnell, Raymond Flynn, and Ashraf A. Ahmed. "Optimizing Laboratory Investigations of Saline Intrusion by Incorporating Machine Learning Techniques." Water 12, no. 11 (October 26, 2020): 2996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12112996.
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Deriving saltwater concentrations from the light intensity values of dyed saline solutions is a long-established image processing practice in laboratory scale investigations of saline intrusion. The current paper presents a novel methodology that employs the predictive ability of machine learning algorithms in order to determine saltwater concentration fields. The proposed approach consists of three distinct parts, image pre-processing, porous medium classification (glass bead structure recognition) and saltwater field generation (regression). It minimizes the need for aquifer-specific calibrations, significantly shortening the experimental procedure by up to 50% of the time required. A series of typical saline intrusion experiments were conducted in homogeneous and heterogeneous aquifers, consisting of glass beads of varying sizes, to recreate the necessary laboratory data. An innovative method of distinguishing and filtering out the common experimental error introduced by both backlighting and the optical irregularities of the glass bead medium was formulated. This enabled the acquisition of quality predictions by classical, easy-to-use machine learning techniques, such as feedforward Artificial Neural Networks, using a limited amount of training data, proving the applicability of the procedure. The new process was benchmarked against a traditional regression algorithm. A series of variables were utilized to quantify the variance between the results generated by the two procedures. No compromise was found to the quality of the derived concentration fields and it was established that the proposed image processing technique is robust when applied to homogeneous and heterogeneous domains alike, outperforming the classical approach in all test cases. Moreover, the method minimized the impact of experimental errors introduced by small movements of the camera and the presence air bubbles trapped in the porous medium.
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Graziani, Andrea, Andrea Grilli, Chiara Mignini, and Alex Balzi. "Assessing the Field Curing Behavior of Cold Recycled Asphalt Mixtures." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (May 6, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4157090.
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Cold recycling techniques in road construction have been of rising interest because of huge environmental benefits in terms of energy saving, emission reduction, and preservation of natural resources. The improvement on selection and quality of the raw materials and binders as well as the enhancement of the knowledge on mixture performance are leading to the intensive use of cold recycling techniques in place of traditional ones. One of the main differences between cold and hot techniques is the evolutive development of performance, generally identified as curing process, due to the presence of water and hydraulic binders in the cold mixtures. Environmental-related factors such as temperature, humidity, wind, and rainfall significantly influence the curing process and, as consequence, the mixture properties over time. Several laboratory curing protocols have been developed by universities, research centers, and agencies, but a clear relationship between simulative procedures in laboratory and the field is still an open challenge. This paper aims at characterizing the short-term and midterm curing behavior of a cold recycled material (CRM) mixture. A CRM mixture was selected and characterized in laboratory, and the in-plant production procedure was validated. The CRM mixture was used to build the binder course of an instrumented pavement in the Republic of San Marino. Volumetric and mechanical testing on laboratory-produced specimens and cores were analyzed considering the temperature and moisture sensor measurements in field. Results address to a new insight for laboratory procedures and prediction models matching laboratory conditions and the real curing condition in field.
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Kaul, Vinod, Md Zeyaullah, and Mesheil Alalyani. "LATEST LABORATORY DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES AND ANTIBIOGRAM TESTING OF TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 5, no. 1 (November 3, 2015): 591–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jbt.v5i1.4889.
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Tuberculosis (TB) ranks as the second leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, after the human immune-deficiency virus (HIV). Millions of people die because of this disease. Tuberculosis is treatable disease, patients can be saved provided the disease is timely diagnosed. With the ambitious World Health Organization (WHO) goal to end the global TB epidemic, by 2035, with the targets of a 95% reduction in TB deaths and a 90% reduction in TB incidence (both compared with 2015). It becomes essential to focus on rapid laboratory diagnosis of the disease and subsequently starting effective first line treatment. The techniques reviewed in this paper, are conventional to automated culturing procedures. Moreover, among rapid techniques included Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification, Line Probe Assay, Ligase chain reaction, Real time PCR. The serological techniques include Gamma interferon release assays, Enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays. The old conventional manual techniques for culture have been replaced by more rapid and reliable automated techniques. As long as speed of reporting is concerned the automated culturing procedures have been supplemented by real time PCR which gives report of culture and antibiogram testing report within hours. It has been justified, in order to achieve the goal set by WHO, for the eradication of TB, it is essential to improve detection techniques, including latent forms of the disease as well and timely identification of resistance strains. Real time PCR would fulfil thiscriteria, which can be performed even on OPD basis. This technique can be used as commonly as Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) staining techniques were once used.
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Keren, David F. "Procedures for the Evaluation of Monoclonal Immunoglobulins." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 123, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/1999-123-0126-pfteom.
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Abstract A wide variety of techniques are available for the screening, characterization, and quantification of monoclonal proteins. These techniques vary in regard to the expense, skill and intensity of labor involved, and sensitivity for detection of low levels of monoclonal proteins or of those with unusual migration. Detection of monoclonal proteins requires the use of high-resolution electrophoresis (either gel-based or capillary) and immunofixation (or immunosubtraction). Immunoelectrophoresis is not recommended. Urine for detection of monoclonal free light chains should be from 24-hour samples, and the aliquot should be concentrated at least 100-fold prior to electrophoresis and immunofixation. Dipstick and sulfosalicylic acid techniques are not sensitive enough to detect small quantities of monoclonal free light chains and should not be used as screening tests for this purpose.
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Sabudu, Delli, Deitje A. Katuuk, Viktory N. J. Rotty, and Jeffry S. J. Lengkong. "Analysis of the Management of Facilities and Infrastructure at the Language Laboratory Manado State University." Tadbir : Jurnal Studi Manajemen Pendidikan 5, no. 1 (May 7, 2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.29240/jsmp.v5i1.2726.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the management of language laboratory infrastructure facilities, Language and Arts Faculty, Manado State University. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. Sources of research data are heads of laboratories and lecturers of subjects who use language laboratories. Data collection techniques using interview techniques, observation and documentation study. The data analysis technique used descriptive qualitative data analysis. The results showed that: 1) The need for language laboratory infrastructure has been prepared annually according to the needs; 2) the provision of language laboratory facilities and infrastructure has not been running optimally; 3) The use of language laboratory facilities has been running quite well. 4) inventory of language laboratory infrastructure has been carried out properly, in accordance with existing standard procedures; 5) the maintenance of language laboratory facilities has not run optimally due to the lack of laboratory assistants, resulting in less than optimal maintenance of laboratory facilities; 6) the elimination of language laboratory infrastructure facilities has been carried out in accordance with existing standard procedures.
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Green, C. J. "Microsurgery in the clinic and laboratory." Laboratory Animals 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367787780740734.
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Laboratory animals have been crucial to the development of modern microsurgical techniques which are now routinely used in many clinical departments worldwide. In return, microsurgical techniques are important in biomedical research as they allow many surgical procedures to be performed on rodents instead of dogs, pigs or primates. This has obvious advantages in terms of low cost, the use of statistically valid numbers for comparison and the availability of genetically defined animals which are more likely to give valid answers to immunological questions. Microsurgical reconstruction is important in plastic, orthopaedic, urogenital, vascular and peripheral nerve surgery in man and it is likely that it will become part of every surgeon's training in the near future. In this review, the instrumentation essential to any microsurgical enterprise and the sutures available are described. Basic microsurgical techniques for end-to-end and end-to-side anastomosis of small vessels and for joining peripheral nerves, oviducts and other tubular structures are given in outline. Techniques for transplanting kidney, heart, heart and lung, liver, spleen, pancreas, small bowel, stomach, testicle, ovary and whole joint are only outlined but key references are given. Finally, some of the clinical indications for microsurgical reconstruction are reviewed.
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Martins, Paulo Ney Aguiar, and Edna Frasson de Souza Montero. "Organization of a microsurgery laboratory." Acta Cirurgica Brasileira 21, no. 3 (June 2006): 187–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-86502006000300012.
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Microsurgical techniques have been used in many surgical specialties as well as a broad application in surgical research.. It demands high technical skills and continued training. The microsurgical skills should be first mastered in the lab before to be employed in the clinical practice. The microsurgical lab has a dual role: the training of residents and specialized surgeons and the support for the high qualified scientific research in experimental surgery. Here, it is presented (showed) the organization of a microsurgical lab, including area and equipments, furthermore there is a proposal that school-hospitals that offer microsurgical procedures, should have a microsurgical laboratory.
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Fauzia, Dina Salsa, and Riki Mukhaiyar. "Konsep Administrasi Laboratorium Pendidikan Teknologi Kejuruan di Departemen Teknik Elektro Universitas Negeri Padang." Jurnal Pendidikan Teknik Elektro 3, no. 2 (August 4, 2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jpte.v3i2.174.
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This study aims to determine management and its effect on improving management performance in the Laboratory of the Department of Electrical Engineering. As for the method used, namely the qualitative method with an interview. The subjects of the study were two Laboratory at the Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Padang State University. The procedure for collecting information is carried out by using the procedures for interviews with two laboratory workers and documentation is carried out to obtain information in the form of photos or supporting documents as research support. Before conducting an interview, of course, it is necessary to conduct a validity / feasibility test by the validator to produce the correct research instrument. After the interview results were obtained, the researcher then conducted an analysis of the results of the interview with the informant. Procedures in data analysis use several techniques such as data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. For the validation of data, a triangulation technique is used, which is to compare the results of the interview with the content of related documents. Until, it can be concluded that the administration in the Laboratory of the Department of Electrical Engineering, Padang State University is in accordance with the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) provided by the Department and increases the need for tools to improve the performance of laboratory management.
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Boutron, Claude F., and Françoise M. Batifol. "Assessing Laboratory Procedures for the Decontamination of Polar Snow or Ice Samples for the Analysis of Toxic Metals and Metalloids." Annals of Glaciology 7 (1985): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500005838.
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Most, if not all, Antarctic and Greenland snow and ice samples to be analyzed for toxic metals and metalloids such as Pb, Hg, Sb, Cd, Ag, Se, As, Cu and Zn become more or less contaminated by these elements on their outsides, mainly during field collection. We assess here the various procedures which have been developed to try to decontaminate the samples. They include both mechanical and rinsing techniques. It appears that it is essential, but very difficult, to establish clearly the efficiency of these procedures. This can however be done by determining the geometry of contamination of the analyzed samples and by evaluating procedural blanks carefully. Such careful evaluation has been achieved at present only for mechanical procedures and for a few metals.
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Boutron, Claude F., and Françoise M. Batifol. "Assessing Laboratory Procedures for the Decontamination of Polar Snow or Ice Samples for the Analysis of Toxic Metals and Metalloids." Annals of Glaciology 7 (1985): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500005838.
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Most, if not all, Antarctic and Greenland snow and ice samples to be analyzed for toxic metals and metalloids such as Pb, Hg, Sb, Cd, Ag, Se, As, Cu and Zn become more or less contaminated by these elements on their outsides, mainly during field collection. We assess here the various procedures which have been developed to try to decontaminate the samples. They include both mechanical and rinsing techniques. It appears that it is essential, but very difficult, to establish clearly the efficiency of these procedures. This can however be done by determining the geometry of contamination of the analyzed samples and by evaluating procedural blanks carefully. Such careful evaluation has been achieved at present only for mechanical procedures and for a few metals.
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Włodarski, Krzysztof H., Grzegorz Szczęsny, and Aniela Brodzikowska. "Physiological and histological conditionings of articular cartilage regeneration techniques and clinical application of these techniques." Polish Journal of Sports Medicine 37, no. 3 (August 10, 2021): 127–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.0687.
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In clinical setting no spectacular treatment results confirmed using histological approaches were noted as compared with these obtained in laboratory research (finding the regeneration built of the hyaline cartilage in the damaged area in the treated patients is very rare since, as a rule the regeneration is built of the fibrous cartilage). Numerous and increasingly frequent procedures aimed at regeneration of the articular cartilage using platelet rich plasma (PRP), isolated autogenous chondrocytes or mesenchymal precursor cells in patients with osteoarthritis provide access to the vast research material for the analysis of the efficacy and safety of the treatment, based on which, no definitely adverse consequences of the applied methods were noted, such as life-threatening consequences due to new tissue formation. However, the knowledge of the underlying mechanisms indicates the necessity of exercising caution in qualifying patients for such procedures and many years long monitoring in order to the fastest possible diagnosing and successful treatment of the complications. \
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Yee, Ang, Tew In Meei, and Goo Chui Ling. "Managing Fibrous Maxillary Ridge: A Case Series of Impression Techniques." Primary Dental Journal 12, no. 1 (March 2023): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20501684231153909.
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Fibrous ridges on the edentulous maxillary arch are commonly found in combination syndrome or due to ill-fitting dentures. Often, these cases are managed conservatively using modified impression techniques to achieve better support and peripheral seal without displacing the movable tissue. Many impression techniques were proposed and justified with their respective ideologies, but some may complicate both the clinical and laboratory procedures. In this report, two simplified techniques are demonstrated to make an impression of the maxillary arch with fibrous ridges. Laboratory steps in custom tray fabrication are also emphasised for a successful and predictable impression.
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Funk, Matthew F., and Albert A. Cantito. "Laboratory Pre-Participation Screening Examination in a Chiropractic College: Development, Implementation, and Results." Journal of Chiropractic Education 25, no. 1 (April 1, 2011): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7899/1042-5055-25.1.16.
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Introduction: Chiropractic students often serve as subjects in laboratories where they and their classmates practice examinations, various soft tissue techniques, physiological therapeutic modalities, and active rehabilitation. There are contraindications and risks associated with these procedures. This article describes how a procedure was developed to identify potential health concerns and risks that students may face while serving as subjects or performing procedures in clinical skills laboratories. Methods: Screening questions and examination procedures were developed through a consensus process. Findings from the screening process determine whether students may engage in full participation or limited participation (precautions) or are prohibited from receiving certain procedures (contraindications). Skills laboratory students and their instructors are informed of any identifiable precautions or contraindications to participation. Results: Since its implementation, precautions regarding delivery of manual therapies were found in 4% of those examined and precautions regarding receiving manual therapies in 11.5%. Contraindications to receiving specified manual therapies were found in 8%, and 4% had contraindications to certain physiological therapeutic modalities. Discussion: Further work is necessary to improve compliance with follow-up regarding diagnosis of conditions revealed or suspected. Future efforts should address how well students adhered to precautions and contraindications, the nature and frequency of injuries sustained within the laboratories, and what specific measures were taken by faculty to help students with special needs. Conclusion: This chiropractic college now has a method to describe potential risks, explain rules of laboratory participation, and obtain consent from each student.
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Férard, G. "Quantities and units for electrophoresis in the clinical laboratory." Journal of Automatic Chemistry 14, no. 1 (1992): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1463924692000014.
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Electrophoretic techniques have been developed and refined over decades, and are now widely used in clinical laboratories. For example, electrophoresis is routinely used to separate many different components, including proteins, lipoproteins, and isoenzymes. More recently, the applications of molecular biology in diagnosis have increased the use of electrophoresis to separate DNA components in the clinical laboratory. Various kinds of quantities are used for the description of separation procedures. It is the purpose of this document to provide manufacturers and users of electrophoretic techniques with a list of relevant quantities and units consistent with the International System of Units (SI) and standards of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
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Lewis, S. M. "Quality assurance in laboratory haematology." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 101 (1993): 283–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000005807.
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SynopsisQuality assurance in laboratory haematology includes (a) constant checking of test reliability by internal quality control, (b) external quality assessment by an independent agency to check performance of a number of laboratories at intervals in order to obtain a retrospective indication of their ability and (c) proficiency control by supervision of the pre-test and post-test phases of laboratory work, from specimen collection to delivery of the report to the clinician.The procedures which comprise quality control are described; these include use of control preparations with control charts, CUSUM analysis, constancy of daily means of the blood count indices of ‘absolute values’, duplicate testing, clinical correlation and the important role of the blood film to check the instrument-derived blood count measurements.A description of the functions of an external quality assessment scheme is based on the UK National Scheme (UK NEQAS). The blood count and other tests of general haematology have been used as models to describe the procedures for qualitative and quantitative tests, low results are analysed and performance is assessed. The tribulations and triumphs of NEQAS are described and it is concluded that NEQAS has a vital role in ensuring good laboratory practice in general, and the reliability of the individual laboratories who participate in the scheme. NEQAS, in turn, must ensure its own ability to provide stable materials which are suitable for each test in the programme, and to analyse data correctly. There is also need to take account of the continued expansion of laboratory services as new techniques are introduced and to develop appropriate EQA procedures and materials in order to incorporate these in a comprehensive scheme.
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KAIYRBEKOV, B., A. SARSENOVA, and J. ISMAILOVA. "COMPREHENSIVE FLUID DESCRIPTION THROUGH LUMPING PROCEDURES: FOR KAZAKHSTANI OIL." Neft i Gaz 138, no. 6 (December 15, 2023): 203–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37878/2708-0080/2023-6.17.
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Reservoir modeling requires a multitude of phase equilibrium calculations, particularly in the context of compositional reservoir simulations. To accelerate these calculations, the many components of the heptane plus fraction should be grouped into pseudocomponents. Moreover, accurate fluid compositions demand extensive laboratory analysis, a process both costly and time-consuming. The exercise of grouping and splitting are important for reservoir modeling. In our research, we introduce a lumping methodology for fluid characterization, focusing on the unique context of Kazakhstani oil. More specifically, we delve into the Whitson lumping and splitting techniques. For this study, a sample was taken from the X field, and detailed fluid composition data was acquired through laboratory analysis. We employed both numerical and analytical approaches to study the lumping process. Additionally, we compared our calculations with simulation results. As we navigate the intricacies of fluid characterization, we highlighted the advantages and limitations of lumping procedures and emphasized the effectiveness of Whitson method. Detailed fluid compositions obtained through laboratory PVT analysis were then compared with the results of simulation using PVTsim software and numerical delumping procedures The results of this work demonstrated the effectiveness of Whitson methods for lumping and splitting procedures for describing Kazakhstani fluids.
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Wan, Chaowei, Xiaodao Chen, and Dongbo Liu. "A Multi-Objective-Driven Placement Technique for Digital Microfluidic Biochips." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 28, no. 05 (May 2019): 1950076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126619500762.
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Microfluidic biochips are extensively utilized in biochemistry procedures due to their low cost, high precision and efficiency when compared to traditional laboratory procedures. Recent, computer-aided design (CAD) techniques enable a high performance in digital microfluidic biochip design. A key part in digital microfluidic biochip CAD design is the biochip placement procedure which determines the physical location for biological reactions during the physical design. For the biochip physical design, multiple objects need to be considered, such as the size of the chip and the total operation time. In this paper, a multi-objective optimization is proposed based on Markov decision processes (MDPs). The proposed method is evaluated on a set of standard biochip benchmarks. Compared to existing works, experimental results show that the total operation time, the capacity for routing and the chip size can be optimized simultaneously.
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SHAPIRO, GAIL G., and JOHN A. ANDERSON. "Controversial Techniques in Allergy." Pediatrics 82, no. 6 (December 1, 1988): 935–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.82.6.935.
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Ten years ago a commentary appeared in Pediatrics entitled "Allergy Skin Testing: Science or Quackery?"1 This statement was a rejoinder to a commentary in Pediatrics in 19752 that included allergy skin testing in a list of laboratory procedures that are abused for financial gain. The gist of the reply was that allergy skin tests themselves were not the problem because they were valid bioassays for IgE antibody to specific antigens. Abuse and quackery set in when numerous, indiscriminately chosen skin tests were performed instead of an appropriate history, physical examination, and carefully selected tests based on that evaluation. The allergy skin test was at that time and remains today the most sensitive test for specific allergic antibody in the skin, its presence there reflecting its presence in the blood and respiratory tract.
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Gradišnik, Lidija, Roman Bošnjak, Gorazd Bunc, Janez Ravnik, Tina Maver, and Tomaž Velnar. "Neurosurgical Approaches to Brain Tissue Harvesting for the Establishment of Cell Cultures in Neural Experimental Cell Models." Materials 14, no. 22 (November 13, 2021): 6857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14226857.
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In recent decades, cell biology has made rapid progress. Cell isolation and cultivation techniques, supported by modern laboratory procedures and experimental capabilities, provide a wide range of opportunities for in vitro research to study physiological and pathophysiological processes in health and disease. They can also be used very efficiently for the analysis of biomaterials. Before a new biomaterial is ready for implantation into tissues and widespread use in clinical practice, it must be extensively tested. Experimental cell models, which are a suitable testing ground and the first line of empirical exploration of new biomaterials, must contain suitable cells that form the basis of biomaterial testing. To isolate a stable and suitable cell culture, many steps are required. The first and one of the most important steps is the collection of donor tissue, usually during a surgical procedure. Thus, the collection is the foundation for the success of cell isolation. This article explains the sources and neurosurgical procedures for obtaining brain tissue samples for cell isolation techniques, which are essential for biomaterial testing procedures.
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Reinhardt, V., C. Liss, and C. Stevens. "Restraint Methods of Laboratory Non-Human Primates: A Critical Review." Animal Welfare 4, no. 3 (August 1995): 221–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600017814.
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AbstractPublished information provides scientific evidence that traditional, involuntary restraint techniques of research non-human primates are intrinsically a source of distress resulting from fear. It has been documented that common methods of enforced restraint result in significantly increased adrenal activity as well as significant changes in a variety of other physiological parameters. There is no scientific evidence that the animals adequately habituate to involuntary restraint. Numerous reports have been published demonstrating that non-human primates can readily be trained to cooperate rather than resist during common handling procedures such as capture, venipuncture, injection and veterinary examination. Cooperative animals fail to show behavioural and physiological signs of distress. It was concluded that the advantages of training techniques over traditional restraint techniques will have to be explored more extensively in the future for the sake of research subjects and scientific methodology.
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Romanelli, Giovanni, Carla Andreani, Enrico Ferraris, Christian Greco, Salima Ikram, Silvia Licoccia, Giuseppe Paladini, et al. "Neutron-Enhanced Information on the Laboratory Characterization of Ancient Egyptian Leathers: Hydration and Preservation Status." Information 13, no. 10 (September 29, 2022): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info13100467.
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The Museo Egizio’s collection contains 200 precious and unique leather artifacts belonging to different historical periods. The materials used during the tanning and curing procedures affect the chemical and elemental composition of the surface of the samples as well as their preservation status, specifically through the hydration level within the bulk. Here we provide an experimental characterization of a series of samples from Museo Egizio that document an extensive denaturation phenomenon (gelatinization), by combining non-destructive techniques including surface probes (X-ray fluorescence, Raman scattering, and scanning electron microscopy enhanced by X-ray energy spectroscopy) and neutron-based bulk techniques (inelastic and deep-inelastic neutron scattering). Results show partial dehydration of the samples in the bulk, affecting the morphology of their surface, the presence of potassium alum, and iron oxides, as well as phosphates and hydroxides related to the tanning and curing procedures. Finally, we briefly discuss the need for a versatile and adaptable software package that is capable of combining quantitative analyses with complementary techniques including morphological, elemental, and chemical composition.
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Pattan, Shivanand S., Kishore G. Bhat, Geeta D. Pattar, and Manjula Kuntagi. "COMPARISON OF THREE DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES FOR ISOLATION OF NEUTROPHILS FROM BLOOD AND THEIR UTILITY IN PERFORMING NITROBLUE TETRAZOLIUM TEST." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 12 (June 8, 2020): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i12.2019.305.
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Background & Objectives: Assays for neutrophils constitute an important component of screening tests in clinical immunology. There are no standard protocols for performing many of these tests and procedures vary from one laboratory to another. In addition, normal ranges for these assays in healthy Indian population have not been defined. Hence, an attempt is made to evaluate and present a simple technique for WBC isolation and NBT test.
Methods: The study involved participation of 30 healthy adult volunteers. Ten of blood sample collected from each subject was subjected to three different procedures for isolation of WBCs - Ficoll-Hypaque gradient, dextran sedimentation and gelatin sedimentation methods. Cells isolated from these procedures were then used to perform NBT test. Smears were prepared, stained with Giemsa and results were expressed as % of stimulated and unstimulated cells.
Results: The mean cell yield from both dextran and gelatin methods was comparable (2921.67cells vs 2806.67cells/cu mm). The cell yield from Ficoll-Hypaque method was much lower (1408.33 cells/cu mm). In NBT test, the mean readings of stimulated (61%) and unstimulated cells (18%) were almost similar in all three procedures of cell isolation.
Conclusions: Comparison of procedures show that gelatin and dextran sedimentation methods yield high amount of relatively purified WBCs. The efficacy of cells isolated from all three procedures in NBT test was almost similar. The range of stimulated and unstimualted cells in the subjects were within expected levels. Gelatin sedimentation is economical, easy to perform and can be adopted to any clinical laboratory for WBC isolation.
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Santos, Guaciara M., and Xiaomei Xu. "Bag of Tricks: A Set of Techniques and other Resources to Help 14C Laboratory Setup, Sample Processing, and Beyond." Radiocarbon 59, no. 3 (July 26, 2016): 785–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2016.43.
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AbstractOver the last few decades, radiocarbon laboratories have used different procedures for measuring a broad range of carbonaceous materials. To produce reliable results, the processes employed for sample processing, graphite target production, and spectrometer measurement must be rigorous, well tested, and reproducible. Most of the procedures have been developed, improved, and published as part of the laboratories’ quality control and research programs, and can be frequently found in the literature. Nevertheless, there are suites of laboratory techniques (or “small useful skills”), products, and other resources that either have never been described in publications, or have been somewhat hidden in much larger scientific articles and reports. We feel that with the rapid rise of newer laboratories and facilities, a set of resourceful suggestions might come in handy. Here we gathered these skill sets that can be used in all aspects of 14C sample processing, with the intention to simplify and expedite procedures, from glass-tube making to graphitization and measurements. We also included some miscellaneous items to help in laboratory setup.
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Mifflin, T. E. "Use and applications of nucleic acid probes in the clinical laboratory." Clinical Chemistry 35, no. 9 (September 1, 1989): 1819–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/35.9.1819.
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Abstract The use and availability of nucleic acid probes are significantly greater than they were three to five years ago. This increased utilization has resulted because of numerous changes in molecular genetic procedures. First, the sources of probes have shifted from cloned genomic and cDNA fragments to single-strand oligonucleotides and RNA or "riboprobes." These newer probes offer defined composition and capability to create separate sense and anti-sense strands. Second, an increased variety of labeling techniques provide more ways to incorporate isotopic and nonisotopic species into these nucleic acid fragments than before. Third, the advent of nucleic acid amplification forecasts the ability to detect sub-attomol quantities of target nucleic acids, which could not be detected by classical hybridization methods. Fourth, more-sensitive signaling systems (e.g., chemiluminescence) now available will also contribute to the lowering of detection limits. Fifth, alternative sample-processing methods will shorten the time required to perform these assays. Finally, coupling these newer molecular probe procedures with automation will lead to improved precision and reliability and promote their introduction into the clinical laboratory as routine procedures. Additional factors such as clinical correlation, cost analysis, etc. will stimulate clinical laboratory personnel to participate further in development and use of these procedures.
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Dougher, Michael J., John R. Crossen, and R. J. Garland. "An Experimental Test of Cautela's Operant Explanation of Covert Conditioning Procedures." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 14, no. 3 (July 1986): 226–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0141347300014750.
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Although covert conditioning procedures are widely employed by behavior therapists, the literature is marked by considerable procedural variability and inconsistent results. Part of the problem is attributable to the lack of a generally agreed upon and experimentally supported theoretical account of covert conditioning procedures. Inasmuch as the procedural arrangements of covert conditioning techniques depend upon the underlying theoretical framework, it is important that the framework be experimentally supported. One prominent theoretical account of covert conditioning is the operant account proposed by the main proponent of covert conditioning, Joseph Cautela. As an explanation of the clinical effects of covert conditioning, however, Cautela's account has not been adequately tested. Two experiments were conducted, the purpose of which were to conduct laboratory analogue tests of Cautela's account of covert conditioning by examining the effects of covert reinforcement and covert punishment procedures on the subsequent free-operant rate of selected target responses of college students. The results failed to support Cautela's operant explanation of covert conditioning.
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Roslim, Dewi Indriyani, Herman Herman, Roza Elvyra, Nery Sofiyanti, and Ennie Chahyadi. "PELATIHAN PROSEDUR LABORATORIUM ANALISIS DNA." Jurnal Pengabdian UntukMu NegeRI 2, no. 2 (November 23, 2018): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37859/jpumri.v2i2.873.
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Currently, analysis based on DNA is one of the techniques for solving the problems such as paternity test, determining the identity of accident victims, natural disasters victims, and authentication of foods ingredients. But not everyone knows about the stages of DNA analysis laboratory procedures. The purpose of this workshop is to provide knowledgments about DNA analysis laboratory procedures. The training was attended by 30 participants from various universities and research centers in Riau Province. Workshop materials include DNA isolation of animal, plant and bacterial, electrophoresis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and visualization of DNA bands. Evaluation uses a questionnaire distributed to participants. Questionnaire analysis showed that workshop was very useful especially for beginners who want to be involved in DNA analysis activities in the laboratory.
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Chapman, John W., David R. Thompson, Mark C. Helmlinger, Brian D. Bue, Robert O. Green, Michael L. Eastwood, Sven Geier, Winston Olson-Duvall, and Sarah R. Lundeen. "Spectral and Radiometric Calibration of the Next Generation Airborne Visible Infrared Spectrometer (AVIRIS-NG)." Remote Sensing 11, no. 18 (September 13, 2019): 2129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11182129.
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We describe advanced spectral and radiometric calibration techniques developed for NASA’s Next Generation Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS-NG). By employing both statistically rigorous analysis and utilizing in situ data to inform calibration procedures and parameter estimation, we can dramatically reduce undesirable artifacts and minimize uncertainties of calibration parameters notoriously difficult to characterize in the laboratory. We describe a novel approach for destriping imaging spectrometer data through minimizing a Markov Random Field model. We then detail statistical methodology for bad pixel correction of the instrument, followed by the laboratory and field protocols involved in the corrections and evaluate their effectiveness on historical data. Finally, we review the geometric processing procedure used in production of the radiometrically calibrated image data.
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Batham, Mike, Kate Brashaw, Rob Janes, and Ruth Williams. "Development of a web-based teaching resource for analytical science practitioners." New Directions in the Teaching of Physical Sciences, no. 6 (February 23, 2016): 61–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29311/ndtps.v0i6.388.
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This paper describes the production of multimedia teaching material aimed at working analysts in the water industry who are studying the Open University‟s Foundation Degree in Analytical Sciences. In collaboration with staff at Scottish Water, Edinburgh laboratories, audio and video materials were produced which demonstrate a number of basic laboratory techniques routinely carried out in chemistry and microbiology laboratories. Teaching laboratory techniques (and associated safety procedures) is by its very nature a visual process, and requires the cultivation of a skill base and good practice that can only be gained by repetition. However an initial „show and tell‟ stage is required. This is extended to coverage of aspects of laboratory management, and how analysts work in teams to produce analytical data for the customer.
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Shahab Saidullah, Bakhtawar Shah, Salman Habib, and Asma Rauf. "Our Nuts and Bolts in The Permanent Pacemakers’ Explanation Techniques." Annals of PIMS-Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University 18, no. 3 (September 11, 2022): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.48036/apims.v18i2.490.
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Objective: Our goal is to share our two decades of experience with implantable electrical device explanation at our electrophysiology centre at Hayat Abad Medical Complex in Peshawar. Methodology: After baseline patient were brought nil by mouth to catheterization laboratory (Cath: lab). A temporary pacemaker (TPM) implanted for backup. In case of box change, a new device is attached after checking the integrity of the lead and device placed in the same pocket. But if of lead extraction was also needed, then stylet was put inside the lead and with twisting movement and mild traction the lead removed and new lead implanted with Seldinger,s technique, battery attached and wound closed in layers. Results: Out of 1670, there were 1535 (91.9%) new implantations and 135 (8.08%) repeat procedures. The pulse generator was replaced without lead replacement in 59 (3.5%) patients. In 36 (2.15%) patients, the ventricular lead or atrial lead was successfully reposition. A total of 32 (1.9%) successful explanations were performed in the study period. Conclusion: The explanation of devices like implantation needs special gadgets and training for the safe and successful procedure.
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Bambaradeniya, Tharindu B., Paola A. Magni, and Ian R. Dadour. "A Summary of Concepts, Procedures and Techniques Used by Forensic Entomologists and Proxies." Insects 14, no. 6 (June 8, 2023): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14060536.
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Forensic entomology is a branch of forensic science that incorporates insects as a part of solving crime. Insect-based evidence recovered at a crime scene can be used to estimate the minimum postmortem interval, determine if a carcass/corpse has been relocated, and contribute to the cause and manner of death. The current review summarises the stepwise usage of forensic entomology methods at a crime scene and in the laboratory, including specimen collection and rearing, identification, xenobiotic detection, documentation, and referencing previous research and casework. It also provides three standards for the collection of insects when attending a crime scene. The Gold standard attributes to a forensic entomologist (FE) who is likely to be well-trained attending a scene. The subsequent standards (Silver and Bronze) have been added because the authors believe that this information is currently missing in the literature. The purpose is so that an attending crime scene agent/proxy with some basic knowledge and some simple tools can recover almost all the insect information required by an FE to make the best estimation of the minimum postmortem interval.
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Mendez, Mercy Joy. "Science Laboratory Learning Environment and Students’ Practices on Laboratory Safety." SEAQIS Journal of Science Education 3, no. 02 (December 1, 2023): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.58249/sjse.v3i02.113.
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This paper aims to identify the significant relationship between the science laboratory learning environment and students’ practices on laboratory safety for education students who took at least one subject or course with laboratory unit in face-to-face classes. The data from this study came from 201 education students, collected through an online survey using Google Forms. The non-experimental descriptive correlational design, census approach was used to select the study participants, and standardised questionnaires were also utilised. The weighted mean, standard deviation, Pearson product-moment correlation design, and linear regression analysis were employed as statistical techniques. The study found that the science laboratory learning environment is at a very high level. Meanwhile, the students’ practices on laboratory safety, especially emergency response plans, work procedures, and chemical waste management, are at a very high level, while safety equipment and handling of experiments are observed at a high level. The results also showed a significant relationship between the science laboratory learning environment and students’ practices on laboratory safety. The domain of science laboratory learning environment that significantly predicts students’ practices is the material environment. The result implied that the institution may provide and maintain a conducive laboratory learning environment, which is essential for students to perform laboratory safety, enhance the handling of experiments, and upgrade the safety equipment in the science laboratory.
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Coutlee, François, Danielle Rouleau, Alex Ferenczy, and Eduardo Franco. "The Laboratory Diagnosis of Genital Human Papillomavirus Infections." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 16, no. 2 (2005): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/798710.
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Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the etiological agents of several genital cancers, including cancer of the uterine cervix. The detection of HPV infection in genital samples may increase the sensitivity of primary and secondary screenings of cervical cancer. HPV testing may also improve the specificity of screening programs, resulting in the avoidance of overtreatment and cost savings for confirmatory procedures. The major determinants of clinical progression of HPV infection include persistence of HPV infection, involvement of high-risk HPV types, high HPV viral load, integration of viral DNA and presence of several potential cofactors. Signal amplification HPV-DNA detection techniques (Hybrid Capture II, Digene Corporation, USA) are standardized, commercially available, and capable of detecting several high-risk HPV types. They also increase the sensitivity of screening for high-grade lesions in combination with cytology. The sensitivity of these techniques to detect high-grade lesions is higher than that of cytology, but the referral rate for colposcopy is greater. These techniques are approved for the triage to colposcopy of women with cervical smears interpreted as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance. Triage and screening for cervical cancer using HPV will probably be restricted to women aged 30 years or older because of the high prevalence of infection in younger women. Amplification techniques are ideal for epidemiological studies because they minimize the misclassification of HPV infection status. These techniques can detect low HPV burden infections. Consensus primers amplify most genital types in one reaction, and the reverse hybridization of amplicons with type-specific probes allows for the typing of HPV-positive samples. Consensus PCR assays are currently under evaluation for diagnostic purposes. HPV testing is currently implemented for the clinical management of women.
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Ferry, Barbara, and Damien Gervasoni. "Improving Stereotaxic Neurosurgery Techniques and Procedures Greatly Reduces the Number of Rats Used per Experimental Group—A Practice Report." Animals 11, no. 9 (September 10, 2021): 2662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092662.
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Techniques of stereotaxic surgery are commonly used in research laboratories by a range of students, technicians, and researchers. To meet the evolving requirements imposed by international legislation, and to promote the implementation of 3R rules (replacement, reduction, and refinement) by reducing experimental error, animal morbidity, and mortality, it is essential that standard operating procedures and proper conduct following such complex surgeries be precisely described and respected. The present report shows how refinements of our own neurosurgical techniques over decades, have significantly reduced the number of animals (rats) used in experiments and improved the animals’ well-being during the post-surgical recovery period. The current pre-, per-, and post-surgical procedures used in our laboratory are detailed. We describe the practical aspects of stereotaxic neurosurgery that have been refined in our laboratory since 1992 and that cover various areas including appropriate anesthesia and pain management during and after surgery, methods to determine the stereotaxic coordinates, and the best approach to the target brain structure. The application of these optimal surgical methods that combine reliable and reproducible results with an acute awareness of ethics and animal welfare leads to a significant reduction in the number of animals included in experimental research in accordance with ethical and regulatory rules as required by the European Directive on laboratory animal welfare.
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Belajová, E., and D. Rauová. "Comparison of two clean up techniques in isolation of ochratoxin A from red wine." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 28, No. 3 (July 1, 2010): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/101/2008-cjfs.
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Two procedures for the extraction of ochratoxin A (OTA) from red wine – the reference clean up procedure using specific immunoaffinity column (IAC), and solid phase extraction (SPE) in which an active carbon was employed, was compared. In SPE procedure, various mixtures of dichloromethane (D), toluene (T), acetonitrile (AC), methanol (M), and acetic acid (A) were used as OTA desorption agents. Two types of SPE carbonaceous columns were tested – commercial SPE columns (Supelclean<sup>TM</sup> Envi-Carb) with a nonporous graphitised carbon, and SPE columns prepared in our laboratory (further specified as Lab-Carb) that were filled with a micro particular granular carbon. OTA was extracted from spiked red wine by the use of both carbonaceous columns. The highest OTA mean recovery calculated in relation to the reference IAC procedure was 98.5%, using the Lab-Carb adsorbent and acetonitrile + toluene, 3 + 1 (v + v) as the elution mixture (OTA spike levels of 0.2 µg/l). Using the elution mixture of dichloromethane + methanol, 9 + 1 (v + v), the relative recoveries of 76.4% and 82.9% were reached at the OTA spike levels of 0.2 µg/l and 1.9 µg/l, respectively. The application of Envi-Carb adsorbent generally resulted in a very poor OTA recovery under the experimental conditions used (less than 50%). OTA was detected by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (LC-FLD) providing the detection limit of 0.011 µg/l and the quantification limit of 0.033 µg/l.
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Cull, Carole A., Susan E. Manley, Irene M. Stratton, H. Andrew W. Neil, Iain S. Ross, Rury R. Holman, Robert C. Turner, and David R. Matthews. "Approach to maintaining comparability of biochemical data during long-term clinical trials." Clinical Chemistry 43, no. 10 (October 1, 1997): 1913–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/43.10.1913.
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Abstract Our objective was to design a structured approach to maintaining comparability of biochemical data during a long clinical trial. Maintaining the comparability of clinical and biochemical data obtained in long-term studies is essential, even though analytical methods in the laboratory may be changed, conventions on specimen handling and storage revised, calibration procedures updated, quality-control systems replaced, and secular changes may occur. The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), a large randomized control trial investigating therapy for type 2 diabetes, was the setting for the study. Data were collected from 5102 subjects randomized since 1977. Our techniques included quality control, external quality assurance, direct comparison of laboratory methods when updating assays and statistical techniques for the detection of unsuspected changes in assay bias, laboratory comparisons of new with old assay methodologies, the realigning of data to current methods, the use of a suitable reference population for long-term monitoring, and rules to aid decision-making about clinical vs statistical significance. Procedures by which comparability of data is assured should be specified for all long-term trials and, where possible, comparison with reference methods should be detailed to allow results from different laboratories to be compared.
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Baylis, Charles, Lawrence Dunleavy, Steven Lardizabal, Robert J. Marks II, and Alberto Rodriguez. "Efficient Optimization Using Experimental Queries: A Peak-Search Algorithm for Efficient Load-Pull Measurements." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 15, no. 1 (January 20, 2011): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2011.p0013.
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In the process of hardware optimization, physical queries requiring laboratory experiments are often necessary. This is similar to optimization using software where queries are made to a computer model. In both the laboratory optimization and optimization using computer models, queries come at a cost: laboratory time or computer time. Finding efficient searches using a small number of queries on average is therefore motivated. In this paper, techniques used in computer search are shown to be transparently applicable to certain instances of hardware optimization. The hardware example presented is a load-pull peaksearch algorithm for power amplifier load-impedance optimization. The successful search shown in this paper allows high-resolution measurement of the maximum power with a significant reduction in the number of measured reflection-coefficient states. The use of computationally intelligent procedures for reducing time costs in design optimization using hardware has significant potential applications in a number of iterative experimental procedures performed in the laboratory.
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White, D. J., R. V. Faller, and W. D. Bowman. "Demineralization and Remineralization Evaluation Techniques—Added Considerations." Journal of Dental Research 71, no. 3_suppl (April 1992): 929–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002203459207100s28.
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Methods used for the analysis of tooth de- and remineralization include techniques with various degrees of sophistication and quantitative capabilities, ranging from direct measures of mineral gain/loss (e.g., microradiography) to indirect measures (e.g., iodide permeability) of changes in tooth mineral properties. In all instances, the capabilities of methods for accurate determination of changes in tooth mineral properties are affected by procedures used in the preparation of specimens for analysis, the magnitude of change taking place in the test (vs. the detection limits of the techniques), and protocols for specimen analysis. In specific instances, such as in the case of dentin, unique specimen-handling and analysis procedures must be used to prevent artifacts. The choice of techniques for the assessment of de- and remineralization depends strongly upon study protocols and laboratory capabilities; however, ‘quantitative’ measures of mineral gain and loss are possible only if direct chemical or radiographic techniques are used. Either radiographic, cross-sectioned microhardness or polarized light can be used for the determination of lesion depth. Porosity, light-scattering, and surface microhardness are indirect techniques which complement direct measures of mineral gain and loss. Whatever methods are used in the analysis of de- and remineralization, researchers must take care to differentiate accurately among the quantitative capabilities of techniques used in analysis.
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Fontani, D., P. Sansoni, F. Francini, D. Jafrancesco, L. Mercatelli, and E. Sani. "Pointing Sensors and Sun Tracking Techniques." International Journal of Photoenergy 2011 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/806518.
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Every optical system for sunlight concentration requires following the sun in its movement. The sun tracking method is essentially chosen on the base of collection geometry and optical system configuration. A simple, useful, and original technique to realise sun tracking is proposed. It is based on a double guiding system using two complementary procedures. A passive tracking device performs a preliminary collector orientation. Then an active tracking system realises its fine positioning and adjustments exploiting an optical pointing sensor. The core of this active tracking device is the sun finder. Pointing sensors for fibre-coupled, CPV (Concentrating Photo voltaic), and linear collectors are presented, illustrating in detail the working principle and practical use. All sensors were optically characterised in laboratory, under controlled and reproducible conditions. Some field tests completed the experimentation evaluating the sensors performance in outdoor working conditions.