Academic literature on the topic 'Labour – Germany'

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Journal articles on the topic "Labour – Germany"

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Barrell, Ray, and Dirk Willem te Velde. "Catching-up of East German Labour Productivity in the 1990s." German Economic Review 1, no. 3 (2000): 271–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0475.00014.

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Abstract We provide empirical evidence for exogenous and endogenous catching-up of East German labour productivity to West German levels. We argue that labour productivity in East Germany has caught up faster than has happened elsewhere. The sudden formation of the German Monetary Union was followed by large transfers to East Germany, migration of workers to West Germany, reorganization and privatization of East German firms. This has quickly led to a partial closing of the organizational, idea and object gaps that existed between East and West Germany. This paper analyses labour productivity
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Raja, mannar Badur. "Financial Crisis in Germany: A Sneak Peek." International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences (IJRESS) 9, no. 1 (2019): 14–20. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7385066.

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The German experience of the crisis was very different compared to those of most other countries in Europe. Germany was hit by a very strong shock which was relatively concentrated in the exporting, manufacturing industries. In addition, the German labour market was very resilient during the crisis due to earlier labour market reforms and policy instruments facilitating labour hoarding. As a consequence, public finances were only moderately affected and not many policy reforms had to be enacted. The German experience of the financial crisis was very different from that of most other European c
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Świder, Małgorzata. "Ukraińscy uchodźcy wojenni na niemieckim rynku pracy." Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia de Securitate 13, no. 2 (2023): 137–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/26578549.13.2.8.

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The Federal Republic of Germany, next to Poland, accepted the largest number of war refugees from Ukraine (over 1 million people), granting them easier access to awide range of social benefits equal to those available to people permanently residing in Germany. The aim of this policy encompasses the integration of refugees into German society and within the German labour market. It stems from the declarations of asignificant number of refugees to remain in Germany forever (approx. 27% of all refugees) or longer (12% may stay for several years), as well as Germany’s need for skilled labour. The
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Schmid, Günther. "Labour Market Policy and Labour Law Reforms in Germany: Towards Inclusive Growth." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 35, Issue 3 (2019): 305–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2019015.

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This article, first, provides a comprehensive overview of German labour market policy and labour law reforms since the beginning of this millennium and assesses to what extent Germany is pursuing the principles of inclusive growth, accompanied by selective evidence of their consequences for the German labour market performance. A stylized and descriptive overview of the inclusive impact of these reforms in quantitative and qualitative terms follows, complemented finally with an essay reflecting the concept of the inclusive labour contract.
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Родионов, Алексей, and Aleksey Rodionov. "The organization of labor of convicts in penal institutions of Germany." Advances in Law Studies 4, no. 4 (2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21991.

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The results of the analysis and generalization of the experience of convicts labor organization in penal institutions of Germany are presented in the article. Identified key indicators of functioning of the German penal system, as well as indicators of its effectiveness. The basic characteristics of the existing relations of production, as well as the approaches used in the production and organization of labour in prisons were revealed. Determined the most perspective for introduction in the domestic penal practice approaches for convicts organization of labour, based on the study of the Germa
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Sagan, Adam, and Christian Schüller. "Covid-19 and labour law in Germany." European Labour Law Journal 11, no. 3 (2020): 292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2031952520934566.

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As in many countries, the coronavirus pandemic is a major challenge facing labour law in Germany. On the one hand, the risk of infection in the workplace must be reduced as effectively as possible to prevent the pandemic from spreading. On the other hand, work processes must be maintained as far as possible to prevent an economic crisis, which could have an adverse impact on the pandemic. In this situation, German labour law does not only rely on existing regulations. The German legislator reacted promptly to the pandemic and amended a number of labour laws over a short period. The following c
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Kwiet, K. "Forced Labour of German Jews in Nazi Germany." Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook 36, no. 1 (1991): 389–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/leobaeck/36.1.389.

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Spörlein, Christoph, Cornelia Kristen, Regine Schmidt, and Jörg Welker. "Selectivity profiles of recently arrived refugees and labour migrants in Germany." Soziale Welt 71, no. 1-2 (2020): 54–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0038-6073-2020-1-2-54.

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Migrant selectivity refers to the idea that immigrants differ in certain characteristics from individuals who stay behind in their country of origin. In this article, we describe the selectivity profiles of recent migrants to Germany with respect to educational attainment, age and sex. We illustrate how refugees differ from labour migrants, and we compare the profiles of Syrian refugees who successfully completed the long journey to Europe to Syrian refugees who settled in neighbouring Lebanon or Jordan. We rely on destination-country data from the IAB-BAMF-GSOEP Survey of Refugees, the Arab B
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Antosiewicz, Marek, and Piotr Lewandowski. "Labour market fluctuations in GIPS – shocks vs adjustments." International Journal of Manpower 38, no. 7 (2017): 913–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-04-2017-0080.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify factors behind cyclical fluctuations and differences in adjustments to shocks in Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain (GIPS) and a reference country – Germany. The authors try to answer the question whether the GIPS countries could have fared differently in the Great Recession if they reacted to shocks affecting them like a resilient German economy would have. Design/methodology/approach The authors use a DSGE model of real open economy with search and matching on the labour market and endogenous job destruction, estimated separately for each count
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Hachtmann, Rüdiger. "Fordism and Unfree Labour: Aspects of the Work Deployment of Concentration Camp Prisoners in German Industry between 1941 and 1944." International Review of Social History 55, no. 3 (2010): 485–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859010000416.

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SummaryThis article examines the relationship between Fordism and unfree labour in Nazi Germany. Fordism is understood here as a form of workplace rationalization (especially assembly-line production), but also as a “technology of domination” and an “exploitation innovation”. In contrast to the Weimar Republic, Fordism was established in broad sectors of German industry under Nazi rule in the form of “war Fordism”. In order to examine the connections between the specific historical variants of these two apparently contradictory production regimes – Fordism and forced labour – the article focus
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Labour – Germany"

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Harrison, Sharon Maree. "Belgian labour in Nazi Germany : a social history." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/17582.

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The Nazis' deployment of foreigners (Ausländereinsatz) between 1939 and 1945 established one of the largest forced labour programs since the abolition of slavery during the nineteenth century. Foreign civilians from across Europe were deployed in Germany's war economy. Between 350,000 and 400,000 Belgian civilians were deployed in Germany during the Second World War- roughly half of these workers went to Germany voluntarily, but under a degree of pressure due to the Military Administration's economic policies in occupied Belgium. This thesis examines the implementation of the Nazi forced labo
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Hatzius, Jan. "Migration and the labour market : the case of Germany." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319042.

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Sommer, Wolf Florian. "The reconstruction of labour representation in former East Germany 1989-1992 : a comparative study of two German trade unions." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1996. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1406/.

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This thesis examines the strategies applied by two German trade unions after the collapse of the GDR. It looks at the causes of stability and instability of corporatist systems and their institutions and how these maintain membership and organizational coherence. The study explores the reconstruction strategies of two contrasted West German trade unions seeking to maintain their organizational position and to protect the neo-corporatist industrial relations system that secures their survival. Their strategies for the organizational survival of the unions are determined partly by the neo-corpor
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Lehmann, Hartmut F. "Labour market flows and labour market policies in the British Isles, Poland and Eastern Germany since 1980." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1993. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1345/.

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This thesis utilizes flow analyses of the labour market in order to examine two key issues. First, to asses the effectiveness of active labour market policies in Britain, Ireland and Poland. Secondly, it allows us to characterize and quantify movements between labour market states which have been occurring on an unprecedented scale in economies undergoing transition. Chapters 1 and 2 investigate whether active labour market policies in Britain and Ireland have been instrumental in curing or preventing partial hysteresis due to long-term unemployment. In models of the determination of overall a
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Trampusch, Christine. "Sozialpolitik in Post-Hartz Germany." Universität Potsdam, 2005. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/texte_eingeschraenkt_welttrends/2010/4784/.

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The article points to the following causes of German social policy reform, as it has taken shape by the so-called ‘Hartz’-Acts: the self-inflicted financial crisis of the welfare state, the return of party leaders as agenda setters, and the weakening of employers associations and trade unions in this policy field. Through a large, informal coalition, the political parties have responded to various internal conflict constellations.
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Bredehoeft, Janin. "The political economy of academic labour markets: How marketisation policies enforce labour market segmentation in Australia and Germany." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/19673.

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The marketisation of higher education has transformed academic labour markets and challenges comparative political economy theory. This thesis explores the tensions between predicted and actual developments of academic labour markets in the liberal Australian and the German corporatist welfare state. It compares the emergence of marketisation policies and their impact on academic labour market developments between 1980-2012 in the two contrasting national higher education systems. The central argument of this thesis is that states develop similar marketisation policies despite clearly differen
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Wunsch, Conny. "On the effectiveness and optimal design of labour market policies in Germany." lizenzfrei, 2007. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/www/edis.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/3417.

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Goerne, Rudolf Alexander. "Towards greater personalisation of active labour market policy? : Britain and Germany compared." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6395.

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This PhD study centres on analysing the changing employment service portfolios available to disadvantaged people out of work in Britain and Germany. Looking at the recent wave of comparative studies on ‘activation’ reforms, it springs to mind that the question of the changing portfolio of ‘active’ labour market policy (ALMP) measures has received only little attention in the sense of a rigorous comparative analysis. In order to address that gap, this study develops a novel normative and analytical perspective for the study of ALMP, which then is applied to the empirical cases Britain and Germa
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Davaki, Konstantina. "Women in the labour market and the family : policies in Germany and Greece." Thesis, University of Kent, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.392578.

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Frege, Carola Maria. "Workplace relations in East Germany after unification : explaining worker participation in trade unions and works councils." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1996. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1449/.

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The East German industrial relations system was completely replaced by the transfer of the West German dual system of industrial relations after political Unification in 1990. Works councils emerged, the former socialist trade unions were taken over by their western counterparts, and West German labour law and regulations were implemented. The thesis focuses on the transformation of workplace relations, with special reference to the viewpoint of the workforce. It is argued that this approach, which has been so far neglected in the German literature, is necessary for a full understanding of the
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Books on the topic "Labour – Germany"

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Walter, Matthias. Labour law in Germany. Inter Nationes, 1997.

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Wisskirchen, Gerlind. Labour and employment compliance in Germany. Kluwer Law International, 2015.

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Wisskirchen, Gerlind. Labour and employment compliance in Germany. Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, 2013.

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Wisskirchen, Gerlind. Labour and employment compliance in Germany. Kluwer Law International, 2014.

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Marlene, Schmidt, ed. Labour law and industrial relations in Germany. 4th ed. Kluwer Law International, 2008.

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1940-, Weiss Manfred, ed. Labour law and industrial relations in Germany. Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1995.

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Temple, Karen. Discrimination against women on the labour market in Germany today. Shaker, 2001.

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Oswald, Christiane. Patterns of labour market exit in Germany and the UK. ESRC Research Centre on Micro-Social Change, 1999.

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J, Bade Klaus, ed. Population, labour, and migration in 19th- and 20th-century Germany. Berg, 1987.

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Bachmann, Ronald. The impact of international outsourcing on labour market dynamics in Germany. RWI, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Labour – Germany"

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Mawby, Spencer. "The Labour Backlash." In Containing Germany. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780333984222_3.

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Busch, Andreas, and Philip Manow. "The SPD and the Neue Mitte in Germany." In New Labour. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230554573_13.

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Trappe, Heike. "East Germany." In Gender Inequality in the Eastern European Labour Market. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315657400-4.

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Buggeln, Marc. "Unfree and Forced Labour." In A Companion to Nazi Germany. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118936894.ch31.

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Silbersdorff, Alexander. "The Distributional Perspective and Labour Markets." In Analysing Inequalities in Germany. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65331-0_4.

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Limberger, Michael. "9. North-west Germany, 1000–1750." In Making a Living: Family, Income and Labour. Brepols Publishers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.res-eb.4.00010.

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Fertig, Georg, and Ulrich Pfister. "10. North-west Germany, 1750–2000." In Making a Living: Family, Income and Labour. Brepols Publishers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.res-eb.4.00011.

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Gonçalves da Silva, Luís, and Sara Leitão. "Collective Labour Law." In Constitutional Framework of European Labour Law in Italy, France, Germany, Portugal and Spain. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45717-3_4.

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Gonçalves da Silva, Luís, and Sara Leitão. "Individual Labour Law." In Constitutional Framework of European Labour Law in Italy, France, Germany, Portugal and Spain. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45717-3_5.

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Henseke, Golo, and Thusnelda Tivig. "Demographic Change and Industry-specific Innovation Patterns in Germany." In Labour Markets and Demographic Change. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-91478-7_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Labour – Germany"

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Kuhn, Jonas, Johanna Werz, Esther Borowski, and Ingrid Isenhardt. "MAPPING THE GAP: AN EPISTEMIC ANALYSIS OF KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER BETWEEN LABOUR SCIENCE AND SMES IN (FORMER) COAL REGIONS IN GERMANY." In 17th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation. IATED, 2024. https://doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2024.0712.

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Brenzovych, K. S., and Ye P. Khyla. "Refugees from Ukraine at labour markets of Poland and Germany." In CURRENT ISSUES OF THE WORLD ECONOMY, INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS AMIDST THE FORMATION OF A NEW WORLD ORDER AND POLARIZATION OF THE WORLD. Volume 1. Baltija Publishing, 2025. https://doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-534-1-6.

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Mimentza Martin, Janire. "CONSTITUTIONALITY OF BASIC INCOME IN GERMANY." In 6th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2020.295.

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At present, the precarious jobs do not assure the subsistence level, and the future forecasts “the end of work”. In addition, because of the defects and limits of the welfare systems, a rethinking of the social protection system is necessary: universal basic income seems to be the most popular option. However, basic income may represent a break with the traditional market rules: the model is inverted and the citizen gains “ freedom from work”, and not “through work”. This paradigm shift may represent a challenge for today’s model of social state based on the work ethic. Although the basic inco
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Ivošević, Željana, Boris Radovanov, and Aleksandra Marcikić Horvat. "The Efficiency Analysis of Agricultural Production in the European Union." In 29th International Scientific Conference Strategic Management and Decision Support Systems in Strategic Management. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Economics in Subotica, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46541/978-86-7233-428-9_393.

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In this paper authors examine relative technical efficiency of agricultural production in the European Union using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Output oriented DEA model with variable return to scale has been applied. Four input variables were used in the model: labour, pesticides, fertilizers and used land. Production has been used as the only output variable. Results of this analysis indicate that the efficiency score values lie between 9% and 100%, with the average efficiency score of 52%. Slovenia, Estonia, Germany and Malta are characterized with the highest efficiency scores, while C
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Wimmer, Johannes, and Thomas Braml. "Digital Bridge Schwindegg: Ab initio bridge monitoring for a sustainable lifecycle management." In IABSE Congress, New Delhi 2023: Engineering for Sustainable Development. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newdelhi.2023.0817.

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<p>Bridges worldwide are facing challenges of aging, increasing traffic, and heavier vehicles, for which they were not originally designed. Lack of funds and skilled labour to strengthen and maintain existing structures have further intensified the need for bridge rehabilitation. Intelligent lifecycle management is proposed as a countermeasure to these problems. Many are researching the conceptual design of digital twins, exploring their potential, and investigating implementation approaches. Building Information Modelling platforms and other databases have been developed for this purpos
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Yaprak, Şenol. "Turkish Labor Migration to Germany and its Socio-Economic Impacts in the Context of International Labor Migration." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00794.

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Germany being encountered great destruction during the World War 2 has gone through a process of reconstruction and development. However, as it could not be able to find sufficient labor force during this process, Germany has signed subsequent labor migration agreements with Italy, Greece and finally with Turkey in the year of 1961. From this date onwards, a constant labor migration has started in Germany and currently it can be concluded that 3 million Turkish origin people are living in Germany. This study aims to analyze socio-economically the point that the situation has reached in 50-year
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Ornellas, Adriana. "Defining a taxonomy of employability skills for 21st-century higher education graduates." In Fourth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head18.2018.8197.

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This paper aims to discuss the theoretical development and the practical validation of a taxonomy of skills for boosting new graduates employability at Higher Education Institutions (HEI). The taxonomy was developed within the framework of the project Skill Up: Matching graduates' skills and labour world demands through authentic learning scenario. The project, funded by the Erasmus+ programme of the European Union, is a strategic partneship in the field of Higher Education (HE) that involves six partners (four universities, a VET school and an employer representative) from three European coun
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Wolff, Dietmar, Holger Vo¨lzke, Wolfgang Weber, Volker Noack, and Gu¨nther Ba¨uerle. "Long-Term Storage Facility for Reactor Compartments in Sayda Bay: German Support for Utilization of Nuclear Submarines in Russia." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7083.

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The German-Russian project that is part of the G8 initiative on Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction focuses on the speedy construction of a land-based interim storage facility for nuclear submarine reactor compartments at Sayda Bay near Murmansk. This project includes the required infrastructure facilities for long-term storage of about 150 reactor compartments for a period of about 70 years. The interim storage facility is a precondition for effective activities of decommissioning and dismantlement of almost all nuclear-powered submarines of the
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Neumann, Julia, Kristina Farwig, Rolf Breitenbücher, and Manfred Curbach. "Thin Concrete Overlays with Carbon Reinforcement." In 12th International Conference on Concrete Pavements. International Society for Concrete Pavements, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33593/wpqei36n.

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In many countries like Germany, concrete pavements are normally built as Jointed Plain Concrete Pavements (JPCP). Due to a lack of alternatives, maintenance of concrete pavements usually requires a replacement of the whole pavement structure, which is labour- and resource-intensive. Therefore, new techniques like the application of thin concrete overlays as a partial repair of deteriorated concrete pavements have been developed. As a major disadvantage of such overlays, the existing joints in the retained concrete bottom-layer have to be transferred in the overlay in order to avoid reflection
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Novák, Václav. "Přeshraniční dojížďka za prací z ČR do Německa." In XXVI. mezinárodní kolokvium o regionálních vědách. Masaryk University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p280-0311-2023-11.

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The contribution analyzes the development of cross-border commuting to work from the Czech Republic to Germany in the context of the situation on the Czech labor market. Employment policy is one of the most important policies of the Government of the Czech Republic. It solves current problems on the Czech labor market. However, it does not reflect the issue of cross-border movement of labor force from the Czech Republic abroad. The question therefore arises whether commuting to the German border is only a marginal task. Or whether it is a escalating phenomenon with the potential to significant
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Reports on the topic "Labour – Germany"

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Dütsch, Matthias, and Ralf Himmelreicher. Characteristics contributing to low- and minimum-wage labour in Germany. Otto-Friedrich-Universität, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20378/irb-54129.

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In this article we examine the characteristics of individuals, companies, and industries involved in low-wage labour in Germany to understand their impact on the risks workers face of earning hourly wages that are below the minimum-wage and low-wage thresholds. To identify these characteristics, we use the Structure of Earnings Survey 2014 (SES). The SES is a mandatory survey of companies which provides information on wages and working hours from about 1 million jobs and nearly 70,000 compa-nies from all industries. This data allows us to present the first systematic analysis of the interactio
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Prysyazhna-Gapchenko, Julia. Еміграційні видання для селян: між фаховістю і політикою. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11720.

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In the article rare editions of magazine type are first probed for peasants which nursed in an environment the Ukrainian emigrants in the first post-war years on territory of the American area of occupation in Germany, and also in the USA. Separately paid regard to mision role of magazines in the association of the nebulized peasants round a desire to apply the obtained previous experience and knowledge on strange land, to present the world the Ukrainian peasantry as labour productive force and also round the idea of fight for independence, joining in with political activity of «old» parties a
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Franz, Wolfgang, Joachim Inkmann, Winfried Pohlmeier, and Volker Zimmermann. Young and Out in Germany: On the Youths' Chances of Labor Market Entrance in Germany. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6212.

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Schueller, Jessica. International Career Services in Germany: Current Structures and Strategic Ways to Move Forward. German Academic Exchange Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46685/daadstudien.2023.07.

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International Career Services (ICS) is an umbrella term which refers to career services for international students. ICS support international students with integrating successfully into local, regional and national labor markets, and has traditionally been a feature at universities in the Anglosphere. More recently, ICS have increased in Europe due in large part to the rise of English-medium programs, and German universities in particular have enjoyed broad based support for ICS programs. In this research brief, the case of career services for international students in Germany are outlined, a
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Abraham, Katharine G., and Susan N. Houseman. Does Employment Protection Inhibit Labor Market Flexibility?: Lessons from Germany, France and Belgium. W.E. Upjohn Institute, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/wp93-16.

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D'Amuri, Francesco, Gianmarco I. P. Ottaviano, and Giovanni Peri. The Labor Market Impact of Immigration in Western Germany in the 1990's. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13851.

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Abraham, Katharine, and Susan Houseman. Does Employment Protection Inhibit Labor Market Flexibility? Lessons from Germany, France, and Belgium. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4390.

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Kreyenfeld, Michaela R., and Dirk Konietzka. The transferability of foreign educational credentials - the case of ethnic German migrants in the German labor market. Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2001-002.

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Burda, Michael, and Jennifer Hunt. What Explains the German Labor Market Miracle in the Great Recession? National Bureau of Economic Research, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17187.

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Borsch-Supan, Axel. Incentive Effects of Social Security on Labor Force Participation: Evidence in Germany and Across Europe. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6780.

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