Journal articles: 'Labour market segregation'

1

PARASNIS, JAAI. "SEGREGATION IN THE AUSTRALIAN LABOUR MARKET." Australian Economic Papers 45, no. 4 (December 2006): 318–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8454.2006.00296.x.

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Clark, Ken, and Stephen Drinkwater. "Segregation preferences and labour market outcomes." Economics Letters 94, no. 2 (February 2007): 278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2006.07.001.

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Agrawal, Tushar. "Occupational Segregation in the Indian Labour Market." European Journal of Development Research 28, no. 2 (March 12, 2015): 330–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2015.10.

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Schrover, Marlou, Joanne van der Leun, and Chris Quispel. "Niches, Labour Market Segregation, Ethnicity and Gender." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 33, no. 4 (March 26, 2007): 529–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691830701265404.

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Neuman, Shoshana. "Occupational segregation in the Israeli labour market." International Journal of Manpower 19, no. 8 (December 1998): 571–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437729810242244.

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Kreimer, Margareta. "Labour Market Segregation and the Gender-Based Division of Labour." European Journal of Women's Studies 11, no. 2 (May 2004): 223–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350506804042097.

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Murtagh, Brendan, and Peter Shirlow. "Spatial segregation and labour market processes in Belfast." Policy & Politics 35, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 361–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/030557307781571605.

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CHEN, CHEN-FEN. "Insiders and outsiders: policy and care workers in Taiwan's long-term care system." Ageing and Society 36, no. 10 (November 12, 2015): 2090–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x15001245.

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ABSTRACTAs in many developed countries, foreign care-givers have made up a short-term labour force to help shoulder the responsibilities of older adult care in Taiwan since 1992. This study uses the dual labour market and the occupational segregation theoretical frameworks and a mixed-method approach to examine whether foreign care-givers are supplementary or have replaced Taiwanese care-givers in Taiwan's long-term care (LTC) industry, and to understand better the status of care workers and their influx into the secondary labour market. As of 2012, 189,373 foreign workers joined the care services, compared to 7,079 Taiwanese, indicating they are no longer supplementary. The gap between the dual care system and workforce regulation has resulted in occupation segregation, and the secondary care labour market has been divided into ‘institutional’ and ‘home’ spheres, segregating care-givers into three levels: all Taiwanese care-givers, foreign institutional care-givers, and foreign home care-givers, the latter being the cheapest, most obedient and most adaptable LTC products. This case exhibits the ‘particularistic’ associations between nationality and care-givers’ workplace, which should be abolished. Only by squarely facing the changes and impacts caused by importing workers into the secondary labour market can one propose concrete, effective LTC labour plans and retention policies.

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Huffman, Matt L. "Sex Segregation and Inequality in the Modern Labour Market." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 37, no. 1 (January 2008): 25–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009430610803700109.

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Forsberg, G. "Occupational Sex Segregation in a ‘Woman-Friendly’ Society—The Case of Sweden." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 26, no. 8 (August 1994): 1235–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a261235.

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This author discusses the degree of ‘women-friendliness’ in Sweden. The focus is on the gender structure of the labour market today compared with the situation thirty years ago. To what degree has the Swedish welfare model increased opportunities for women? The author analyses both integration and segregation processes in the labour market but concentrates on different labour-market situations in order to highlight the everyday experiences of women in recruitment, in restructuring at specific workplaces, and in the workplace closure. The focus on particular situations allows for an examination of the processes of labour-market segregation—and integration—more effectively than with aggregate statistics. The crucial question is how the mechanisms of gendering are implemented in the modern gender contract in the Swedish labour market. Finally, the future possibilities of changing the gendering of the labour market is analysed. The forthcoming changes in the Swedish welfare system, resulting from cuts and notification in the public service sector, and the consequence of the application for EC membership are particularly important as women especially depend on the welfare system for jobs, and benefits, and as consumers.

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Lalthapersad, P. "Occupational segregation of work and income disparities among South African women." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 5, no. 1 (March 31, 2002): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v5i1.2667.

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Despite the increase in the number of women participating in the South African labour market in recent years, little progress has been made in removing wage disparities, eradicating women's marginality in the labour market, reassessing women's work or changing the traditional occupational ghettos of women. Not only does the South African labour market exhibit anomalies in respect of the gender composition of occupations, there are substantial differences by race. A good barometer of determining the extent to which men and women undertake different types of jobs, is to analyse the percentage of male and female workers per occupational category.

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Hakim, Catherine, J. Siltanen, J. Jarman, and R. M. Blackburn. "Gender Inequality in the Labour Market: Occupational Concentration and Segregation." British Journal of Sociology 47, no. 4 (December 1996): 734. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/591101.

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13

Leinio, Taria-Liisa. "Sex and Ethnic Segregation in the 1980 Swedish Labour Market." Economic and Industrial Democracy 9, no. 1 (February 1988): 99–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143831x8891006.

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Campos-Soria, Juan Antonio, and Miguel Angel Ropero-García. "Gender segregation and earnings differences in the Spanish labour market." Applied Economics 48, no. 43 (March 2, 2016): 4143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2016.1153789.

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KIDD, MICHAEL P. "Sex Discrimination and Occupational Segregation in the Australian Labour Market*." Economic Record 69, no. 1 (March 1993): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1993.tb01797.x.

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Sinitsyna, Anastasia, Karin Torpan, Raul Eamets, and Tiit Tammaru. "Overlap Between Industrial Niching and Workplace Segregation: Role of Immigration Policy, Culture and Country of Origin." Social Inclusion 9, no. 2 (May 13, 2021): 179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v9i2.3640.

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This article focuses on two dimensions of labour market integration, sorting into different industries (niching) and sorting into workplace establishments (segregation) by share of migrant workers. We seek to understand to what degree these two dimensions of immigrants’ lack of labour market integration—niching and segregation—overlap with each other. The study is based on Finnish individual, panel and relational registry data, and we focus on the three largest immigrant groups—Estonians, Russians and Swedes—who have arrived from countries with different wealth levels to the Helsinki metropolitan area. By applying generalised structural equation modelling, we estimate industrial niching and workplace segregation—measured as a degree of overconcentration of immigrants in particular industries and workplace establishments, respectively—jointly. Our main findings show a strong overlap between niching and segregation for all ethnic groups. Segregation and niching levels are the highest among Estonians, but very similar for Russians and Swedes. These findings do not support the cultural similarity argument in immigrant labour market integration. Rather, immigration policy and origin country wealth level may be determinant. Additionally, we found that females are more likely than males to be employed simultaneously in niched industries and segregated workplace establishments, supporting the thesis of gender-based networks.

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Castellano, Rosalia, and Antonella Rocca. "Gender gap and labour market participation." International Journal of Manpower 35, no. 3 (May 27, 2014): 345–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-07-2012-0107.

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Purpose – The measurement and comparison across countries of female conditions in labour market and gender gap in employment is a very complex task, given both its multidimensional nature and the different scenarios in terms of economic, social and cultural characteristics. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – At this aim, different information about presence and engagement of women in labour market, gender pay gap, segregation, discrimination and human capital characteristics was combined and a ranking of 26 European countries is proposed through the composite indicator methodology. It satisfies the need to benchmark national gender gaps, grouping together economic, political and educational dimensions. Findings – The results show that female conditions in labour market are the best in Scandinavian countries and Ireland while many Eastern and Southern European countries result at the bottom of classification. Research limitations/implications – In order to take into account the subjectivity of some choices in composite indicator construction and to test robustness of results, different aggregation techniques were applied. Practical implications – The authors hope that this new index will stimulate the release of a sort of best practices useful to close labour market gaps, starting from best countries’ scenarios, and the launching of pilot gender parity task forces, as it happened with the Global Gender Gap Index in some countries. Finally, relating gender gap indexes with country policies frameworks for gender inequalities and the connected policy outcomes, it is possible to evaluate their effectiveness and to identify the most adequate initiatives to undertake because policies reducing gender gaps can significantly improve economic growth and standard of living. Social implications – The analysis gives a contribution in the evaluation of the policies and regulations effectiveness at national level considering the existing welfare regimes and the associated gaps in labour market. It can help policy makers to understand the ramifications of gaps between women and men. The Gender Gap Labour Market Index is constrained by the need for international comparability, but limiting its analysis to European countries; it has been based on ad hoc indicators concerning developed economies and could be readily adapted for use at the national and local levels. Originality/value – In this paper the authors propose a new composite indicator index specifically focused on gender gap in labour market. Several papers analysed gender differences in wages, employment or segregation, but few of them consider them together, allowing to get a satisfactory informative picture on gender inequalities in labour market and studying in deep its multiple aspects, including discrimination indicators ad hoc calculated, giving to policy makers an useful tool to evaluate female employees conditions and put them in relation with the different input factors existing within each country.

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18

Pocock, Barbara. "All Change, Still Gendered : the Australian Labour Market in the 1990s." Journal of Industrial Relations 40, no. 4 (December 1998): 580–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569804000405.

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The gendered character of the Australian labour market is rarely the subject of direct research and policy making in Australia at present. Conservative govern ments uncritically endorse the globalising and so-called deregulation of the labour market, suggesting that it offers a boon for women. This paper reviews aspects of women's current labour market experience by referring to characteristics that range across the boundaries of home and waged work and suggest continuing interdependencies between the spheres. These include work patterns; sex segregation; wages, conditions and bargaining; quality of working life and 'family-friendliness' in the workplace. The article summarises current literature and offers some new analysis and data. There are few signs that women's employment status is improving relative to men's, and instead some indicators suggest an increasing divide in tbe labour markets—both between the sexes and between women. The analysis is relevant to theory, policy and the practical business of combining paid work and home life.

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19

Knocke, Wuokko. "Integration or Segregation? Immigrant Populations Facing the Labour Market in Sweden." Economic and Industrial Democracy 21, no. 3 (August 2000): 361–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143831x00213005.

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20

Bieri, Franziska, Christian Imdorf, Rumiana Stoilova, and Pepka Boyadjieva. "The Bulgarian educational system and gender segregation in the labour market." European Societies 18, no. 2 (February 19, 2016): 158–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2016.1141305.

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21

Yücel, Yelda. "Response to the crisis and gender segregation in Turkey’s labour market." Economic and Labour Relations Review 26, no. 2 (May 8, 2015): 276–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304615585915.

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22

Nwaoduh, Ebere Oluchi. "LABOUR MARKET INEQUALITY AND EXCLUSION AS FACTORS OF FEMINIZATION OF POVERTY IN UKRAINE." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Sociology 8 (2017): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2413-7979/8.6.

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This paper examines the nature of labour market inequality and exclusion in Ukraine and how they increase women’s chances to go into poverty. Inequality and segregation based on gender exists in all spheres of the labour market and these are caused by multiple factors which sometimes interplay to the disadvantage of the female folks in Ukraine. For this paper, Interviews were conducted with some experts in the field of gender studies and labour market relations to gather expert information. Based on the interviews, it is deduced that the existent poor economic situation in the country creates hardship which affects both genders thereby making the discriminations against women unobvious. It is also gathered that the Ukrainian crisis has created steeper competition in the market with employers wanting to maximize profit by placing priority on efficiency which goes hand in glove with longer working hours and more flexible itineraries which sometimes places women at disadvantaged positions due to their maternity roles. Women’s labour are therefore priced cheaper leading to about 30% wage gap between men and women in Ukraine. Other factors such as unequal domestic obligations, traditional patriarchal culture, unpaid domestic labour, attitude towards low wages, vertical and horizontal segregation and gendered educational career path were found as causes of gender inequality in the labour market. For the full harnessing and exploitation of the Ukrainian human resource, stereotypes and gender discriminations in the economic spheres need to be dismantled to the barest minimum.

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23

Kamerāde, Daiga, and Helen Richardson. "Gender segregation, underemployment and subjective well-being in the UK labour market." Human Relations 71, no. 2 (September 8, 2017): 285–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018726717713829.

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This article argues that gender segregation influences patterns of underemployment and the relationships that underemployment has with the subjective well-being of men and women. Previous studies have paid little attention to how gender segregation shapes underemployment, an increasingly prominent feature of the UK and European labour markets since the economic crisis of 2008. Using data from the UK Annual Population Surveys, this article examines time-related underemployment: people working part time because they cannot find a full-time job. The article asks whether there are gender differences in underemployment trends and in the links between underemployment and subjective well-being. The results suggest that the probability of underemployment is growing at a faster rate among women rather than men and that underemployment is most common in the jobs that women are more likely to perform, namely in female-dominated occupations, the public sector and small organizations. Underemployment is least common in male-dominated occupations and industries and in the private sector. Moreover, for employees with longer tenures, underemployment has more negative relationships with the subjective well-being of women than with that of men. These findings imply that gender segregation in labour markets is a crucial factor to consider when researching underemployment and its consequences.

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Bergamaschi, Myriam. "Tackling gender segregation in an Italian provincial administration." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 6, no. 2 (May 2000): 242–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890000600208.

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The problem of generating a debate on the universal nature of rules to promote the principle of equity is the premise on which it is founded: in this case, action to tackle gender segregation. Segregation is caused by the quality of the labour demand, which determines women 's professional development on the internal labour market, and of the labour supply, which is influenced by cultural models and by the asymmetry of information between the genders. This article reconstructs the features of the action plan put in place to remove discrimination on access and the measures geared to facilitating the reconciliation of working and caring commitments and responsibilities. The changes made to recruitment and selection procedures affected not just a limited number of female workers but the entire workforce as well as persons seeking employment with this authority.

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25

Melsom, Anne May, and Arne Mastekaasa. "Gender, occupational gender segregation and sickness absence." Acta Sociologica 61, no. 3 (February 14, 2017): 227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001699317691583.

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Women have much higher sickness absence rates than men. One prominent hypothesis is that this is a result of gender segregation in the labour market and the differences in employment or working conditions that follow from this. Previous studies assessing this idea give mixed results, but they do not take into account the possibility of selection effects. Long-term health differences between individuals may, for instance, influence both what jobs people end up in and their levels of sickness absence. In this paper, we provide new evidence on employment and working conditions as a cause of gender differences in sickness absence. We use individual fixed-effect models to account for selection based on stable individual characteristics. Like several previous studies, we find a U-shaped relationship with high absence in both male- and female-dominated occupations. However, the fixed-effect models show that this relationship is primarily caused by overrepresentation of absence-prone individuals in female-dominated occupations. Accounting for selection, the association between the proportion of women in the occupation and sickness absence is negative. As far as sickness absence is concerned, the gender segregation in the labour market thus seems to work to the advantage of women.

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26

Escott, Karen. "Young women on the margins of the labour market." Work, Employment and Society 26, no. 3 (June 2012): 412–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017012438576.

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This article examines worklessness among young women living in 10 disadvantaged communities across England. The data shows that despite dynamic economic circumstances and New Labour’s work incentives, responses to the employment aspirations of many young women were inadequate. In addition to the influence of social characteristics such as ethnicity and qualifications in determining employment rates, experiences of discrimination, poor health and caring responsibilities affect many young women. Neighbourhood variations in the reasons for worklessness, even among highly employable young women, suggest that the multiple issues affecting disadvantaged groups are also influenced by local job markets. Occupational segregation and clustering into particular industries are added constraints for young women which are largely ignored in welfare policies seeking to address youth unemployment.

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Orraca, Pedro, Francisco Javier Cabrera, and Gustavo Iriarte. "The gender wage gap and occupational segregation in the Mexican labour market." econoquantum 13, no. 1 (December 15, 2015): 51–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18381/eq.v13i1.4871.

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28

Wahlgren, Victoria C. "Sex segregation and inequality in the modern labour market, by Jude Browne." Gender and Education 21, no. 1 (January 2009): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540250802580919.

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29

Demoussis, Michael, N. Giannakopoulos, and S. Zografakis. "Native–immigrant wage differentials and occupational segregation in the Greek labour market." Applied Economics 42, no. 8 (March 2010): 1015–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036840701721000.

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30

WATTS, MARTIN J., and JUDITH RICH. "LABOUR MARKET SEGMENTATION AND THE PERSISTENCE OF OCCUPATIONAL SEX SEGREGATION IN AUSTRALIA." Australian Economic Papers 31, no. 58 (June 1992): 58–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8454.1992.tb00555.x.

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31

Arcand, Jean-Louis, and B�atrice D'hombres. "Racial discrimination in the Brazilian labour market: wage, employment and segregation effects." Journal of International Development 16, no. 8 (2004): 1053–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.1116.

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32

Andrews, Martyn, Steve Bradley, and Dave Stott. "Measuring pre‐ and post‐labour market occupational segregation using careers service data." Journal of Education and Work 17, no. 1 (March 2004): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1363908042000174174.

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33

Ram, Bali. "Industrialisation and Sex Segregation in the Labour Market: A Cross-National Study." Sociological Bulletin 50, no. 1 (March 2001): 64–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038022920010104.

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34

Gonäs, Lena, Anders Wikman, Marjan Vaez, Kristina Alexanderson, and Klas Gustafsson. "Gender segregation of occupations and sustainable employment: A prospective population-based cohort study." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 47, no. 3 (July 5, 2018): 348–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494818785255.

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Background: Although the labour market is characterized by a strong numerical gender segregation of occupations, there is little knowledge about the associations of this with the future labour market situation for an individual person. Objectives: This study aimed to elucidate whether working in a gender-segregated or gender-integrated occupation is associated with future labour market attachment and sickness absence or disability pensions among women and men. Methods: We used a population-based prospective cohort study with univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses stratified by gender, including all people living in Sweden aged 20–56 years and in paid work in 2003 ( n=3,239,989). They were followed up eight years later with regard to employment status, sickness absence and disability pension. Results: Women and men employed in extremely female-dominated occupations in 2003 had the highest employment levels and the lowest unemployment levels at follow up in 2011. When adjusting for age, level of education and sector of employment, the highest odds ratios (ORs) for not being employed in 2011 were found for women working in extremely male-dominated occupations in 2003 (OR 1.27; 95% CI 1.21–1.33) and for men in female-dominated occupations (OR 1.42; 95% CI 1.39–1.45) relative to those in gender-integrated occupations. Women in extremely male-dominated occupations had the highest ORs for sickness absence or the receipt of a disability pension at follow up (OR 1.26; 95% CI 1.17–1.36) and men in female-dominated occupations had the highest OR 1.15 (95% CI 1.11–1.20). Conclusions: For both women and men, the gender composition of the occupation they work in seems to be of importance for their future labour market attachment and sickness absence or receipt of a disability pension.

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Lane, Christel. "Gender and the Labour Market in Europe: Britain, Germany and France Compared." Sociological Review 41, no. 2 (May 1993): 274–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1993.tb00066.x.

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This paper has two objectives: to contrast patterns of female labour market participation in three West European societies and to develop a theoretical approach which can encompass both universal features of gender divisions in the labour market and nationally specific ones. Empirically, the focus is on the different levels and forms of labour force participation over the female life cycle, particularly on any resultant employment casualization. Consideration is also given to patterns of horizontal and vertical segregation and to pay. The differences between the three countries are explained by positing the existence of nationally specific gender profiles with a differential impact on labour market patterning along gender lines. These profiles are constructed by gender regimes at the level of the state which, in turn, are the result of political struggles and compromises of a variety of political actors. The paper utilizes European statistical data and secondary sources.

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Bloksgaard, Lotte. "Masculinities, Femininities and Work – The Horizontal Gender Segregation in the Danish Labour Market." Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies 1, no. 2 (November 18, 2011): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.19154/njwls.v1i2.2342.

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Most job functions, tasks and professions are gendered as either ‘masculine’ or ‘feminine’. On the basis of two empirical studies of women in ‘men’s jobs’ and men in ‘women’s jobs’ the article shows how societal ideas about and relations between gender and work affect the way in which individual women and men develop their identities and hereby influence women’s and men’s work orientations and working life. Thus, the article provides a greater understanding of the gendering processes which contribute to the creation of gender segregation in the Danish labour market.

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Khattab, Nabil. "Segregation, ethnic labour market and the occupational expectations of Palestinian students in Israel." British Journal of Sociology 54, no. 2 (June 2003): 259–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0007131032000080230.

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Grybaitė, Virginija. "ANALYSIS OF THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO GENDER PAY GAP." Journal of Business Economics and Management 7, no. 2 (June 30, 2006): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2006.9636127.

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The number of women in the world labour force is growing. Nevertheless, in spite of women's large share in the labour force, many gender inequities in the labour market, such as gender specific jobs, pay inequities are observed. Women and men do not receive equal pay for equal work. Wage discrimination is reality. Women on average have lower incomes, lower wages and less advantageous terms of employment than men. The purpose of this article is to review main theoretical approaches to the basic economic question about the gender pay gap: why do, women, on average earn less than men. Attention has been focused on basic theoretical approaches: human capital model, labour market discrimination and theory of occupational segregation. The paper is based on empirical data from Lithuania and other European Union countries.

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Bradley, Harriet. "Crisis at Work: Gender, Class, and the Dehumanization of Jobs." Historical Studies in Industrial Relations 41, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 109–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/hsir.2020.41.5.

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Drawing on Huw Beynon’s paper in HSIR 40 (2019), this article surveys the position of women in the UK labour market over the last fifty years. It suggests that many of the developments Beynon describes are relevant to women’s employment, but with the added twist that women’s position in the labour market and society is structured by their responsibility within the total social organization of labour for reproductive labour. Despite increased women’s employment, gender segregation, both horizontal and vertical, is obstinately persistent, especially in working-class occupations. Two of these occupations, care work and retail, are used to illustrate how increasing precarity of jobs combined with technologies of control have brought about a dehumanization of work. It is concluded that the restructuring of global capitalism on neoliberal principles has negatively affected opportunities for women workers.

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Dhar-Bhattacharjee, Sunrita, and Haifa Takruri-Rizk. "Gender Segregation and ICT." International Journal of E-Politics 2, no. 1 (January 2011): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jep.2011010104.

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Gender segregation in science, engineering, construction, technology (SECT) is a persistent feature, both in India and the UK. Although culturally the two countries differ, under-representation of women in SECT is widespread and a cause for general apprehension, and in recent years, this has gained recognition in the study of gender, work, and family. In this paper, the authors discuss findings of a comparative study undertaken between India and Britain in the ICT sector. Using 27 interviews with ICT professionals in the two countries, the authors discuss views on ICT education, recruitment, and employment practices, work-life balance, changing gender relations, opportunities for progression, and retention in the two countries. The authors take into consideration women’s role in power and politics and how the “public” and “private” patriarchy shapes women’s position in the labour market, with an essential backdrop of “patrifocality” in the Indian context.

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41

Stanek, Mikolaj, and Miguel Requena. "Working apart together: The impact of immigration on Spanish class structure." Migration Letters 16, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v16i3.647.

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In this article, we explore how the massive incorporation of the foreign-born population into the labour market during the economic expansion in Spain and the subsequent destruction of employment in the period of the economic downturn have contributed to changes in Spanish class structure. Drawing on data from the Labour Force Survey we estimate an entropy-based segregation index in order to assess the extent to which the unevenness of the distribution of natives and immigrants within social classes has contributed to the overall demographic composition of social class structure. Our results reveal that in the period of economic expansion the segregation of the class structure increased as a result of the concentration of immigrant population in specific classes. In contrast, during the economic crisis this process has been reversed: the uneven class distribution between natives and immigrants has levelled out and segregation among natives has decreased.

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Robb, Roberta Edgecome. "Occupational Segregation and Equal Pay for Work or Equal Value." Articles 39, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 146–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/050007ar.

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The recent federal «Equal Pay for Work of Equal Value» legislation challenges the usual supply-demand mechanism of wage determination. This paper analyzes the legislation within the context of economic models of occupational segregation and occupational wage differentials. The aim is to assess whether or not the legislation is likely to produce any significant negative side effects (such as unemployment) for women in the labour market.

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Klinthäll, Martin, and Susanne Urban. "The strength of ethnic ties: Routes into the labour market in spaces of segregation." Urban Studies 53, no. 1 (December 8, 2014): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098014560498.

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Bormann, Sven-Kristjan, Svetlana Ridala, and Ott-Siim Toomet. "Language skills in an ethnically segmented labour market: Estonia 1989–2012." International Journal of Manpower 40, no. 2 (May 7, 2019): 304–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-06-2017-0115.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the relationship between skills in the Estonian, Russian and English language, and labour market outcomes in Estonia, a linguistically divided country. Design/methodology/approach The authors use the Estonian Labour Force Surveys 1992–2012. The authors rely on multivariate linear regression models to document the relationship between language skills and labour market outcomes. Findings Estonian language knowledge (for ethnic Russians) are important determinants of unemployment. Wage, in contrary, is closely related to English skills. Ethnic Russian men do not earn any premium from speaking Estonian, while women, fluent in Estonian earn approximately 10 per cent more. For ethnic Estonians, Russian fluency is associated with a similar income gain. Research limitations/implications Due to the observational nature of the data, the effects reported in this study are not causal effects. As a second limitation, the self-reported language skills data may be imprecise and hence the effects the authors report may be too small. Practical implications The results stress the role of workplace segregation, both along gender and ethnic lines, in determining the individual labour market experience. Originality/value The authors provide a comprehensive overview of the effects of language skills in a rapidly developing labour market in a linguistically divided economy. The authors analyse several languages with different legal status and document long-term trends in the effects.

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Czibere, Ibolya. "Gypsy childrens language socialization and its effects on school failures in Hungary." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 5, no. 1 (August 12, 2014): 632–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v5i1.3333.

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Low educational attainment, early truancy from school and separated education in school (segregation) of Gypsies and their poor academic career count to be a tradition in the Hungarian education system. Mainly due to this and the lack of marketable skills, the active Gypsy inhabitants became the biggest loser of the political transformation and they were excluded from the labour market after introducing market economy, additionally, they fell behind hopelessly and became unemployed permanently. The study represents all the language socialization difficulties that are usually presenting since early childhood and produce the early school failures in early childhood, furthermore, they contribute early dropping out of school or hinder their secondary school education thereby contributing to the continuous reproduction of the disadvantages in labour market and to the maintenance of social exclusion.

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Odrowąż-Coates, Anna. "Cultural Conditioning of the Labour Market in Saudi Arabia." Politeja 12, no. 8 (31/2) (December 31, 2015): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.12.2015.31_2.12.

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The present work concerns an anthropological outlook on the political consequences of corporate and economic migration to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and labour market segregation. The complexity of cultural codes and the clash of customs are discussed in the paper, which is based on a two‑year period of sociological field research conducted in the KSA by the author. The ethnographic materials are enriched by discourse from daily Saudi papers and other international publications. The study contains an insight into race and ethnicity as seen by Saudis themselves and also allows a deeper understanding of the power distribution in this particular modern Islamic society. In the climate of the European economic crisis, the sustained demand for highly qualified migrant workers in the KSA provides a lucrative alternative for specialists across market sectors and this often involves their families. In light of the globalised market, many corporations run multi‑billion dollar contracts inside the Kingdom and relocate their own work force to achieve business goals. The need for specialists and for cheap manual labour from abroad is a direct result of the Saudi education system, together with the work ethic amongst the majority of Saudi nationals, which is heavily influenced by the cultural and sociological consequences of the Wahhabi interpretation of the Quran. This interpretation has a major impact on Saudi society and on migrants, particularly women. The social order is widely supported and successfully reproduced through a united message present in education, the national media and local mosques. Concerns over ethnic divisions are focused on conflicting ideologies, represented in the interactions between newcomers and the indigenous population.

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Fullin, Giovanna. "Unemployment trap or high job turnover? Ethnic penalties and labour market transitions in Italy." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 52, no. 4 (July 28, 2011): 284–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020715211412111.

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This article aims at analysing the trajectories of immigrants in the Italian labour market, focusing on yearly transitions from unemployment to employment and vice versa. Regression models show that, controlling for age, educational attainment and region, immigrant workers lose their jobs more often than natives but, once being unemployed they have more probabilities of finding a job than natives. As the probabilities of both transitions can be affected by characteristics of the initial status as well, the two transitions have been analysed separately. For the risk of losing a job, the segregation of immigrants in the secondary labour market seems to be the main reason of their penalization, but also the main reason of their advantage in job seeking, since their unemployment spells are shorter than those of natives, although at the cost of accepting worse working conditions. Analyses are based on the yearly transition matrices of Italian Labour Force Surveys, from 2005 to 2008.

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Hutton, Sandra. "Men's and Women's Incomes: Evidence from Survey Data." Journal of Social Policy 23, no. 1 (January 1994): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400021309.

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ABSTRACTThe article highlights the discordance between the reality and the perception of women's independence and equality. The changes in legislation and increased female participation in the labour market since the 1960s give the impression of considerable progress. Equal treatment of men and women has been proposed. Evidence from national survey data however, shows that women's income is still lower than men's with no matching increase with age and career. Social security policy has always been based on labour market participation but women's labour market participation is quite different from that of men. Because of childcare responsibilities many women work parttime at some time in their working lives. Equal pay legislation has had little influence on the incomes from part-time work. The failure of real income from part-time work to rise over time has been a major cause along with job segregation and the segmentation of the labour market in maintaining the difference between men's and women's incomes. Women's continued lack of personal income has consequences for the support for women and children, particularly evident in the case of lone mothers. The incomes available to a woman are unlikely to be high enough to provide an adequate independent living standard for herself and any dependent children.

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Munro, Moira, Ivan Turok, and Mark Livingston. "Students in Cities: A Preliminary Analysis of Their Patterns and Effects." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 41, no. 8 (August 2009): 1805–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a41133.

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This paper adds to a growing literature on the impacts of the growth in student numbers in the UK, by focusing explicitly on their spatial residential patterns and impacts on labour markets in cities. It shows that students are typically highly residentially concentrated and statistically the population of students shows a high degree of segregation from nonstudents. Turnover within student neighbourhoods is argued to be sufficiently high to cause significant neighbourhood and community disruption in many cities. Students are also shown to have very distinct labour-market characteristics, being highly concentrated within particular sectors and types of occupation. Here too they have the potential for wider impacts, including displacement effects in relation to other local young people from entry-level jobs and increasing the flexibilisation of working practices. Students are also distinctive in apparently being able to find work if they wish to, although the evidence suggests that this is probably marginally easier in more buoyant labour markets. There is much unexplained variation between cities, though, which suggests the need for more detailed local work.

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Krivonos, Daria. "The making of gendered ‘migrant workers’ in youth activation: The case of young Russian-speakers in Finland." Current Sociology 67, no. 3 (March 8, 2019): 401–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011392118824363.

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The article focuses on young Russian-speaking migrants’ day-to-day institutional encounters with labour market activation policies in Finland. The analysis contributes to the discussion on labour activation through analysing the workings of gender, migration and racialisation in welfare encounters through ethnographically grounded research. The argument of the article is two-fold. First, it argues that migrant and racialised minority populations are sustained in a ‘migrant worker’ subject position not only through exclusion from rights and legal status, but also through the targeted inclusion of the ‘undeserving’ poor with formal rights into worker-citizenship through workfare. Second, the article shows racialisation of ‘migrant workers’ as a gendered process with essentialised gendered logics of what skills migrant men and women supposedly possess ‘naturally’. Activation thus maintains and exacerbates the segregation of migrant and racialised youth into gendered and racialised labour markets. The analysis is based on ethnographic fieldwork in youth career counselling in a metropolitan area of Finland in 2015–2016.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Labour market segregation'

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