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1
Burgess, S. M. "Labour market flows." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381798.
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ZAVAKOU, Alkistis. "How labour market institutions in European welfare capitalisms affect labour market transitions." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/61309.
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Defence date: 22 February 2019<br>Examining Board:
Prof. Hans-Peter Blossfeld, European University Institute (Supervisor);
Prof. François Rycx, ULB (Co-Supervisor);
Prof. Anton Hemerick, European University Institute;
Prof. Manos Matsaganis, Politecnico di Milano<br>Despite the large body of literature on labour market institutions and their effects on employment and unemployment, large gaps remain. This thesis sheds a new light to the old problem of labour market institutional design and labour market performance. It examines how labour market institutions in different European models of capitalism affect labour market transitions. It does so by employing an advanced econometric method: an event history analysis, estimating a piecewise constant exponential model. Longitudinal data are employed from three different national datasets (the German Socioeconomic Panel (GSOEP), the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) and the Italian Survey “Famiglia e soggetti sociali”) for the period 1990–2009. The effects of labour market institutions are estimated both at a country-level and at a comparative, pooled-country-level to increase the degrees of freedom and the variability in the independent variables. The empirical evidence suggests that institutions indeed have a significant effect on labour market transitions and this effect differs largely among different models of capitalisms, corroborating the Varieties of Capitalism approach. In accordance with the latter, the importance of non-pecuniary institutions such as trade union power, trade union fragmentation and wage bargaining is re-affirmed and substantial labour market institutional complementarities are found. This thesis advocates for an optimal, strictly positive and intermediate level of EPL in all countries; an unemployment insurance contingent on strict conditionality and high activation; while the optimal level and system of wage bargaining are found to depend crucially on the trade union power as well as trade union coordination and fragmentation. Trade union fragmentation is found to reduce all labour market transitions and have a negative effect on labour market performance.
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Kabaca, Serdar. "Essays on labour market fluctuations in emerging markets." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45251.
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The goal of this dissertation is to compare and contrast labour market fluctuations in emerging and developed markets, and to explore the sources of differences in these fluctuations across country groups. Chapter 2 documents cyclical properties of labour share over the cycle for various countries and show that there is a close relationship between labour share and the cost of borrowing. Labour share tends to be more volatile and procyclical with output especially in countries with highly volatile and countercyclical interest rates. The results are driven neither by sectoral shifts over the cycle nor by the measurement errors in the labour compensation data. In Chapter 3, working capital requirements can predict the right sign of the labour share comovement with output and can partly account for the volatility of the labour share. It is also shown that imperfect financial markets in the form of credit restrictions not only amplify the results for the variability of labour share but also helps better explain some of the striking business cycle regularities in emerging markets, such as highly volatile consumption, strongly procyclical investment and consumption, and countercyclical net exports. Fluctuations in real wages are mostly responsible for the highly volatile labour share in emerging markets. Previous literature showed that search frictions with countercyclical interest rates can explain movements in wages in these economies. Chapter 4 shows that when agents are allowed to choose the amount of hours worked (intensive margin of the labour input), the effects of search frictions on wages are mitigated. Our motivation of introducing intensive margin comes from the fact that variations in hours per worker are at least as significant as those in the employment in emerging markets. They are also more cyclical with output in these economies than in developed ones. Search frictions fail to explain these cyclical properties of the intensive margin. On the other hand, by introducing financial frictions, the model can predict them together with movements in real wages. This suggests that frictions in both labour and financial markets go further in explaining emerging market business cycles.
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Weng, Yulei. "China's labour market transition : labour mobility and wages." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/13782/.
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After the 1978 policy of reform and opening up, Chinese economy is transiting from a planned economy to a market one. Meanwhile, its labour force also became more mobile, leading to job turnover and internal migration. In addition, the wage setting became more market-oriented rather than centrally administered. Motivated by these changes in the post-reform Chinese labour market, this thesis empirically investigates job turnover, wage compensation and return migration in China, all of which consider the impact of the household registration system. Chapter two empirically studies job turnover in China. The 1978 policy of reform and opening up brought changes to the Chinese labour market. For example, the number of life-long employment was reducing and meanwhile the scale of the non-public sector was expanding. Therefore, people have more employment choices than before. Using employment histories recorded in the 2008 China General Social Survey, discrete-time survival analysis is used to examine the motivations for job turnover. Respondents registered in urban and rural areas are considered separately in the analysis. However, the results show no significant difference in job turnover between urban and rural registered people. As bonuses, housing subsidies and social insurances are currently common employment benefits in China, chapter three asks whether there is a wage reduction when higher benefits are provided to employees, which can be explained by the compensating wage differentials hypothesis. Using data from the 2009 Rural-Urban Migration in China, both urban employees and migrant workers are included in the sample. A wage equation and three benefit equations are estimated simultaneously. Instrumental variables are selected to correct for the endogeneity problem of benefit variables in the wage equation. The results show that there is no trade-off between wages and benefits, meaning that benefits do not have a compensating effect to wages. The fourth chapter uses Cox survival analysis to study the return migration in China. Previous studies have found that return migration in China is due to the household registration system and the macroeconomic environment both domestically and internationally. However, this chapter argues that return migration is more likely to be associated with employment and household factors. Employing data from the 2009 Rural-Urban Migration in China, chapter four considers the heterogeneity in return migration between the new and old generation migrants, where the former are taken to be born after 1980. The results show that the new generation migrants experience more return migration than their old counterparts. This implies that integrating to cities may be difficult even if the new generation migrants have a stronger desire to stay in cities permanently. The thesis concludes that although the Chinese labour market is becoming more mobile and wage setting is more flexible, people with different registration status are experiencing different outcomes and respond differently to these changes. Therefore, the policy implication of this thesis is that the Chinese society as well as its labour market should transit from a dual track system to an integrated one.
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Eng, Cheryl Joy Wee Guay. "Intra-ASEAN labour flow : the labour market impacts." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1993. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26736.
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This study reviews the intra ASEAN labour exchanges that have occurred in the past decade, and proposes that these migration flows have affected the labour markets of both the sending and receiving countries. Generally, labour migration in the labour exporting countries was found to have alleviated unemployment, and migrants showed some indication of skill formation; in some cases though, problems of sectoral shortages had occurred. The study goes on to highlight some of these presenting labour market considerations, that result from labour flows.
The study of labour importing countries found that foreign workers had become structurally integrated into the hosts’ workforce; through access to this cheap source of labour, domestic wages in hosts’ countries were generally depressed, thereby allowing them to maintain their comparative advantage as cheaper bases of production for longer periods. An exploration on structural change as another aspect of the labour market impact in labour importing countries, also indicated that there was a link between how migrant labour had been used, and the extent that structural change had occurred.
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Bastos, Paulo R. "Unionised labour markets, product market competition and economic integration." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.444659.
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Aarnio, Outi. "Labour market flows, the Beveridge curve and labour market policies in two Nordic economies." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334919.
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Tompa, Emile. "Labour-market entries and exits." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0031/NQ66303.pdf.
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Mullings, Robert. "Labour market adjustment in Jamaica." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13484/.
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The central purpose of this thesis is to explore the dimensions of labour market adjustment in Jamaica. The paper adopts a microeconometric approach, relying on new and more detailed Jamaica Labour Force Survey data for the period 1983-2006. Over this period, Jamaica has experienced significant expansion in its external trade which has been characterized by a severe import bias. Also, during this time, Jamaica's agricultural and manufacturing sectors experienced declines in their respective employment shares of 44% and 36% while service sectors expanded. One chapter of the thesis explores the empirical link between expanding trade flows and manufacturing labour market adjustment. The thesis also explores whether and to what extent sectoral labour market adjustment in Jamaica has been accommodated by an accompanying occupational transformation. Central to analyzing the issue of occupational adjustment however, is the careful definition of what constitutes a skill in order to elucidate the role of skill specificity in labour market adjustment. The thesis then investigates the incidence of unemployment in Jamaica in an attempt to identify key factors leading to escape from unemployment within a low skilled, high-unemployment, developing country context. The study finds an important role for worker characteristics, trade and industry information in affecting labour market adjustment in Jamaica. Using occupational skill definitions due to Dolton and Kidd (1998), the study also finds that most of the occupational and sectoral mobility in Jamaica, over the review period, took place among unskilled manual workers. As such, the Jamaican employed labour force experienced very little skill upgrading over the 24 year period covered. The very limited up-skilling observed over the review period was due to the emergence of relatively more highly skilled, sales and distribution related occupations. As far as adjustment costs are concerned, across all mobility types, simple sectoral moves were- in general, relatively less costly; with occupational transformation playing an accommodative role to the sectoral adjustment. Industry information, educational qualifications, geographic location, gender and the degree of skill specificity and were all critical determinants of the type of adjustment observed in the Jamaican labour market. Finally, the thesis underlines the very high incidence of long-term unemployment among uneducated, unskilled, young males in Jamaica. The study reveals negative duration dependence in the Jamaican labour market and suggests a critical role to be played by worker training in affecting unemployment escape probabilities.
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Caamal-Olvera, Cinthya G. "Labour market outcomes in mexico." Thesis, University of Essex, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.494194.
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Carmichael, Fiona. "Multinationals in the labour market." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329483.
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Bryan, Mark L. "Essays in labour market behaviour." Thesis, University of Essex, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416708.
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Fialho, Priscilla Vieira. "Essays on labour market segmentation." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10046278/.
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This dissertation consists of three essays on labour market segmentation between openended and temporary employment contracts. Each essay has an empirical nature and exploits either qualitative or quantitative macro and micro data to answer questions related to the extent in which labour markets are segmented and how to address labour market duality in Europe. The first essay reviews the evolution of Employment Protection Legislation over time, recent labour market reforms that affected labour market segmentation and the different proposals for future reforms in France, Italy, Portugal and Spain. It introduces the reader to the institutional and legal context for the remaining two essays. The second essay describes several stylised facts about labour market segmentation in the same set of countries. I characterise workers, firms and tasks in atypical employment contracts. I also investigate their average duration, the frequency of transitions from atypical to open-ended contracts and the extent to which firms rotate over workers in atypical employment contracts. Overall, this essay argues that labour market segmentation is not merely a legal artefact, but that there exists a real divide between temporary and permanent workers in dual labour markets. Finally, the third essay evaluates whether low-skilled workers have benefited from the introduction of fixed-term contracts and analyses the heterogeneous effects of potential labour market reforms aiming at tackling labour market segmentation, such as reducing the redtape cost of dismissing workers in a permanent contract or taxing fixed-term contracts. One of the main findings is that decreasing the dismissal cost of permanent contracts by 10% would reduce the share of fixed-term contracts in new hires by half a percentage point, if the destruction rate of permanent contracts were to remain unchanged, and that this policy would mostly benefit workers in the upper part of the ability distribution.
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Yokota, Koji. "Consequences of Frictional Labour Market." Kyoto University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/148289.
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Fu, Jingcheng. "Essays on labour market search." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/49081/.
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This thesis contains three studies on the topic of labour market search. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the studies. Chapter 2 reports an experimental study which examines how social comparisons affect behavior in a sequential search task. In a control treatment subjects search in isolation, while in two other treatments subjects get feedback on the search decisions and outcomes of a partner subject. The average level and rate of decline of reservation wages are similar across treatments. Nevertheless, subjects who are able to make social comparisons search differently from those who search in isolation. Within a search task we observe a reference wage effect: when a partner exits, the subject chooses a new reservation wage which is increasing in partner income. We also observe a social learning effect: between search tasks, subjects who have been paired with a more patient and successful partner increase their reservation wages in the next task. Chapter 3 reports a study in which we provide the first microeconometric estimates of the hazards to matching on both sides of a labour market, decomposed into two constituent parts. Namely, (i) the rate at which job-seekers and vacancies contact each other (i.e. having interviews), and (ii) the probability that a contact results in a match. To do this, we use unique data which contains information on job-seekers, vacancies, interviews and interview outcomes. We use a specification which addresses the problems of the temporal aggregation bias and spatial spillovers highlighted by the two-sided estimates. Our estimates suggest that market tightness affects the matching rates mainly through affecting the meeting rates. In both the raw data and the estimates, we find the decline in the matching hazard is driven by the decline in the contact hazard, and not by a fall in the matching probability. And we also report the effects of various characteristics on matching decomposed into the effects on meeting and matching probability. Using the same data as Chapter 3, Chapter 4 provides further evidence on the mechanism by which job-seekers and vacancies decide whom to contact during their search. Since the data features an environment where both sides of the market have access to a database (or marketplace) of potential partners, a natural model of search is one of stock-flow matching, and we show that the predictions of this model outperform those of a simple random matching model. Our descriptive and econometric evidence shows that it is the inflow rate of new agents, rather than the total stock of agents, which determines the contact rates of existing agents, consistent with the predictions of the stock-flow model. Chapter 5 summarizes the findings of this dissertation and concludes.
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Focacci, Chiara Natalie <1994>. "Framing Active Labour Market Policy." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/10043/1/TesiDottorato_CNFocacci.pdf.
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Contrary to passive benefits, ALMPs are intended to reskill individuals and require their ‘active’ participation to facilitate reinstatement into the labour market. In this thesis, I investigate how ALMPs do not remain a mere symbolic political message but become something which significantly helps individuals and benefits society. In particular, the thesis tries to raise the understanding of the economic and social effects of the law reflected in: i) the promotion of targeted reforms, ii) the evolution of labour market instruments embraced or disregarded by lawmakers, and iii) the existence of an identity in the labour market which has a social dynamic.
First, I study the effect of participating in a European active labour market policy aimed at fighting youth inactivity; namely, the recent Youth Guarantee. Then, I use text analysis to illustrate how the progressive emergence of an ALMP approach in the law corresponds, over time, to the rising success of policymakers in fighting unemployment and preventing the NEET emergency. Finally, I exploit experimental methods to demonstrate that occupationally inactive individuals may deviate from standard social norms, such as working, and therefore may avoid participating in job training, due to negative peer pressure from their sub-cultural group of reference.
In conclusion, this thesis sheds new light on the economic, institutional, and social implications of an active labour market policy approach by showing that measures to fight occupational inactivity can be effective insofar as we consider their framing; namely, their target, their institutional framework, and their societal role.
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Thompson, Adrian. "Labour-force participation and disability in the UK labour-market." Thesis, Keele University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339778.
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Coskun, Sevgi. "Essays on labour market fluctuations in emerging market economies." Thesis, University of Kent, 2018. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/70107/.
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The goal of this dissertation is to contribute to the literature on labour market properties of business cycle fluctuations for emerging market economies (EMEs) by using DSGE modelling and time series analysis. It consists of three essays and the following related topics are analysed. In the first paper, entitled "Labour Market Fluctuations: An RBC Model for Emerging Market Economies", we examine the labour market properties of business cycle fluctuations for a group of 15 EMEs and the US using annual data from 1970 to 2013. We find that on average, hours worked and employment volatility (relative to output volatility) are lower, while the volatility of productivity and wages are 2-3 times higher in EMEs than in the US. We then assess the performance of a standard RBC model with temporary and permanent productivity shocks to explain those facts observed in the data. We find that this model can account reasonably well for the relative volatility of hours to output; however, it fails to capture for the rest of the relevant moments for EMEs. In order to further improve the fit, we augment this model with capacity utilization, investment adjustment cost and indivisible labour. We find that each of these extensions improves the capability of the RBC model. Especially the model with investment adjustment cost improves its performance regarding the relative volatility of wages and hours, as well as the cyclicality of hours, compared to the standard RBC model. Lastly, we investigate the cyclical properties of the labour wedge (the wedge between the marginal product of labour and the marginal rate of substitution of consumption for leisure) and find that the total labour wedge (relative to output volatility) is more volatile over the business cycle in emerging economies (1.72) compared to the US (0.95). Further, fluctuations in the total labour wedge reflect the ones in the household component rather than the firm component of the wedge in EMEs and the US. In the second paper, entitled "Technology Shocks, Non-stationary Hours in Emerging Countries and DSVAR", we test a standard DSGE model on impulse responses of hours worked and real GDP after technology and non-technology shocks in EMEs. Most dynamic macroeconomic models assume that hours worked are stationary. However, in the data, we observe apparent changes in hours worked from 1970 to 2013 in these economies. Motivated by this fact, we first estimate a SVAR model with a specification of hours in difference (DSVAR) and then set up a DSGE model by incorporating permanent labour supply (LS) shocks that can generate a unit root in hours worked, while preserving the property of a balanced growth path. These LS shocks could be associated with very dramatic changes in labour supply that look permanent in these economies. Hence, the identification restriction in our models comes from the fact that both technology and LS shocks have a permanent effect on GDP yet only the latter shocks have a long-run impact on hours worked. For inference purposes, we compare empirical impulse responses based on the EMEs data to impulse responses from DSVARs run on the simulated data from the model. The results show that a DSGE model with permanent LS shocks that can generate a unit root in hours worked is required to properly evaluate the DSVAR in EMEs as this model is able to replicate indirectly impulse responses obtained from a DSVAR on the actual data. In the last paper, entitled "Informal Employment and Business Cycles in Emerging Market Economies", we examine the relationship between informal employment and business cycles in EMEs and investigate how informal employment is relevant in shaping the aggregate dynamics in these economies. The key features of stylized facts from our data is that it is countercyclical in Mexico, Colombia and Turkey but pro-cyclical in South Africa. In addition, informal employment is negatively correlated with formal employment in Mexico but positively correlated in Colombia, South Africa, and Turkey. To account for these empirical findings, we build a small open economy model with both formal and informal labour markets, and it subjects to stationary and trend shocks to total factor productivity. We also allow labour adjustment costs in the model as strict employment protection which differ among these economies. We then examine the effect of changes in the degree of employment protection on the informal employment and the business cycles in EMEs and the extent to which the informal sector acts as a buffer in the face of adverse shocks to the labour market. The results show that this model can capture some key stylized facts of the labour market in these economies and that the informal sector acts as a propagation mechanism for these shocks. Moreover, informal employment acts as a buffer as it is countercyclical while formal employment is pro-cyclical in the model which supports the results from the data except for South Africa. Regarding volatilities, informal employment does not act as a buffer since formal employment is more volatile than informal employment in the model which contrasts with the evidence in the data for these economies except Colombia.
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Haghighi, Mohammad Bagher Nobakht. "The role of labour law in labour relations and the labour market in Iran." Thesis, University of the West of Scotland, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.744768.
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Kim, Jaewon. "Trade, Unemployment and Labour Market Institutions." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-56464.
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The thesis consists of three papers, summarized as follows. "The Determinants of Labour Market Institutions: A Panel Data Study" This paper analyses the argument that labour market institutions can be thought of as devices for social insurance. It investigates the hypotheses that a country's exposure to external risk and ethnic fractionalisation are correlated with labor market institutions. Extreme bounds analysis with panel data of fourty years indicates that countries that are more open to international trade have stricter employment protection, strong unions, and a more coordinated wage bargaining process. Moreover, there is evidence that union density is negatively associated with the degree of ethnic fracationalisation. "Why do Some Studies Show that Generous Unemployment Benefits Increase Unemployment Rates? A Meta-Analysis of Cross-Country Studies" This paper investigates the hypothesis that generous unemployment benefits give rise to high levels of unemployment by systematically reviewing 34 cross-country studies. In contrast to conventional literature surveys, I perform a meta-analysis which applies regression techniques to a set of results taken from the existing literature. The main finding is that the choice of the primary data and estimation method matter for the final outcome. The control variables in the primary studies also affect the results. "The Effects of Trade on Unemployment: Evidence from 20 OECD countries" This study empirically investigates if international trade has an impact on aggregate unemployment in the presence of labour market institutions. Using data for twenty OECD countries for the years 1961-2008, this study finds that an increase in trade leads to higher aggregate unemployment as it interacts with rigid labour market institutions, whereas it may reduce aggregate unemployment if the labour market is characterised by flexibility. In a country with the average degree of the labour market rigidities, an increase in trade has no significant effect on unemployment rates.
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McCarthy, Nóirín. "Essays on the Irish labour market." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15289/.
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The objective of this thesis is to explore issues in the Irish labour market from both the enterprise and employee perspective over the period 2005-2013. We draw on literature from the areas of job flows, displacement and monopsony. Our analysis is primarily based on the unique P35 linked employer-employee dataset, containing almost two million employee observations annually. We also link this dataset to the Census of Industrial Production survey in Chapter 3. Both sources are available from the Central Statistics Office, Ireland. The first chapter introduces the thesis by detailing its main goals, the importance of this work, as well as summarizing the following chapters. In Chapter 2, we provide an overview of the Irish labour market. Evidence suggests the economy experienced a significant increase in unemployment during the period. We also explore aspects of the resulting policy response. We investigate job flows in the labour market in Chapter 3. Results indicate that job destruction increased significantly between 2006 and 2010 while job creation declined. When examining the impact of changing export intensity on job creation and destruction, our results suggest a small effect. In Chapter 4, we estimate the earnings losses of displaced workers. We focus on two displacement events; mass-layoff and closure. Results indicate that workers who experience a mass-layoff incur greater losses relative to those displaced following a closure, as do those who switch to a new sector to secure re-employment following displacement. We examine the labour market for evidence of monopsony in Chapter 5. We find that estimated labour supply elasticities to the firm are low, implying that elasticity is not infinite as suggested by perfect competition, and so employers possess a degree of monopsony power. Chapter 6 summarizes the findings, highlights contributions to the literature, outlines policy implications and describes possible directions for future research.
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Borghans, Alexander Hubertus. "Educational choice and labour market information." Maastricht : Maastricht : Researchcentrum voor Onderwijs en Arbeidsmarkt ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1993. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=6669.
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Hesselius, Patrik. "Sickness absence and labour market outcomes /." Uppsala : Dept. of Economics [Nationalekonomiska institutionen], Univ, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4272.
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Caliendo, Marco. "Microeconometric evaluation of labour market policies." Berlin : Springer, 2006. https://login.proxy.bib.uottawa.ca/login?url=http://www.myilibrary.com?id=60873.
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Basak, Debasmita. "Innovation in a unionised labour market." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.594861.
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The purpose of this thesis is to investigate theoretically how labour union intervention affects the innovation decisions of the firms. In particular, we show how different unionisation structure and union bargaining power affect the incentive for product and process innovation. We also show how patent protection affects the incentive for innovation in a unionised labour market. Our analysis focuses on factors which were not considered in the earlier studies and may have significant effects on firms' R&D decisions. To derive our results we use an oligopolistic structure where the firms make R&D efforts either in terms of product innovation or in terms of process innovation. The firms hire workers from the labour unions and their innovation decisions are affected by means of wage bargaining process of the unions. The results suggest that although there are cases where the absence of labour union interventions boosts R&D investments compared to the case where there are no labour union; the results could be reversed with the varied density of market saturation, degree of product differentiation, type of product market competition and the degree of unions' wage bargaining power. Our results provide theoretical justifications to some underlying empirical findings. Also, we hope that the derived results will encourage further work in this line of literature.
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Hudson, M. H. "Disabled people and labour market disadvantage." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.604719.
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This dissertation considers how and why the labour market disadvantage of disabled people persists. Unpacking debates about how disabled people and labour market disadvantage can be conceptualised it reviews how theoretical insights from labour economics and sociology/disability studies can enrich a social model of disability. Drawing on the concepts of social claims and capabilities, the main task becomes one of exploring how a range of social actors and institutions are involved in enabling or constraining the capabilities that may facilitate the economic functioning of disabled people. Having noted the diversity embodied in the social category disabled people the emphasis is on capturing at least some of this diversity. This is done by exploring the experiences of people in the communities in which they live their everyday lives within the changing context of the labour market and public policy. The research uses an empirical base of material drawn from two localities in East London and Greater Manchester. It is interview based developing case studies at a number of levels: employed and non-employed disabled people, local employment projects and support services and public and private sector employers. Issues around the benefit system, and economic security, emerge as particularly prominent in the lives of the non-employed. Via an exploration of policy and practice, the quality of and balance between supply and demand-side policies that are ostensibly geared towards moderating the incidence and experience of labour market disadvantage are questioned. In so doing, there is criticism of the accounting framework that underpins capitalist employment relations and public policy . In concludes that both the supply and demand sides of the labour market are of fundamental importance in nourishing capabilities. There is a need to develop a policy framework that has a focus on how capabilities can be enabled with more pro-active measures to acknowledge and address inequalities of circumstance and the desire of disabled people to participate.
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AlShehabi, Omar. "Macroeconomic Modelling of the Labour Market." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.503971.
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Walker, Richard Ernest Hugh. "Macroeconomic policy and labour market structure." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2002. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1677/.
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This thesis comprises three chapters. Each considers a particular manner in which policy choice and labour market structure interact to determine macroeconomic performance. The first chapter argues that employment protection legislation can significantly reduce equihbrium employment. It considers the impact of firing costs on the pricing behaviour of intermediate-good firms facing idiosyncratic productivity shocks. It is shown that, since they might work against existing market distortions, such costs can lead to either more or less efficient labour allocations. Simulations indicate that the magnitude of their effects is potentially much greater than is found in standard, representative-firm models, particularly when they act to reduce employment. The second chapter links the decentralisation of wage-bargaining in industrialised countries over the last twenty years to the more anti-inflationary macroeconomic regimes also in evidence. It presents a monetary policy game in which, prior to the central bank choosing inflation, wages are set by coalitions of unions. Unions are assumed to anticipate central bank behaviour when forming these coalitions. Using both cooperative and non-cooperative theories of coalition stability and formation, it is shown that highly conservative central banks are associated with decentralised patterns of wage-setting. The third chapter considers the effect of spatial unemployment dispersion on inflationary pressure in the aggregate. It reviews the theoretical rationales for any such effect, and argues that some previous studies have been overly restrictive in their assumption of homogeneous disaggregate Phillips curves. A theoretical rationale for disaggregate heterogeneity is provided and aggregate and regional Phillips curves estimated. Statistics on the spatial unemployment distribution are found to explain a significant part of the variation of the GB NAIRU over time.
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Pribaz, Carlo Eduardo Alcaraz. "The informal labour market in Mexico." Thesis, University of Essex, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433586.
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Feicheng, Wang. "Globalisation and labour market in China." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/41382/.
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This thesis empirically investigates the relationship between globalisation and labour market outcomes by exploring Chinese data. It is motivated by the fact that China has experienced a rapid pace of globalisation in the past two decades and has witnessed increasing wage inequality at the same time. It is a collection of three self-contained studies that examine the effects of various aspects of globalisation on employment or wage inequality. Chapter 1 presents research background and general motivations, followed by a simple description of the outline and the structure of the thesis. Chapter 2 explores the relationship between globalisation and inter-industry wage differentials in China by using a two-stage estimation approach. Taking advantage of a household survey dataset, this study estimates the wage premium for each industry in the first stage conditional on individual worker and job-related characteristics. Alternative measures of globalisation are considered in the second stage; trade openness and capital openness. The regressions do not reveal a significant relationship between overall trade (import and/or export) openness and wage premia. However, disaggregation of trade into trade in intermediate and final goods is shown to matter. Increases in import (export) shares of final goods tend to reduce (increase) the wage premium significantly, whereas imports or exports of intermediate goods do not explain differences in industry wage premia. This finding is supported by stronger effects for final goods trade in coastal than non-coastal regions. Our results also show a positive relationship between capital openness and industrial wage premium, though this relationship is less robust when endogeneity issues are allowed for. While Chapter 2 focuses on wage differentials across industries, Chapter 3 turns to wage inequality within industries. Specifically, this chapter examines the relationship between average income of exporting destinations and skill premium using Chinese manufacturing industry-level data from 1995 to 2008. To do so, we construct weighted average GDP per capita across destinations employing within-industry export share to each industry as weights, and then link it with industry-level skill premium. Empirical evidence shows a positive correlation between average destination income and average wages, which is consistent with existing literature. More importantly, we find that industries that export more to high-income destinations tend to pay a higher skill premium, suggesting that skilled workers benefit more from high-income exports than unskilled workers on average. IV estimates confirm causality and this positive relationship identified is robust to the inclusion of additional control variables. However, the positive relationship only applies to ordinary export whereas processing export tends to induce a reduction in skill premium. Our results also reveal a stronger effect during the post-WTO accession period when China integrated into the world economy rapidly. The findings in this study provide evidence in support of the relationship between export destinations and within-industry wage inequality. Chapter 4 incorporates labour market conditions and investigates whether the nature of firm-level employment adjustment is affected by the flexibility of the labour market. We take advantage of the differences in local labour market conditions created by the non-uniform implementation of the hukou reform in China. Then we identify the employment effects of the reform by comparing firms in reform regions to those in non-reform regions. Combining firm-level and city-level data, we adopt a difference-in-difference approach. Empirical results find that firms exposed to the hukou reform have higher employment on average than similar firms without the reform, which indicates that a more flexible labour market allows for an easier employment adjustment. We then extend our empirical framework to explore the conditioning effects of the hukou reform on employment adjustment following trade openness. Consistent with our expectations, firms respond to trade shocks by increasing employment relatively more with the presence of the hukou reform. These findings offer important implications to the current labour market reform in China and to other developing countries with inter-region labour movement barriers like India and Vietnam. Finally, Chapter 5 summarises main findings of the thesis and briefly discusses potential directions for future research.
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Lamadon, T. "Dynamic contracts and labour market frictions." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1443896/.
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This thesis studies the effect of repeated and long term relationships between actors engaged in economic markets. Firms hire workers for long periods and offer contracts that evolve over time, and where the history shared with the worker might affect future payments. This thesis shows that understanding the nature and implications of such relationships is central to correctly measure the realized allocation in the market and predict the effects of changes in labour policies. The opening chapter is a theoretical contribution to the repeated games literature. It demonstrates how differences in time preferences between players can be used to sustain equilibrium payoffs that are unattainable under identical discount parameters. This reveals how rich inter-temporal strategies can be utilized to sustain improbable transfers between individuals. The second chapter embeds such a relationship inside an equilibrium where actors randomly meet with each other. It contributes to the literature on labour markets with friction by demonstrating how widely available matched employer-employee data can be used to recover the production function in the economy as well as the assignment of workers to firms. This has important implications for the effectiveness of policies aiming at reallocating workers to more productive jobs. In the final chapter, workers are risk averse and productivity is uncertain. I show that in this context firms choose to offer partial insurance contracts to their workers. The repeated interactions between the firm and the worker are fundamental to understanding how employers choose to transmit part of the uncertainty to the workers. I estimate the model on Swedish data and evaluate the effects of a hypothetical progressive tax aimed at reducing income inequality and uncertainty. The exercise reveals that firms will respond to the policy by transferring more risk to the employees negating around 30% of the direct effect of the policy.
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Haardt, David A. M. "Labour market dynamics among older people." Thesis, University of Essex, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442511.
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Three substantive chapters examine labour market dynamics among older people. Chapter 2 analyses older men and women's labour market transitions using the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS). I find large peaks in exit rates out of employment at ages 60 and 65 occurring in the exact birthday month, suggesting strong incentive effects of pension schemes. Discrete-time hazard regression analysis shows that health and potential income out of work are the most important determinants of these transitions, with effects that are larger than found in previous studies for British and US men. When modelling unobserved heterogeneity, the estimated probability of being a mover between work and non-work is twice as high for women as for men. Chapter 3 analyses how spouses in older couples react to shocks to their partner's labour income using BHPS data. After a separation, wives reduce their labour supply while husbands tend to increase theirs. If a wife becomes unemployed, it does not affect her husband's labour supply while wives whose husband becomes unemployed reduce their labour supply, too. A decline in husband's health causes the wife to reduce her labour supply while husbands tend to increase theirs when facing a decline in wife's health. Partner's death does not have statistically significant labour supply effects. Chapter 4 analyses the relationship between cognitive functioning and employment among older men and women using data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Regression analysis shows that the change in cognitive functioning over time does not have any statistically significant effects on the probability to exit or enter employment, or on working hours. These results are not sensitive to the definition of work. My findings differ from earlier research on younger age groups in Germany and the USA where some effects of cognitive functioning on labour force participation were found.
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Plekhanov, Sergei. "Essays on Russian labour market issues." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23375.
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Being the largest transition economy Russia has interested economists since the collapse of the USSR. This thesis contributes to the literature on Russian labour market. In the first chapter I investigate cyclicality of real wages in Russia, the second chapter looks into consequences of wage arrears for workers' future and the third chapter develops a model of wage arrears that arise as a result of firms' opportunistic behaviour. The principal source of data used in this thesis is the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (the RLMS). The first chapter investigates cyclicality of real wages in Russia. The analysis is carried out both at the country as well as regional levels and the influence of wage arrears on the cyclicality is examined. The estimated cyclicality coefficient is three to four times larger in magnitude than those observed for Germany, the UK, the USA and other developed countries. An increase in unemployment rate by one percentage point leads to an average reduction in real wages of four percent. The results are robust to changes in sample period and estimation technique. Wage arrears do not prove to be the driving force of this strong procyclicality. The second chapter investigates influence of wage arrears on the future of affected workers. Limited dependent variable models are used to analyse the effects of wage arrears on the probability of future wage arrears and frequent separation from employers. Difference-in-difference approach is used to analyse effects on earnings. The results suggest that affected workers are twice as likely to experience wage arrears again within next three years. Job-movers are able to decrease the probability of repeated wage arrears by nine percentage points. The effect on separations is more modest: affected workers are approximately forty percent more likely to change jobs the following year and eleven percent more likely to experience frequent separations within five years after wage arrears. The effect on future earnings is relatively small and short-lived. Take-home wages decrease by 1 000 RUB compared to unaffected workers and recover within the following year. Analysis of stocks and flows of wage arrears indicates that in the period from 1998 to 2012 on average three quarters of wage debts were repaid. The third chapter picks up the discussion of the nature of wage arrears in Russia. An indirect evidence suggests that sometimes the firms choose to withhold wages despite having the resources to pay and in certain circumstances the employees accept it. The chapter presents a model of wage arrears that is based on worker-firm interactions. Calibration to the Russian data indicates that the parameter values observed in the RLMS dataset are consistent with a stable equilibrium in which an approximately half of the labour force experience late payments. The model predicts average duration of wage arrears of four months. This prediction is consistent with the Russian reality in the late 1990s.
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Abdul, Wahab Diana Binti. "Graduate labour market analysis in Malaysia." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/17944/.
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This thesis studies several aspects related to graduate employment in Malaysia. The first chapter examines graduate's transition from education to work which includes the analysis of the first destination choice after study and occupational types using multinomial logit model. Within each occupational category, we use Fairlie's non-linear decomposition technique to compute the differences in the participation rate between gender and ethnic groups. Women and Malay's under-representation in superior occupational types are largely due to their choice of less attractive courses that are associated with low market demand. The second chapter analyzes the wage differentials between the public-private sectors, gender and ethnic groups. The earning equation is adjusted to account for the sample selection bias due to the participation rate. We use the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition technique to compute the wage differences between the groups. The difference in the sectoral wage is non-significant, and there is no evidence of wage differential in the public sector. Gender and ethnic pay gap only occur in the private sector where male and Chinese consistently earn higher. The third chapter explores another dimensions of graduate's transition from education to work. First, we found that higher ability graduates are more inclined to migrate in order to maximize their employment prospects as well as compensating for their superior human capital. Indeed, graduate's migration results in higher earning but not necessarily reduce education-job mismatch. Second, graduates who possess better characteristics took longer to obtain their first job but they ended up with superior occupational types and higher earning. Yet, social attributes such as being a male, a Chinese, or originating from an urban state increases the probability for faster transition from education to work. Third, using a pseudo-panel data and controlling for cohort heterogeneity shows that the remaining variables that significantly affect earning are family income and locality.
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Yin, Lu. "Overeducation in the Chinese labour market." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16029/.
Full textAbstract:
The match between education and job is an important indicator of the functioning of the labour market. Overeducation can be described as when an individual’s educational level is higher than the schooling required for his job. Since the college expansion in 1999 in China, more graduates are reported to be found in jobs for which they are overeducated. This thesis focuses on the exploration of the phenomenon of overeducation and its impact on the Chinese labour market. Using longitudinal data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) from 1989 to 2009, the extent and determinants of overeducation are investigated in Chapter 2. A variety of techniques are employed to study the wage effect of overeducation in the Chinese labour market. Based on the empirical results of this chapter, the extent of overeducation and undereducation in China, using two indexes to define required education, are found to be different. In addition, it is found that males and workers who have urban registration are more likely to be overeducated in both indexes. Furthermore, workers who have less experience tend to be overeducated, which is only found in the mean index. In terms of wage returns to overeducation, time effects indeed play an important role in China. The wage penalty to overeducation becomes smaller and even disappears between overeducated people and correctly educated people after taking unobserved heterogeneity into consideration. Additionally, this chapter attempts to ascertain if there are distinct wage effects of overeducation for different age groups and explores the patterns of wage effects of overeducation over time. The results indicate that different patterns of wage effects of overeducation by age groups and over time can be explained by the education and labour market reform in China since 1978. Chapter 3 explores detailed links between educational mismatch, skill mismatch and job satisfaction in China. Results in this chapter suggest that overeducated people are more satisfied with their workload, working conditions and facilities, their relationship with colleagues and their housing benefits than correctly educated individuals in similar jobs. When educational mismatch and skill mismatch are included simultaneously into the analysis of job satisfaction, skill mismatch demonstrates stronger negative effects on overall job satisfaction and many facets of job satisfaction except for job satisfaction with welfare, workload and commuting distance to job location than educational mismatch, which suggests that firms and policy makers should put more emphasis on improving the match between the labour market’s needs and individuals’ skill levels. Given the important role played by rural-to-urban migrant workers in contemporary China, Chapter 4 provides a picture of education and educational mismatch issues associated with rural-to-urban migrant workers. This chapter contributes to the existing literature on the education of migrant workers by taking the generation of migrant workers into consideration, i.e. we distinguish between an old generation of migrant workers and a new generation of migrant workers. Based on OLS regression, the new generation of migrant workers has higher wage returns to schooling than the old generation of migrant workers. Quantile regression results indicate that the new generation of migrant workers have higher wage returns to schooling in the lower half of the wage distribution (i.e. 10th, 25th and 50th percentiles). Wage effects of undereducation between old and new generation migrant workers exist at the 25th percentile and 75th percentile of the wage distribution. However, distinct wage effects of overeducation between old and new generation migrant workers can only be found in the high end of the wage distribution (90th percentile). In addition, a comparative study of the issue of educational mismatch between rural-to-urban migrant workers and urban residents is made in this chapter. Negative effects of overeducation appear across the wage distribution of urban residents except for the 90th percentile. Positive impact of undereducation on wages can be seen from 25th percentile to 90th percentile. However, for migrant workers, overeducation doesn’t exhibit negative effects on migrant workers on the conditional wage distribution. Wage premiums enjoyed by undereducated migrant workers are only present in the lower and middle part of the wage distribution except for the 90th percentile. This thesis concludes that empirical patterns of overeducation in the literature in terms of the incidence, determinants and wage effects are present in the Chinese labour market. Empirical results in this thesis indicate that overeducation may not result in negative effects on job satisfaction as a priori expectations and skill mismatch is a better indicator to explain job dissatisfaction than educational mismatch. Although there are no significant wage effects of overeducation for migrant workers, the new generation of migrant workers enjoys higher wage returns to education than their older counterparts. This thesis provides strong evidence that enhancing skills to commensurate with the market needs should be the main concern of policy makers if China desires to sustain its economic growth in the future.
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Hunt, Wil. "Internships and the graduate labour market." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2016. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/internships-and-the-graduate-labour-market(4975c1f8-2645-4278-9d29-6d1e872b951c).html.
Full textAbstract:
The ‘dual view’ of internships articulated in the literature and more widely holds that, on the one hand, they are thought to develop employability and are a stepping stone to particular careers or industries, while at the same time they are potentially exploitative and exclusionary. Unpaid internships present a barrier to social mobility because less-advantaged graduates are less likely to be able to forgo wages for any length of time whereas paid internships are unproblematic. This thesis challenges this view on two levels. Firstly, while paid internships do appear to help in the graduate labour market unpaid internships do not, and actually have a negative effect on earnings. Secondly, although those from less well-off backgrounds are less likely to do unpaid internships, after controlling for other factors, it is the more beneficial, paid internships that they struggle to secure. The research employed quantitative data from two sources: secondary analysis of the 2011/12 Destinations of Leavers from Higher Education Survey (DLHE), and a bespoke survey of 616 creative arts, media and communications graduates surveyed two to six years after graduation. The research found: 1) internships are a small but significant part of the graduate labour market, particularly in some subject areas and industries, and unpaid internships are more common than previously estimated; 2) not all internships are equal, with paid internships generally of a higher level and more beneficial in the labour market than unpaid ones; 3) while paid internships do appear to help graduates earn more and get a creative or graduate level job, unpaid internships do not and actually lead to lower pay in the short to medium term; 4) while those from disadvantaged backgrounds are less likely to do internships (paid or unpaid), contrary to expectations, it was the more beneficial paid internships that disadvantaged graduates struggle to secure. The findings contribute to three main debates in the sociology of employment literature. First, they provide evidence of increasingly individualised and uncertain transitions from education to employment, where graduates must take responsibility for developing employability by ‘auditioning’ for real jobs. Second, the findings challenge the ‘conventional’ view of a meritocratic labour market by showing that access to the best opportunities continues to be moulded by social class, and not just educational credentials. Third, the findings reveal that the classed patterns of advantage and disadvantage already evident in the education system extend well into the graduate labour market.
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Staneva, Anita Vaskova. "Comparative essays in labour market outcomes." Thesis, Swansea University, 2012. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42355.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis consists of three essays which provide a detailed empirical investigation of the returns to education, gender wage gap and public-private wage differential in Bulgaria, Serbia, Russia and Tajikistan - countries that have received little attention in the literature. The studies are based on rich data sets which allow the most up-to- date analysis of the specific labour market outcomes. All three essays go a step further than the existing empirical literature since in each one the quantile regression results showed a much broader picture than the ones based on central tendency measures such as Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). The first essay looks at what had happened to the returns to human capital in Bulgaria over the period from early 1986 pre-transition to 2003. The study also contributes to the literature by estimating returns to education across the entire wage distribution, providing further evidence from Serbia, Russia and Tajikistan. Moreover, it deals with endogeneity and sample selection biases in a quantile regression framework. The second essay estimates gender wage gaps in the selected countries by applying a decomposition method that simulates marginal distributions from the quantile regression process. The study seeks to extend the popular Machado and Mata (2005) distributional approach by addressing the 'index' number problem suggested by Neumark (1988) and Oaxaca and Ransom (1994 and 1998). The gender wage gap decomposition is performed for each quantile of the earnings distribution by using the pooled wage structure as a non-discriminatory structure and giving a much richer picture of the influence of the covariate and coefficient effects. The third essay provides a comprehensive empirical study on the public-private wage differential in Bulgaria, Serbia, Russia, and Tajikistan. The study seeks to understand whether the differential in the public-private sector payment is explained by differences in workers characteristics or the difference in the returns to these characteristics. The endogenous sector choice is also considered. The study further analyses what has happened to the public sector hourly earnings differential at different points in the conditional earnings distribution and over time by adapting the Donohue-Heckman time-wise decomposition.
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Meschi, Maria Meloria. "Female labour supply and wage discrimination in the Italian labour market." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388640.
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Lehmann, Hartmut F. "Labour market flows and labour market policies in the British Isles, Poland and Eastern Germany since 1980." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1993. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1345/.
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This thesis utilizes flow analyses of the labour market in order to examine two key issues. First, to asses the effectiveness of active labour market policies in Britain, Ireland and Poland. Secondly, it allows us to characterize and quantify movements between labour market states which have been occurring on an unprecedented scale in economies undergoing transition. Chapters 1 and 2 investigate whether active labour market policies in Britain and Ireland have been instrumental in curing or preventing partial hysteresis due to long-term unemployment. In models of the determination of overall and duration-specific outflow rates from unemployment, the predictive power of active measures variables is tested. Chapter 3 uses the 'lista 500' panel data set to test the hypothesis that after the decentralizing reforms of the early eighties simple models of profit maximization can explain labour adjustment by large Polish enterprises. Chapter 4 traces the build up of unemployment in Poland by characterizing the composition and determinants of flows between various labour market states. Traditional flow analysis is amended by dividing the state employment into the sub-states, private and state sector employment, and by emphasizing the institutional framework unique to the Polish labour market in its first stage of transition. In Chapter 5 a unique panel data set is used to quantify labour market transitions in Eastern Germany in the first year after unification. Multinomial logit regressions are employed to highlight the determinants of the estimated transition rates. The applicability of standard models of labour market transitions to labour markets in transforming economies is also tested. Chapter 6 uses Voivodship-level aggregate panel data to evaluate passive and active labour market policies in Poland which took shape in 1991 and 1992. We also test for the existence of a well behaved matching technology in the Polish labour market. The methodology of Chapters 1 and 2 is modified to account for the panel nature of the data.
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Vlandas, Timothee. "Essays on labour market dualisation in Western Europe : active labour market policies, temporary work regulation and inequality." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/767/.
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European labour markets are increasingly divided between insiders in full-time permanent employment and outsiders in precarious work or unemployment. Using quantitative as well as qualitative methods, this thesis investigates the determinants and consequences of labour market policies that target these outsiders in three separate papers. The first paper looks at Active Labour Market Policies (ALMPs) that target the unemployed. It shows that left and right-wing parties choose different types of ALMPs depending on the policy and the welfare regime in which the party is located. These findings reconcile the conflicting theoretical expectations from the Power Resource approach and the insider-outsider theory. The second paper considers the regulation and protection of the temporary work sector. It solves the puzzle of temporary re-regulation in France, which contrasts with most other European countries that have deregulated temporary work. Permanent workers are adversely affected by the expansion of temporary work in France because of general skills and low wage coordination. The interests of temporary and permanent workers for re-regulation therefore overlap in France and left governments have an incentive to re-regulate the sector. The third paper then investigates what determines inequality between median and bottom income workers. It shows that non-inclusive economic coordination increases inequality in the absence of compensating institutions such as minimum wage regulation. The deregulation of temporary work as well as spending on employment incentives and rehabilitation also has adverse effects on inequality. Thus, policies that target outsiders have important economic effects on the rest of the workforce. Three broader contributions can be identified. First, welfare state policies may not always be in the interests of labour, so left parties may not always promote them. Second, the interests of insiders and outsiders are not necessarily at odds. Third, economic coordination may not be conducive to egalitarianism where it is not inclusive.
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Bredehoeft, Janin. "The political economy of academic labour markets: How marketisation policies enforce labour market segmentation in Australia and Germany." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/19673.
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The marketisation of higher education has transformed academic labour markets and challenges comparative political economy theory. This thesis explores the tensions between predicted and actual developments of academic labour markets in the liberal Australian and the German corporatist welfare state. It compares the emergence of marketisation policies and their impact on academic labour market developments between 1980-2012 in the two contrasting national higher education systems. The central argument of this thesis is that states develop similar marketisation policies despite clearly different institutional configurations. While these policies are tailored to nationally specific regimes, nevertheless in each case they have triggered the segmentation of academic labour markets into a secure primary and a precarious secondary market. The quantitative evidence shows a growing gap between secure and precarious employment and demonstrates that academic labour markets are more secure in the Australian liberal than in the German coordinated welfare state. This contradicts the premises of comparative political economy and shows that similar marketisation policies, converging processes and outcomes emerge beyond institutional particularities. In accordance with scholars from the new political economy of higher education, this thesis suggests that a combined analysis of macro and micro approaches from the comparative political economy and the sociology of higher education disciplines provide useful means of theorising the changing structures of higher education and academic labour markets.
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Gross, Michael. "Labour market segmentation : the role of product market and industry structure in determining labour market outcomes; a test for the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292028.
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Stubbs, Thomas Henry. "Labour Market Segmentation and the Reserve Army of Labour: Theory, History, Future." The University of Waikato, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2782.
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This thesis begins by revisiting and building on themes of labour market segmentation, with particular reference given to Marx's seminal account of segmentation in Capital, Vol.1 (Chapter 25). Marx distinguishes between an active army - the stable full-time employed - and the relative surplus population - the precariously employed reserve army and the residual surplus - and suggests further fragmentation of these main groups into sub-strata. Marx's perspective of segmentation is grounded in fragments of a general theory of employment that, as a long-term tendency, identifies continual advances in constant capital that abolish work and proliferate the reserve army. This thesis builds on these themes by formulating a concept, the 'transference dynamic', which underpins a general theory of employment segmentation. A short history of segmentation under capitalism traces recent phases of development in both developed and lesser-developed nations. Stress is placed on the role of political configurations that regulate capitalism in ways that can either counter the general tendency, such is the case under the Fordist model of capitalism, or strengthen its logic. The theory of employment segmentation and the lessons drawn from the historical account are spliced together with an analysis of the contemporary phase of capitalism, labelled here as the neoliberal model of development. It is demonstrated that the coercive international regulatory dynamic of the neoliberal model reasserts and extends the competitive principle of the capitalist mode of production. Through this extension, nations are transformed into competition-states vying for scarce and globally mobile capital to operate on their shores - the primary source of national prosperity and employment - by implementing capital-friendly neoliberalized policy. This analysis of neoliberal global capitalism reveals an expanding surplus population within a context of deepening international segmentation. This employment crisis is expressed as a hierarchy of nations that is determined in part by their uneven development. Those at the bottom of the hierarchy, comprising a majority portion of the world's population, contain a massive reserve army and residual surplus population unincorporated into wage-based capitalism, without any obvious support of means of life and with little hope for the future. Finally, mainstream solutions are criticized for failing to address either long-run or contemporary drivers of the employment crisis. In response, this thesis pitches a project of multi-faceted radical reform that counter-regulates capitalism by adopting a combination of local, national, regional and global forms of democratic socialist governance.
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Doms, Leonard S. "The South African labour legislation and its impact on the labour market." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53174.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.<br>Some digitised pages may appear illegible due to the condition of the original hard copy.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT:
The recent discussions regarding the relations between the government and
industry have highlighted the importance and continuous changes that have
been investigated, tried and tested by the tri-part alliance since its inception.
A study was conducted of all the current issues and changes in labour
legislation and its impact on the labour market. Due to the continuous
changes and heated debates, not to mention regular strikes and negotiations
by those parties and their representatives, this topic is heated and ever
changing.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING:
Die onlangse onderhandelinge en besprekings betreffende die verhouding
tussen die regering en industrie plaas klem op die belang van en gereelde
veranderinge wat ondersoek, geimplimenteer en getoets is deur die
drieledige alliansie sedert laasgenoemde se ontstaan. 'n Studie is gedoen van
die huidige kwessies en veranderinge in arbeidswetgewing en die impak
daarvan op die arbeidsmark. Die gereelde veranderinge in wetgewing en
soms hewige debatvoering tussen die betrokke partye, bo en behalwe die
gereelde stakings en onderhandelinge deur daardie partye en hul
verteenwoordigers, maak hierdie onderwerp baie sensitief en stel dit bloot
aan gereelde ondersoek en verandering.
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Charni, Kadija. "The labour market for older workers : earnings trajectories, labour supply and employment." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM2013/document.
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Avec le vieillissement général de la population et ses implications sur la pérennité des finances publiques, le marché du travail des seniors est un thème qui va continuer à préoccuper nos sociétés. L’objectif de cette thèse est de répondre à des problématiques concrètes relatives au marché du travail des personnes âgées. Cette thèse comprend quatre chapitres. Les deux premiers chapitres s’intéressent à l’évolution des trajectoires salariales en fin de carrière professionnelle. Les résultats ne supportent pas l’idée que les salaires décroissent pour les travailleurs âgés à cause de l’âge. La diminution du salaire observée pour les travailleurs âgés en coupe transversale est le résultat d’effet de cohorte, de changement d’emploi, ou de la retraite partielle. Le Chapitre 3 évalue les effets des réformes du régime des retraites sur les transitions du chômage à l’emploi. Les réformes du régime des retraites ont des effets limités sur le retour en emploi des chômeurs, mais elles sont accompagnées par une augmentation des sorties vers l’inactivité, entraînant ainsi une baisse du taux de chômage des travailleurs âgés. Enfin, le Chapitre 4 examine les principaux facteurs des difficultés des seniors à se maintenir en emploi. Il propose également une analyse des opportunités d’emploi des chômeurs âgés. Les résultats montrent que l’état de santé, les incitations économiques et l’âge augmentent la probabilité de quitter son emploi, alors que l’âge diminue les chances de réemploi des travailleurs âgés. Une décomposition à la Oaxaca confirme le rôle déterminant de l’âge dans les différences de durée de chômage entre travailleurs d’âge différent, ce qui est consistent avec des attitudes discriminatoires<br>With the global ageing of population and the consequences on public finances sustainability, the labour market of older workers remains a key concern for societies.The aim of this dissertation is to address particular issues on the labour market for older workers.This thesis consists of four chapters.The first two chapters examine the age-earnings trajectories late in working life.We do not find support of a decline of earnings at older ages as the consequence of ageing.The decline of the age-earnings profile observed for older workers at cross-sectional analysis is attributable to cohort effects, job-changing, and partial retirement.Chapter 3 evaluates the effects of French pension reforms on older workers’ transition out of unemployment and into employment. We find that the retirement reforms have limited effects on re-employment, and they increase transitions into inactivity, leading to a decrease of unemployment rate of older workers.Finally,Chapter 4 investigates the factors behind difficulties to remain in employment as workers age. It also evaluates job opportunities of older unemployed workers.The results indicate that the probability of leaving employment increases with economic incentives, ill health and age, while the probability of getting back to employment decreases with age.An Oaxaca decomposition supports the key role of age in the unemployment duration gap between ‘older’ and ‘younger’ workers, which is consistent with age discrimination
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Trivín, Pedro. "Three essays on the labour market macroeconomics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/386505.
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Esta tesis Doctoral contiene tres ensayos sobre la macroeconomía del mercado de trabajo cuyo objetivo es contribuir al debate científico, y arrojar luz sobre la configuración del mercado laboral. Aunque estos tres capítulos deben de ser considerados como piezas de investigación independientes, su conjunto trata de clarificar el rol de la globalización, el sector financiero, y el ciclo económico en diferentes aspectos del mercado de trabajo.
El primer capítulo estudia el rol de la globalización y el cambio tecnológico en la elasticidad de sustitución entre capital y trabajo. Esta elasticidad es un parámetro clave en macroeconomía, y su valor tiene implicaciones importantes para el crecimiento económico y las distribución del ingreso. Este capítulo muestra (en contraste con la literatura anterior) que tanto la globalización como el cambio tecnológico afectan a la elasticidad de sustitución, y además, tienen diferentes consecuencias para las economías de la OECD y la no-OECD. Para la OECD, encontramos que la elasticidad de sustitución entre capital y trabajo está por debajo de la unidad, que aumenta con el grado de globalización, y disminuye con el nivel tecnológico. Aunque los resultados para la no-OECD son más heterogéneos, encontramos que la tecnología facilita la posibilidad de sustitución entre capital y trabajo. Dada la relevancia de esta elasticidad, su conexión con la globalización y el cambio tecnológico debe de ser tomada en consideración por cualquier función objetivo en política económica.
El segundo capítulo estudia la relación entre la caída de la participación de las rentas del trabajo en el total de la economía con el incremento de la importancia de los mercados financieros. En nuestro modelo, un incremento de la Q de Tobin aumenta la rentabilidad financiera, y disminuye el ratio capital-producto. El impacto de la disminución del capital reduce las rentas del trabajo para valores estándar de la elasticidad de sustitución. Empíricamente, encontramos que el incremento de la Q de Tobin explica hasta un 57% del total de la caída de la participación de las rentas del trabajo. Esto implica que los mercados financieros tienen un impacto directo y consecuencias significativas en medidas de desigualdad a través de su impacto en la distribución funcional de la renta. De acuerdo con nuestro modelo, políticas económicas que intenten cambiar la tendencia de las rentas del trabajo deben centrarse en hacer la inversión en capital físico relativamente más atractiva, por ejemplo, disminuyendo la rentabilidad financiera a través de un mayor impuesto a los ingresos del capital.
Finalmente, el tercer capítulo analiza las diferentes respuestas del mercado de trabajo regional español durante el último ciclo económico. Las regiones españolas han mostrado un alto nivel de persistencia en términos de desempleo, aquellas con un alto nivel de desempleo en los períodos de expansión son las mismas en una peor posición durante las recesiones. Este capítulo estudia las respuesta ante un shock regional en la tasa de empleo en términos de desempleo, participación y migración. Nuestros resultados muestran una respuesta asimétrica entre las diferentes fases del ciclo económico (1996-2007 y 2008-2012). Mientras cambios en la tasa de participación son el principal mecanismo de ajuste en expansión, desempleo y migración son los más importantes durante la recesión. Nuestros resultados aportan evidencia de rigideces en los salarios reales en ambos períodos. En general, nuestros resultados sugieren que la gente (en una región) está más dispuesta a migar (con respecto a la media nacional) cuando el shock regional ocurre en contexto económico relativamente peor.<br>This Ph.D. thesis contains three essays about the macroeconomics of the labour market whose goal is to contribute to the scientific discussion, and shed new light on the configuration of labour markets. Although the three chapters should be considered independent pieces of research, altogether try to clarify the role of globalisation, the financial sector, and the business cycle on labour market outcomes.
The first chapter studies the role of globalisation and technological change on the elasticity of substitution between capital and labour. This elasticity is a key macroeconomic parameter, and its value has important implications for economic growth and the functional distribution of income. This chapter shows (in contrast to the previous literature) that both globalisation and technology affect the elasticity of substitution, and importantly, that have different consequences for the OECD and non-OECD economies. In the OECD, we find that the elasticity of substitution between capital and labour is below unity; that it increases along with the degree of globalisation; but it decreases with the level of technology. Although results for the non-OECD area are more heterogeneous, we find that technology enhances the substitutability between capital and labour. Given the relevance of the elasticity of substitution, its intertwined linkage among globalization and technology should be taken into account in any policy makers' objective function.
The second chapter studies the relationship between the larger relevance of the financial sector in the economy and the decline of the labour income share. In particular, we develop a model to connect these two phenomena and evaluate its empirical validation. In our model, a raise in equity Tobin's Q increases equity returns and, importantly, depresses the capital-output ratio. The impact on the capital-output ratio reduces the labour share for standard values of the elasticity of substitution. Based on a common factor model, we find that the increase in Tobin's Q explains up to 57% of the total decline in the labour income share. This implies that financial markets have direct and significant consequences in inequality through their impact on the functional distribution of income. According to our model, policies aiming at reversing the trend in the labour share should have the target of making corporate investment relatively more attractive, for instance lowering returns to equity through higher capital income taxes.
Finally, the third chapter studies the different responses of Spanish regional labour markets during the last business cycle. Spanish regions have shown a high degree of unemployment persistence, that is, those with the highest unemployment rates in expansion periods are also in the worse position during recessions. This paper study the response in terms of unemployment, labour market participation, and migration to a regional shock on employment growth. Our results provide evidence of asymmetric responses across business cycle phases (1996-2007 and 2008-2012). While changes in participation rates are the main adjustment mechanism in expansion, unemployment and spatial mobility become the central ones in recession. We also provide evidence of real wage rigidities in both periods, due to rigidities in both nominal wages and consumer prices. Overall, we provide evidence that people (in a region) are more willing to migrate (relative to the national average) when a regional shock occurs in relatively worse economic contexts.
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Veldsman, Dewald. "Transforming the existing transportation interchange / labour market /." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02212007-134739.
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Schirle, Tammy. "The labour market behaviour of older individuals." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31062.
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This dissertation investigates several aspects of the labour force participation and retirement
decisions of older individuals, introduced in Chapter 1.
Chapter 2 examines how several components of Canada's income security system could
affect individuals' incentives to retire. The components of Canada's income security system
are documented and we show how they act to change the incentives to retire through a
series of simulations. This chapter also provides a thorough survey and critical review of
the international evidence on public pensions and retirement, with the broad weight of the
evidence suggesting that the structure of public pensions contributes to the decision to
retire.
In Chapter 3 I fill some of the gaps in the Canadian literature on retirement decisions,
which has focused almost exclusively on the role of public pensions. In this chapter I extend
the analysis of Baker et al. (2003, 2004a) to examine not only the effects of public pensions,
but also the effects of health and employer-provided pensions on individuals' decisions to
enter retirement. Using data from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics, my main
finding is that having poor health, or the occurrence of health events such as the onset of a
disability, significantly increases an individual's likelihood of entering retirement. Another
key contribution to the Canadian literature is the finding that individuals are responsive
to the financial incentives found in employer-provided pension plans. Additionally, my
estimates indicate that individuals consider their entire financial picture when making their
retirement decisions.
Chapter 4 seeks to explain the substantial increases in older men's labour force participation
rates that have been observed since the mid-1990s. Using data from the U.S. March
Current Population Survey, the Canadian Labour Force Survey, and the United Kingdom
Labour Force Survey, I investigate the hypothesis that husbands treat the leisure time of
their wives as complementary to their own leisure at older ages. Given this complementarity,
a large portion of the increase in older men's participation rates may be explained as a
response to the recent increases in older women's participation in the labour force, which are
largely driven by cohort effects. The methodology of Dinardo, Fortin, and Lemieux (1996)
is used to decompose the changes in older married men's participation rates, demonstrating
that increases in wives' participation in the labour force can explain roughly one quarter
of the recent increase in participation in the U.S., up to one half of the recent increase in
participation in Canada, and up to two fifths of the recent increase in the U.K. Older men's
educational attainment is also an important factor explaining recent increases in participation,
yet cannot be expected to drive further increases in participation rates. In contrast,
expected increases in older wives' participation over the next decade are expected to drive
further increases in older men's participation rates.<br>Arts, Faculty of<br>Vancouver School of Economics<br>Graduate
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Westerlund, Hugo. "Health changes in a changing labour market /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-187-3/.
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Tonin, Mirco. "Essays on labour market structure and policies /." Stockholm : Institute for International Economic Studies, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6975.
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