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1
Yang, J., J. Beirne, G. Liu, and P. Sheng. "Labour supply and pollution in China." Applied Economics Letters 20, no. 10 (July 2013): 949–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2013.765539.
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Taylor, Bill. "Supply chains and labour standards in China." Personnel Review 41, no. 5 (July 27, 2012): 552–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00483481211249102.
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Shen, J., and N. A. Spence. "Trends in Labour Supply and the Future of Employment in China." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 13, no. 3 (September 1995): 361–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c130361.
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An accounts-based population model for making population projections for the urban and rural areas of China was developed and reported on in detail in an earlier paper. In this paper the implications of the broad trends in population and labour-force growth over the next fifty years for the employment position in China will be discussed. Unemployment and underemployment are problems facing China today. Ongoing economic reform in the employment system runs the risk of rapidly increasing the number of unemployed, especially in urban China. In this paper, the following main dimensions of the employment problem in China will be discussed: Labour-resource utilization and employment structure, the dual employment system between urban and rural areas, unemployment and underemployment, employment-system reform, and labour-force quality and training.
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Knight, Tabitha. "Sex-Disaggregated Employment and Public Spending in China." Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 47, no. 1 (January 2018): 71–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810261804700103.
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This paper econometrically analyses the relationship between public spending and women's and men's urban employment in China for the period 1999–2009. Theoretically, spending on healthcare and education could increase employment growth and women's relative employment via the expansion of paid care work (increasing labour demand) and reductions in unpaid labour (increasing labour supply). To empirically test this, female, male, and relative employment growth are estimated as functions of public spending while both demand-side and supply-side factors are controlled for. Economic growth is also included in a simultaneous equation estimation. While healthcare results are mixed, education spending is positively associated with economic growth, employment growth for both women and men, and women's relative urban employment. Using economic significance calculations, I describe how well-directed public policies can promote both economic growth and long- and short-run benefits in employment equality between the sexes.
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Shen, Zheng, and Tan. "The Spillover Effects of Spousal Chronic Diseases on Married Couples’ Labour Supply: Evidence from China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21 (October 30, 2019): 4214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214214.
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The objective of this study is to examine the spillover effects of chronic diseases experienced by spouses on their wives or husbands’ labour supply. Using data from 2010 and 2012 of the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), this study employed a difference-in-difference (DD) strategy to investigate the average treatment effect of affected adults on their spouses’ working hours. The results show that, after their spouses were diagnosed with chronic diseases, the average weekly working hours of wives and husbands would be significantly reduced by 3.7–4.2 h and 3.8–4.4 h, respectively. Specially, the average weekly hours of full-time work would be reduced by 2.1–3.3 h for wives and 3.6–3.8 h for husbands. The effect was stronger for those married couples with lower socioeconomic status (SES), such as low-level education, family asset, non-labour income, while the effect was insignificant for high-level SES households. Therefore, as a result of the adverse spillover effects on household labour supply, chronic diseases could cause a greater loss of labour force productivity. Additionally, households in low levels of SES may suffer more losses from reduced labour supply when spousal chronic diseases take place.
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Peng, Xiujian, and Dietrich Fausten. "Population ageing and labour supply prospects in China from 2005 to 2050." Asia-Pacific Population Journal 21, no. 3 (June 29, 2007): 31–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/3cf512b8-en.
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Lillywhite, Serena. "Ethical Purchasing and Workers' Rights in China: The Case of the Brotherhood of St Laurence." Journal of Industrial Relations 49, no. 5 (November 2007): 687–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185607082216.
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As China continues its economic development and integration with the global economy, pressure is building to ensure international enterprises embrace responsible supply chain management and contribute to improved labour and environmental conditions. Despite China's reputation for having a poor regulatory framework, China's labour law is more comprehensive than that of many Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. What is lacking is an adequate system of enforcement. This article draws on the experiences of an Australian non-governmental organization (NGO) in dealing with the Chinese optical industry to consider the important question of corporate social responsibility in China.1 It begins with an overview of the Brotherhood of St Laurence experience and observations in China, examines the challenges and opportunities of responsible supply chain management and ethical purchasing and the impact on workers' rights, and finally looks at implications for an Australia—China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA).
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Jiang, Jinqi, Wanzhen Huang, Zhenhua Wang, and Guangsheng Zhang. "The Effect of Health on Labour Supply of Rural Elderly People in China—An Empirical Analysis Using CHARLS Data." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7 (April 3, 2019): 1195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071195.
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In China, due to decades of the ‘one-child policy’ and continuous rural-urban labour migration, real population aging in rural areas is increasing more quickly than in urban areas, and the labour inputs in agricultural production are becoming ever more dependent on the elderly. Using CHARLS data, we examine the effect of health on the labour supply of rural elderly people. We construct a latent health stock index (LHSI) to eliminate measurement bias and then use this one-period lagged LHSI and the Heckman two-stage and the Bourguignon-Fournier-Gurand two-stage method to deal with the simultaneous causality of health and labour decisions and sample selectivity in model estimation. The results show that, in the overall level, the labour force participation and work time of rural elderly people increase significantly with the improvement of health. These effects on the males are sharply greater than on the females and are enhanced with age. In the subdivided agricultural and non-agricultural labour supply, health improvement is positively related with labour force participation of rural elderly and brings an employment allocation from agricultural section to non-agricultural section, especially on the males. However, as the work time, these relations are insignificant and invariant with gender and age.
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Yuhong, Du, and Wei Xiahai. "Task content routinisation, technological change and labour turnover: Evidence from China." Economic and Labour Relations Review 31, no. 3 (May 15, 2020): 324–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304620921569.
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This article addresses the unresolved question of whether recent technological change causes job instability in a non-western context. China is now the world’s largest user of industrial robots. A Lewis turning point has been predicted, involving a transition from a plentiful supply of rural low-cost workers to a labour shortage economy in which rising labour costs drive labour-technology substitution. The routine-biased technological change hypothesis suggests that technology-induced routinisation in job task content has a profound impact on employment structure. This study captures the extent of routinisation of jobs in the transitional context of China and examines the incidence and impact of routinisation on labour turnover in the labour market. Using rotating panel data from the China Labour-force Dynamics Survey 2012, 2014 and 2016, this study, based on individual information with regard to flexibility in work schedules and degree of autonomy in workload and task content on the job, follows a recently developed measure to construct a routine intensity index and indicates a division into three routine intensity groups. The empirical findings show that the probability of job mobility is significantly increased with the magnitude of routine task intensity, suggesting that the process of technology-induced routinisation is strongly associated with labour turnover. JEL Codes: J63, J20
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CHU, NELLIE. "Jiagongchang Household Workshops as Marginal Hubs of Women's Subcontracted Labour in Guangzhou, China." Modern Asian Studies 53, no. 3 (March 28, 2019): 800–821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x17000919.
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AbstractThis article introduces South China's jiagongchang household workshops as marginal hubs of affective and industrial labour, which are produced by migrant women's yearnings for people and places far away. Temporary sites and precarious forms of low-wage production serve as fragmented and provisional resources of sociality and labour as migrant workers and urban villages gradually become incorporated within the urban fabric. The unrequited longings of migrant women who work in factories and as caretakers demonstrate how marginal hubs are created through disjunctures of emplacement and mobility, which are intensified as these women attempt to bridge the contradictions entailed in care work and industrial labour across the supply chains.
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Erie, Matthew S. "Introduction to the Symposium on Legal Dimensions of Chinese Globalization: China and Global Health Governance." Chinese Journal of Comparative Law 8, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 281–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cjcl/cxaa029.
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Abstract China has emerged as a champion of economic globalization, particularly through building global supply chains, financing overseas infrastructure and energy projects, and exporting labour to developing countries throughout the world. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), announced in 2013, is a keystone in China’s economic globalization. The BRI emphasizes connectivity: policy, infrastructure, trade, financial, and ‘people-to-people’. Despite the broad significance of Chinese economic globalization, its legal dimensions are still poorly understood. China, Law and Development (CLD) is an international and multi-disciplinary research project that aims to study the legal and regulatory aspects of this stage of globalization. This symposium is comprised of articles by CLD research associates who investigate various questions, including labour rights, skilled migration facilitation, investment review, multilateralism, and patronage and clientelism. This article introduces the symposium, and it does so through the example of China’s role in global health governance. The outbreak of the novel coronavirus (Covid-19) epidemic in late 2019 in China, which has since become a worldwide pandemic, has obstructed BRI connectivity through delinking global supply chains, blocking labour migration, freezing markets, and exacerbating Sinophobia. In response, China has sought to lead an effort in improving global health governance through participation in international organizations and strengthening its bilateral ties through health aid and technology export. The coronavirus pandemic may offer the Chinese an opportunity to lead a more circumscribed re-globalization, although China faces significant challenges.
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Lee, Yok-Shiu F. "The Urban Housing Problem in China." China Quarterly 115 (September 1988): 387–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000027491.
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The state of housing has a direct impact on a country's level of public health and an indirect effect on labour productivity through the general morale of the workers. Practically all the developing countries face serious housing problems, particularly in the urban areas. China, a developing country that upholds socialist economic principles, is no exception in this regard. One of the purposes of this article is to demonstrate that China shares with many developing countries the same intractable problems – namely, a shortage of housing supply and housing inequality in the urban sector. But having said that China's urban housing problem is brought about by policy directives and institutional arrangements that differ entirely from those in capitalist economies.
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Buhmann, Karin. "Corporate Social Responsibility in China: Current Issues and Their Relevance for Implementation of Law." Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 22 (April 10, 2005): 62–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/cjas.v22i1.521.
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Following an introduction to the issue of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and recent developments that indicate a growing interest with CSR in China, this paper discusses some of the issues concerning law in China, in particular effectiveness of labour law and its implementation at local level. The indications are that CSR may have relevance as a modality for strengthening the implementation of law in China. Examples are given of how some CSR-conscious foreign companies that work in or supply from China handle social and environmental responsibility, and tentative perspectives of CSR in China are suggested, with regard to a possible impact on the implementation of law.
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Hlásny, Vladimír. "Job applicant screening in China and its four pillars." Economic and Labour Relations Review 28, no. 3 (May 12, 2017): 455–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304617704592.
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Chinese employers practise extensive personal screening of applicants during the recruitment process. This study identifies four motives for these practices – statistical, customer taste, employer taste and regulatory. It discusses their distinctive roles in the Chinese labour market and in regard to labour-market regulations. Using a convenience sample of large Chinese employers, the study evaluates the economic and institutional determinants of screening approaches and implications for firms’ performance. Statistical screening, based on the assumption that social group membership is an indicator of productivity or loyalty, is found to be related positively to employers’ capitalisation, labour-market power and private ownership, and negatively to skill supply in provincial markets. Customer-taste screening is prevalent in the services and sales sectors, and interestingly in wealthy first-tier cities. Employer-taste screening endures in privately owned firms, and in skill-intensive industries and first-tier cities, and appears linked to customer-taste screening. Some forms of screening breach anti-discrimination laws and persist because of lax enforcement of such laws, but requests for personal data on job applications forms may also reflect compliance with equity indicators. Regulatory compliance-based screening is related positively to firms’ market power, capitalisation and state ownership. The implications of the different screening practices for public policy and corporate strategy are examined.
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de Brauw, Alan, Qiang Li, Chengfang Liu, Scott Rozelle, and Linxiu Zhang. "Feminization of Agriculture in China? Myths Surrounding Women's Participation in Farming." China Quarterly 194 (June 2008): 327–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741008000404.
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AbstractThe goals of this article are to help build a clear picture of the role of women in China's agriculture, to assess whether or not agricultural feminization has been occurring, and if so, to measure its impact on labour use, productivity and welfare. The article uses two high quality data sets to explore who is working on China's farms and the effects of the labour allocation decisions of rural households on labour use, productivity and welfare. It makes three main contributions. First, we establish a conceptual framework within which to define the different dimensions of agricultural feminization and its expected consequences. Second, as a contribution to the China literature and contrary to popular perceptions, we believe we have mostly debunked the myth that China's agriculture is becoming feminized; it is not. We also find that even if women were taking over farms, the consequences in China would be mostly positive – from a labour supply, productivity and income point of view. Finally, there may be some lessons for the rest of the world on what policies and institutions help make women productive when they work on and manage a nation's agricultural sector. Policies that ensure equal access to land, regulations that dictate open access to credit, and economic development strategies that encourage competitive and efficient markets all contribute to an environment in which women farmers can succeed.
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XU, CHANG, and HELEN WANG. "Managing a Multicurrency System in Tang China: The View from the Centre." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 23, no. 2 (April 2013): 223–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186313000175.
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When the Tang dynasty took power in 618, it inherited the multicurrency system of earlier dynasties. The zuyongdiao tax system, in effect from the start of the dynasty, required each taxpayer to submit taxes in grain, labour and cloth. At the same time, the government also minted coins, which constituted some 10 per cent of the total money supply. A persistent shortage of copper limited the number of minted coins the government could issue. Accordingly, officials tried to ensure that sufficient coins and textiles circulated so that both forms of money remained in use. They displayed no consistent preference for one form of money over the other but devised policies to encourage the use of whichever form was then in short supply.
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Xu, Hao. "The time use pattern and labour supply of the left behind spouse and children in rural China." China Economic Review 46 (December 2017): S77—S101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2016.10.010.
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Knotter, Ad, and David Mayer. "Introduction." International Review of Social History 60, S1 (October 9, 2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859015000450.
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AbstractThis introduction presents the main topics and analytical concerns of the contributions to this Special Issue about ethnicity and migration in coalfield history in a global perspective. From the nineteenth century the development of industrial and transport technologies required the supply of coal-based energy in every part of the world. Nineteenth- and early twentieth-century globalization, including colonialism, would not have been possible without coal. Coalmining operations were launched in all world regions, and to enable exploitation mine operators had to find, mobilize, and direct workers to the mining sites. This quest for labour triggered a series of migration processes (both from nearby and far away) and resulted in a broad array of labour relations (both free and unfree). This introduction points to the variety of constellations analysed in the different contributions to this Special Issue. These cover cases from Africa (Nigeria, Zimbabwe), Asia (China, Japan), the Americas (USA, Brazil), Turkey, the Soviet Union, and western Europe (France, Germany), and a broad range of topics, from segregation, forced labour, and subcontracting to labour struggles, discrimination, ethnic paternalism, and sport.
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Kortelainen, Ketty. "Global supply chains and social requirements: case studies of labour condition auditing in the People's Republic of China." Business Strategy and the Environment 17, no. 7 (November 2008): 431–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bse.634.
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Ocicka, Barbara. "Reshoring: implementation issues and research opportunities." Management 20, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/manment-2015-0053.
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Summary At the beginning of the 21st century, we continuously observe shifts in supply chains configurations caused by differentiate trends in turbulent environment. The remarkable number of companies restructure supply chains in search for competitiveness and innovation on global market. On the one hand, some labour-intensive industries are moving out of China to the next low-cost countries, on the other hand, some high-tech and innovative manufacturing companies are returning to the developed countries. The scientific purpose of the article is to set out the potential impact of reshoring on value creation in supply chains and to outline research opportunities in this field. Literature review and results of the questionnaire-survey on the Total Cost of Acquisition analysis are guidelines for considerations. Based on the analysis of reshoring drivers and benefits, it is clear that this strategy might have positive influence on the value creation in international and global supply chains management considering three dimensions of the value: economic, social and environmental from perspective of different stakeholders.
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Ma, Jincheng, and Lei Guo. "Early Childhood Education and Care in a Post-pandemic Economy: Lessons from China." SHS Web of Conferences 96 (2021): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219603002.
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The mismatch between the demand side and the supply side in the Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) sector has been a recurring pattern for a long period of time. Unlike the other levels and types of education, over 60% of provision in the ECEC sector comes from private organizations in China. Following the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic in 2020, challenges have emerged in the high-level customer contact services and the classic labour-intensive industries. From the "regular epidemic prevention and control" point of view, regulatory reform is necessary, such as translating the "price cap regulation" into the "rate of return regulation", enforcing the demand side incentive, combining regulatory innovation and technical innovation, and creating good conditions for the professional development of teachers in the ECEC sector.
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Song, Lin, and Christoph Winkler. "China’s trans-regional entrepreneurship." Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies 6, no. 3 (August 26, 2014): 202–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jeee-06-2014-0020.
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Purpose – The purpose of this article is to analyze the supply (technology, education, labour, unemployment and real estate development) and demand (fiscal revenue and resident income) factors that influence regional entrepreneurial activity in China. Entrepreneurship develops at a rapid pace in China with significant differences among the country’s regions. Design/methodology/approach – Statistics of 31 Chinese provinces from 2005 to 2010 were collected, and an econometric model of the panel data was established. Findings – Empirical results show that technology and employment positively impact on regional entrepreneurial activity. A subsequent analysis comparing data from 2005-2008 to 2009-2010 showed that different variables on regional entrepreneurship weaken during a period of financial crisis, with technology remaining as the only significant variable across all models. Finally, the study summarizes China’s entrepreneurial activity as primarily supply-driven. Research limitations/implications – This study is limited by the data sources and index design, which may not fully capture all influences on regional entrepreneurship to determine whether an inflection point or other interaction mechanisms exist. Practical implications – The study demonstrates a differential emphasis on the impact of economic supply factors in a developing economy to positively affect entrepreneurial activities and sustained economic growth at the regional level. Conversely, it can be inferred that increased government spending during an economic crisis positively influences regional entrepreneurial activities. Originality/value – The study contributes toward the development of a theoretical framework that emphasizes the relationship between entrepreneurial activities and its regional supply and demand factors. The overall model and findings highlight technology’s importance on the development of innovation clusters that spur industrial agglomeration.
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Xia, Yang, Dabo Guan, Jing Meng, Yuan Li, and Yuli Shan. "Assessment of the pollution–health–economics nexus in China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 19 (October 9, 2018): 14433–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14433-2018.
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Abstract. Serious haze can cause contaminant diseases that trigger productive labour time by raising mortality and morbidity rates in cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Health studies rarely consider macroeconomic impacts of industrial interlinkages while disaster studies seldom involve air pollution and its health consequences. This study adopts a supply-driven input–output model to estimate the economic loss resulted from disease-induced working-time reduction across 30 Chinese provinces in 2012 using the most updated Chinese multiregional input–output table. Results show a total economic loss of CNY 398.23 billion ( ∼ 1 % of China's GDP in 2012), with the majority coming from Eastern China and the Mid-South. The total number of affected labourers amounts to 82.19 million. Cross-regional economic impact analysis indicates that the Mid-South, North China, and Eastern China entail the majority of the regional indirect loss. Indeed, most indirect loss in North China, the Northwest and the Southwest can be attributed to manufacturing and energy in other regions, while loss in Eastern China, the Mid-South and the Northeast largely originate from coal and mining in other regions. At the subindustrial level, most inner-regional loss in North China and the Northwest originate from coal and mining, in Eastern China and Southwest from equipment and energy, and in the Mid-South from metal and non-metal. These findings highlight the potential role of geographical distance in regional interlinkages and regional heterogeneity in inner- and outer-regional loss due to distinctive regional economic structures and dependences between the north and south.
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Li, Hua, Pengfei Zhang, and Helong Tong. "The Labour Market of Chinese Cruise Seafarers: Demand, Opportunities and Challenges." Maritime Technology and Research 2, no. 4 (May 28, 2020): Manuscript. http://dx.doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2020.240324.
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The rapid development of the Chinese cruise market has brought with it an urgent increase in demand for Chinese cruise seafarers. This brings great opportunities and challenges to the Chinese seafarer labour market. This research aims to contribute to this relatively understudied area by calculating the demand for Chinese cruise seafarer, and understanding the Chinese seafarers' labour market from the aspects of training, recruitment and their work experience on ships. In order to achieve this objective, a demand model is constructed through the idea of market-driven, in-depth interviews using a detailed questionnaire. The study estimates that the total demand for Chinese cruise seafarers in 2020 will be 29,200 and 100,000 in 2030. This reveals a predicted gap between demand and supply of 19,200 in 2020. The current source of seafarers is mainly from domestic shipping companies, hotels and related institutions. Their entry age is relatively young, current job profiles are mostly those in the capacity of assistants and the average wage is $1217. Thus, there is a lot of room for improvement with their increasing experience. The study has found that most seafarers on board are satisfied with the work on cruise ships and are more concerned about their career development rather than salary. English communication skills and practical skills are two important aspects of crew training. China's cruise ship labour market thus represents both, a high aggregate demand as well as the lack of high-end experienced talent. Labour market policies and systems in China remain to be improved.
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Wu, Xue, An-Jin Shie, and David Gordon. "Impact of customer orientation on turnover intention: mediating role of emotional labour." International Journal of Organizational Analysis 25, no. 5 (November 6, 2017): 909–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoa-06-2017-1184.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the frontline employees’ emotional labour can illustrate the relationship between customer orientation (CO) and turnover intention in the hospitality industry. The study applies the job demands and resources (JD-R) theory to explain the relationship between variables in the proposed model. Design/methodology/approach The paper surveys a sample of 378 frontline employees in the hospitality industry. Findings The findings of this study show that the CO is strongly and positively associated with turnover intention. The three dimensions of emotional labour are all partially mediated with the relationship between CO and turnover intention. Research limitations/implications The limitations of this study include the sample came from seven five-star hotels in Beijing, China. This study used perceptual self-reported measures, which may generate exaggerated relationships among variables. These issues are addressed in the analysis. Practical implications First, the recruitment and selection of frontline employees should incorporate an assessment of the level of CO. Second, hospitality management should train employees in the proper control of emotional labour. Social implications Hospitality should make efforts to supply job resources, such as providing delicious food; more promotion opportunities; better training and recreation programs; more clarified job definitions; and position autonomy. Moreover, good interpersonal relationships, regular recreational activities and sharing working experiences with colleagues may be applied to cope with job demands. Originality/value This study is to explain the roles of the three dimensions of emotional labour (surface acting, genuine emotion and deep acting) in the relationship between CO and turnover intention. More specifically, this study demonstrates why hospitality employees with high (or low) CO have low (or high) levels of turnover intention applying the concept of emotional labour based on JD-R theory.
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Akaev, A. A., D. N. Desyatko, A. A. Petryakov, and A. I. Sarygulov. "Regional Development and the Education System in the Context of Digital Transformation." Economy of Region 16, no. 4 (December 2020): 1031–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2020-4-2.
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The paper aims to assess how the existing imbalance between the education system and the regional economy influences the formation of spatial inequality and uneven economic development. Based on the structural and comparative analysis of data on Russia and China as the members of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, we demonstrate that the technologies of the 4th Industrial Revolution shift the demand for highly skilled labour force. This situation leads to the gap between labour demand and supply, as the education systems are oriented to the economic needs of the 3rd Industrial Revolution. We consider cross-country differences in the quantity of STEM graduates and researchers (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) as a possible cause of spatial inequality in the context of digital transformation. Further, on the example of Russia, we apply correlation and regression analysis to show that the discrepancy between the skill level of graduates and market expectations contributes to regional development inequality. We demonstrate the strong relationship between the share of unemployed persons among the economically active population and the skills of the labour force for all federal districts of the Russian Federation. On average, an increase in the share of employees with higher or secondary vocational education by 1 % decreases unemployment by 0.32 %. Additionally, in all federal districts of Russia, there is a discrepancy between the economic need for highly qualified workers with higher education and the education system producing too many specialists with secondary vocational education. The discrepancy between the structure of skilled labour force produced by the education system and the employment structure in the labour market by 10 % increases unemployment by almost 1 %. The results of the study can be used by the government for creating the development strategy of the education system and reducing spatial inequality.
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Akaev, A. A., D. N. Desyatko, A. A. Petryakov, and A. I. Sarygulov. "Regional Development and the Education System in the Context of Digital Transformation." Economy of Region 16, no. 4 (December 2020): 1031–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2020-4-2.
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The paper aims to assess how the existing imbalance between the education system and the regional economy influences the formation of spatial inequality and uneven economic development. Based on the structural and comparative analysis of data on Russia and China as the members of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, we demonstrate that the technologies of the 4th Industrial Revolution shift the demand for highly skilled labour force. This situation leads to the gap between labour demand and supply, as the education systems are oriented to the economic needs of the 3rd Industrial Revolution. We consider cross-country differences in the quantity of STEM graduates and researchers (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) as a possible cause of spatial inequality in the context of digital transformation. Further, on the example of Russia, we apply correlation and regression analysis to show that the discrepancy between the skill level of graduates and market expectations contributes to regional development inequality. We demonstrate the strong relationship between the share of unemployed persons among the economically active population and the skills of the labour force for all federal districts of the Russian Federation. On average, an increase in the share of employees with higher or secondary vocational education by 1 % decreases unemployment by 0.32 %. Additionally, in all federal districts of Russia, there is a discrepancy between the economic need for highly qualified workers with higher education and the education system producing too many specialists with secondary vocational education. The discrepancy between the structure of skilled labour force produced by the education system and the employment structure in the labour market by 10 % increases unemployment by almost 1 %. The results of the study can be used by the government for creating the development strategy of the education system and reducing spatial inequality.
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Ahmad Khan, Bilal. "Economic Impact Of Covid-19 And Change In Value System." International Journal on Integrated Education 3, no. 8 (August 8, 2020): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i8.530.
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Mankind has observed various pandemics throughout history where some of were more disastrous than the others to the humans. We are observing a very tough time once again fighting an invisible enemy; the novel COVID-19 coronavirus. Initially identified in the Wuhan province of China, and then rapidly spread across the world. The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has created a shock, putting all global population under lockdown. The worldwide spread of the pandemic resulted in unfathomable economic fallouts; zero economic activity, disruption of supply chain networks, falling global demands. The COVID-19 global crisis continues to disrupt social chains. Although there is no vaccine available and in order to prevent and avoid COVID-19, World Health Organization recommended avoiding large events and mass gatherings. The effects of COVID-19 on education, businesses, laborers’ and families have been adverse. The main objective of the study is to assess the disruptions caused by Covid-19 on supply chain both in rural and urban areas and further analyze the effect of Covid-19 on inter and intra district mobility movement of labour and consequent human psychology and value system.
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MAZENDA, Adrino. "Development of BRICS Bilateral Trade Relations: A South African Perspective." Nile Journal of Business and Economics 2, no. 2 (May 5, 2016): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20321/nilejbe.v2i2.49.
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<p>This study examines the structure, value, intensity and complementarity of South Africa’s trade with its Brazil–Russia-India-China (BRIC) partners. It highlights the increasing dynamism of intra- BRICS trade, which started on accession to the World Trade Organisation in 2010. Key determinants to this dynamism include the rapid growth of Chinese and Indian economies accompanied by a steep rise in demand for South Africa’s primary commodities. The rising intensity with China is demand-oriented, while the intensity with India is supply-oriented, mostly in semi-finished and finished commodities.</p><p>South Africa’s addition to BRIC coincided with three key developments; its trade balance with most BRIC economies narrowed; the quality of its exports to the BRIC improved; and the value of its exports to BRIC exceeded the value of exports to the European Union and Central Asia. The latter development is attributable to trade diversion from the European Union and Central Asia to the BRIC.</p><p>Inclusive growth is probable if South Africa could leverage trade with the BRIC. More, so while employment is at peak in labour- intensive primary industry, intra-industry trade with the BRIC would resuscitate the manufacturing and services sectors so that the complementary effects of trade would be feasible.</p>
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Zhong, Xiaohui, and Minggang Peng. "The Grandmothers’ Farewell to Childcare Provision under China’s Two-Child Policy: Evidence from Guangzhou Middle-Class Families." Social Inclusion 8, no. 2 (April 28, 2020): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v8i2.2674.
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As China’s one-child policy is replaced by the two-child policy, young Chinese women and their spouses are increasingly concerned about who will take care of the ‘second child.’ Due to the absence of public childcare services and the rising cost of privatised care services in China, childcare provision mainly relies on families, such that working women’s choices of childbirth, childcare and employment are heavily constrained. To deal with structural barriers, young urban mothers mobilise grandmothers as joint caregivers. Based on interviews with Guangzhou middle-class families, this study examines the impact of childcare policy reform since 1978 on childbirth and childcare choices of women. It illustrates the longstanding contributions and struggles of women, particularly grandmothers, engaged in childcare. It also shows that intergenerational parenting involves a set of practices of intergenerational intimacy embedded in material conditions, practical acts of care, moral values and power dynamics. We argue that the liberation, to some extent, of young Chinese mothers from childcare is at the expense of considerable unpaid care work from grandmothers rather than being driven by increased public care services and improved gender equality in domestic labour. Given the significant stress and seriously constrained choices in later life that childcare imposes, grandmothers now become reluctant to help rear a second grandchild. This situation calls for changes in family policies to increase the supply of affordable and good-quality childcare services, enhance job security in the labour market, provide supportive services to grandmothers and, most importantly, prioritise the wellbeing of women and families over national goals.
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Boiko, I. V. "Eurasian Civilization in the Context of the Great Silk Road Logistics." EURASIAN INTEGRATION: economics, law, politics 14, no. 2 (July 9, 2021): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-2929-2021-02-40-48.
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The significance of the Great Silk Road is interesting not only by its history, but by the knowledge, required for the better understanding of the current economic and political realities as well. The introduction of the new insights into the essence of the Eurasian trade route, its emergence and destruction studied under the projection on the contemporary processes, undermining the global supply chain represents the main idea of the given research. In the article, the Great Silk Road is represented in the logistics framework: generation of the freight flows, peculiarity of their material composition, the pathway trajectory architecture, creation of the necessary infrastructure. The significance of the spatial peculiarity, natural preconditions and advanced technologies for the freight generation, the international trade development and the Eurasian civilization emergence is emphasized. The paper reveals special logistic characteristics of silk as the initial chain in the ancient trade as well as the distinctive characteristics of transportation mode and freight. The political stability plays a significant role in the risk reduction for the freight turnover and for functioning of the international transportation system in general. The endogenous and exogenous reasons for the Great Silk Road breakdown are related with the increasing trade deficit between the East and West, the import substitution policy accepted by the European countries and increasing protectionism in their external trade relations. Exploring the Great Silk Road downfall, the author concludes about the contemporary global supply chain disruption causes, emphasizing the negative impact of the economic and political influence. The US-China trade war destroys the international trade. The COVID-19 pandemic tends the business localization. Ecological threats provide new requirements to the freight flows. The “pull strategy”, practiced by the logistic companies is steadily replacing by the “push strategy”. Moreover, China has been reducing investments into the trans-Eurasian project. That kind of instability could lead to a deep transformation of the international transportation systems as well as the system of the international relations in general. Russia should consider those new realities carefully when scheduling its international division of labour strategy.
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Kueh, Y. Y. "Mao and Agriculture in China's Industrialization: Three Antitheses in a 50-Year Perspective." China Quarterly 187 (September 2006): 700–723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741006000336.
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Accelerated agricultural collectivization in China was an inescapable consequence of the broader economic goal of socialist industrialization. Rightly or wrongly, this wider vision of China's future was imposed by Mao, and to judge the High Tide of agricultural collectivization of 1955–56 without regard to these wider objectives is a mistake. The collectivization represented an extensive growth that relied on labour mobilization to expand factor supply and to extend the crop sown area in a manner rationalized by the theories of Ragnar Nurkse. This strategy inevitably required bureaucratic control and coercion, depressed peasant consumption and the forced siphoning off of the agricultural surplus. As such its outcome should not be evaluated in terms of the neoclassical economic norms of income maximization, peasant incentives or efficiency in cropping patterns based on market prices.In this framework, the post-Mao decollectivization and the readjustment of the agriculture-industry balance can be seen as a transition to an intensive agricultural growth strategy that was built upon the precise material legacy (expanded irrigation and drainage capacity) left behind by Mao. This strategy has proved to be remarkably successful in further releasing industrial growth from the agricultural constraint.
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Khanal, Nirdosh. "Impact of Corona Virus pandemic on Different sectors of Nepalese Economy." Management Dynamics 23, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/md.v23i2.35825.
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Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) causing persistent drumbeat of positive tests and reported deaths across the globe, has created widespread crisis in Nepal as well. The crisis has already led into an economic and labour market shock, impacting both on demand and supply chain. Due to the outbreak of this deadly coronavirus, Nepal has started to suffer the most abrupt and widespread cessation of economic activity. The goal of this paper is to study the emerging and rapidly growing literature on the impact of COVID-19 on various economic and social sectors and to synthetize the insights emerging from a very large number of studies. This study summarizes the literature on the socio-economic consequences of corona virus and consequent lockdown imposed by government on Nepal. This study revealed that COVID-19 has negatively impacted macro economy of country lowering national GDP, decreasing revenue collection, slowing economic growth rate, decreasing wage rate, price inflation and causing loss of employment opportunities. The study showed that almost every sector of socio-economics has been slowed down that adversely effect on country’s economy. The effect are identified on Remittance, Labour and Employment, Tourism, Education and Agriculture (Dairy, vegetables and Poultry) .The uncertain impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Nepal’s social economy will magnify depending on how events unfold on three fronts; i) its dependence on tourism, trade, and foreign employment and the consequences that will propagate through the services and industrial landscape; ii) if or when the spread of the pandemic overwhelms a grossly inadequate health infrastructure and antivirals or vaccine become available and iii) Nepal’s heavy geo-economic reliance on India and China, and the nature of contagion in those countries.
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Pande, Kirti, and Raja K. Gundu. "Challenges and Strategies for Indian IT MNCs in 2010." Foreign Trade Review 37, no. 1-2 (April 2002): 104–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515020107.
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IT service providers in India have been increasingly concerned about competitive threat to their export business from emergingfirms in China. The world over competition is being replaced by co-opetition. Competitors are becoming global in their view of service markets and are driven by demand from buyers for dealing with well-known trusted and large service brands. Alliance with Chinese firms will allow scale and risk diversification for Indian vendors to compete as global brands. Opportunity for achieving scale of operations emerge from projections of the Chinese software market size to grow to $22-27 billion' by year 2006 from $5.024 billion in 2000. Risk diversification opportunity exists in the form of expanding markets to Japan and South Korea. A word of caution is that the hype surrounding China will eventually subside. A hype cycle Model enumerates why the predicted revenues might not be realised due to government policies and economic turmoil, hence entry strategy should be well timed. We suggest entry in 2004 as appropriate timing for Indian MNCs. On the other hand the perceived threat of China emerging as an alternative outsourcing base is not substantiated by facts. Based on current data we estimate an acute shortage in skilled labour. India too will face skill shortages to a lesser degree. We recommend process innovation in software development methodologies as a strategy for meeting the projected supply shortages. Finally, companies are likely to face internal challenges. The genesis of these challenges lie in its implementation part and top management vision. A balanced scorecard has been evolved for IT companies to link strategies with critical success factors and generate key performance measures for internal strength of the organisation. The paper tries to make certain recommendations which are emerged during the discussions with various CEOs of different companies.
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Chang, Yan, Suzanne Wilkinson, Regan Potangaroa, and Erica Seville. "IN TERPRETING RESOURCING BOTTLENECKS OF POST‐WENC HUAN EARTHQUAKE RECONSTRUCTION IN CHINA." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 14, no. 4 (December 31, 2010): 314–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2010.24.
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Post‐disaster reconstruction is likely to suffer resource shortages and supply disruptions. The devastating Wenchuan earthquake on 12 May 2008 in China served as a typical example. After the catastrophe, resource problems such as price escalation and market inflation posed a significant challenge to Chinese policy makers and reconstruction team. Based on field surveys, the study attempts to examine the Wenchuan earthquake reconstruction practice and identify the most vulnerable resources along with their resourcing impediments inherent in the reconstruction process. The research findings show that at the early stage of reconstruction, labour and materials such as brick, cement, steel and aggregate were the most needed yet vulnerable resources. Procurement of these resources was mainly hindered by (1) reconstruction schedule and speed, (2) the impacts of the 2008 global financial crisis, (3) inadequate local transportation capacity, (4) dysfunction of the construction market, and (5) insufficient engagement of local construction industry. While the interventions and measures Chinese government adopted after the earthquake seem to be able to deal with resourcing bottlenecks in a short time; different efforts to reduce the impacts of these five areas are needed with a view to expediting longer‐term disaster recovery and reconstruction. Santruka Atstatant po nelaimiu tiketina, kad truks ištekliu ir kartais nutruks tiekimas. 2008 m. gegužes 12 d. Kinija supurtes niokojantis Wenchuan žemes drebejimas – būdingas pavyzdys. Po katastrofos kilusi ištekliu problema, kaip antai pakilusios kainos ir padidejusi rinka, Kinijos politikams ir atstatymo komandai tapo rimtu iššūkiu. Remiantis praktiniais tyrimais, darbe meginama išnagrineti atstatymo veikla po Wenchuan žemes drebejimo ir nustatyti sunkiausiai gaunamus išteklius kartu su atstatymo procesui būdingomis kliūtimis ju gauti. Tyrimo išvados rodo, kad ankstyvajame atstatymo darbu etape labiausiai reikejo, bet daugiausiai trūko tokiu ištekliu, kaip darbo jega ir medžiagos: plytos, cementas, plienas ir užpildai. Šiu ištekliu isigyti labiausiai trukde (1) atstatymo darbu tvarkaraštis ir sparta, (2) 2008 metu pasaulines finansu krizes poveikis, (3) nepakankamas vietinio transporto našumas, (4) sutrikusi statybu rinka ir (5) nepakankamas vietines statybu pramones dalyvavimas. Nors po žemes drebejimo Kinijos valdžios pasirinktos priemones ir intervencijos būdai lyg ir leido trumpam pašalinti ištekliu trūkumus, šiu penkiu punktu poveikiui mažinti reikia ivairiu pastangu, kad spartus atsigavimas ir atstatymas po nelaimiu būtu ilgalaikis.
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Li, Haizheng, and Jeffrey S. Zax. "Labor supply in urban China." Journal of Comparative Economics 31, no. 4 (December 2003): 795–817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2003.08.003.
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Kamala, K. "Policy and Programme Effect of COVID-19 on Economy in India." Asian Journal of Social Science Studies 5, no. 4 (January 8, 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/ajsss.v5i4.847.
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The outbreak of COVID-19 brought social and economic life to a standstill. In this study the focus is on assessing the impact on affected sectors, such as aviation, tourism, retail, capital markets, MSMEs, and oil. International and internal mobility is restricted, and the revenues generated by travel and tourism, which contributes 9.2% of the GDP, will take a major toll on the GDP growth rate. Aviation revenues will come down by USD 1.56 billion. Oil has plummeted to 18-year low of $ 22 per barrel in March, and Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) have withdrawn huge amounts from India, about USD 571.4 million. While lower oil prices will shrink the current account deficit, reverse capital flows will expand it. Rupee is continuously depreciating. MSMEs will undergo a severe cash crunch. The crisis witnessed a horrifying mass exodus of such floating population of migrants on foot, amidst countrywide lockdown. Their worries primarily were loss of job, daily ration, and absence of a social security net. India must rethink on her development paradigm and make it more inclusive. COVID 19 has also provided some unique opportunities to India. There is an opportunity to participate in global supply chains, multinationals are losing trust in China. To ‘Make in India’, some reforms are needed, labour reforms being one of them.
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Chaudhary, Monika, P. R. Sodani, and Shankar Das. "Effect of COVID-19 on Economy in India: Some Reflections for Policy and Programme." Journal of Health Management 22, no. 2 (June 2020): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972063420935541.
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The outbreak of COVID-19 brought social and economic life to a standstill. In this study the focus is on assessing the impact on affected sectors, such as aviation, tourism, retail, capital markets, MSMEs, and oil. International and internal mobility is restricted, and the revenues generated by travel and tourism, which contributes 9.2% of the GDP, will take a major toll on the GDP growth rate. Aviation revenues will come down by USD 1.56 billion. Oil has plummeted to 18-year low of $ 22 per barrel in March, and Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) have withdrawn huge amounts from India, about USD 571.4 million. While lower oil prices will shrink the current account deficit, reverse capital flows will expand it. Rupee is continuously depreciating. MSMEs will undergo a severe cash crunch. The crisis witnessed a horrifying mass exodus of such floating population of migrants on foot, amidst countrywide lockdown. Their worries primarily were loss of job, daily ration, and absence of a social security net. India must rethink on her development paradigm and make it more inclusive. COVID 19 has also provided some unique opportunities to India. There is an opportunity to participate in global supply chains, multinationals are losing trust in China. To ‘Make in India’, some reforms are needed, labour reforms being one of them.
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Kamala, K. "Policy and Programme Effect of COVID-19 on Economy in India." Asian Journal of Social Science Studies 5, no. 4 (January 8, 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/ajsss.v5i4.847.
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The outbreak of COVID-19 brought social and economic life to a standstill. In this study the focus is on assessing the impact on affected sectors, such as aviation, tourism, retail, capital markets, MSMEs, and oil. International and internal mobility is restricted, and the revenues generated by travel and tourism, which contributes 9.2% of the GDP, will take a major toll on the GDP growth rate. Aviation revenues will come down by USD 1.56 billion. Oil has plummeted to 18-year low of $ 22 per barrel in March, and Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) have withdrawn huge amounts from India, about USD 571.4 million. While lower oil prices will shrink the current account deficit, reverse capital flows will expand it. Rupee is continuously depreciating. MSMEs will undergo a severe cash crunch. The crisis witnessed a horrifying mass exodus of such floating population of migrants on foot, amidst countrywide lockdown. Their worries primarily were loss of job, daily ration, and absence of a social security net. India must rethink on her development paradigm and make it more inclusive. COVID 19 has also provided some unique opportunities to India. There is an opportunity to participate in global supply chains, multinationals are losing trust in China. To ‘Make in India’, some reforms are needed, labour reforms being one of them.
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Wang, Xiaoyu, Jinquan Gong, and Chunan Wang. "How Does Commute Time Affect Labor Supply in Urban China? Implications for Active Commuting." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13 (June 27, 2020): 4631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134631.
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This paper identifies the causal effect of commute time on labor supply in urban China and provides implications for the development of active commuting. Labor supply is measured by daily workhours, workdays per week and weekly workhours, and city average commute time is adopted as an instrumental variable to correct the endogenous problem of individual commute time. We find that in urban China, commute time does not have effect on daily labor supply but has negative effects on workdays per week and weekly labor supply. These results are different from those found in Germany and Spain, and are potentially related to the intense competition among workers in the labor market of China. Moreover, the effect of commute time on workdays per week is stronger for job changed workers. In addition, the effects of commute time on labor supply are not different between males and females. Finally, policy implications for active commuting are discussed.
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Lin, Benxi, Zongjian Lin, Yu Zhang, and Weiping Liu. "The Impact of the New Rural Pension Scheme on Retirement Sustainability in China: Evidence of Regional Differences in Formal and Informal Labor Supply." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (November 23, 2018): 4366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124366.
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This paper evaluates the effect of China’s New Rural Pension Scheme (NRPS) on the retirement sustainability in forms of formal labor supply and informal labor supply in terms of care of grandchildren, using data from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). We explore the regional differences of the NRPS effect on labor supply between the West and the other regions of China. Our analysis shows that rural Western China has a more severe problem of “ceaseless toil” compared to the rest of the country. We find that NRPS improves the “ceaseless toil” situation of the Chinese rural elderly especially in Western China. Our results suggest the need to increase the amount of NRPS payment, and to develop a region-specific pension programs in China.
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Huff, Gregg, and Giovanni Caggiano. "Globalization, Immigration, and Lewisian Elastic Labor in Pre–World War II Southeast Asia." Journal of Economic History 67, no. 1 (March 2007): 33–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050707000022.
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Between 1880 and 1939 Burma, Malaya, and Thailand received inflows of migrants from India and China comparable in size to European immigration in the New World. This article examines the forces that lay behind migration to Southeast Asia and asks if experience there bears out Lewis's unlimited labor supply hypothesis. We find that it does and, furthermore, that immigration created a highly integrated labor market stretching from South India to Southeastern China. Emigration from India and China and elastic labor supply are identified as important components of Asian globalization before the Second World War.
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Cao, Jing, Mun S. Ho, Wenhao Hu, and Dale Jorgenson. "Effective labor supply and growth outlook in China." China Economic Review 61 (June 2020): 101398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2019.101398.
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Chan, Kam Wing. "A China Paradox: Migrant Labor Shortage amidst Rural Labor Supply Abundance." Eurasian Geography and Economics 51, no. 4 (July 2010): 513–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2747/1539-7216.51.4.513.
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Liu, Lingchen, Renji Sun, Yan Gu, and Kung Cheng Ho. "The Effect of China’s Health Insurance on the Labor Supply of Middle-aged and Elderly Farmers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 14, 2020): 6689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186689.
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Social security primarily improves residents’ welfare and ensures labor market sustainability. This study presents a new view of the association between health insurance and labor supply by using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. The results reveal that the health insurance system has a remarkable effect on labor supply. The health insurance coverage tends to encourage middle-aged and elderly farmers to increase their farm labor participation rate and working time, especially for their household agricultural labor participation rate and working time. However, it also reduces the non-farm labor participation rate and working time. Different types of health insurance have diverse effects on labor supply. The new cooperative medical insurance has a stronger pull-back effect. It encourages the middle-aged and elderly farmers to leave the urban non-farm sector and transfer to rural areas to engage in their household agricultural work. The urban employee medical insurance encourages farmers to reduce self-employed labor supply and increase employed work. The supplemental health insurance tends to reduce the labor supply of farm employed and non-farm labor supply, but improve the farm labor supply. Furthermore, urban resident medical insurance and government medical insurance encourage farmers to quit directly from the labor market. In conclusion, the health insurance system is facilitating change in the labor market. Policy-makers should pay full attention to such impacts while improving the health insurance system’s design and operation in China.
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Shen, Zheng, Marie Parker, Derek Brown, and Xiangming Fang. "Effects of public health insurance on labor supply in rural China." China Agricultural Economic Review 9, no. 4 (November 6, 2017): 623–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-12-2016-0194.
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Purpose Since the implementation of the New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS) in 2003, this program has experienced rapid growth. Even so, little is known about the association between NCMS expansion and labor force supply among rural residents in China. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of the NCMS on labor force supply for rural Chinese populations. Design/methodology/approach Using data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), a difference-in-differences (DD) approach is employed to estimate the impact of NCMS expansion on labor supply outcomes, including hours of worked in agriculture, off-farm labor force participation, not working, and weeks off due to illness. A number of falsification tests are conducted to identify whether the assumption of common trends of DD analyses is satisfied. The robustness of results is checked through additional estimation, including panel fixed effects and instrumental variable approach. Findings Results show that the NCMS expansion has a positive effect on the hours of worked in agriculture and off-farm labor force participation, and reduces the likelihood of not working and weeks off due to illness. The effect on hours of agricultural production is larger for male adults, those aged 50 or more, and individuals in low-income families. This study demonstrates the importance of potential health improvements from public health insurance in promoting rural residents’ labor productivity. Originality/value Studies concerning the effects of public health insurance on labor supply in developing countries remain limited. The findings of this study provide important insights into how public health insurance programs, like the NCMS, may affect patterns of labor supply among rural residents, and can help policymakers improve health policies aimed to reduce the number of uninsured farmers while maintaining high levels of labor supply, productivity, and health status among the most vulnerable of populations.
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Chen, Jianxian, Xiaokuai Shao, Ghulam Murtaza, and Zhongxiu Zhao. "Factors that influence female labor force supply in China." Economic Modelling 37 (February 2014): 485–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.11.043.
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Qiao, Xue, and Lili Wang. "Fertility and old-age labor supply in aging China." China Economic Review 57 (October 2019): 101261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2018.12.004.
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Sun, Changing. "The Impact of Population Ageing and Labor Supply on Economic Growth - Analysis Based on Panel Autoregressive Model." HOLISTICA – Journal of Business and Public Administration 11, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hjbpa-2020-0004.
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AbstractPopulation Ageing will increase the proportion of the elderly in the population and affect the Labor supply, which will eventually have an effect on the economy. This paper first analyzes the impact of aging on labor supply and economic growth from the theoretical level. Population ageing argues will reduce the supply of labor and hamper economic growth. Then, based on the panel data of 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China, this paper uses panel auto-regression Model. An empirical analysis of the interaction between population ageing and labor force is carried out by means of Impulse Response Diagram and variance decomposition. The study adds to evidence that ageing reduces the supply of labor and hence economic growth.
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Chen, Xuan, Jing Chen, and Chien-Yu Huang. "Too Risky to Focus on Agriculture? An Empirical Study of China’s Agricultural Households’ Off-Farm Employment Decisions." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (January 29, 2019): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030697.
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This paper investigates China’s agricultural households and their individual members’ off-farm labor supply decision in response to farm production risks and a number of other factors (e.g., demographic characteristics, farm characteristics, and local market features). Whether and to what extent farming risks may affect farmers’ off-farm employment in China are rarely studied. Our paper provides an empirical study to demonstrate that agricultural production risks significantly impact off-farm labor supply in rural China. The impacts of associated variables on households off-farm labor supply decisions are quantified using a sample of large–scale nationwide household finance survey in 2010. The results suggest that off-farm employment serves as a risk adaption strategy for Chinese farmers. Policy suggestions on retaining farmers to focus on agricultural production are discussed.