Journal articles: 'Lac insects'

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Rostaman, Rostaman, and Bambang Sugeng Suryatna. "Evaluasi Produktivitas Kutu Lak, Laccifer lacca Kerr. (Hemiptera: Kerridae) pada Tiga Jenis Tanaman Inang." Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia 6, no. 2 (December 15, 2016): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5994/jei.6.2.70.

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Lac insects (Laccifer lacca Kerr) live parasitically on “kosambi” plants, and produce resins that are called lac. Lac are used for electronics, printing, textile, clothing, cosmetics, and food industry. The insects also live on various plants. The goal of this research was to evaluate the population quality of Lac insect that live on three host plants. The best parameter for population quality was biomass or lac production. Three host plants were inoculated by broods. The result showed that “kosambi” was the best host plant for the insect due to higher biomass (i.e lac production) than “kabesak putih” and “kabesak hitam” plants.

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Sajeev, T. V., S. Muthukumar, JithuK Krishnan, K. Thamilarasi, A. Mohanasundaram, and Vaibhav Lohot. "First report of two insects, Megachile sp. and Armadillidium sp., as new pests on Flemingia spp. In Thrissur, Kerala." International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences 8, no. 6 (December 31, 2023): 86–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.55126/ijzab.2023.v08.i06.013.

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A project entitled "Conservation of Lac Insect Genetic Resources" is underway at the Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI) at Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala, India. This project includes the maintenance of both a lac insect gene bank and a lac insect host plant gene bank. Two types of host plants, Flemingia semialata (F. semialata) and Flemingia macrophylla (F. macrophylla), are cultivated to support the lac insect, Kerria spp. In the month of May, it was observed that Megachile bees were cutting the leaves of F. semialata and using them to construct nests. Roly-poly (Armadillidium spp) insects were also found affecting the young leaves of seedlings of F. semialata and F. macrophylla at KFRI. These two insects, Megachile and Armadillidium, are newly reported for the first time on the plants of F. semialata and F. macrophylla in Kerala.

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Patel, Sahab Kumar, Moni Thomas, Gopilal Anjana, Satyendra Thakur, Deep Kumar Pahalwan, Manish Bhan, Alok Bajpai, Anil Kumar Singh, and Niraj Tripathi. "Impact of Biotic and Abiotic Stress on Survival of Lac Insects Kerria lacca Kerr. on Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp)." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 11 (November 29, 2023): 3905–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i113571.

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Cajanus cajan is generally grown in rainfed condition. The crop is also a good annual host plant of lac insect. C. cajan is widely reported to have biotic stress due to insect pests on it. Lac insect is phloem sap feeder and hence imparts biotic stress. The present field study was conducted to evaluate the percent survival of lac insects on C. cajan by adjusting different levels of biotic and abiotic stress on the host plant. The biotic stress due to insect pests on C. cajan was minimised with periodic spray of contact insecticides. The varying level of biotic stress i.e., No, Low, Medium, and High level was maintained on C. cajan plants with lac insects on it. The three levels of abiotic stress in this experiment were considered in terms of soil moisture stress. It was managed through irrigation per plant through drip system, it was considered that creating different levels of moisture stress in soil will impact the host plant. The abiotic stress was of three levels i.e., Low, Medium, and High. The result reveals that survival percent of Lac insect from brood lac inoculation to the harvest of lac crop was highest 37.52 percent on C. cajan with one primary branch and its secondary branches with lac insect (L1- Low biotic stress). It was 32.13 percent (W3- Low soil moisture stress). The study indicates that biotic and abiotic stress play a major role in the survival of K. lacca.

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Ramani, R., and K. Sharma. "Record of natural infestation of the Indian Lac Insect, Erria Lacca (Kerr) (Coccoidea: Tachardiidae) on Acacia Tortilis (Forsskal) Hayne and Calliandra Surinamensis Benth." Indian Journal of Forestry 33, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2010-lf2jlk.

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The Indian lac insect Kerria lacca (Coccoidea: Tachardiidae) is a beneficial insect, exploited commercially for lac, from which economically important resin, dye and wax are obtained. Natural infestations of this species have been recorded on two hitherto unreported host plants, Acacia tortilis (Forsskal) Hayne and Calliandra surinamensis Benth. Both species belong to Fabaceae, the family which comprises of about one-thirds of reported lac host species. Fairly large populations of the lac insects of good density have been observed on these hosts, indicative of good survival of the lac insect. The plant characteristics have also been discussed for their suitability from lac cultivation stand point.

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Wang, Weiwei, Pengfei Liu, Qin Lu, Xiaofei Ling, Jinwen Zhang, Ming-Shun Chen, Hang Chen, and Xiaoming Chen. "Potential Pathways and Genes Involved in Lac Synthesis and Secretion in Kerria chinensis (Hemiptera: Kerriidae) Based on Transcriptomic Analyses." Insects 10, no. 12 (November 28, 2019): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10120430.

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Lac is a type of natural resin secreted by lac insects and is widely used in the military and other industries because of its excellent adhesion and insulation properties. The main ingredients of lac are lactones and lactides, which are formed from hydroxy fatty acids and sesquiterpene esters. In this study, we measured lac secretion rates by the insect Kerria chinensis at different developmental stages and identified lac secretion-minimum and lac secretion-active stages of the insect. We then analyzed transcriptomes of lac secretion-minimum and lac secretion-active stages of the insect. Based on expression profiles of genes in different stages of the insect, we identified pathways and genes that are potentially involved in lac synthesis and secretion in K. chinensis. Our study lays a foundation for future studies to reveal the molecular mechanisms and pathways of lac synthesis and secretion in this beneficial insect.

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Verma, Sweta, Ranganathan Ramani, Ramesh Chandra, and Hemant Kumar. "CULTURABLE ENDOSYMBIOTIC BACTERIA FROM THE INDIAN LAC INSECT, KERRIA LACCA (KERR)." Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research 11, no. 1 (April 30, 2024): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.59465/ijfr.2024.11.1.33-45.

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The Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr) (Coccoidea: Tachardiidae) is a commercially important phytosuccivorous and sessile scale insect. Lac insects are cultured on suitable host plants in India and some Southeast Asian countries to produce lac. The lac insect harbours a number of endosymbionts. Isolation of culturable microbial endosymbionts and their identification through 16S rRNA has revealed sex and host-related differences of microbial species. Bacillus boroniphilus, Enterobacter cloacae and Staphylococcus sp. were found only in the lac insects reared on the plant host Cajanus cajan, whereas Bacillus firmus, Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus, Bacillus horneckiae and Bacillus velezensis were recorded only from Flemingia macrophylla. B. firmus and L. xylanilyticus were female-specific and B. horneckiae and B. velezensis were male-specific with Flemingia macrophylla as host; E. cloacae was female-specific and Bacillus boroniphilus and Staphylococcus sp. were male specific with C. cajan. Biochemical characteristics of the isolates, their genetic relationship with their taxonomic kin and their probable role, based on the information available about these endosymbionts in other hosts, have been studied.

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Ramani, R., K. Sharma, and P. Kumar. "A new record of occurrence of indian lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr) (Coccoidea: Tachardiidae) on Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. (Euphorbiaceae)." Indian Journal of Forestry 31, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 283–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2008-2qh9x6.

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The Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr) is an economically important insect, which is cultured widely for its products of commerce. Lac insects have been reported to thrive on more than 400 plant species. Occurrence of K. lacca on Euphorbia pulcherrima (Poinsettia), an ornamental plant has been reported for the first time. The infestation level on this plant species is indicative of its potential as an economic host for lac culture for summer crop.

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Bashir, Nawaz Haider, Huanhuan Chen, Shahzad Munir, Weiwei Wang, Hang Chen, Yong-Kang Sima, and Jiandong An. "Unraveling the Role of Lac Insects in Providing Natural Industrial Products." Insects 13, no. 12 (December 5, 2022): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13121117.

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In the current era, products made from organic materials enjoy a privileged position because of their inherent safety. The eco-friendly properties of natural lac resins have increased their demand in many industries. It is secreted by sucking insects (Hemiptera, Kerriidae) and comprises three major components, viz., resin, dye, and wax. Lac insects are generally bivoltine in nature and are distributed in tropical and sub-tropical regions with complex multi-trophic habitats. Because of their sedentary habits, lac insects are more vulnerable to predators, parasitoids, squirrels, and rats, leading to a more than 50% reduction in production yield. To increase lac production, advanced-level molecular research is required to figure out the mechanism behind lac synthesis and secretion to improve lac yield and quality. The present review highlights metamorphosis, sexual dimorphism, multi-trophic habitat, host plants, and natural enemies of lac insects, lac composition, and applications, emphasizing the role of microbes, potential lac genes, and lac synthesis mechanisms in enhancing lac quality and production. The information provided here might be useful for lac researchers and for stakeholders aiming to make their products more eco-friendly.

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Lokeshwari, R. K., and T. Shantibala. "A Review on the Fascinating World of Insect Resources: Reason for Thoughts." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2010 (2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/207570.

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Insect resources are vast and diverse due to their enormous diversity. The exploitation and utilization of insect resources is broadly classified into four different categories. The first category is the insects of industrial resources. This level includes the utilization of silk worm, honeybee, lac insect, dye insect, and aesthetic insect. The second category is the utilization of insects for edible and therapeutic purposes. Insects are high in protein and many are rich sources of vitamins and minerals. The third category is the use of insects in forensic investigation. By analyzing the stages of succession of insects at first, rough estimation of the postmortem intervals can be done. The fourth category is the insects of ecological importance. Many insect species act as potential predators and parasites of destructive pests of insect order Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Orthoptera. Insects are also used as bioindicator to assess the cumulative effects of environmental stressors such as pollutants. Despites these fascinating benefits, insect resources are often neglected in India due to lack of proper documentation, less expertise, and advance enterprises in these fields. Hence, the paper reviews the different fascinating facets of insect resources in order to explore and utilize it in a sustainable way with reference to Indian region.

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Ghosal, S., K. Sharma, A. Bhattacharya, and K. Kumar. "Broodlac and sticklac yield as affected by site of inoculation, shoot length coverage and irrigation levels." Journal of Non-Timber Forest Products 9, no. 1/2 (June 1, 2002): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2002-rl099w.

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Flemingia semialata is an important bushy lac-host plant which is utilised, in alternation with other lac-hosts for lac cultivation during rainy season. However, plant and lac insect mortality due to stress of heavy inoculation and lack of irrigation is a common problem in bushy lac-hosts which not only adversely affects the production of raw lac but also the quality of broodlac. Studies on effect of site of inoculation, percentage shoot length coverage and different levels of irrigation revealed that all the plants inoculated at lower part and 57.2% of the plants inoculated at upper part did not yield lac and the middle portion of one year old stalk was preferred by the lac insect for settlement. Average broodlac (63.5 g) and sticklac (33.0 g) yield was maximum in the middle inoculated plant. 40% coverage of inoculable shoot length gave maximum returns for broodlac cultivation, though, sticklac yield increased with increase in shoot coverage up to 80%. Irrigation of crop at regular intervals improved the quality of the broodlac. Number of lac larvae emerging from 10 g of broodlac cultured on daily irrigated plants covered 91.8 cm shoot in comparison to 35.4 cm covered by lac larvae emerging from broodlac obtained from un-irrigated plants. Survival of female lac insects till crop maturity also increased from 23.1% in control to 65.5% in daily irrigated plants.

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L, Shirani-Bidabadi. "The Economic Importance of Insects: A Comprehensive Review." Medicinal and Analytical Chemistry International Journal 7, no. 2 (September 8, 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/macij-16000185.

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Insects are regarded as the largest group of arthropods on earth. They are easy to breed and have a large population due to their high fecundity and species diversity. Though a lot of people are aware of honey and silk as products from beneficial insects, many people are also unaware of other products like wax, Lac, gall aphid and their uses. Insect breeding and their industrial uses have attracted much attention in different countries across the world. Insects are often reared for the biological control of agricultural and sanitary pests. Some other insects serve as chemical raw materials for industries. In agriculture, insects are used as pollinators and to increase the yield of crops Scorpion venom and oily substances from blister beetles and other insects are used as medicine. In this comprehensive review article, we have fully examined the use of insects in the industry.

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Herbert Tran, Erin E., and Heidi Goodrich-Blair. "CpxRA Contributes to Xenorhabdus nematophila Virulence through Regulation of lrhA and Modulation of Insect Immunity." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 12 (April 17, 2009): 3998–4006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02657-08.

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ABSTRACT The gammaproteobacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila is a blood pathogen of insects that requires the CpxRA signal transduction system for full virulence (E. E. Herbert et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:7826-7836, 2007). We show here that the ΔcpxR1 mutant has altered localization, growth, and immune suppressive activities relative to its wild-type parent during infection of Manduca sexta insects. In contrast to wild-type X. nematophila, which were recovered throughout infection, ΔcpxR1 cells did not accumulate in hemolymph until after insect death. In vivo imaging of fluorescently labeled bacteria within live insects showed that ΔcpxR1 displayed delayed accumulation and also occasionally were present in isolated nodes rather than systemically throughout the insect as was wild-type X. nematophila. In addition, in contrast to its wild-type parent, the ΔcpxR1 mutant elicited transcription of an insect antimicrobial peptide, cecropin. Relative to phosphate-buffered saline-injected insects, cecropin transcript was induced 21-fold more in insects injected with ΔcpxR1 and 2-fold more in insects injected with wild-type X. nematophila. These data suggest that the ΔcpxR1 mutant has a defect in immune suppression or has an increased propensity to activate M. sexta immunity. CpxR regulates, directly or indirectly, genes known or predicted to be involved in virulence (E. E. Herbert et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:7826-7836, 2007), including lrhA, encoding a transcription factor necessary for X. nematophila virulence, motility, and lipase production (G. R. Richards et al., J. Bacteriol. 190:4870-4879, 2008). CpxR positively regulates lrhA transcript, and we have shown that altered regulation of lrhA in the ΔcpxR1 mutant causes this strain's virulence defect. The ΔcpxR1 mutant expressing lrhA from a constitutive lac promoter showed wild-type virulence in M. sexta. These data suggest that CpxR contributes to X. nematophila virulence through the regulation of lrhA, immune suppression, and growth in Insecta.

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ARUMUGAM, MOHANASUNDARAM, KEWAL KRISHAN SHARMA, MOHAMMAD MONOBRULLAH, JAIPAL SINGH CHOUDHARY, ACHINTYA PRAMANIK, NAASERAH ZEESHAN, and MUNNA YADAV. "Weather based forecasting model for emergence of Aprostocetus purpureus (Cameron) – a parasitoid of lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr)." Journal of Agrometeorology 25, no. 4 (November 30, 2023): 589–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v25i4.2345.

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Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca is a scale group beneficial insect which suffers by several natural enemies. The establishment of the relationship between the incidences of natural enemies on lac insects with weather variables is essential for formulating management strategies well in advance. The relationship between weather factors and the emergence of A. purpureus was studied from 2011–12 to 2020–21 on the rangeeni summer (baisakhi) lac crop. Correlation and regression analyses were done after pooling ten years data (2011-12 to 2020-21) during the critical lac growth period i.e. SMW 8 to SMW 20. The relative abundance of lac-associated fauna showed that three parasitoids ((Aprostocetus purpureus, Tachardiaephagus tachardiae, and Tyndarichus(=Parechthrodryinus) clavicornis)) and one predator (Eublemma amabilis) were abundant. Among them, A. purpureus recorded maximum percent infestation, which was 84% and 75% on ber and palas, respectively. Maximum number of A. purpureus was emerged during the sexual maturity period (8 to 20 SMW) of the summer lac crop. The incidence exhibited a significant negative correlation with maximum (Tmax) and minimum temperature (Tmin) and a significant positive correlation with morning and evening relative humidity (RH-II). Stepwise regression analysis showed Tmax and RH-II were the most important factors contributing to 68% variation in the incidence of A. purpureus on palas. The present study results indicated that environmental factors played a significant role in the incidence of parasitoids on lac insect.

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Moni Thomas, Ankit Khichi, Sumit Kakade Dhaneshwar B. Patil, Vishal Raut Niraj Tripathi, A. K. Saxena Anubha Upadhyay, and H. L. Sharma. "Survival of Lac Insects on Pigeonpea Genotypes." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 10, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 1465–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1002.176.

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S, Muthukumar, Sajeev T. V., Vandana bharathi, Mohanasundaram A, Sharma KK, Thamilarasi K, and Vaibhav lohot. "Studies on the pests of the lac insect host plant Flemingia semialata and Flemingia macrophylla in Kerala." International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences 8, no. 1 (February 26, 2023): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.55126/ijzab.2023.v08.i01.006.

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The present study attempted to record the insect pests of lac insect host plants in Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur. Hand picking and swiping methods were used to collect the insects for identification. From the observation 26 species of pest insects belonging to 4 orders and 19 families were recorded. It was found that all major parts of Flemingia were heavily infested but significant damage was caused by the defoliators, mostly heterocera. Out of the 26 insect pests, 15 have been recorded as foliage feeders, 9 as sapsuckers, 1 as pod borer and 1 stem borer. During rearing, 3 species of parasites were found, belonging to three families that were collected and identified. Insects belong to the order Lepidoptera were profoundly seen on Flemingia. They cause severe damage to the plant. Hypena rectivittalis belonging to the family Noctuidae was found as a major pest and bag worm Psychids was found to be the minor pest. The study reveals that the most serious sapsuckers belong to the order Hemiptera and majority of them are beetles and bugs. During the months of April-May Iceryasp and white flies (Trialeurodes vaporarium) cause heavy damage in Flemingia. The study thus concludes that the major pests belong to the order Lepidoptera (42%) followed by order Hemiptera (41%). Most Lepidopterans are defoliators and Hemipterans are sapsuckers.

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Bashir, Nawaz Haider, Weiwei Wang, Juan Liu, Wei Wang, and Hang Chen. "First record of the lac-producing species Kerria nepalensis Varshney (Hemiptera, Kerriidae) from China, with a key to Chinese species." ZooKeys 1061 (September 28, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1061.73114.

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Lac insects include astonishing species responsible for lac production. Lac is composed of resins, dyes, and shellac wax with significant economic importance. Previously, 11 species of the genus Kerria were reported from China, with the highest species diversity in Yunnan province. Another lac-producing species of the genus Kerria, namely Kerria nepalensis Varshney, is recorded for the first time in Yunnan province, China, on Dalbergia cochinchinensis Pierre ex Laness. (Fabaceae), a new host plant. In addition, a key to the 12 Kerria species recorded in China is also given.

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Bashir, Nawaz Haider, Weiwei Wang, Xiaofei Ling, Jinwen Zhang, Qin Lu, Rui He, and Hang Chen. "Characterization of Potential Molecular Markers in Lac Insect Kerria lacca (Kerr) Responsible for Lac Production." Insects 13, no. 6 (June 14, 2022): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13060545.

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Kerria lacca (Kerr) is an important lac insect extensively used in industrial products in the form of resin, wax and dye. The scarce knowledge on molecular markers for K. lacca is a barrier in elucidating genetic information. Our study identified a total of 16,921 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and 6231 insertions and deletions (InDels)—of which, intergenic variation accounted for 41.22% and 56.30%, and exonic variation accounted for 39.10% and 17.46%, of SNPs and InDels, respectively. Observation of SNPs suggested that nucleotide substitution frequency and transition to transversion (Ts/Tv) ratio were highest at the late adult stage, 3.97, compared to at the other stages, with a genome-wide Ts/Tv ratio of 2.95. The maximum number of SNPs, 2853 (16.86%), was identified in chromosome 8, while the lowest, 1126 (6.65%), was identified in chromosome 7. The maximum and minimum numbers of InDels were located on chromosome 1 and 7, with 834 (13.38%) and 519 (8.33%), respectively. Annotation showed that highest numbers of exonic and intergenic SNPs were present at the late adult stage, whereas the maximum number of InDels was found at the larval stage. On the basis of gene function, 47 gene variations were screened and 23 candidate genes were identified in associations with lac production. Concluding work will enhance knowledge on molecular markers to facilitate an increase in lac production in K. lacca as well as other lac insects.

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Mahdihassan, S. "The Probable Occurance of Sex-Reversal among Lac Insects." Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 16, no. 3 (August 26, 2009): 527–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1930.tb00157.x.

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Patel, Sahab Kumar, Moni Thomas, Gopilal Anjana, Rahul Patidar, Deep Kumar Pahalwan, Manish Bhan, Alok Bajpai, Anil Kumar Singh, and Niraj Tripathi. "Production of Lac and Seed of Cajanus cajan under Varying Stresses." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, no. 22 (December 6, 2023): 704–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i224181.

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Production pulse and lac from the same plant of Cajanus cajan simultaneously provides two cash crops from the same plant is important for pigeonpea growers of both continents - Africa and Asia. The highest raw lac production per plant was 171.17 g while the highest seed yield was 1383.33 g per plant. C. cajan plant with least stress i.e., less lac insects had highest 100 lac cell weight 1.57 g (Low biotic stress) while it was 1.41 g in plants with (Medium biotic stress). The seed yield per plant was highest (1137.78 g) in plants under high biotic stress. It was least (872.22 g) in plants with Low biotic stress.

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Niranjan Prasad, S.K. Pandey, and M.L. Bhagat. "Development of Broodlac Placement-cum-Removal Tool." Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 44, no. 1 (March 31, 2007): 85–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2007441.1247.

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Lac cultivation involves six major operations viz., pruning of lac host tree, selection of broodlac and bundle making, broodlac placement on host tree, used up broodlac removal, lac crop harvesting and lac scraping. The broodlac placement on the lac host tree is one of the important operations in lac cultivation, In traditional method, farmers use bamboo pole to hang broodlac stick on the branch of lac host trees. When broodlac stick hangs on the branch of the host tree, very small area of broodlac stick comes in contact with the branch of lac host tree. As a result tiny lac insects emerging from the broodlac gets narrow path for travel to the branches of the host tree in search of suitable shoot to settle down and start new life cycle. In improved method, farmers climb on the tree and tie prepared broodlac bundle on the branch of the host tree, just below pruning point. This method is laborious and time consuming. Therefore, a simple, easy to fabricate and low cost, broodlac placement-cum-removal tool was developed.

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Mohanasundaram, A., R. Ramani, K. K. Sharma, and K. Thamilarasi. "Reproductive isolation in lac insects-Kerria lacca and Kerria chinensis." Indian Journal of Entomology 80, no. 4 (2018): 1327. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2018.00282.1.

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Mahdihassan, S. "Predisposing Factors and Infection by Lac and other Scale Insects." Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 23, no. 2 (August 26, 2009): 265–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1937.tb00435.x.

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Mahdihassan, S. "Lac insects before the first moult and their sex identification." Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 54, no. 1-4 (August 26, 2009): 458–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1964.tb02959.x.

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Sarvade, S., R. K. Panse, S. K. Rajak, and V. B. Upadhyay. "Impact of biotic and abiotic factors on lac production and peoples’ livelihood improvement in India-An overview." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 10, no. 3 (August 9, 2018): 894–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i3.1761.

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In India, Madhya Pradesh is the third largest lac producing state after Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand, as they contribute 12, 16 and 60%, respectively in total countryâ€™s lac production. Lac is produced in ten out of eleven agro-climatic zones of Madhya Pradesh. In total lac production of the state, Baisakhi (Butea monosperma, inoculated in October-November) crop contributes 76% followed by 19% by Katki (Butea monosperma, inoculated in June-July), 3% by Aghani (Schleichera oleosa, inoculated in June-July) and 2% by Jethwi (Schleichera oleosa, inoculated in January-February). Ranchi was leading lac producing district followed by Simdega, Gumla, Khunti of Jharkhand and Seoni district of Madhya Pradesh. Increasing summer temperature up to 45 â°C, the countryâ€™s lac production was declined from 20,050 tons in 2003-04 to 16978 tons in 2014-15. In case of biotic factors, Tachardiaephagus tachardiae and Tetrastichus purpureus are the most abundant lac associated parasites and Eublemma amabilis and Pseudohypatopa pulverea are the most destructive key predators of lac insects. By combating these hindrances, lac cultivation generated an employment for 16-160 man days. Lac cultivation produces maximum gross return (Rs. 9,77,600) from 100 Kusum host plants, and the highest Benefit-Cost (6.80) ratio was recorded for Ber-kusumi (Ziziphus mauritiana- Schleichera oleosa) crop in Ranchi, Jharkhand. In this context, the study finds out obstacles in lac production of India and suggests some control measures to improve lac producing peoplesâ€™ livelihood.

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Maibangsa, Mercydi, Manha Bathari, and Hunmili Terangpi. "Status of Lac Production and Marketing in West Karbi Anglong District of Assam." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 5 (March 31, 2023): 316–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i51772.

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West Karbi Anglong district of Assam State is historically a major lac producing area in the North Eastern India from where lac was used to be exported to China and Japan during 17th and 18th. The farmers in these areas have been cultivating making lac (cultivation)delete since time immemorial. .Among several indigenous communities inhabiting West Karbi Anglong district, Karbis are rearing lac insects (Kerria lacca Kerr), locally called Laha, on naturally growing host plants in forests and on pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) in a traditional practice. The present investigation attempted to examine the present status of production and marketing of lac in West Karbi Anglong. The primary data was collected from 75 lac farmers to find out the present status of production and marketing of lac. More than 35tons of lac are exported to other states from West Karbi Anglong districts annually. Due to their traditional practice these producers are receiving a low price for their product as low as compared to the market rate. The product is marketed to local intermediaries, local traders and distant traders. Lack of awareness and knowledge on value addition and the prevailing market price, marketing agencies and industries resulted in lower price of the product. Lack of scientific knowledge on production and processing of lac is the major problem encountered by the farmers. Lack of processing unit is another major problem for which the lac producers received a low price for their product.

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Singh, KI, SM Haldhar, A. Mutum, and K. Linda. "Laboratory evaluation of different eco-friendly insecticides against the Egyptian fluted scale, Icerya aegyptiaca." Journal of Agriculture and Ecology 18 (June 3, 2024): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.58628/jae-2418-108.

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Lac cultivation is generally carried out on a limited number of indigenous tree species found scattered in forests and cultivable land. Recent studies show that Flemingia semialata Roxb. (Leguminosae) is an excellent bushy host plant for the cultivation of the kusmi strain of lac insects. The present investigation was carried out with the objective of getting acquainted with the different eco-friendly insecticides under laboratory evaluation against the Egyptian fluted scale, Icerya aegyptica. Maximum nymphal mortality of 81.67 per cent and 78.34 per cent was observed at 0.2 per cent Pestoguard and Neemazal after 12 days of treatment, which is statistically at par with each other. 51.67 per cent mortality was achieved after 12 days of treatment at 1 per cent Uro-insecticide and Green mealikil, which is a microbial pesticide that is also effective against the Egyptian fluted scale, Icerya aegyptiaca. The mortality percentage was low after 1, 3 days and seven days, but it gradually increased after 12 days of treatment, obtaining 48.34% mortality, which is statistically at par with Uro-insecticide. All the eco-friendly insecticides used in the present experiment (Uroinsecticides, Pestoguard, green mealikil and neemazal) are effective in controlling the population of Icerya aegyptiaca. Unlike Malathion and Imidacloprid, they don’t have a quick knockdown effect; however, the mortality due to exposure significantly increases as there is an increase in days or duration of application, and they are safe for the lac insect.

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Kakade, Sumit, Rahul Patidar, Shivam Vajpayee, Moni Thomas, Niraj Tripathi, A. K. Bhowmick, Anubha Upadhyay, AK Mandal, HL Sharma, and Sanjay Singh. "Survival of Lac Insects (Kerria lacca Kerr.) on Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.912.024.

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Aditya, Savita, and Adi tya. "Efficacy of New Insecticide Molecules against Major Predatory Insects in Kusmi Lac." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7, no. 12 (December 10, 2018): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.712.013.

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Zhang, Zheng-song. "Four new species of lac insects of the generaMetatachardiaandKerriafrom China (Homoptera: Tachardiidae)." Oriental Insects 27, no. 1 (January 1993): 273–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00305316.1993.10432279.

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Nyangena, Dorothy N., Christopher Mutungi, Samuel Imathiu, John Kinyuru, Hippolyte Affognon, Sunday Ekesi, Dorothy Nakimbugwe, and Komi K. M. Fiaboe. "Effects of Traditional Processing Techniques on the Nutritional and Microbiological Quality of Four Edible Insect Species Used for Food and Feed in East Africa." Foods 9, no. 5 (May 4, 2020): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9050574.

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Edible insects are increasingly being considered as food and feed ingredients because of their rich nutrient content. Already, edible insect farming has taken-off in Africa, but quality and safety concerns call for simple, actionable hazard control mechanisms. We examined the effects of traditional processing techniques—boiling, toasting, solar-drying, oven-drying, boiling + oven-drying, boiling + solar-drying, toasting + oven-drying, toasting + solar-drying—on the proximate composition and microbiological quality of adult Acheta domesticus and Ruspolia differens, the prepupae of Hermetia illucens and 5th instar larvae of Spodoptera littoralis. Boiling, toasting, and drying decreased the dry matter crude fat by 0.8–51% in the order: toasting > boiling > oven-drying > solar-drying, whereas the protein contents increased by 1.2–22% following the same order. Boiling and toasting decreased aerobic mesophilic bacterial populations, lowered Staphylococcus aureus, and eliminated the yeasts and moulds, Lac+ enteric bacteria, and Salmonella. Oven-drying alone marginally lowered bacterial populations as well as yeast and moulds, whereas solar-drying alone had no effect on these parameters. Oven-drying of the boiled or toasted products increased the aerobic mesophilic bacteria counts but the products remained negative on Lac+ enteric bacteria and Salmonella. Traditional processing improves microbial safety but alters the nutritional value. Species- and treatment-specific patterns exist.

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Ben-Dov, Yair, and Ireneo L. Lit. "Stabilizing Kerriidae as the family-group name of the lac insects (Hem., Coccoidea)." Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France 103, no. 5 (1998): 455–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bsef.1998.17457.

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Mohanasundaram, A., K. K. Sharma, V. D. Lohot, K. Thamilarasi, J. Ghosh, R. Ramani, Gulsaz Shamim, Neelanjana Choudhury, and Sajiya Eqbal. "Occurrence of lac insects and their host plants in tamil nadu and Kerala." Indian Journal of Entomology 80, no. 4 (2018): 1351. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2018.00288.2.

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Zheng-Song, Zhang. "Description of a new genus and two new species of Lac insects (Homoptera: Tachardiidae)." Oriental Insects 26, no. 1 (January 1992): 386–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00305316.1992.10432259.

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Zhixing, Lu, Chen Youqing, Zhang Wei, Wang Siming, and Li Qiao. "Effects of facultative mutualism between ants and lac insects on the diversity of ant communities." Biodiversity Science 21, no. 3 (December 24, 2013): 343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1003.2013.09039.

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Hayat, Mohammad, Sibylle Schroer, and Robert W. Pemberton. "On some Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) on lac insects (Hemiptera: Kerriidae) from Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand." Oriental Insects 44, no. 1 (January 2010): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00305316.2010.10417603.

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S, Muthukumar, Sajeev TV, Anuja Joseph, Mohanasundaram A, Sharma KK, and Sajily VS. "Management of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in bushy Lac host, Flemingia semialata at Thrissur, Kerala." International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences 7, no. 6S (December 8, 2022): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.55126/ijzab.2022.v07.i06.sp006.

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Flemingia semialata is an established host plant of lac insects and is widely grown to promote lac cultivation in India. One of the most destructive pests that can cause significant yield loss in many crops is a sap sucking whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), which is also found to infest the Flemingia sp. They cause vast damage to the host plants during feeding by reducing the rate of photosynthesis through the excretion of honeydew and by transmitting a large number of plant pathogenic viruses. Although there are several methods to control whitefly infestation, the commonly adopted practice is the application of chemical pesticides, owing to their efficiency in whitefly control. This study focused to test the effectiveness of two chemical: Thiamethoxam 25% WG (Actara®) and Phosmet 70 % WP (Imidan®) and an organic pesticide: Neem Oil, in whitefly control on F. semialata. The experimental design consisted of two different concentrations of each pesticide i.e., Phosmet 0.5 ml/L, 1ml/L, Thiamethoxam 0.25g/L, 0.5 g/L, Neem oil 1ml/L, 2ml/L applied on 21 test plants in sets of three and also on three regions of the test plants i.e, upper, middle and lower. The number of whiteflies was counted after 6, 12 and 24 hours of pesticide application. The results revealed that, among all the treatments, Thiamethoxam 0.5mg/L was found to be the most effective with highest percentage of reduction over control in the number of whiteflies in all the time intervals. The leaves in the middle and lower regions of the test plants showed relatively higher loads of whiteflies than those in the upper region throughout the experiment. Although, Neem oil is an environment friendly natural pesticide, Thiamethoxan has negligible volatilization properties and high degradation rates in the soil and therefore could be successfully and safely applied on the lac insect host plants during the pre-inoculation stages to lessen the whitefly attack.

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Saha, Dipnarayan, Sanjeev Kumar Ranjan, Chandana Basu Mallick, Ambarish Sharan Vidyarthi, and Ranganathan Ramani. "Genetic diversity in lac resin-secreting insects belonging to Kerria spp., as revealed through ISSR markers." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 39, no. 2 (April 2011): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2011.01.016.

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Chen, Hang, Xiaoming Chen, Ying Feng, Hui Yang, Rui He, Wenfeng Zhang, and Zixiang Yang. "Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of lac insects (Hemiptera: Kerriidae) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences." Molecular Biology Reports 40, no. 10 (September 28, 2013): 5943–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11033-013-2701-5.

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Xiao-Ming, CHEN. "The resources conservation of lac insects in <i>Kerria</i> and its utilization." Biodiversity Science 06, no. 4 (1998): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17520/biods.1998043.

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Hayat, Mohammad, Sibylle Schroer, and Robert W. Pemberton. "A new species ofCoccophagus(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a parasitoid of lac insects (Hemiptera: Kerriidae) in Indonesia and Malaysia." Oriental Insects 43, no. 1 (January 2009): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00305316.2009.10417578.

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Georges, Blahoua Kassi, Adou Yedehi Euphrasie, Gogbé Zeré Marius, and N’Douba Valentin. "Régime Alimentaire De Hemichromis Fasciatus (Perciformes, Cichlidae) Dans Le Lac De Barrage Hydroélectrique D’ayamé 2 (Côte D’ivoire)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 30 (October 31, 2017): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n30p126.

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The diet of Hemichromis fasciatus (Perciformes, Cichlidae) was studied in the lake dam of Ayame 2 (Côte d'Ivoire) from September 2015 to August 2016. A total of 141 specimens were captured using gill nets and hawks. The relative importance of food index has been calculated to assess the relative abundance of the preys. The standard length of fish varied between 70 mm and 250 mm. The global percentage of emptiness and intestinal coefficient mean were 23.40 % and 1.35 ± 0.48 respectively. The food spectra constituted of fishes, insects, arachnids and plants debris showing that this species an omnivorous fish with predatory fish tendency. The comparison of the food habits between size ranges (LS ≤ 110 mm and LS ˃ 110 mm) did not show any significant difference. But, a significant variation of the diet according the sexes and seasons was observed.

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Ranjan, Sanjeev Kumar, Chandana Basu Mallick, Dipnarayan Saha, Ambarish S. Vidyarthi, and Ranganathan Ramani. "Genetic variation among species, races, forms and inbred lines of lac insects belonging to the genus Kerria (Homoptera, Tachardiidae)." Genetics and Molecular Biology 34, no. 3 (2011): 511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47572011000300023.

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Suryanto, Heri, Supriyanto Supriyanto, and Noor Farikhah Haneda. "Molasses injection to improve growth and vitality of kesambi (Schleicera oleosa Merr) as lac insect host plant." Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan Wallacea 7, no. 2 (August 31, 2018): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.18330/jwallacea.2018.vol7iss2pp173-181.

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Lac is a non-timber forest product derived from the secretion of Laccifer lacca insects that are cultivated in kesambi tree (Schleicera oleosa Merr). Low lac production in Indonesia due to poor conditions of host plant indicated by poor growth symptoms, yellowing, and falling leaves. The aim of this research was to study the effect of molasses injection on the growth and vitality of kesambi tree. Molasses were injected into the plant using passive liquid injection methods. Pre-research activities were carried out by the tree trunk injection in 0.5, 1.5, and 2 meters above the ground using gentian violet to determine the best stem injection position, while the main research activity was performed by injection of the kesambi tree trunk using molasses in concentrations of 5, 10, 15% and water as control. The parameters measured at the pre-study was translocation length of gentian violet whereas at the main research were the volume uptake, the increase of branch diameter growth, total sugar content and chlorophyll content. Pre-research results showed that 1.5 meters above the ground is the best injection position. The main research results indicated that the highest volume uptake was water followed by others treatments. Molasses injection at concentration of 10% gives better effect on the increase of branch diameter growth (4.3 mm), obtained sugar content in 18.46%. The vitality of kesambi tree also increased by the molasses injection at concentration of 10%. It was shown by thein creased of chlorophyll a (1.117 mg/g), b (0.416), carotene (0.365), and Anthocyanin (0.094 mg/100g).

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Chen, Xiaoming, Hang Chen, Ying Feng, Rui He, and Zixiang Yang. "Status of Two Species of Lac Insects in the Genus Kerria from China Based on Morphological, Cellular, and Molecular Evidence." Journal of Insect Science 11, no. 106 (August 2011): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.011.10601.

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Nguyen, T. M., P. T. T. Doan, and V. H. Nguyen. "Observations of the host habitat of Ophiocordyceps nutans in the Bidoup Nui Ba National Park, Lam Dong, Vietnam." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1155, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1155/1/012010.

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Abstract Endoparasitic Cordyceps species infect pest insects and other arthropods all throughout the world. Ophiocordyceps nutans like specimens were found in the Lat and Dung K’no of the Lac Duong district during entomogenous fungi forays in Bidoup Nui Ba National Park. However, observations made over the last two years (2021 - 2022) in various forest locations across different altitudinal ranges revealed that O. nutans only occurs in two high-altitude forests, with elevations between 1409 and 1589 m asl with the temperature fluctuating from 20,3 and 25,7°C. Morphological comparisons and molecular phylogenetic analyses using D1 - D2 led us to conclude that the neotropical specimens represent Ophiocordyceps nutans (Pat.). In this study, the parasitic host of O.nutans of Hemiptera and host habitas is the bark and leaves of Lasianthus bidoupensis (Rubiaceae). Because Ophiocordyceps nutans parasitize and kill different species of stinkbugs that pose a hazard to silviculture and agriculture, making it a viable biocontrol agent.

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Kondo, T., and PJ Gullan. "Taxonomic review of the genus Tachardiella Cockerell (Hemiptera: Kerriidae), with a key to species of lac insects recorded from the new world." Neotropical Entomology 40, no. 3 (June 2011): 345–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-566x2011000300009.

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Choi, Okhee, Yeyeong Lee, Byeongsam Kang, Su Kyung Cho, Yongsung Kang, Dong-Wan Kang, Seul-Bi Lee, Sung-Mun Bae, and Jinwoo Kim. "Identification and characterization of gut-associated lactic acid bacteria isolated from the bean bug, Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae)." PLOS ONE 18, no. 3 (March 30, 2023): e0281121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281121.

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Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are beneficial bacteria for humans and animals. However, the characteristics and functions of LAB in insects remain unclear. Here, we isolated LAB from the gut of Riptortus pedestris, a pest that is a significant problem in soybean cultivation in Korea, and identified two Lactococcus lactis and one Enterococcus faecalis using matrix-associated laser desorption/ionization-time of flight and 16S rRNA analyses. All three LAB strains survived at pH 8, and L. lactis B103 and E. faecalis B105 survived at pH 9 for 24 h. In addition, these strains survived well in simulated gastric juice of humans containing pepsin and exhibited high resistance to bile salts. Two strains of L. lactis and one of E. faecalis maintained constant density (> 104 colony-forming units [CFU]/mL) at pH 2.5, but viability at pH 2.2 was strain-dependent. The three LAB were reinoculated into second-instar nymphs of R. pedestris and colonized well, reaching a constant density (> 105 CFU/gut) in the adult insect gut. Interestingly, feeding of these LAB increased the survival rate of insects compared to the negative control, with the largest increase seen for L. lactis B103. However, the LAB did not increase the weight or length of adult insects. These results indicate that insect-derived LAB possess the traits required for survival under gastrointestinal conditions and have beneficial effects on insect hosts. The LAB infection frequency of the wild bean bug populations was 89% (n = 18) in Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea. These LAB can be utilized as a novel probiotic in the cultivation of beneficial insects. This study provides fundamental information about the symbiosis between insects and LAB, and a novel concept for pest control.

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Altae, M. M. A., and S. S. J. Al-Dahwi. "Feeding Preference of Lace Bug Stephanitis pyri (F) on Apple Tree." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1252, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1252/1/012001.

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Abstract The results showed that the Sharabi cultivar was the most favored of the tested cultivars for infection with the reticulated bug, followed by the Al-Kagdi cultivar, and the least was the Israeli Cultivar, as the average number of adults during its peak in July was 4.46, 1.6, 4.03 insect/leaf for the Sharabi, Israeli and Al-Kagdi cultivars, respectively. While the other stages peaked in the month of August, as the average of number of nymphs reached 8.43, 3.43, and 7.76 insects/leaf for the three cultivars, respectively. As for the insect’s preference for the three plant level and four tree geographical directions, it was noted that the lower level is preferred by the insect, as the average number of infected leaves at the lower level was 5.67, 6.50, 11.83 leaf / tree. Followed by the middle level of 3.92, 5.25, 10.17 adult / leaf and the upper level of 0.00, 0.08, 0.42 adult / leaf for the months of May, June and July, respectively. The results also showed that there were differences in the insect’s preference for one of the four geographical directions, as it recorded a clear preference and significant difference for the eastern and southern directions compared with the northern and western directions. The average number of infected leaves during the month of May was 0.33, 6.00, 6.33, 0.11 leaves, and in June 0.56, 7.44, 7.22, 0.56 leaves, and in July 1.11, 13.00, 13.67, 2.11 leaves for the north, south, east and west directions, respectively.

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Sang-aroon, Wichien, Seksan Laopha, Phrompak Chaiamornnugool, Sarawut Tontapha, Samarn Saekow, and Vittaya Amornkitbamrung. "DFT and TDDFT study on the electronic structure and photoelectrochemical properties of dyes derived from cochineal and lac insects as photosensitizer for dye-sensitized solar cells." Journal of Molecular Modeling 19, no. 3 (December 6, 2012): 1407–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00894-012-1692-9.

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St. Leger, Raymond J., Steven E. Screen, and Bijan Shams-Pirzadeh. "Lack of Host Specialization inAspergillus flavus." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 320–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.1.320-324.2000.

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ABSTRACT Aspergillus spp. cause disease in a broad range of organisms, but it is unknown if strains are specialized for particular hosts. We evaluated isolates of Aspergillus flavus,Aspergillus fumigatus, and Aspergillus nidulansfor their ability to infect bean leaves, corn kernels, and insects (Galleria mellonella). Strains of A. flavus did not affect nonwounded bean leaves, corn kernels, or insects at 22°C, but they killed insects following hemocoelic challenge and caused symptoms ranging from moderate to severe in corn kernels and bean leaves injured during inoculation. The pectinase P2c, implicated in aggressive colonization of cotton bolls, is produced by most A. flavus isolates, but its absence did not prevent colonization of bean leaves. Proteases have been implicated in colonization of animal hosts. All A. flavus strains produced very similar patterns of protease isozymes when cultured on horse lung polymers. Quantitative differences in protease levels did not correlate with the ability to colonize insects. In contrast to A. flavus, strains ofA. nidulans and A. fumigatus could not invade living insect or plant tissues or resist digestion by insect hemocytes. Our results indicate that A. flavus has parasitic attributes that are lacking in A. fumigatus and A. nidulans but that individual strains of A. flavus are not specialized to particular hosts.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Lac insects'

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