Academic literature on the topic 'Lacaune sheep'

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the grade of crossbreeding (Lacaune x Manchega) and environmental factors on milk production in a commercial flock in Spain. A total of 5769 milk production records of sheep with different degrees of purity of the Lacaune breed crossed with Manchega were used as follows: 100% Lacaune (n = 2960), 7/8 Lacaune (n = 502), 13/16 Lacaune (n = 306), 3/4 (n = 1288), 5/8 Lacaune (n = 441) and 1/2 Lacaune: Manchega (n = 272). Additional available information included the number of parity (1 to 8), litter size (single or multiple), and the season of the year of lambing (spring, summer, autumn and winter). A mixed model was used to evaluate the level of crossbreeding and environmental factors on milk production. The 100% Lacaune sheep presented the highest milk production with respect to the F1 Lacaune x Manchega sheep (p < 0.01), showing that as the degree of gene absorption increases with the Manchega breed, it presents lower milk yield. The 100%, 13/16, and 3/4 Lacaune genotypes had the highest milk yields with respect to the 1/2 Lacaune/Manchega breed (p < 0.001). The Lacaune registered on average 181.1 L in a period adjusted to 160 days of lactation (1.13 L/ day). Likewise, the parity number, litter size, and season of lambing effects showed significant differences (p < 0.01). It was concluded that 13/16 and 3/4 Lacaune/Manchega ewes presented the highest milk yields with respect to the other crosses.

AbstractTwo experiments were carried out with pregnant (experiment 1) and lactating ewes (experiment 2), to compare dry-matter (DM) intake, and total tract apparent digestibility, digesta kinetics and weight of digestive tract contents of Lacaune and Manchega sheep, with the aim of explaining possible differences between the breeds in voluntary food intake. In experiment 1, 20 3-year-old single-bearing pregnant ewes, 10 Manchega and 10 Lacaune, were permanently housed for the last 10 weeks of pregnancy. The diet used consisted of lucerne hay, offeredad libitum, supplemented with 0·3 kg/day of concentrate. DM and digestible DM intake per kg M0·75were higher (P< 0·01) in Lacaune than in Manchega sheep. Breed did not affect total tract apparent digestibility, fractional rates of passage, transit time, total mean retention time, or weight of digestive tract contents. Changes in body weight and body condition score were similar between breeds. In contrast, Lacaune lambs tended (P= 0·09) to weigh less than Manchega lambs, suggesting genetic differences in the energy utilization between breeds in late pregnancy. Higher DM intake observed in Lacaune sheep may have been related to a higher energy demand for mammary development. In experiment 2, 32 3-year-old lactating multiparous ewes, 16 Manchega and 16 Lacaune, were permanently housed during the first 12 weeks of lactation. The experimental diet used was based on a mixture of maize silage and dehydrated lucerne (10: 1, fresh weight basis), offeredad libitum, and supplemented with 0·8 kg/day of concentrate. Milk, fat and protein yield as well as DM and digestible DM intake in Lacaune ewes was higher (P< 0·01) than in Manchega ewes. DM intake was constant in Lacaune sheep with advancing lactation, while in Manchega sheep DM intake decreased. Throughout this period Lacaune ewes lost 0·5 kg of body weight while Manchega gained 4·4 kg. Breed did not affect either apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter and neutral-detergent fibre, or fractional rates of passage, transit time and total mean retention time. The weight of total tract digestive contents was greater (P< 0·05) in Lacaune than in Manchega sheep, particularly in the reticulo-rumen. Results suggest that the scheme of selection in Lacaune dairy sheep has increased milk yield together with voluntary food intake, the latter being associated with an increase in the rumen fill capacity. The higher milk yield of Lacaune ewes cannot be attributed to the higher DM intake only; other factors, i.e. mobilization of fat reserves, are required to support this higher milk output.

Mammary cistern anatomy derived from ultrasound measurement, milk ejection in response to exogenous oxytocin and oxytocin release and milking characteristics with and without manual prestimulation in early (months 2–4) and late (months 5–8) lactation were investigated in Lacaune and Ostfriesian dairy ewes. Vertical ultrasound cisternal cross sections of the cisternal cavities did not differ in the two breeds, whereas the cisternal area fraction located lower than the exit into the teat channel was larger in Ostfriesian than in Lacaune sheep. The cisternal area enlarged within 1 min in response to i.v. oxytocin injection, indicating milk ejection. During milking, oxytocin concentrations in Lacaune generally increased dramatically within 0·5 min from the start of prestimulation or milking, whereas only slight or no oxytocin release was detected during milking without prestimulation in Ostfriesian ewes. Prestimulation induced oxytocin release in Ostfriesian sheep within 1–2 min after the start of milking, indicating delayed response to stimulation. Two peaked milk flow curves were observed when oxytocin release and milk ejection occurred only after removal of cisternal milk. This type of milk flow was more frequent in Ostfriesian than in Lacaune ewes and was reduced in both breeds by prestimulation, while the frequency of one peaked milk flow curves increased. During the course of lactation, milk yield, main milk fraction and milk flow rates decreased, while stripping yield was almost unchanged. Although milk yield was similar in both breeds, milk flow was lower and stripping yield was higher in Ostfriesian than in Lacaune ewes. We conclude that milk ejection in ewes occurred in response to elevated oxytocin concentrations. In Ostfriesian ewes reduced and delayed oxytocin response to teat stimulation resulted in milk ejection only during stripping. Therefore, and probably because a larger volume of the cistern was located below the teat exit in the Ostfriesian breed, stripping yield was higher in Ostfriesian than in Lacaune sheep.

Abstract. Sheep milk is the most important feed resource for newborn lambs and an important food resource for humans. Sheep milk production and ingredients are influenced by genetic and environmental factors. In this study, we implemented selection signature analysis using Illumina Ovine SNP50 BeadChip data of 78 meat Lacaune and 103 milk Lacaune sheep, which have similar genetic backgrounds, from the Sheep HapMap project to identify candidate genes related to ovine milk traits. Since different methods can detect different variation types and complement each other, we used a haplotype-based method (hapFLK) to implement selection signature analysis. The results revealed six selection signature regions showing signs of being selected (P<0.001): chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 6, 13 and 18. In addition, 38 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to sheep milk performance were identified in selection signature regions, which contain 334 candidate genes. Of those, SUCNR1 (succinate receptor 1) and PPARGC1A (PPARG coactivator 1 alpha) may be the most significant genes that affect sheep milking performance, which supply a significant indication for future studies to investigate candidate genes that play an important role in milk production and quality.

Abstract. Beta-lactoglobulin (LGB) and the Welsh αS1-casein (αS1-casein D) types have been determined using PCR-RFLP tests in DNA isolated from blood samples collected from four dairy sheep breeds (Awassi, British Milk Sheep, Tsigaia, Lacaune), from Hungarian Merinos and from various crossbreeds (AwassixMerino) F1, (MerinoxLanghe) F1, (MerinoxPleven Blackhead) F1, (MerinoxPleven Blackhead ) F1x Black East Friesian). The following LGBA frequency values have been obtained: Awassi 0.3478; British Milk Sheep 0.6857; Tsigaia 0.5650; Lacaune 0.4730; Hungarian Merino 0.6767; (Awassix Merino) F1 0.4694; (MerinoxLanghe) F1 0.7777; (MerinoxPleven Blackhead) F1 0.5945; (MerinoxPleven Blackhead) F1 x Black East Friesian 0.6026. The Welsh αS1-casein variant was found in the Hungarian Merino breed only (4 homozygous and 16 heterozygous ewes). Plans for studies on the possible effects of these milk protein types, on milk yield and composition as well as on cheese making properties ofmilk and cheese yields are outlined.

Abstract. In order to determine the possible effects of udder traits on milk yield and milk composition a serial of experiments were carried out on five different sheep farms, between 1998–2000. Ten breeds and genotypes were included in these experiments: Merino, (Merino x Pleven Blackhead) F1, Pleven F1 x Black East Friesian, Lacaune, (Merino x Lacaune) F1, British Milksheep, (Merino x British Milksheep) F1, Awassi, (Merino x Awassi) F1, Milking Tsigai. The udder traits (type, size, teat size) were determined individually at the time of the first test milking, within two weeks after the weaning in each year. Milk yield was measured in every four weeks (morning and evening). Data collected were processed using LSLMW and MIXMDL (HARVEY, 1990) program. Differences among and within the genotypes in udder characteristics were summarised and presented in tables and figures.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of the aqueous extract of green propolis in vitro against mastitis-causing and in vivo bacteria, evaluating the efficacy of treatment in Lacaune sheep. In the in vitro test, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was used; first, the MIC was obtained from the aqueous extract of green propolis for the strain of Staphylococcus. aureus ATCC 25523, defined as 1 mg/ml. For bacterial agents isolated from sheep with mastitis (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus hyicus, Corynebacterium spp. and Acinetobacter spp.), The concentration of 10 mg/ml was determined, while for Streptococcus equinus, Escherichia coli, and hemolytic E. coli, also isolated from sheep with mastitis, the concentration capable of reducing bacterial growth was 100 mg/ml. In the in vivo test, ten sheep were used, distributed in two treatments, five in the control group (CG) that received 2.5 ml of saline (vehicle), and five in the treated group (GT) that received 2.5 ml of aqueous (saline) propolis extract by the mammary route. The propolis dose tested (0.1 g/ml) was not effective for the treatment of mastitis, because the sheep remained positive in the racket test (CMT). The main microorganism isolated in the cases of mastitis in this study was Staphylococcus epidermidis. These results are preliminary; however, at the tested dose, the aqueous extract of green propolis delivered by the mammary route had no curative effect of mastitis.

Abstract. The aim of the present study was to develop theoretical bio-economic models of Lacaune sheep farms and establish their economic efficiency. Based on three main criteria, 15 options were considered and analyzed. Data were processed using the program EWSH2 as a part of ECOWEIGHT Package for calculating economic weights in livestock. Revenues from sales, variable costs, gross margin and profitability before and after subsidies and per ewe were calculated. It was found that raising sheep of the high productive Lacaune breed could generate profit and provide profitability for the studied models of farms, regardless of the level of selection, type of production system, flock size and even the amount of subsidies. Nucleus farms reported the largest gross margin, followed by the basic and commercial farms. Profitability without subsidies showed the highest values for the nucleus flocks of 1000 ewes – 24.24% when adopting semi-intensive production system and 23.14% for the intensive one. With the addition of subsidies, nucleus and basic farms of 1000 ewes were considered the most profitable with 40% and 37.37%, as for both options the semi-intensive conditions were preferable. A tendency for the values of the studied indicators to grow with the increase in the number of ewes in the flocks was observed, as only for the variable costs it was reversed. Due to the lack of studies on economic efficiency of Lacaune sheep farms in Bulgaria, an additional detailed research, based on real data, is advisable to be conducted.

CAPES
A análise genética é uma ferramenta que pode auxiliar na busca de melhores índices zootécnicos na ovinocultura leiteria. Há muitos anos as curvas de lactação e a estimação dos componentes de variância dos parâmetros calculados a partir delas, vêm sendo utilizadas nas estratégias de manejo em fazendas leiteiras, pois é possível alterar o formato da curva de lactação por meio da seleção. No Brasil, há uma grande lacuna sobre conhecimento técnico relacionado aos ovinos leiteiros no país. A estimação dos parâmetros da curva de lactação e posterior estimação dos componentes de variância permitem um melhor entendimento dos componentes genético e ambiental que afetam a produção, antecipando as informações necessárias para a tomada de decisão sobre o direcionamento do manejo genético dos rebanhos. O objetivo do trabalho foi estimar os componentes de variância e os parâmetros genéticos dos componentes da curva de Wood em um rebanho de ovinos da raça Lacaune. Foram utilizadas 3558 informações de ovinos da raça Lacaune, e estimados os componentes de variância e os parâmetros genéticos dos parâmetros para a produção inicial (a), acréscimo até o pico (b), decréscimo após o pico (c), dia do pico (d), produção no pico (p), persistência (ln(s)) e produção total (y) da curva de Wood via estimação Bayesiana por meio do método de amostragem de Gibbs. A média estimada para os parâmetros a, b, c, d, p, ln(s) e y foram 0,362; 0,135; 0,032; 3,911; 1,703; 4,049; 76,249, respectivamente. As herdabilidades médias estimadas foram 0,41 (a), 0,47 (b), 0,50 (c), 0,11 (d), 0,30 (p), 0,36 (ln(s)) e 0,002 (y). As correlações fenotípicas e genéticas entre o parâmetro a e as demais variaram de -0,13 a 0,39 e -0,06 a 0,24, respectivamente. No parâmetro b variaram de - 0,002 a 0,17 e 0,04 a 0,15, parâmetro c de -0,01 a 0,11 e 0,04 a 0,10, parâmetro d de - 0,13 a 0,39 e -0,02 a 0,11, parâmetro p de -0,15 a 0,39 e -0,12 a 0,24, parâmetro ln(s) de -0,15 a 0,39 e -0,12 a 0,11, e para o parâmetro y variaram de -0,002 a 0,33 e 0,04 a 0,08. As repetibilidades identificadas foram 0,81 (a), 0,94 (b), 0,98 (c), 0,22 (d), 0,60 (p), 0,71 (ln(s)) e 0,003 (y). Conclui-se que as estimativas médias de herdabilidade e correlações identificadas evidenciaram um forte efeito ambiental afetando a expressão da característica produção de leite e baixas correlações genéticas entre os parâmetros da curva e a produção, indicando que a seleção pela produção de leite trará pouco ganho genético. Por outro lado, a seleção considerando todos os parâmetros da curva pode ser mais conveniente. Além disso, fica evidenciada a necessidade da padronização do manejo do rebanho. Devem ser elaborados estudos mais detalhados que permitam entender a relação dos parâmetros. O banco de dados pode ser trabalhado em outros períodos de lactação para um melhor conhecimento das estimativas dos componentes de variância. Seria de grande valia estudos sobre componentes principais e análise de trilha para posterior utilização no método de índice de seleção, para corroborar com a seleção que considera todos os parâmetros da curva.
Genetic analysis is a tool that can help in the search for better zootechnical indexes in dairy sheep breeding. For many years the lactation curves and the estimation of variance components of the parameters calculated from them have been used in management strategies in dairy farms since it is possible to change the shape of the lactation curve through selection. In Brazil, there is a large gap regarding technical knowledge related to dairy sheep in the country. The estimation of lactation curve parameters and subsequent estimation of the components of variance allow a better understanding of the genetic and environmental components that affect production, anticipating the information necessary for decision making on the direction of the genetic management of the herds. The aim of this work was to estimate the components of variance and the genetic parameters of the components of the Wood curve in a herd of Lacaune sheep. We used 3558 information from Lacaune sheep, and estimated the variance components and genetic parameters of the parameters for initial production (a), increase to peak (b), decrease after peak (c), peak day (d), peak production (p), persistence (ln (s)), and total production (y) of the Wood curve via Bayesian estimation using the Gibbs sampling method. The estimated mean for parameters a, b, c, d, p, ln (s) and y were 0.362, 0.135, 0.032, 3.911, 1.703, 4.049, 76.249, respectively. The estimated mean heritabilities were 0.41 (a), 0.47 (b), 0.50 (c), 0.11 (d), 0.30 (p), 0.36 (ln (s)) and 0.002 (y). The phenotypic and genetic correlations between parameter a and the others ranged from -0.13 to 0.39 and -0.06 to 0.24, respectively. In parameter b ranged from -0.002 to 0.17 and 0.04 to 0.15, parameter c of -0.01 to 0.11 and 0.04 to 0.10, parameter d of -0.13 to 0.39 and - 0.02 to 0.11, parameter p of -0.15 to 0.39 and -0.12 to 0.24, parameter ln (s) of -0.15 to 0.39 and -0.12 to 0.11, and for the parameter y ranged from -0.002 to 0.33 and 0.04 to 0.08. The repeatability identified were 0.81 (a), 0.94 (b), 0.98 (c), 0.22 (d), 0.60 (p), 0.71 (ln (s)) and 0.003 (y). It was concluded that the average estimates of heritability and correlations showed a strong environmental effect affecting the expression of the characteristic milk production and low genetic correlations between the parameters of the curve and the production, indicating that the selection by milk production will bring little genetic gain. On the other hand, the selection considering all parameters of the curve may be more convenient. In addition, the need for standardization of herd management is evidenced. More detailed studies should be developed to understand the relationship of the parameters. The database can be worked on in other lactation periods for a better understanding of the variance component estimates. It would be of great value studies on main components and track analysis for later use in the selection index method, to corroborate with the selection that considers all parameters of the curve.

L’objectif de cette thèse était d’identifier une mutation nommée FecLL affectant le nombre d’ovulations et la prolificité des brebis de race Lacaune et d’en analyser les conséquences physiologiques. En associant des approches de génétique et de biologie fonctionnelle à haut débit telles que le séquençage Roche 454 et la spectrométrie de masse, j’ai mis en évidence que la mutation FecLL est un haplotype de 2 SNPs présents dans des régions non-codantes d’un locus de 194,6kb porté par le chromosome 11 ovin. Cette mutation induit la surexpression ovarienne et l’activité du gène B4GALNT2 (beta-1,4-N-acetyl-galactosaminyl transferase 2) codant une enzyme de glycosylation capable de transférer un sucre N-acétyl-galactosamine sur des glycoprotéines cibles, dont l’inhibine A, une hormone importante pour la fonction ovarienne. Les conséquences de cette glycosylation atypique sont une altération de la production d’inhibine A chez les brebis Lacaune mutées, proposée comme mécanisme initiateur de leur hyper-prolificité
The aim of this thesis was to identify a mutation called FecLL affecting ovulation rate and prolificacy of Lacaune sheep and to study its physiological consequences. By combining genetics and functional highthroughput biology approaches such as Roche 454 sequencing and mass spectrometry, I evidenced the FecLL mutation as a 2 SNP haplotype present in non-coding regions of a 194.6 kb locus on ovine chromosome 11. This mutation induces ectopic overexpression and ovarian activity of the B4GALNT2 (beta-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase 2) gene encoding a glycosylation enzyme capable of transferring a N-acetylgalactosamine sugar on target glycoproteins. Among those targets, I highlighted inhibin A, an important hormone in ovarian function. The consequences of this atypical glycosylation lead to impaired production of inhibin A in Lacaune mutated sheep proposed as an initiator mechanism of their hyper- prolificacy

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Most of ovine milk ´roduced worldwide is processed in dairy products, for this reason their quality is measured by rechnological properties, which are markedly affected by the composition, as well as the microbiological count. The objective of this study was to characterize rural properties that explore commercially milk sheep in the wester of the state of Santa Catarina by recording the production, composition an microbiological quality of the milk and the water used for the milking parlor. The experiment was conducted during august 2009 to june 2012 on tive farms. The animals used the experiment belonged to Milchschaf and Laucane breeds as wel their crosses, and crosses with beff breeds. Evaluations consisted in registration of production (ml/ewe/day), composition (fat, protein, lactose and minerais) an Somatic Cell Count (SCC) of milk, as well as the microbiological quality (total coliforms, Escherichia coli, mesophiles, salmonella sp., Listaria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus) and microbiological quality of water (total coliforms, fecal coliforms and mesophiles) used for cleaning of milking equipment and utensils. For the assessment of milking, and then samples were separated and sent to and accredited laboratory. For the microbiological evaluation of milk the samples were collected directky from the cooling tank and the water obtained directly from the source to be evaluated in the Centro de diagnostic Microbiológico Animal (CEDIMA) of Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárais (CAV) at the Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC) for bacterial isolation. The results of the average daily milk production during the 150 days of lactation was 926.88 ml/ewe, while for the composition was 7.11% offat, 4.91% of protein, 4.52% of lactose, 17.81% of total solids and 490x10³/mlof SCC. The average results obtained by microbiological analysis of milk from ali sampling were 3535.29 x10³ CFU/ml for Standard Plate Count (SPC), 30x10³ CFU/ml for total coliforms, 12.12 CFU E. coli and 0.47x10³ CFU/ml for S. aureus, three isolates of Salmonella sp. And no isolates of Listeria monocytogenes. For water the average of ali properties was 76.31 x10³ CFU/ml for SPC, 37.82 NMP/100 ml for total coliforms and no isolates of fecal coliforms. Data of production, composition and microbiological were statistically analyzed using the GLM procedure (General Linear Model) of the SAS statistically analyzed using the GLM procedure (General Linear Model) of the SAS statistically package (SAS Institute, 2005). SCC data were previously transformed into a logarithm base 10. The study allowed to characterize the ovine milk as well the microbiological water quality of these properties. The results for microbiological contamination of milk and water did not correspond with the limits established by Brazilian legislation compared with cow s milk and water consumption, however, as for the evaluation of milk production and compositional, these data can guidance for those involved in the activity and useful for industry that absorb the production of ovine milk in the region ultin further research is done
A maior parte do leite ovino produzido no mundo é transformado em produto lácteos, por esta raz!lo a qualidade deste é medida principalmente pelas sua propriedades tecnológicas, que são marcadamente afetados pela composição assim como pela sua qualidade microbiológica. O objetivo deste trabalho fo caracterizar as propriedades rurais que exploravam comercialmente o leite ovino n região oeste do estado de Santa Catarina quanto a sua produção, composição qualidade microbiológica do leite e da água utilizada para a higienizaçao d equipamentos. O experimento foi conduzido entre os meses de agosto de 2009 junho de 2012 em cinco propriedades rurais. Os animais utilizados no experimento pertenciam às raças Milchschaf, Lacaune e suas cruzas, além de cruzamentos co raças de corte. As avaliações consistiram no registro da produçao (mUovelha/dia) composição (gordura, proteína, lactose e minerais) e Contagem de Célula Somáticas (CCS) do leite, assim como a qualidade microbiológica (Coliformes totais Escherichia co/i, Mesófilos, Sa/mone//a sp., Usteria monocytogenes Staphylococcus aureus) deste e a qualidade microbiológica da água (Coliforme totais, Coliformes termotolerantes e Mesófilos) utilizada para a higienização do equipamentos e utensílios de ordenha. Para a avaliação da produção e composiçã o leite foi coletado no momento da ordenha, em seguida uma amostra era separad e enviada para laboratório credenciado. Para a avaliação microbiológica as amostra de leite foram coletadas diretamente do tanque de resfriamento e a água obtid diretamente da fonte, para serem avaliadas no Centro de Diagnóstico Microbiológic Animal (CEDIMA) do Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (CAV) da Universidade d Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC) para isolamento bacteriano. Os resultados d produção média diária de leite durante os 150 dias de lactação foi de 926,8 mL/ovelha, enquanto que para a composição foi de 7,11% de gordura, 4,91% d proteína, 4,52% de lactose, 17,81% de sólidos totais e 490x103 CCS/mL. As média dos resultados obtidos através das análises microbiológicas do leite de todas a coletas foram de 3.535,29x103 UFC/mL para CPP totais, 12,12 UFC/mL para E. co/i e 0,47x103 30x103 UFC/mL para Coliforme UFC/mL para S. aureus, trê isolamentos de Sa/mone//a sp. e ausência de Usteria monocytogenes. Para a águ utilizada nas propriedades as médias entre todas as propriedades foi de 76,31x10 UFC/mL para CPP, 37,82 NMP/100mL para Coliformes totais e ausência d Coliformes termotolerantes. Os dados de produção, composição e microbiológico foram submetidos a análise estatística utilizando-se o procedimento GLM (Genera Linear Model) do pacote estatístico SAS (SAS INSTITUTE, 2005). Os dados de CCS foram previamente transformadas para logaritmo de base 10. O estudo permiti caracterizar o leite ovino assim como a qualidade microbiológica da água desta propriedades. Os resultados para a contaminaçao microbiológica do leite e da água não corresponderam com os limites estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira quand comparados com o leite bovino e para a água de consumo, entretanto, assim com para a avaliação produtiva e composicional do leite, estes dados podem servir d subsídio para os envolvidos na atividade e úteis para a indústria que absorve produção de leite ovino da região até que novas pesquisas sejam realizadas

O leite ovino se diferencia do das demais espécies devido à sua riqueza em sólidos. Contudo, mesmo no caso de raças especializadas, a produção de leite é representativamente menor, em termos de volume, quando comparado ao leite de vaca. Em função disso, o resfriamento prolongado ou o congelamento do leite podem ser uma alternativa ao produtor e à indústria. Sendo assim, os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar o efeito do resfriamento e do congelamento, por sete dias, sobre as características físico-químicas do leite de ovelhas da raça Lacaune, considerando a influência dos meses do ano, sobre o rendimento da coalhada produzida e as características físicas do soro obtido. Também foi verificada a influência do resfriamento e do congelamento no comportamento reológico, viscosidade e distribuição do tamanho de partículas do leite. Foram realizadas coletas mensais de leite, no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2011, em quatro propriedades produtoras de leite de ovelha, localizadas no Rio Grande do Sul, sendo as amostras encaminhadas ao Laboratório LEITECIA, da UFRGS. Cada amostra foi dividida em três alíquotas: a primeira era analisada no mesmo dia e as restantes armazenadas até sete dias, uma em refrigeração (5ºC) e outra em congelamento doméstico (- 18ºC). As análises realizadas foram: determinação da densidade, pH, acidez titulável, estabilidade ao etanol e estabilidade térmica. Uma alíquota de cada amostra era encaminhada ao Laboratório de Qualidade do Leite, da Embrapa Clima Temperado, para determinação da composição química do leite. Avaliou-se o rendimento da coalhada obtida com cada uma das amostras compostas de leite fresco, resfriado e congelado. O volume de soro foi medido e realizou-se análise de determinação da densidade, pH e acidez titulável. A viscosidade das amostras de leite foi determinada utilizando-se viscosímetro rotacional (Brookfield DV-II + Pro Viscometer, modo LVF, spindle CS4-25). A descrição do comportamento reológico foi feita através da relação entre a taxa de deformação e a tensão de cisalhamento e da aplicação do modelo da Lei da Potência. A comparação dos valores de viscosidade quando os fluidos apresentaram comportamento newtoniano foi realizada a 60 rpm. A distribuição do tamanho de partículas do leite foi determinada através da técnica de difração de laser. Os parâmetros utilizados foram diâmetro médio das partículas, uniformidade da distribuição (Span) e a área de superfície específica. A composição do leite não apresentou variação significativa quando comparados os diferentes tratamentos (P>0,05). Contudo, os teores de proteína e lactose apresentaram variação sazonal. O resfriamento do leite afetou as características físicas das amostras, apresentando menor pH e maior acidez titulável, com a consequente diminuição da estabilidade térmica. Na produção da coalhada, o resfriamento e o congelamento do leite ovino não afetaram o rendimento. A densidade dos soros obtidos não apresentou variação. Porém, o soro da coalhada de leite resfriado apresentou-se mais ácido. As amostras de leite de ovelha analisadas demonstraram comportamento newtoniano. A viscosidade das amostras não foi afetada pelo congelamento do leite, porém o resfriamento provocou aumento deste parâmetro analisado. O diâmetro médio das partículas não apresentou variações. Conclui-se que o congelamento do leite, por até sete dias, não interfere na sua caracterização físico-química.
Ewe milk differs from other species due to its richness in solids. However, even in the case of specialized breeds, milk production is representatively smaller in volume compared to cow milk. As a result, prolonged chilling or freezing of the milk can be an alternative to the dairy producer and the industry. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of cooling and freezing for seven days, on the physicochemical characteristics of milk from Lacaune ewes, considering the influence of the months of the year on the income produced curd and physical characteristics of the whey obtained. The effect of chilling and freezing on rheological properties, viscosity and particle size distribution of the milk were also observed. Milk samples were collected monthly from January to December 2011 in four dairy of Lacaune sheep located in Rio Grande do Sul. Samples were sent to the laboratory LEITECIA, UFRGS. Each sample was divided into three aliquots: the first was analyzed on the same day and the remaining stored up to seven days, one under refrigeration (5ºC) and other under freezing (- 18ºC). Density, pH, titratable acidity, ethanol stability and thermal stability were performed in three aliquots. One aliquot of each sample was sent to the Milk Quality Laboratory of Embrapa Clima Temperado for determination of chemical composition. The three aliquots were used to produce cheese. The yield of the obtained curd in each of the samples comprised from fresh, chilled and frozen milk was determined, as well as volume, density, pH and titratable acidity from whey. Viscosity of milk samples was determined using a rotational viscometer. The description of rheological behavior was made using the relationship between shear rate and shear stress by application of Potency Law model. Comparison of viscosity values, as the fluid showed Newtonian behavior, was performed at 60 rpm. Particle size distribution was determined by laser diffraction technique. Parameters used were average particle diameter, uniformity of distribution (Span) and specific surface area. Milk composition did not change significantly when comparing the different treatments (P> 0.05). However, protein and lactose showed seasonal variation. Milk chilling affected the physical characteristics of the samples, with lower pH and higher acidity, with a consequent decrease in thermal stability. In the production of curd, chilling and freezing of ewe milk did not affect yield. Whey density did not change, although chilled milk produced more acidic whey. Viscosity of the samples was not affected by freezing, but chilling caused an increased viscosity. Average particle diameter showed no variations. In conclusion, freezing of ewe milk for seven days does not interfere with its physic-chemical characterization.

Este trabalho de projeto visa a criação de uma empresa agropecuária no domínio dos ovinos de aptidão leiteira (raça Lacaune), com ciclos reprodutivos de 9 meses, aleitamento artificial e comercialização dos borregos entre 30 e 40 dias de vida. O calendário reprodutivo prevê cobrições todos os meses, possibilitando uma produção linear de leite. O projeto localiza-se no município de Alcanena, está enquadrado no Programa PRODER para efeitos de apoio à instalação de jovem agricultor e apresenta um investimento global de 500 mil Euros e volume de negócios anual de 210 mil Euros. Dos indicadores de análise de viabilidade obtidos para o cenário base projetado a 10 anos constata-se que o projeto é viável mas apresenta riscos consideráveis, com destaque para os inerentes ao serviço de dívida de longo prazo: Rácio Benefícios/Custos de 1,07, Valor Líquido Atualizado de 92.218,00 €, Taxa Interna de Rendibilidade de 13% e Período de Recuperação só atingido por desinvestimento no projeto. Num cenário de conjugação de três fatores (redução da taxa de financiamento nominal anual de 10% para 6%, atribuição de subsídio à aquisição de animais e redução em 50% do preço do prédio rústico a adquirir) obtiveram-se resultados bastante mais motivadores, com Rácio Benefícios/Custos de 1,16, Valor Atual Líquido de 269.115,00 €, Taxa Interna de Rendibilidade de 17,04% e Período de Recuperação de 8 anos, o que em termos de montante de empréstimo e de tempo de serviço de dívida implicaria redução substancial e uma margem de segurança muito razoável do projeto; ABSTRACT: This research project aims to create an agricultural enterprise in the field of dairy sheep (Lacaune breed), with reproductive cycles of 9 months, bottle feeding and marketing of lambs between 30 and 40 days of life. The reproduction timing provides mating every month, providing a linear of milk production. The project is located in the municipality of Alcanena, is framed in PRODER Program for the purpose of supporting the installation of young farmers and has a total investment of 500,000 Euros and annual turnover of 210,000 Euros. Indicators of viability analysis obtained for the baseline scenario projected 10 years notes that the project is viable but shows considerable risks, especially those inherent in the service of long-term debt: Ratio of Benefits / Costs of 1.07,Updated Net Value of € 92.218,00, Internal Rate of Return of 13% and Recovery Period only hit by disinvestment in the project. In a scenario of a combination of three factors (reduction in the rate of annual nominal 10% to 6%, the allocation of subsidies for the purchase of animals and50% reduction in the price of rustic building to be acquired) results were obtained much more motivating, Ratio with Benefits / Costs of 1.16, Net Present Value of € 269,115.00, Internal Rate of Return of 17,04% and Recovery Period of 8 years, which in terms of the loan amount and length of service imply substantial reduction in debt and a very reasonable margin of safety of the project.

La recombinaison génétique est un processus biologique fondamental, ayant lieu au cours de la méiose et assurant la bonne ségrégation des chromosomes, ainsi que le maintien de la variabilité génétique grâce au brassage intrachromosomique. La recombinaison a été étudiée dans de nombreuses espèces, en particulier chez les Mammifères et les animaux d’élevage, comme les bovins, les porcs ou les ovins. Dans tous les cas, une variation du taux de recombinaison a été observée entre les individus et il a été démontré qu’elle était héritable et sous déterminisme génétique. Dans certaines espèces, des cartes génétiques ont également été construites, ce qui a permis de localiser les crossingovers et de détecter de très petites zones du génome où la recombinaison était importante : les points chauds. En race ovine Lacaune, de nombreuses données de génotypages sont disponibles, notamment grâce à l’existence de deux puces : une de moyenne densité avec 54 000 marqueurs et une de haute densité avec 600 000 marqueurs. Deux jeux de données étaient donc disponibles ; un jeu de données familial avec près de 6 000 individus apparentés et génotypés pour les 54 000 marqueurs et un jeu de données comportant 70 Lacaune non apparentés et génotypés pour les 600 000 marqueurs. Des cartes génétiques ont donc été créées pour ces deux jeux de données. Avec les animaux non apparentés, environ 50 000 points chauds ont été détectés. Le jeu de données familial a permis d’observer des motifs de distribution de la recombinaison communs aux autres Mammifères. Enfin, la combinaison des deux jeux de données a révélé la présence de signatures de sélection et a permis de créer une carte génétique de haute densité. De plus, une variation du taux de recombinaison a été observée entre les individus et a pu être liée à l’existence de 2 QTLs majeurs sur les chromosomes 6 et 7. Des gènes candidats plus ou moins bien connus ont pu être proposés, voire étudiés : RNF212 et HEI10. De plus, une comparaison avec une autre population ovine a permis de montrer que les cartes de recombinaison étaient quasiment identiques, mais que le taux de recombinaison individuel était soumis à un déterminisme génétique différent. Il a également été possible de proposer une application concrète pour l’utilisation des cartes génétiques en sélection génomique, grâce à la création de puces basse densité pouvant être utilisées pour l’imputation des reproducteurs et donc favoriser le génotypage et la sélection génomique à moindre coût
Genetic recombination is a fundamental biological process, which occurs during the meiosis. It allows the good segregation of the chromosomes and contributes to maintain the genetic diversity. Recombination was already studied in a lot of different species, especially in mammals and in farm animals, such as the pig, the cattle or the sheep. In each case, a variation of the recombination rate between the individuals was observed. This variation was heritable and under genetic determinism. In some species, genetic recombination maps were also created, which allowed to localize the crossovers and to detect really tiny genomic regions where the recombination is huge: the recombination hotspots. In the Lacaune breed sheep, a lot of genotyping data are available thanks to two existing arrays: a first with a medium density of markers (about 54,000 markers) and a second with a high density of markers (about 600,000 markers). Two datasets were thus available: a familial dataset with about 6,000 animals genotyped for the 54,000 markers and a dataset of 70 unrelated Lacaune genotyped for the 600,000 markers. Genetic recombination maps were created for these two datasets. With the 70 unrelated Lacaune, about 50,000 hotspots were detected. The familial dataset allowed to observe the mammals common recombination patterns. Finally, when the two datasets were combined, selection signatures were revealed and a high density recombination map were created. Furthermore, a variation of the recombination rate within the individuals was observed and was associated to 2 main QTLs on the chromosomes 6 and 7. Already known, or not, candidate genes were proposed and sometimes studied: especially RNF212 and HEI10. Finally, a comparison with another sheep breed revealed that the genetic recombination maps were really similar, but the individual recombination rate was under a different genetic determinism. A concrete application of the genetic recombination map in genomic selection was also proposed thanks to the creation of lowdensity SNPs sets, which could be used to impute the animals and thus to improve the genotyping and the genomic selection for lessercosts

In my thesis, Philip K. Dick's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? is examined using French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan's mirror stage theory. In the novel, humans have built androids that are almost indistinguishable from humans except that they lack a sense of empathy, or so the humans believe. The Voigt-Kampff Machine is a polygraph-like device used to determine if a subject shows signs of empathy in order to confirm if one is an android or a human. Yet, should empathy be the defining quality of determining humanity? In his article "The mirror stage as formative of the function of the ‘I’ as revealed in psychoanalytic experience," Lacan refers to a particular critical milestone in an infant's psychological development. When the baby looks in a mirror, they come to the realization that the image they are seeing is not just any ordinary image; it is actually themselves in the mirror. This "a-ha" moment of self-realization is what Lacan's Mirror Stage Theory is based on. According to Lacan's theory, the image that the child sees in a mirror becomes an "Other" through which they will always scrutinize and pass judgment on, for it is not how they have pictured themselves to be in their mind’s eye. I hypothesize that the androids are humans' artificial and technological Other. It is my thought that Dick uses the conflict of determining the biological from the artificial, the effort to differentiate humans from androids and biological animals from artificial ones, to illustrate Lacan's psychoanalysis of the mirror stage and its importance in our continual search for determining what humanity is and who we really are.

This thesis deals with the influence of age of lacaune breed ewes on milk performance, influence of parity and influence of stage of lactation on milk performance in terms of the milk yield and the content of individual components of milk. Further was evaluated the influence of rams on milking. Data from farm Statek Horní Dvorce s.r.o. were used and data from Svaz chovatelů ovcí a koz z.s. were used too and entries from years 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017, when the milk performance was monitored by method AT. The influence of rams on milking has not been fully demonstrated. For the four comparing lines, the statistically significant difference was only between LINUX and LUPIN, and only in one year of performance control over the three years compared. From the point of view of the influence of age on total milk yield in the studied farm, fat and protein content of lacaune breed increased with increasing age, whereas the lactose content showed a decreasing trend. The influence of parity had a significant effect on the monitored parameters of milk. With an increasing parity, the protein content was slightly increased, the fat and lactose content decreased. Ewes on the second lactation showed the best results in milk yield, since the third lactation was recorded in milking a decrease. The influence of stage of lactation on milking and on the content of individual components of milk was also significanted. With prolonged lactation the milk yield and lactose content were decreased. The fat and protein content has been shown to increase with the increasing of the stage of lactation.

Over 850 entriesThe Oxford Companion to Cheese is the first truly comprehensive reference work dedicated to the exploration of how four basic ingredients—milk, microorganisms, salt, and enzymes—are transformed into the more than fourteen hundred named cheese varieties enjoyed throughout the world. From cottage cheese to Camembert, from Gorgonzola to Gruyère, the Companion examines cheese on the farm, under the microscope, in the shop, and on the plate.More than just a pizza topping or cracker spread, cheese has been the founding capital of a few European banking systems, a religious sacrament, and an inspiration for writers and artists as far back as Homer. The Companion reveals these hidden depths in more than 850 wide-ranging entries. Here you will read about rightly famous cheeses, but also some that are not well known outside of their area of production, such as the traditional Turkish and Iranian cheeses ripened in sheep's or goat's skin. You will learn about animal species whose milk is commonly used (cow, goat, and sheep) and not so commonly used (yak, camel, and reindeer) in cheesemaking, as well as a few highly important breeds within each species (the Nubian goat or Lacaune sheep). You will explore regional cheesemaking traditions that date back millennia, and both ancient and modern cheesemaking technology and equipment. And you will delve into the vibrant interior world of cheese: the blooms, veins, sticky surfaces, gooey interiors, crystals, and yes, for some, the strong olfactory notes, are all due to microbial action and growth.To discuss cheese in its countless forms and contexts, the Companion enlisted 325 authors, including leading cheesemakers, mongers, dairy scientists, microbiologists, anthropologists, historians, journalists, archaeologists, and more, from backgrounds as diverse as cheese itself. This is the definitive guide to one of humankind's greatest discoveries.