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1
Frey, Bruce M., and James O'Donnell. "Drug Therapy in Pregnancy and Lactation." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2, no. 1 (February 1989): 2–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719008900200102.
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The use of drugs in pregnant and lactating women requires a thorough understanding of the unique interactions between the mother, fetus/infant, and the pharmacologic agents that are used in therapy. Any agent that is consumed by a woman may have adverse effects on the fetus/infant. This article will summarize those factors that should be considered. There exists a paucity of data and information for most drugs relative to pregnancy and lactation. Conclusions that can be drawn remain speculative, and the use of any drug during pregnancy and lactation requires extreme caution. Factors involved in fetal drug exposure include the dynamic changes of maternal physiology related to drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Placental transfer of drug occurs with almost all agents, each to varying degrees. The notion that the placenta provides an impervious barrier must be dismissed. The least understood of factors involving potential fetal harm is teratogenicity. The mechanisms and types of teratogenic agents, poorly understood in humans, is discussed. Most drugs appear in the breast milk and, therefore, carry some degree of potential harm. Minimizing exposure is a goal that can be obtained when taking into account the maternal physiology, basic pharmacokinetic factors, physiochemical interactions between drug and membranes, and the chemical composition of breast milk.
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Walson, Philip D. "Drug Exposure and Effects in Pregnancy and Lactation." Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 42, no. 2 (April 2020): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ftd.0000000000000732.
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Ahirwar, Sakshi, Saloni Chourasia, and Bhagyashree Mahajan. "Drugs Used During Pregnancy and Lactation." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicine 6, no. 8 (August 30, 2021): 78–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.47760/ijpsm.2021.v06i08.006.
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In time of pregnancy, drugs are often required to treat certain disorders. In general potential benefit outweighs known risks, drugs may be considered for treatment of disorders during pregnancy. All maternal drugs not cross the planceta to the fetus. Some drugs that cross the placenta may have a direct toxic effect or teratogenic effect . Understanding the risks of drugs use in pregnancy has lagged being the advances in other areas of pharmacotherapy. The adverse developmental effects of pharmaceutical products are recognized to include not only mal formation, but also growth restrictions, fetal death and functional defects in the newborn. Drug that does not cross placenta but still harm the fortus. 1979, FDA developed a system determining teratogenic risk of drugs based on animals& human studies. Divided drugs into 5 categories (A ,B, C, D, X). This article provide clinical therapeutic guidance relating drug use in pregnancy.
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Anderson, Philip O. "Drug Therapy for Weight Loss: Effects on Lactation and Breastfeeding." Breastfeeding Medicine 15, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 294–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2020.0023.
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Bond, G. M., and A. M. Holloway. "Anaesthesia and Breast-feeding – the Effect on Mother and Infant." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 20, no. 4 (November 1992): 426–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x9202000404.
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In this paper, we summarise the physiology of lactation and discuss the pathophysiology brought about by fasting, stress and anaesthetic drugs. Drug secretion into breast milk and subsequent absorption by the infant is considered. Maternal hydration must be well maintained with intravenous fluids, allowing an added 500 to 1000 ml for daily fluid loss in lactation. Maternal premedication, general anaesthesia and routine postoperative analgesics are also discussed as to the effects on the breast-fed infant. Drug side-effects may be avoided by timing breast feeding just before the next due dose. Sedatives with long half-lives should not be used. Endocrine and metabolic responses to anaesthesia and surgery are less with regional anaesthesia than with general, hence regional anaesthesia is preferred where it is a reasonable alternative technique.
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Jügens, TP, C. Schaefer, and A. May. "Treatment of Cluster Headache in Pregnancy and Lactation." Cephalalgia 29, no. 4 (April 2009): 391–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01764.x.
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Cluster headache is a rare disorder in women, but has a serious impact on the affected woman's life, especially on family planning. Women with cluster headache who are pregnant need special support, including the expertise of an experienced headache centre, an experienced gynaecologist and possibly a teratology information centre. The patient should be seen through all stages of the pregnancy. A detailed briefing about the risks and safety of various treatment options is mandatory. In general, both the number of medications and the dosage should be kept as low as possible. Preferred treatments include oxygen, subcutaneous or intranasal sumatriptan for acute pain and verapamil and prednisone/ prednisolone as preventatives. If there is a compelling reason to treat the patient with another preventative, gabapentin is the drug of choice. While breastfeeding, oxygen, sumatriptan and lidocaine for acute pain and prednisone/prednisolone, verapamil, and lithium as preventatives are the drugs of choice. As the individual pharmacokinetics differ substantially, adverse drug effects should be considered if unexplained symptoms occur in the newborn.
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Griffin, Brooke L., Rebecca H. Stone, Shareen Y. El-Ibiary, Sarah Westberg, Kayce Shealy, Alicia Forinash, Abigail Yancey, et al. "Guide for Drug Selection During Pregnancy and Lactation: What Pharmacists Need to Know for Current Practice." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 52, no. 8 (March 9, 2018): 810–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1060028018764447.
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Objective: To provide guidance for clinicians on risk assessment of medication use during pregnancy and lactation. Data Sources: Authors completed PubMed searches to identify articles focused on the use of medications in pregnancy, including fetal development, drug transfer across the placenta, trimester exposure, chronic conditions in pregnancy, medications in lactation, and lactation and chronic disease. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Articles were reviewed to provide overall guidance to medication selection during pregnancy. The following information was reviewed: medication use in pregnancy, including fetal development, drug transfer across the placenta, trimester exposure, chronic conditions in pregnancy, medications in lactation, and lactation and chronic disease. Data Synthesis: This article will provide an overview of medication safety considerations during pregnancy and lactation. Information was interpreted to help clinicians predict the potential risk and benefit in each patient to make an evidence-based decision. The article concludes with guidance on risk assessment and how pharmacists may support fellow health care providers and their patients when considering medication use. Conclusions: Information about the effects of medication use during reproductive periods is limited. With the removal of the Food and Drug Administration pregnancy categories, clinicians will be relying on pharmacists to aid in the appropriate selection of therapies for patients. It is critical that pharmacists keep abreast of resources available and be able to assess data to help prescribers and their patients.
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García-Lino, Álvarez-Fernández, Blanco-Paniagua, Merino, and Álvarez. "Transporters in the Mammary Gland—Contribution to Presence of Nutrients and Drugs into Milk." Nutrients 11, no. 10 (October 5, 2019): 2372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11102372.
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A large number of nutrients and bioactive ingredients found in milk play an important role in the nourishment of breast-fed infants and dairy consumers. Some of these ingredients include physiologically relevant compounds such as vitamins, peptides, neuroactive compounds and hormones. Conversely, milk may contain substances—drugs, pesticides, carcinogens, environmental pollutants—which have undesirable effects on health. The transfer of these compounds into milk is unavoidably linked to the function of transport proteins. Expression of transporters belonging to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC-) and Solute Carrier (SLC-) superfamilies varies with the lactation stages of the mammary gland. In particular, Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides 1A2 (OATP1A2) and 2B1 (OATP2B1), Organic Cation Transporter 1 (OCT1), Novel Organic Cation Transporter 1 (OCTN1), Concentrative Nucleoside Transporters 1, 2 and 3 (CNT1, CNT2 and CNT3), Peptide Transporter 2 (PEPT2), Sodium-dependent Vitamin C Transporter 2 (SVCT2), Multidrug Resistance-associated Protein 5 (ABCC5) and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (ABCG2) are highly induced during lactation. This review will focus on these transporters overexpressed during lactation and their role in the transfer of products into the milk, including both beneficial and harmful compounds. Furthermore, additional factors, such as regulation, polymorphisms or drug-drug interactions will be described.
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Aminova, Al'bina, Idris Yumaguzin, Niyaz Subhankulov, and Tatyana Sedykh. "Efficacy of a herbal drug in treating bovine mastitis." Agrarian Bulletin of the 209, no. 06 (July 15, 2021): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2021-209-06-34-42.
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Abstract. Presently, mastitis is being addressed by biologically active agents of plant origin having a bactericidal, viricidal and immune-modulating effect. In this regard, the study of the Raido drug to treat different types of mastitis in lactating cows is of a certain scientific and practical importance. The aim of the study was to determine the efficacy of the Raido herbal drug against serous and catarrhal mastitis in cows during the lactation period. Research methods. Mastitis was detected according to clinical observations, with the results being confirmed by the express diagnosticum Mastidinum or a quick mastitis test. The blood morphological composition in terms of erythrocyte, leucocyte and haemoglobin content was analyzed on a haematological analyzer. Milk samples were examined bacteriologically for the pathogenic microflora. Results. Treating serous and catarrhal mastitis with the Raido herbal drug increased the level of erythrocytes and haemoglobin in recovering cows, reduced their leucocyte content in the peripheral blood, and somatic cells in milk more than doubled. There were no clinical signs of the disease on the fifth day when serving serous mastitis with 5 or 7 ml of the herbal drug intercisternally. Treating catarrhal mastitis with 10 and 12 ml of the drug using the same administration method produced a similar effect on the sixth day. Thus, the optimal dose for daily interstitial administration of serous mastitis was 5 ml and 10 ml for catarrhal mastitis. A comparison of the therapeutic effects of the phytomedicines Raido and Riposol revealed higher efficacy of the daily Raido use in these dosages. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the optimal dosage of the Raido herbal drug for intercisternal administration to cows with serous and catarrhal mastitis was determined; the therapeutic effect of the Raido herbal remedy was detected; a comparative assessment of the Raido and Riposol herbal remedies' effect in the treatment of serous and catarrhal mastitis was made.
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Mehatre, Dhulappa Dharmaji. "Experimental Evaluation of Karpasa Beeja (Gossypium herbacum Linn.) With special reference to its Galactagogue Effect." International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine 11, no. 1 (March 24, 2020): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.47552/ijam.v11i1.1337.
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Increased urbanization created lack of authentic and genuine drug for the management of ailments of human beings; similarly the urbanization has fashioned myths in society that lactation and feedings of the babies leads to loss of beauty, along with this stress, strain and modern style of living affects the milk production in human being. Galactogouges are most used and prescribed drugs in the medical practice. As per Ayurveda galactogouges are termed as stanyajanana dravya, which increase the milk production. Karpasa beeja (Gossypium herbacum Linn) belongs to Malvaceae family is medium sized tree consists madhura rasa (sweet taste), sheeta veerya (cold potency), and madhura vipaka (under goes sweet metabolism). It acts as vata, pitta shamaka, kapha vardhaka, and stanyajanana (increases lactation). The Karpasa beeja was subjected for morphological and physico-chemical evaluation according to the parameters explained in Ayurveda Pharmacopeia of India and galactogogue activity was carried out for 15 days by using 24 Albino rats divided into four groups i.e. two trial groups (Churna and Extract of Karpas Beeja), one standard group (Shatavari churna) and one control group (Normal saline water). The drug shows presence of carbohydrate, proteins, sterols, reducing sugar, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids. The drug in the form of churna and 90% Ethyl alcohol extract shows similar effects with known standard drug Shatavari (Asparagus racemosa).
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Burra, Bhaskari, Palika Datta, Kathleen Rewers-Felkins, Teresa Baker, and Thomas W. Hale. "Transfer of Cyclobenzaprine into Human Milk and Subsequent Infant Exposure." Journal of Human Lactation 35, no. 3 (April 24, 2019): 559–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334419843307.
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Introduction: Cyclobenzaprine is a skeletal muscle relaxant primarily used in the treatment of pain. Its use during lactation is a matter of concern as its level of exposure to infants through human milk is still unknown. Main issue: The aim of this study was to determine cyclobenzaprine concentrations in the milk samples collected from two lactating mothers. Management: The present study describes the analysis of cyclobenzaprine in human milk using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, which determined the drug concentration-time profiles in human milk. Conclusion: This study shows low levels of concentrations of cyclobenzaprine in human milk with calculated relative infant dose of 0.5%. However, due to the sedative properties of cyclobenzaprine, regular clinical assessment of the infant is recommended to evaluate for long-term effects.
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Bryukhova, Irina V., Galina A. Vostroilova, Yuliya A. Chaplygina, and Nina A. Khokhlova. "Study of subchronic toxicity of Primalact preparation at intracisternal administration." Veterinaria Kubani, no. 5 (October 30, 2020): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33861/2071-8020-2020-5-11-13.
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Currently, the problem of treatment and prevention of mammary gland diseases in cows is relevant. In this regard, the task of developing new drugs to combat mastitis, with a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity and minimal side effects, remains relevant. Authors studied subchronic toxicity of Primalact preparation with intracisternal administration to lactating cows. The experiment was performed on 12 clinically healthy cows at the 3rd-4th months of lactation. 3 experimental and 1 control groups were formed. Animals in the experimental groups for 9 days were intracisternally injected in doses of 5, 10 and 20 ml, respectively. Examination data showed the absence of significant changes in the clinical state of the experimental animals and breast tissue in the two experimental groups. In the group with a dose of 20 ml on the 5th day, an increase in the temperature of the udder lobes, their densification, slight pain, the appearance of flakes in the secretion of the udder and a decrease in dairy productivity were detected. In this case it indicated the presence of an irritating effect. The administration of Primalact for 9 days in a dose of 5 ml and 10 ml to lactating cows did not cause any changes in the morphological and biochemical blood parameters. The results of the studies in the fourth experimental group were reflected in the instructions for the application of the drug, which indicated that the frequency of administration of the drug was 3-4 days. Thus, Primalact, when intracisternially administered to lactating cows in doses of 5 and 10 ml for 9 days, does not have subchronic toxicity.
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Kwanashie, Helen O., Gabriel Osuide, Charles Wambebe, and Christopher O. Ikediobi. "Effects of maternally administered cimetidine during lactation on the development of drug metabolizing enzymes in mouse pups." Biochemical Pharmacology 38, no. 1 (January 1989): 204–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(89)90170-6.
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Romanov, A. Yu, E. E. Soldatova, A. R. Gadzhieva, and M. I. Kesova. "Prevention of iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy and lactation." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 3 (April 17, 2020): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2020-3-85-89.
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The article is devoted to the issues of prevention and choice of therapy strategy for iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women. Iron deficiency anemia is a frequent complication during pregnancy and in the postnatal period. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the frequency of anemia in pregnant women exceeds 40% and can reach 65% in developing countries. More than half of all cases of anemia during pregnancy are directly related to iron deficiency (ID), which can be as high as 80% or more during pregnancy. This indicates that existing iron reserves out of pregnancy are inadequate to compensate for the increasing need for iron intake during pregnancy. According to domestic authors, the vast majority of women have some kind of iron deficiency by the end of pregnancy, and some of them had a latent iron deficiency even before pregnancy. The development of anemia is preceded by sublatent and latent forms of iron deficiency associated with increased iron demand during gestation. The issues of early diagnostics of preclinical forms of iron deficiency with subsequent correction of this element insufficiency, which allows avoiding undesirable phenomena related to the development of anemia, remain particularly relevant. The prevention of iron deficiency anemia should be complex and individual, and the choice of a drug to compensate for iron deficiency should be based on high bioavailability of the drug with minimal side effects. According to available data, oral administration of bior trivalent iron preparations is not sufficient for the treatment of moderate to severe anemia. In this case, the administration of iron sulphate preparations should be combined with the prescription of prolonged or recombinant erythropoietin with a transition to intravenous administration of iron preparations.
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Abass, Areej B. "Neurotoxic effect in lactating mice pups received oseltamivir phosphate (tamiflu) through milk from dosed nursing mothers during lactation period." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 36, no. 1 (June 30, 2012): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v36i1.551.
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The present study was aimed to evaluate neurotoxic effects of oseltamivir phosphate in lactating pups of orally dosed mice mothers during lactation. Twelve recently parturited female albino mice were divided equally into three groups, one control and two treated groups, each group consists of 4 dosed dams and 8 chosen pups .The nursing dams of T1 and T2 dosed daily orally with 1mg/kg and 5mg/kg,oseltamivir phosphate respectively representing the therapeutic dose and 5 fold dose of drug while control group dosed with distilled water. Lactating mice pups of all groups examined for the following parameters: First parameter was body weight changes and gain: In which T1group showed significant increase in mice pups body weight gain after 14 day of treatment in comparison with control group and T2. Second parameter was clinical symptoms observation /daily, all treatment groups that showed neurotoxic symptoms appeared from 1st dose and extended along the next few days of treatment to be gradually disappeared and completely lost within the last days of treatment in dose dependent manner.These neurotoxic symptoms were weakness, convulsions ,lay on back or side, extended body, incoordination ,extended limbs and limbs stiffness. Third parameter was gross and histopathological studies which demonstrate that the brain was the most affected organ beside extensive lesions in liver, kidney, stomach and small intestine of treated groups in dose dependent manner.In conclusion of this study revealed that Oseltamivir phosphate produce neurotoxic effect in mice pups through indirect administration by nursing mothers dosing during lactation period and the level of toxicity was in dose dependent manner.
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Hart, Alexandra D., and R. F. Grimble. "The effect of methylxanthines on milk volume and composition, and growth of rat pups." British Journal of Nutrition 64, no. 2 (September 1990): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19900036.
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A study was conducted to investigate the effect of differential dose levels of methylxanthines on lactational performance, with respect to milk volume and composition and pup growth. The methylxanthines; caffeine, theophylline and theobromine, were administered via drinking water in the proportions occurring in tea, at a dose of 50, 1 and 2 mg/kg body-weight respectively to Wistar albino rats throughout pregnancy and for up to the 14th day of lactation. A fourth group received a mixture of all three methylxanthines. Maternal food and fluid intake and weight changes, as well as weight gain in the litter were monitored thrice weekly. Milk samples were collected from the dams on days 7 and 14 of lactation, while milk volume was measured on days 12–13 by a method using tritiated water. Results showed that caffeine and theobromine significantly enhanced litter weight (P < 0.01 and 0.05 respectively). In the caffeine group, enhanced litter growth was due to a significant increase (P < 0.05) in milk volume, consequent to increased maternal food intake (P < 0.05). In the theobromine group there was only a weak association between increased litter weight and milk volume. Theophylline had no effect on the volume or composition of milk, or litter weight. The combination of all three methylxanthines also failed to produce any of the positive effects observed with separate drug treatments.
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Ushiroyama, Takahisa, Kou Sakuma, Hekiko Souen, Gou Nakai, Shouko Morishima, Yoshiki Yamashita, and Hideki Kamegai. "Xiong-gui-tiao-xue-yin (Kyuki-chouketsu-in), a Traditional Herbal Medicine, Stimulates Lactation with Increase in Secretion of Prolactin but not Oxytocin in the Postpartum Period." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 35, no. 02 (January 2007): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x07004734.
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The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of Xiong-gui-tiao-xue-yin, a traditional Japanese herbal medicine, in stimulating lactation in the postpartum period. We enrolled 82 women who had a normal delivery in Osaka Medical College Hospital, and randomly assigned them to the following two groups: a group of 41 women who received Xiong-gui-tiao-xue-yin at a dose of 6.0 g/day (Group X), and a group of 41 women who received ergometrine (methylergometrine maleate) at a dose of 0.375 mg/day (Group E). Volume of lactation was determined daily until Day 6 postpartum. Plasma prolactin and oxytocin concentration were measured at Days 1 and 6 postpartum. The results showed that volume of lactation was significantly higher in Group X than in Group E at Days 4 ( p = 0.042), 5 ( p = 0.038), and 6 ( p = 0.046). Significant differences between Groups X and E were noted in plasma prolactin concentration at Days 1 (157.9 ± 78.2 ng/ml and 129.1 ± 64.8 ng/ml ; p = 0.037) and 6 (167.5 ± 95.4 ng/ml and 117.1 ± 53.6 ng/ml ; p = 0.0042) postpartum. On the other hand, at Day 1, oxytocin concentration was significantly higher in Group E than in Group X ( p = 0.0024). No adverse effects were observed in this study. The results of our study demonstrate the beneficial effects of Xiong-gui-tiao-xue-yin on lactation, with increase in prolactin level without increase in oxytocin level in the postpartum period. Therefore, Xiong-gui-tiao-xue-yin can be expected to improve lactation in women in the postpartum period. Further detailed bio-pharmacological studies and clinical trials to investigate the properties of this drug are warranted.
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da Costa Alves, Maciel, Diego Elias Pereira, Rita de Cássia de Araújo Bidô, Juliano Carlo Rufino Freitas, Cláudia Patrícia Fernandes dos Santos, and Juliana Késsia Barbosa Soares. "Effects of the aqueous extract of Phyllanthus niruri Linn during pregnancy and lactation on neurobehavioral parameters of rats’ offspring." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 270 (April 2021): 113862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.113862.
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Kosei, N. V., O. V. Zanko, L. А. Vasylchenko, and N. V. Iarotska. "Experience of using plant complexes in physiological completion of lactation." Reproductive Endocrinology, no. 57 (March 31, 2021): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18370/2309-4117.2021.57.54-58.
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Ending breastfeeding is often quite a challenge for women, justifying the need for qualified medical counseling and accompaniment by a doctor. Quite frequently during weaning the baby, women complain about pain, discomfort and swelling of the breasts, which affects their overall physical and psychological well-being. However, due to possible rather serious side effects, medical support for stopping lactation is mostly recommended for women with clinical indications.Research aim: to determine the effectiveness of the proposed method with Normomens for physiological completion of lactation.Materials and methods. The study involved 65 women with an average duration of lactation 9 ± 1.23 months. Patients were divided into two groups: group 1 included 34 women who received Normomens according to the scheme to stop lactation; group 2 included 31 patients who did not receive any medication. Patients were gynecological examined and counseled by oncologist. Patients' diaries included questions about the duration of lactation, presence and severity of mastalgia according to the Visual Analogue Scale, necessity of analgesics, frequency of breast pumping per day, features of psycho-emotional state according to the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Prolactin levels were also determined at the screening visit and on 25th day after weaning.Results. On the background of Normomens use the process of lactation completion was significantly easier, its completion came mostly on the 3–4 day after drug use, patients almost never complained of pain and discomfort in mammary glands, they less frequently breast pumped and had a more stable psycho-emotional state compared to the control group. Рrolactin level with usage of Normomens had a quick decrease compared to the control group.Conclusion. Normomens using for support the physiological finishing of lactation lead to acceleration of involutive processes in mammary glands, reduces pain severity and prevented psycho-emotional disorders in women.
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Osuide, Gabriel, Charles Wambebe, Christopher O. Ikediobi, and Helen O. Kwanashie. "Dose-Related and Other Effects of Maternal Cimetidine Pretreatment during Lactation on Drug Metabolism in Mouse Dams and Pups." Neonatology 57, no. 6 (1990): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000243221.
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Nwafor, Paul A., Godwin Egwu, Graciela A. Jahn, and Ricardo P. Deis. "Effects of methanolic extract of Asparagus pubescens root on sexual behavior and pituitary hormone secretion on Wistar rats during pregnancy and lactation." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 113, no. 3 (September 2007): 492–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.07.002.
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Ceballos, Mauricio, Yaqueline Llano, Andrea Salazar-Ospina, Juliana Madrigal-Cadavid, Daniel Pino-Marín, and Pedro Amariles. "Skills and practices of pharmacy staff for dispensing of drugs with fiscalized substances in drugstores and pharmacies." Revista de Saúde Pública 55 (July 2, 2021): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2021055003103.
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OBJETIVE To evaluate the skills and practices of pharmacy staff during the dispensing of tramadol (drug with fiscalized substance) in drugstores and pharmacies in Medellin, Colombia. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed. The simulated patient technique was used. The main outcomes included the information provided on the dispensed drug (tramadol), the use of tools to provide information, and the information provided on drug precautions and use recommendations. RESULTS We visited 305 drugstores and pharmacies. The average dispensing time was 2.3 min (SD 1.1 min). In nine drugstores and pharmacies (3.0%), tramadol was not dispensed because it was not in stock. In 17 drugstores and pharmacies (5.7%), the simulated patients were actively informed by the dispensing pharmacy staff; of these, 16 provided oral information and one provided oral and written information. Eight patients (2.7%) received information regarding tramadol use. However, 99% of patients were not informed about tramadol side effects such as dependence, sedation, or hypnosis, and none of the simulated female patients were informed on the precautions related to tramadol use during pregnancy or lactation. CONCLUSIONS Communication skills and appropriate practices of pharmacy staff are critical to patient self-care. However, this study shows their difficulty in counseling about precautions and use recommendations of drugs with fiscalized substances. These outcomes could inform future studies focusing on the rational use of these drugs in drugstores and pharmacies. It is necessary to improve the pharmacy staff competencies through continuing education programs, to facilitate access to information and training.
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Mohr, P., J. Cermak, Y. Hendrychova, and D. Seifertova. "Safety First, Efficacy Second? Fear and Need of Treatment in the Absence of Controlled Data." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70313-x.
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In the clinical practice, physicians are routinely asked to make decisions whether to initiate or continue antidepressant treatment in a situation where no safety data are available. As an example can serve pregnancy and breast-feeding, where controlled clinical trials provide little guidance. Females of fertile age are rarely included in the early phases of clinical testing, the Phase IIb and III trials have a standard provision to use a reliable contraception. Pregnancy during drug trial is considered as a ‘serious adverse event’ with subsequent study discontinuation. The reasons are not just ethical and legal but also marketing, the drug manufacturers fear to have their products associated with potentially grave side effects, such as malformations. Drug treatment in pregnancy and lactation thus pose a highly relevant clinical problem that cannot be addressed in controlled trials. Excessive concerns of negative consequences could erroneously result in generalizing recommendation not to get pregnant or to abort existing pregnancy. However, fetus may be already exposed to drugs early in the first trimester during frequently unplanned pregnancies; in addition, recent epidemiological data indicate increasing consumption of psychotropics, including antidepressants, by pregnant women. Psychiatrists have to weigh the known risks of treatment discontinuation versus potential risks for the fetus and infant. They should also consider whether alternative non-pharmacological interventions (psychotherapy, ECT, rTMS) are accessible or effective. The only available safety data on antidepressants come from animal studies, epidemiological trials, drug registries, case series, anecdotal case vignettes and clinical observations.Supported by the research project MZ0PCP2005.
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Zwiefelhofer, E. M., W. Lillico, and G. P. Adams. "12 Ovulation Timing Following an Aromatase Inhibitor-Based Synchronization Protocol in Beef Heifers and Cows." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 30, no. 1 (2018): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv30n1ab12.
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The study was conducted to determine the effects of parity/lactation and the timing of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) treatment on the efficacy of a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor-based synchronization protocol in cattle. Results from previous studies confirmed drug-release from a new letrozole-impregnated intravaginal silicone device, which was used in the present study. Hereford-cross cows with suckling calves (41 to 65 days postpartum; n = 30) and sexually mature heifers (n = 30), at random stages of the oestrous cycle, were given a letrozole intravaginal device for 4 days followed by a luteolytic dose of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). Following PGF2α treatment, animals were assigned randomly to 3 groups and given GnRH (100 μg of gonadorelin) intramuscularly at 48 or 60 h, or no GnRH (n = 10 cows and 10 heifers per group). Ovaries were examined by transrectal ultrasonography every 8 h starting at the time of PGF2α treatment to record follicle diameter and ovulation. After ovulation, ultrasonography was done every 24 h until Day 10 (Day 0 = ovulation) to assess the corpus luteum (CL) diameter profile. The timing of ovulation, diameter of the preovulatory follicle, synchrony of ovulation, and Day-7 CL diameter were compared using two-way ANOVA, and CL diameter profiles were compared by two-way ANOVA for repeated measures. There was no treatment × parity/lactation status interaction for any endpoint. The ovulation rate within 96 h of PGF2α treatment was not different between heifers and cows (24/30 v. 27/30; P = 0.14) or treatment group (18/20, 18/20, and 15/20 in the 48 h, 60 h, and no GnRH groups, respectively; P = 0.18). The interval from PGF2α treatment to ovulation was not influenced by parity/lactation (83.1 ± 2.4 h) but was shortest in the GnRH 48 h group (mean ± SEM; 74.2 ± 2.7 h, 85.6 ± 4.8 and 89.2 ± 4.1, respectively; P < 0.05). Similarly, the variation in the interval to ovulation (mean ± s.e.M of residuals) was not influenced by parity/lactation (16.0 ± 2.0 h), but was lower in the GnRH groups than the no-GnRH group (P < 0.01), and tended to be lower (P = 0.1) in the GnRH 48-h v. 60-h group (10.0 ± 2.8, 14.2 ± 3.5, and 24.1 ± 3.1 h, respectively). The maximum diameter of the ovulatory follicle was larger for cows than heifers (17.0 ± 0.4 v. 15.1 ± 0.5; P < 0.01), and was smaller in the GnRH groups than the no-GnRH group (15.3 ± 0.3, 15.4 ± 0.7 and 17.3 ± 0.5 mm, respectively; P < 0.01). The diameter of the CL on Day 7 was larger for cows than heifers (22.3 ± 0.8 v. 20.2 ± 0.6 mm; P < 0.05) and was influenced by treatment (21.9 ± 0.5, 19.5 ± 0.7, 22.3 ± 1.1 mm, respectively; P = 0.05). A tendency for a treatment effect on CL diameter profile (P = 0.1) was attributed to a smaller profile in the GnRH 60-h group. In conclusion, GnRH treatment 48 h after PGF2α treatment increased synchrony of ovulation without adverse effects on ovulating follicle diameter or resulting CL growth, and may be incorporated into a novel steroid-free oestrous synchronization protocol for use in beef heifers and lactating cows. Research was supported by the Alberta Livestock and Meat Agency and Vencofarma, Brazil.
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Ciaravino, Vic, Dina Coronado, Cheryl Lanphear, Alan Hoberman, and Sanjay Chanda. "Tavaborole, a Novel Boron-Containing Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Agent for Topical Treatment of Onychomycosis." International Journal of Toxicology 35, no. 5 (July 9, 2016): 543–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581816641938.
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Tavaborole is a topical antifungal agent approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of toenail onychomycosis. The effects of tavaborole on gestation, parturition (delivery, labor), offspring development, and survival during the perinatal and postnatal periods were assessed in mated female rats. Females (F0 generation) were administered single daily oral (gavage) doses of 15, 60, or 100 mg/kg/d from gestation day 6 through lactation day 20. The females were allowed to deliver naturally and rear their offspring until lactation day 21, at which time the F0 females were euthanized. One male and female from each litter were selected (F1 generation) and retained for assessments, including growth, neurobehavior, fertility, and their ability to produce an F2 generation. Reproductive and offspring parameters were determined for the F1 and F2 generations, as applicable. F1 females and F2 pups were euthanized on postnatal day 7. In the F0 females, decreased activity was observed in the 100 mg/kg/d dose group. Excess salivation was observed in the 60 and 100 mg/kg/d dose groups (slight to moderate), however, this finding was not considered adverse. There were no tavaborole-related effects on the growth, viability, development, neurobehavioral assessments, or reproductive performance of the F1 generation. Survivability and mean body weight of the F2 pups were unaffected. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for maternal toxicity (F0 generation) was 60 mg/kg/d, based on the decreased activity observed in the 100 mg/kg/d dose group. The NOAEL for the offspring effects was ≥100 mg/kg/d, based on the lack of test article-related changes.
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Gürgen, Seren Gülşen, Ayşe Tuç Yücel, Nurcan Umur, and Gülce Naz Yazıcı. "Immunohistochemical Changes after Metoclopramide Administration in Rat Brain Cells." Proceedings 2, no. 25 (December 6, 2018): 1545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2251545.
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Metoclopramide, used as an anti-emetic drug in clinical practice, has recently also begun being used to establish hyperprolactinemic effects in the breastfeeding. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential side-effects of metoclopramide applied in the lactation period in the central nervous system of infant rats. 18 female albino Wistar rats that had just given birth were divided into 3 groups together with their pups: Healthy controls, low-dose metoclopramide (10 mg/kg, twice per day i.p.) and a high-dose metoclopramide group (45 mg/kg, twice per day i.p.). Brain tissues from 6 pups from each mother were harvested at the end of the 21st day. Immunohistochemical technique was performed using dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neural growth factor (NGF), markers of extrapyramidal reaction in the brain, as signal molecules. Based on immunohistochemical results, DRD2 expression decreased only in the external pyramidal layer neurons in the high-dose infant group. Strong BDNF reaction was determined in pyramidal neurons in all layers in the control infant group, and decreased reaction was observed in the high- and low-dose groups. No significant difference was observed in NGF expression between the three groups. Since high-dose metoclopramide caused a decrease in DRD2 expression in the external pyramidal layer in the prefrontal cortex, and since both high and low doses reduced BDNF expression, care needs to be taken with the use of metoclopramide in the lactation period due to the possibility of extrapyramidal reactions in infants.
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Wu, Hao, Songyang Yao, Tiankun Wang, Jun Wang, Kang Ren, Hai Yang, Wenkui Ma, et al. "Effects of Melatonin on Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) of Holstein Cow with High SCS." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 5, 2021): 834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040834.
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Mastitis is a common disease in cows breeding. The milk quality will be significantly reduced with increased milk somatic cells, which often occurs in cows with mastitis. In this study, the influence of seasonal changes, age and lactation stages in the Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) of cows was investigated. Then, the Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) of cows with high somatic cell score (SCS) after melatonin treatment was systemically investigated. The results showed that melatonin significantly suppressed the milk somatic cell score under all of the tested conditions. The melatonin treatment also improved the milk nutritional value by reducing its fat but increasing its lactose and protein contents. The application of melatonin significantly improved the DHI. The beneficial effects of melatonin on DHI are likely attributed to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of melatonin.
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Barbosa, Matheus A., Luiz F. Veríssimo, Daniela C. C. Gerardin, Gislaine G. Pelosi, Graziela S. Ceravolo, and Estefania G. Moreira. "Maternal exposure to fluoxetine during gestation and lactation does not alter plasma concentrations of testosterone, oestrogen or corticosterone in peripubertal offspring." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 31, no. 5 (2019): 1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd18279.
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Antidepressants are widely used around the world, primarily for the treatment of mood disorders, anxiety and pain syndromes. Women who use antidepressants often continue to use them during pregnancy. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, including fluoxetine, are the main class of antidepressants prescribed to pregnant women. It is known that fluoxetine crosses the placental–blood barrier and is excreted in breast milk. Consequently, indirect exposure of the infant occurs. Knowing that fluoxetine alters the balance of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system, several studies have shown that maternal exposure to this drug leads to various adverse effects on the nervous, reproductive and cardiovascular systems of the offspring. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of exposure to fluoxetine during gestation and lactation on parameters related to steroid hormones in prepubertal and pubertal male and female rats. The endpoints evaluated were date of puberty onset, plasma testosterone and oestrogen concentrations before and after puberty onset and corticosterone concentration before and after adrenocorticotrophin stimulus. None of the parameters was affected by fluoxetine exposure.
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Du Toit, Elsa, Eileen Thomas, Liezl Koen, Bavi Vythilingum, Stoffel Grobler, Nadine Smith, and Dana Niehaus. "SSRI use in pregnancy: Evaluating the risks and benefits." South African Journal of Psychiatry 21, no. 2 (May 1, 2015): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v21i2.587.
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<p>Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants are considered the primary pharmacological treatment for moderate to severe depression during pregnancy.<span><em> </em></span>Data regarding the safety of their use during pregnancy remain controversial and conflicting. Decisions regarding the prescription of antidepressant treatment are often fraught with concern around potential harmful medication effects on the pregnancy, fetus and infant. Information on potential risks remains extremely varied and inconsistent across sources. This lack of clarity regarding drug safety brings significant uncertainty not only for treating physicians, but also for women seeking information about depression during pregnancy. This review aims to summarise and evaluate the current evidence base and to aid clinicians in performing a risk/benefit analysis for SSRI use during pregnancy and lactation.</p><div> </div>
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Milić, Nataša, Nataša Milošević, Ljiljana Suvajdžić, Marija Žarkov, and Ludovico Abenavoli. "New Therapeutic Potentials of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum)." Natural Product Communications 8, no. 12 (December 2013): 1934578X1300801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1300801236.
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Silymarin is a bioflavonoid complex extract derived from dry seeds of Milk thistle [( Silybum marianum(L.) Gaernt. (Fam. Asteraceae/Compositaceae)] whose hepatoprotective effect has clinically been proved. Low toxicity, favorable pharmacokinetics, powerful antioxidant, detoxifying, preventive, protective and regenerative effects and side effects similar to placebo make silymarin extremely attractive and safe for therapeutic use. The medicinal properties of silymarin and its main component silibinin have been studied in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, sepsis, burns, osteoporosis, diabetes, cholestasis and hypercholesterolemia. Owing to its apoptotic effect, without cytotoxic effects, silymarin possesses potential applications in the treatment of various cancers. Silymarin is being examined as a neuro-, nephro- and cardio-protective in the damage of different etiologies due to its strong antioxidant potentials. Furthermore, it has fetoprotective (against the influence of alcohol) and prolactin effects and is safe to be used during pregnancy and lactation. Finally, the cosmetics industry is examining the antioxidant and UV-protective effects of silymarin. Further clinical studies and scientific evidence that silymarin and silibinin are effective in the therapy of various pathologies are indispensable in order to confirm their different flavonolignan pharmacological effects.
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LaHue, Sara C., Annika Anderson, Kristen M. Krysko, Alice Rutatangwa, Morna J. Dorsey, Thomas Hale, Uma Mahadevan, Elizabeth E. Rogers, Melissa G. Rosenstein, and Riley Bove. "Transfer of monoclonal antibodies into breastmilk in neurologic and non-neurologic diseases." Neurology - Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation 7, no. 4 (May 27, 2020): e769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/nxi.0000000000000769.
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ObjectiveTo review currently available data on the transfer of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in the breastmilk of women receiving treatment for neurologic and non-neurologic diseases.MethodsWe systematically searched the medical literature for studies referring to 19 selected mAb therapies frequently used in neurologic conditions and “breastmilk,” “breast milk,” “breastfeeding,” or “lactation.” From an initial list of 288 unique references, 29 distinct full-text studies met the eligibility criteria. One additional study was added after the literature search based on expert knowledge of an additional article. These 30 studies were reviewed. These assessed the presence of our selected mAbs in human breastmilk in samples collected from a total of 155 individual women.ResultsDrug concentrations were typically low in breastmilk and tended to peak within 48 hours, although maximum levels could occur up to 14 days from infusion. Most studies did not evaluate the breastmilk to maternal serum drug concentration ratio, but in those evaluating this, the highest ratio was 1:20 for infliximab. Relative infant dose, a metric comparing the infant with maternal drug dose (<10% is generally considered safe), was evaluated for certolizumab (<1%), rituximab (<1%), and natalizumab (maximum of 5.3%; cumulative effects of monthly dosing are anticipated). Importantly, a total of 368 infants were followed for ≥6 months after exposure to breastmilk of mothers treated with mAbs; none experienced reported developmental delay or serious infections.ConclusionsThe current data are reassuring for low mAb drug transfer to breastmilk, but further studies are needed, including of longer-term effects on infant immunity and childhood development.
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Kuhnz, W., S. Koch, H. Helge, and H. Nau. "Primidone and Phenobarbital during Lactation Period in Epileptic Women: Total and Free Drug Serum Levels in the Nursed Infants and Their Effects on Neonatal Behavior." Developmental Pharmacology and Therapeutics 11, no. 3 (1988): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000457682.
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Man, Andy W. C., Min Chen, Yawen Zhou, Zhixiong Wu, Gisela Reifenberg, Andreas Daiber, Thomas Münzel, Ning Xia, and Huige Li. "Fetal programming effects of pentaerythritol tetranitrate in a rat model of superimposed preeclampsia." Journal of Molecular Medicine 98, no. 9 (August 3, 2020): 1287–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00109-020-01949-0.
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Abstract Preeclampsia is a common medical condition during pregnancy and a major cause of maternal and prenatal mortality. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of maternal treatment with pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) in Dahl salt-sensitive rats (DSSR), a model of superimposed preeclampsia. F0 parental DSSR were treated with PETN (50 mg/kg) from the time point of mating to the end of lactation. Maternal PETN treatment improved fetal growth and had no effect on blood pressure in DSSR offspring fed with normal chow or high-salt diet. Upon high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, offspring from PETN-treated mother showed improved glucose tolerance despite similar weight gain. Unexpectedly, maternal PETN treatment significantly potentiated the HFD-induced blood pressure elevation in male DSSR offspring. Endothelium-derived hyperpolarization factor (EDHF)-mediated vasodilation was similar between NCD-fed and HFD-fed control offspring but was markedly reduced in HFD-fed PETN offspring. EDHF genes were downregulated in the vasculature of HFD-fed PETN offspring, which was associated with epigenetic changes in histone modifications. In conclusion, maternal PETN treatment in DSSR shows both beneficial and unfavorable effects. It improves fetal growth and ameliorates glucose tolerance in the offspring. Although maternal PETN treatment has no effect on blood pressure in offspring fed with normal chow or high-salt diet, the offspring is at higher risk to develop HFD-induced hypertension. PETN may potentiate the blood pressure response to HFD by epigenetic modifications of EDHF genes. Key messages The core findings of this article suggest that maternal PETN treatment of DSSR, a rat model of a spontaneous superimposed preeclampsia, leads to • Improvement of fetal growth; • No changes of maternal blood pressure or markers of preeclampsia; • Amelioration of HFD-induced glucose intolerance in adult offspring; • No changes in blood pressure development of the offspring on normal chow or high salt-diet; • Potentiation of blood pressure elevation of the offspring on HFD.
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Worthington, Irene, Tamara Pringsheim, Marek J. Gawel, Jonathan Gladstone, Paul Cooper, Esma Dilli, Michel Aube, Elizabeth Leroux, and Werner J. Becker. "Pharmacological Acute Migraine Treatment Strategies: Choosing the Right Drug for a Specific Patient." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 40, S3 (September 2013): S33—S62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100118979.
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ABSTRACT:Background:In our targeted review (Section 2), 12 acute medications received a strong recommendation for use in acute migraine therapy while four received a weak recommendation for use. Strong recommendations were made to avoid use of two other medications, except for exceptional circumstances. Two anti-emetics received strong recommendations for use as needed.Objective:To organize the available acute migraine medications into acute migraine treatment strategies in order to assist the practitioner in choosing a specific medication(s) for an individual patient.Methods:Acute migraine treatment strategies were developed based on the targeted literature review used for the development of this guideline (Section 2), and a general literature review. Expert consensus groups were used to refine and validate these strategies.Results:Based on evidence for drug efficacy, drug side effects, migraine severity, and coexistent medical disorders, our analysis resulted in the formulation of eight general acute migraine treatment strategies. These could be grouped into four categories: 1) two mild-moderate attack strategies, 2) two moderate-severe attack or NSAID failure strategies, 3) three refractory migraine strategies, and 4) a vasoconstrictor unresponsive-contraindicated strategy. In addition, strategies were developed for menstrual migraine, migraine during pregnancy, and migraine during lactation. The eight general treatment strategies were coordinated with a “combined acute medication approach” to therapy which used features of both the “stratified” and the “step care across attacks” approaches to acute migraine management.Conclusions:The available medications for acute migraine treatment can be organized into a series of strategies based on patient clinical features. These strategies may help practitioners make appropriate acute medication choices for patients with migraine.
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Osadchy, Alla, Myla E. Moretti, and Gideon Koren. "Effect of Domperidone on Insufficient Lactation in Puerperal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials." Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/642893.
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Background. There is a controversy within the medical community regarding the role of domperidone as a galactagogue and the drug has been removed from the US market owing to safety concerns.Objective. To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available data assessing the effect of domperidone on breast milk production in women experiencing insufficient lactation.Study Selection. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effect of domperidone on breast milk production of puerperal women were eligible for inclusion.Data Analysis. Absolute and relative changes from baseline were calculated for individual studies and pooled using a random effects model.Results. Three RCTs including 78 participants met the inclusion criteria. All showed a statistically significant increase in breast milk production following treatment with domperidone. The analysis of pooled data demonstrated a statistically significant relative increase of 74.72% (95% CI=54.57; 94.86,P<0.00001) in daily milk production with domperidone treatment compared to placebo. No maternal or neonatal adverse events were observed in any of the trials.Conclusions. Evidence from a few small RCTs of moderate to high quality suggests that domperidone produces a greater increase in breast milk supply than placebo.
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Pereverzina, N. O., and M. A. Avagumyan. "The experience of using placenta preparations in dermatology and cosmetology (literature review)." Medical alphabet, no. 6 (June 16, 2020): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2020-6-11-17.
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Aim. A comprehensive review of peer-reviewed publications on placental drug (PD) therapy. The objectives of this review were to study the mechanisms of action of placenta preparations, as well as their effects in dermatology and cosmetology.Materials and methods. A search was made in the databases PubMed, EuropePMC, Web of Science, Google Scholar for the keywords human placental extract, Laennec HPE and placenta. 3,957 publications were discovered for the period up to January 2020. After analysis, 3,878 publications were excluded due to data irrelevance.Results. We have studied more than 3,957 publications on the topic of therapy with placenta drugs in various fields of medicine (taking into account literature reviews). A total of 47 representative original studies, clinical cases, and series of clinical observations were included in the review. Most studies were from Korea, India, and Japan.Conclusion. Analysis results show that placenta preparations (Laennec et al.) can be used in various fields of medicine. The given clinical effects of placenta extracts are a consequence of the complex molecular composition of placental preparations. Over 4 thousand different proteins were found in the placenta, including growth factors, hormones, cytochromes, fibrinolysis factors, energy metabolism enzymes, estradiol, prostaglandins, enkephalins and other neuropeptides, a number of microelements (primarily significant amounts of organic zinc) were identified. A systematic analysis of the data shows that placenta preparations have established themselves as effective agents in the treatment of many pathologies. Nevertheless, one should not forget that there are contraindications to the use of PD, for example, pregnancy and lactation, childhood, allergic reactions to drugs and others. Therefore, such therapy is carried out only after consultation with specialists. In addition, further double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials are needed to examine all the possible effects of placenta preparations.
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Gruntkovskyi, M. S. "EFFECT OF STIMULIN-VET ON THE COWS PREGNANCY CONSOLIDATION AFTER INSEMINATION." Animal Science and Food Technology 11, no. 4 (December 2020): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/animal2020.04.019.
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Improving the reproductive performance of cattle is one of the main tasks in livestock. Numerous stressors, high productivity, poor feeding, improper conditions of care and operation cause hormonal changes in the system "hypothalamus-pituitary-ovaries" of females, which negatively affects reproduction. As a result, farms do not receive a certain amount of offspring and milk, and in the future - an increase in the infertility rate of uterine cattle. In cows after calving at the initial stage of lactation, the trophic function of the pituitary gland is more aimed at ensuring the secretion of milk than at restoring the cyclic activity of the ovaries. Therefore, to correct the reproductive capacity of cows use: feed additives, hormonal drugs, trace elements, physiotherapy methods and more. There are a small number of studies on the effects of biologically active drugs with neurohumoral action on the reproductive function of cows. The aim of our research was to establish the effects of biologically active substances of the neurotropic-metabolic drug "Stimulin-Cattle" on the reproductive capacity of cows. The studies were conducted on the basis of groups of analogues. The experiment selected cows after the first insemination and females who came back to sexual hunting. Experimental animals on day 7 - 9 of the sexual cycle were injected subcutaneously in the scapular region with 20 ml of the drug "Stimulin-Vet", and control according to the same scheme saline sodium chloride solution 0.9%. Cows were inseminated once by recto-cervical method. Three months later, rectal examinations of the animals were performed to determine pregnancy. The analysis of the obtained results showed that in experimental cows the fertility exceeded the control by 15.4 %. In the experimental group, 56.4 % came to sexual hunting again, and in the control group 71.8 %. Among 22 non-pregnant experimental cows, the cause of infertility in 63.6 % of animals was the anovulatory cycle, and in 36.4 % embryonic mortality. Whereas in the control of animals with anovulatory cycle was less by 42.2 %, and with embryonic mortality by the same percentage is probably higher. This situation with infertile animals suggests that the drug stimulates the development of the corpus luteum on the ovary, which promotes the secretion of more progesterone, which causes better conditions for embryo engraftment and thus reduces embryonic mortality. It was also found that animals after the first insemination react worse to the introduction of the drug than those who were inseminated for the first time, which confirms the level of fertility of 41.7 % vs. 46.7 %, respectively.
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Welzel, T., V. Gotta, N. Rakhmanina, and JN van den Anker. "P104 Pharmacologic differences of adalimumab, infliximab and etanercept: do we need specific vaccination recommendations for prenatally exposed infants?" Archives of Disease in Childhood 104, no. 6 (May 17, 2019): e61.1-e61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-esdppp.142.
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BackgroundIn pregnancy adalimumab (ADA) and infliximab (IFX) should preferentially be stopped at gestational week 20 and etanercept (ETN) at weeks 30–321 because of their steadily increased transplacental transfer during the late second and third trimester. Pregnant women with chronic inflammatory diseases are often treated throughout their entire pregnancy to prevent negative impact on pregnancy outcomes from the disease. Therefore, more infants are born with prenatal exposure and the question arises if and when live vaccines can be administered safely.MethodsWe reviewed pharmacologic properties of ADA, IFX and ETN with regards to prenatal exposure and vaccine recommendations.ResultsIFX is a chimeric and ADA a human anti-TNF-alpha antibody. Both have high binding affinity to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn).2 ETN is a TNF-alpha receptor fusion protein with a 5–10 fold lower binding affinity to the FcRn compared with IFX/ADA.2At delivery neonatal drug concentrations compared with maternal ones seem to be higher in prenatally exposed infants to IFX3-5 (median ratio of 1.97) and ADA (median ratio of 1.21),3 whereas neonatal ETN concentrations are lower.6 7 The mean time to drug clearance in IFX or ADA exposed infants is 7.3 months and 4 months, respectively.3 Drug concentrations are undetectable for IFX or ADA after 12 and 9 months of life, respectively.3 In infants exposed throughout the entire pregnancy ETN is undetectable after 3 months.7Infants exposed to ADA, IFX and ETN before gestational week 22 can follow the normal vaccination schedule including live vaccines,1 whereas live vaccines in infants exposed in the late second and third trimester should be avoided for 6–12 months of life.1 3ConclusionPharmacologic differences of ADA, ETN and IFX require specific live vaccine recommendations for infants exposed prenatally to these drugs.ReferencesGötestam Skorpen C, Hoeltzenbein M, et al. The EULAR points to consider for use of antirheumatic drugs before pregnancy, and during pregnancy and lactation. Ann Rheum Dis 2016;75(5):795–810.Porter C, Armstrong-Fisher S, et al. Certolizumab pegol does not bind the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn): Consequences for FcRn-mediated in vitro transcytosis and ex vivo human placental transfer. J Reprod Immunol 2016; 116:7–12.Julsgaard M, Christensen LA, et al. Concentrations of adalimumab and infliximab in mothers and newborns, and effects on infection. Gastroenterology 2016;151(1):110–9.Mahadevan U, Wolf DC, et al. Placental transfer of anti-tumor necrosis factor agents in pregnant patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2013. 11(3):286–92;quiz e24.Zelinkova Z, de Haar C, et al. High intra-uterine exposure to infliximab following maternal anti-TNF treatment during pregnancy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2011. 33(9):1053–8.Berthelsen BG, Fjeldsøe-Nielsen H, et al. Etanercept concentrations in maternal serum, umbilical cord serum, breast milk and child serum during breastfeeding. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010; 49(11):2225–7.Murashima A, Watanabe N, et al. Etanercept during pregnancy and lactation in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis: drug levels in maternal serum, cord blood, breast milk and the infant´s serum. Ann Rheum Dis 2009; 68(11):1793–4.Disclosure(s)Nothing to disclose
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Dedov, Ivan I., Galina A. Melnichenko, and Anna M. Gorbacheva. "Fifty years since the discovery of Bromocriptine." Вестник Российской академии наук 89, no. 11 (November 13, 2019): 1137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-587389111137-1142.
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An ergot alkaloid, 2-Br-alfa-ergocriptin, and its effect on lactation in rats was first mentioned by E. Fluckiger and H. Wagner in the twenty-fourth issue, published in 1968, of the journal "Experientia". Initially, this work did not attract much attention; however, after the isolation of pure prolactin, and the establishment of its physiological role, the high efficacy of bromocriptine in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia quickly became clear. Bromocriptine has been actively studied not only by American and European scientists but also in the USSR since 1975. Bromocriptine was used in the treatment of persistent lactorrhea and amenorrhea, acromegaly, and also the drug was experimentally prescribed for Itsenko Cushings disease. Unique data about the children of mothers with hyperprolactinemia who received bromocriptine therapy was collected in the USSR. Bromocriptine also made a huge contribution to the treatment of Parkinsons disease, for which it has been used since the 1960s. Much later, in 2009, bromocriptine in small doses was approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Currently, different studies of the effect of bromocriptine on various metabolic pathways are continuing. Thus, even 50 years after the discovery of bromocriptine, not all of its effects are well studied, and this world-famous drug continues to raise more and more new questions for scientists and doctors.
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Seeman, Mary V. "Schizophrenia Psychosis in Women." Women 1, no. 1 (September 15, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/women1010001.
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A first step towards personalized medicine is to consider whether, for some disorders, the safest and most effective treatment of women needs to differ from standard guideline recommendations developed on the basis of clinical trials conducted, for the most part, in men. A second step is to consider how women’s reproductive stages—pre-pubertal years, menstrual phases, pregnancy trimesters, lactation and postpartum periods, menopausal and postmenopausal/aging status—affect the optimal choice of treatment. This review focuses on these two steps in the treatment of psychosis, specifically schizophrenia. It discusses genetics, precursors and symptoms of schizophrenia, reproductive and associated ethical issues, antipsychotic drug response and adverse effects, substance abuse, victimization and perpetration of violence, and issues of immigration and of co-morbidity. The conclusions, while often based on clinical experience and theoretical considerations rather than strictly on the evidence of randomized controlled trials, are that clinical recommendations need to consider clinical and role differences that exist between men and women and make appropriate correction for age and reproductive status.
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Golovach, I. Yu, and Ye D. Yehudina. "Perygravid management of rheumatic disease." HEALTH OF WOMAN, no. 2(148) (March 30, 2020): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/hw.2020.148.42.
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Management of inflammatory rheumatic diseases in preconception period, pregnancy and breastfeeding has undergone significant changes over the past few years. Modern therapy, including biological and targeted synthetic disease modifying drugs, has significantly improved the control of rheumatic diseases, which has led to an increase in the patients’ number planning a pregnancy with serious diseases. When consulting such patients, it is necessary to discuss the possible time of conception (regarding the activity of the disease), the effect of the disease on pregnancy and pregnancy on the disease, as well as the potential need to change the regimen of medications during pregnancy and breastfeeding. This review summarizes information on the effects of pregnancy on various rheumatic diseases and vice versa, changes in therapy and monitoring of patients with rheumatic diseases before, during and after pregnancy. Women with inflammatory rheumatic diseases need advice on drug therapy before planning pregnancy, during pregnancy, and breastfeeding. Safe disease-modifying drugs that can be taken during pregnancy are hydroxychloroquine, sulfosalazine, azathioprine, and cyclosporine. Glucocorticoids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can also be taken up to 32 weeks of gestation. Most inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) are also safe during pregnancy. During pregnancy, a clear monitoring of the activity of the disease is necessary, control of the level of autoantibodies, especially anti-SSA / Ro and anti-SSB / La and antiphospholipid antibodies, an assessment of the degree of organ dysfunction, especially kidney damage. Presented are modern approaches to optimizing the management of inflammatory rheumatic disease during pregnancy. For patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases, a successful pregnancy outcome is optimized by creating an individual plan to suppress disease activity using a targeted approach. Key words: pregnancy, rheumatic diseases, treatment, lactation, management tactics, drugs.
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Ruhlen, R. L., J. A. Taylor, J. Mao, J. Kirkpatrick, W. V. Welshons, and F. S. vom Saal. "Choice of animal feed can alter fetal steroid levels and mask developmental effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 2, no. 1 (January 28, 2011): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174410000711.
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Exposure of fetuses to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), such as the estrogenic drug diethylstilbestrol (DES), disrupts development of the reproductive system and affects other aspects of adult phenotype including diseases, consistent with the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis. To determine whether diet could influence the effects of DES, we compared mice fed a commonly used combination of soy-based Purina 5008 (breeding and lactation) and 5001 (post-weaning) with mice fed soy-based Purina 5002 throughout life. We exposed fetal CD-1 mice (F1) in utero on different feeds to a 0 (controls), low (0.1 μg/kg/day) or high (50 μg/kg/day) dose of DES via feeding the dam (F0) on gestation days 11–17. Compared to 5008, 5002 feed significantly increased serum estradiol in control fetuses. On 5008 (but not 5002) feed, DES significantly increased fetal serum estradiol at a low dose and reduced it at a high dose. Diet influenced the effects of in utero DES on F1 female onset of puberty and the uterine response to estradiol (an inverted-U dose–response relationship seen for DES on uterine weight with 5008/5001 feed was not observed with 5002). Both low- and high-dose DES reduced daily sperm production (DSP) in adult F1 males on 5008/5001 feed, whereas males fed 5002 showed no DES-induced reduction in DSP. Thus, we observed a number of low-dose effects of in utero DES exposure on Purina 5008/5001 feed that were not observed using Purina 5002, a feed commonly used in industry-funded toxicological studies conducted for regulatory purposes.
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Vorhees, Charles V. "A Test of Dietary Monosodium Glutamate Developmental Neurotoxicity in Rats: A Reappraisal." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 73, Suppl. 5 (2018): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000494781.
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In 1979, we tested dietary monosodium glutamate (MSG) for developmental neurotoxicity in rats. The study was recently cited for establishing a No Observable Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for MSG as a food additive resulting in a change in the acceptable daily intake (ADI). Therefore, I re-evaluated the study [Vorhees et al.: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1979; 50: 267–282]. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing 0, 1.7, 3.4, or 5.1% MSG prior to conception, throughout gestation and lactation, and the same diets were fed to the offspring until 90 days of age. About 18–20 L were tested per dose with litter and sex factors in data analyses. There were 21 functional tests with 36 dependent variables and 10 body weight and histological outcomes. Of the functional tests, 4 were significant involving 6 effects. Two effects were on swimming ontogeny: one was an improvement and the other an atypical minor delay of no significance. Two effects were on active avoidance: one was a low-dose female-only extinction effect and the other a high-dose male-only acquisition effect, neither providing evidence of consistency. One was on passive avoidance, but was an improvement not a deficit. The last was on open-field rearing in the absence of its normal association with locomotion changes. Thus, it can be concluded, as was done in 1979 and by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration who sponsored the study, that there is no evidence in these data that dietary MSG is developmentally neurotoxic, hence, the study provides no basis for the establishment of a NOAEL and changing the ADI for dietary MSG.
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Barber, Thomas M., Ioannis Kyrou, Gregory Kaltsas, Ashley B. Grossman, Harpal S. Randeva, and Martin O. Weickert. "Mechanisms of Central Hypogonadism." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 15 (July 30, 2021): 8217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158217.
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Reproductive function depends upon an operational hypothalamo–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis. Due to its role in determining survival versus reproductive strategies, the HPG axis is vulnerable to a diverse plethora of signals that ultimately manifest with Central Hypogonadism (CH) in all its many guises. Acquired CH can result from any pituitary or hypothalamic lesion, including its treatment (such as surgical resection and/or radiotherapy). The HPG axis is particularly sensitive to the suppressive effects of hyperprolactinaemia that can occur for many reasons, including prolactinomas, and as a side effect of certain drug therapies. Physiologically, prolactin (combined with the suppressive effects of autonomic neural signals from suckling) plays a key role in suppressing the gonadal axis and establishing temporary CH during lactation. Leptin is a further key endocrine regulator of the HPG axis. During starvation, hypoleptinaemia (from diminished fat stores) results in activation of hypothalamic agouti-related peptide neurons that have a dual purpose to enhance appetite (important for survival) and concomitantly suppresses GnRH neurons via effects on neural kisspeptin release. Obesity is associated with hyperleptinaemia and leptin resistance that may also suppress the HPG axis. The suppressibility of the HPG axis also leaves it vulnerable to the effects of external signals that include morphine, anabolic-androgenic steroids, physical trauma and stress, all of which are relatively common causes of CH. Finally, the HPG axis is susceptible to congenital malformations, with reports of mutations within >50 genes that manifest with congenital CH, including Kallmann Syndrome associated with hyposmia or anosmia (reduction or loss of the sense of smell due to the closely associated migration of GnRH with olfactory neurons during embryogenesis). Analogous to the HPG axis itself, patients with CH are often vulnerable, and their clinical management requires both sensitivity and empathy.
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Coelho, Cideli de Paula, Bruna Oliveira, Larissa Cristina Ares Silveira da Motta, Amanda Sousa, and Maria Martha Bernardi. "Evaluation of the ultradiluted medication MPD 30 CH in the offspring of mice mothers treated with methylphenidate during lactation." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 15, no. 4 (August 18, 2021): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v15i4.844.
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Background: Methylphenidate (MPD) is a non-stimulating amphetamine that has being used for some time in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and, in adequate doses, it promotes the remission of symptoms and the improvement of important aspects, as social interaction and academic performance1, in patients with ADHD. Literature data indicates that MPD attenuates maternal behavior in mices2. According to this line of study, the work “Repeated methylphenidate administration during lactation reduces maternal behavior, induces maternal tolerance, and increases anxiety-like behavior in pups in adulthoodâ€3 was carried out and confirmed that MPD administration during early lactation disrupts maternal behavior and causes anxiety in pups in adulthood. Would it be possible that ultradiluted and dynamized MPD change pups’ behavior? Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate how the ultradiluted drug may or may not change the behavior of the animals at issue.
Material and Methods: The medication was prepared according to the Brazilian Homeopathic Pharmacopeia, in the 30 CH dilution. The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee for Animal Experimentation of the Paulista University (No. 256/14 CEP / ICS / UNIP). Animals in this study were the same of the study above mentioned, and already published. Adult male mice were grouped among 13 animals of the experimental group (adults, offspring of mothers that received MPD during pregnancy) and 9 animals from the mother-control group, which did not take MPD during pregnancy. The 22 animals took ultradiluted MPD 30 CH medication in their drinking water ad libitum, for 20 days. In each water drinker, 5 drops of medication were added and stirred. Behavioral tests, such as the Open Field and the Light Dark Transition Test for mice, were performed. Data was analyzed statistically by the Student's T-Test to compare parametric data from two groups and the Mann-Whitney Test for nonparametric data, where p ≤ 0.05 is considered significant.
Results and Discussion: In the Open Field Test, from the group of mothers medicated with methylphenidate during pregnancy, before the medication MPD 30 CH, animals showed a lower mobility and a greater immobility (p≤ 0.05) compared to the control-animals; after medication with the MPD 30 CH, animals exhibited an increase in mobility and a decrease in immobility, leading to no statistical difference between the medication group and the control group. In the Light Dark Transition Test for mice, experimental animals spent more time in the dark box and exhibited a decrease of the Rearing, presenting an anxious behavior; after the MPD medication, there were no more differences between experimental and control groups. Indiscriminate use of amphetamines has increased in recent years and this use, when not monitored, can cause serious adverse effects4. In this sense, ultradiluted medication can collaborate with the remission of possible undesirable effects. Conclusion: Initially, the MPD 30 CH changed the behavior shown by animals born from mothers that took methylphenidate during lactation and presented an anxious behavior as an unexpected effect. The mice that took the MPD 30 CH did not present the anxious behavior. Other experiments should be conducted to confirm the results of this study.
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Martin, Pauline L., and Gerhard F. Weinbauer. "Developmental Toxicity Testing of Biopharmaceuticals in Nonhuman Primates." International Journal of Toxicology 29, no. 6 (October 6, 2010): 552–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581810378896.
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Developmental toxicity studies for pharmaceutical safety testing are designed to evaluate potential adverse effects of drug treatment on pregnancy and on the developing embryo/fetus. Biopharmaceuticals present specific challenges for developmental toxicity testing because the pharmacology of these molecules, which are frequently human-specific proteins, is often restricted to humans and nonhuman primates (NHPs). For those species-restricted molecules, the only option for the evaluation of potential effects on development of the human biopharmaceutical is to use NHPs. This article reviews each of the stages of development in cynomolgus macaques (the most frequently used NHP) and the potential exposure of the embryo, fetus, and infant following administration of a biopharmaceutical during pregnancy and lactation. Because the purpose of the NHP developmental studies is to identify potential human risks, a comparison between macaque and human development and potential exposure has been made when possible. Understanding the potential exposure of the conceptus relative to critical periods in development is essential to designing a scientifically based study that adequately addresses human risks. Some options for NHP study designs, including the option of combining end points into a single study, and the pros and cons of each of the study options have been reviewed. Developmental studies for biopharmaceuticals in NHPs need to be optimally designed on a case-by-case basis taking into consideration the pharmacology of the molecule, the type of molecule (antibody or non-antibody), the potential exposure relative to the development of potential target organs, the clinical use, and the ethical considerations associated with the use of NHPs.
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Kumar and Lipshultz. "Caffeine and Clinical Outcomes in Premature Neonates." Children 6, no. 11 (October 24, 2019): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children6110118.
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Caffeine is the most widely used drug by both adults and children worldwide due to its ability to promote alertness and elevate moods. It is effective in the management of apnea of prematurity in premature infants. Caffeine for apnea of prematurity reduces the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very-low-birth-weight infants and improves survival without neurodevelopmental disability at 18–21 months. Follow-up studies of the infants in the Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity trial highlight the long-term safety of caffeine in these infants, especially relating to motor, behavioral, and intelligence skills. However, in animal models, exposure to caffeine during pregnancy and lactation adversely affects neuronal development and adult behavior of their offspring. Prenatal caffeine predisposes to intrauterine growth restriction and small growth for gestational age at birth. However, in-utero exposure to caffeine is also associated with excess growth, obesity, and cardio-metabolic changes in children. Caffeine therapy is a significant advance in newborn care, conferring immediate benefits in preterm neonates. Studies should help define the appropriate therapeutic window for caffeine treatment along with with the mechanisms relating to its beneficial effects on the brain and the lung. The long-term consequences of caffeine in adults born preterm are being studied and may depend on the ability of caffeine to modulate both the expression and the maturation of adenosine receptors in infants treated with caffeine.
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Giammarco, M., I. Fusaro, G. Vignola, A. C. Manetta, A. Gramenzi, M. Fustini, A. Palmonari, and A. Formigoni. "Effects of a single injection of Flunixin meglumine or Carprofen postpartum on haematological parameters, productive performance and fertility of dairy cattle." Animal Production Science 58, no. 2 (2018): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16028.
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The objective of the present research was to evaluate the effects of a single injection of Flunixin meglumine (FM) or Carprofen postpartum on haematological indicators, productive performance and fertility of Italian Friesian dairy cattle. In total, 60 cows, including 42 multiparous and 18 primiparous, were assigned to one of the following three treatments: (1) FM (2.2 mg i.m./kg of bodyweight (BW); Meflosyl 50 mg/mL), (2) Carprofen (CA; 1.4 mg s.c./kg of BW; Rymadil 50 mg/mL) or (3) saline (control) at 2.0 mL s.c./45.5 kg of BW. All treatments were administrated by a single injection within 12 h after calving. Individual milk yield was daily recorded during the trial and composition was determined at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 60 days in milk (DIM). BWs were recorded at –21 ± 5 days before calving, and 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 60 days after calving before the morning milking. Individual blood samples were collected from each animal for haemato-biochemical evaluation 3 weeks before calving (T0) and then repeated at the following times: within 12 h after calving, immediately before the administration of the anti-inflammatory drug (FM or CA; T1), ~36 h after calving (T2), 4 days after calving (T3) and 11 days after calving (T4). At each sampling time, the rectal temperature and the heart rate were monitored. Body condition score was determined after each sampling time and at 35 and 60 DIM. FM and CA treatments did not influence rectal temperature and heart rate during the first 11 DIM; no differences in overall milk yield, milk composition and dry matter intake were found. BW and body condition score were not affected by treatments throughout the study. Treatments did not affect serum metabolite concentrations of glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, serum urea nitrogen, total protein and albumin. Control cows showed a higher culling rate (P < 0.05) than did the FM- and CA-treated cows (25% vs 15% vs 5% respectively). FM-treated multiparous cows had a significantly (P < 0.05) lower incidence of retained placenta than did control and CA-treated cows (2.3% vs 9.3% vs 14% respectively). Furthermore, a greater percentage of cows pregnant (35% vs 10%) at the first insemination (P < 0.001) in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug groups than in control was found. Our findings evidenced that a single injection of FM or CA to non-febrile cows immediately after parturition could positively affect the metabolic adaptation of the cows at the onset of lactation and this aspect can positively influence reproductive performances and the culling rate.
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Litonina, А. S., Y. M. Smirnova, A. V. Platonov, G. Y. Laptev, T. P. Dunyashev, and M. V. Butakova. "Application of enzyme probiotic drug developed based on microorganisms of the rumen of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in feeding cows." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 12, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/022117.
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In the current conditions of intense technologies of milk production, the feeding of dairy cows is aimed at providing fast rates of growth and maximum productivity over a short period. However, such systems of diets often have negative effects on the health of the animals as a result of metabolism malfunctioning. The present study was conducted to assess the influence of the enzyme probiotic preparation Rumit, developed based on cellulolytic bacteria isolated from the rumen of reindeer, on dairy activity, food intake, density of ciliate fauna of the rumen, feeding activity, and also metabolic profile and the level of natural resistance of newly-calved heifers. To conduct the experiment, we composed two groups (control and experimental) of first-calf heifers with 12 individuals in their first 100 days of lactation after calving. The first-calf heifers of the experimental group, in addition to the main diet, received the preparation in the amount of 50 g per individual daily in the lunch time feeding for 90 days. Inclusion of the probiotic increased the dairy productivity, particularly a 3.1 kg increase in the average yield of daily 4%-fat milk, 9.6 kg in the butterfat output, and 7.7 kg in that of dairy protein. With increase in dairy productivity, a 0.09 EFU (energy fodder units, equals 10 MJ) decrease was observed in energy expenditure for 1 kg of milk. Intake of the probiotic led to increase in the index of nutritional activity by 0.03 units and increase in the density of ciliates by 155, 900 individuals/mL. Use of the biopreparation had a positive effect on the metabolic processes in the organism of heifers. The animals of the experimental group were observed to have an increase in the content of the total protein in the blood, 12.5% decrease in the urea, and glucose concentration reached the normative values. In the first-calf heifers that had received the food supplement in addition to their diet, the physiological parameters of health normalized and the protective abilities of the organism activated, the pulse and respiration frequencies increased (by 3.8% and 6.6%), the phagocytic index grew by 30.2%, and the absorptive ability of neutrophils increased by 40%. Thus, enzyme probiotic preparation Rumit confirmed its efficiency when fed to newly-calved heifers.
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Kovacevic, Zorana, Dragica Stojanovic, Marko Cincovic, Branislava Belic, Ivana Davidov, and Mihajlo Erdeljan. "Hematological Parameters in Cows in Early Lactation Treated with Ketoprofen and their Relationship with Lipid Mobilization and Ketogenesis." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 44, no. 1 (March 19, 2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.80899.
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Background: Dairy cows are exposed to numerous hematological and biochemical changes, what is bringing cows into the state of increased metabolic activity and physiological adaptations. These adaptive processes have resulted in increased lipid mobilization and ketogenesis with increased concentration of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). As a non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketoprofen produces anti-inflammatory effects. The main objective of the present study was to found relationship between hematological parameters and ketoprofen administration and high lipid mobilization and ketogenesis in cows treated with ketoprofen immediately after calving.Materials, Methods & Results: Ketoprofen was used (3 mg/kg body weight) intramuscularly for three consecutive days post-partum on 15 cows of Holstein-Friesian breed. Cows of the control group (n = 15) were not treated with ketoprofen. Blood samples were collected at the day of calving, in the first and in the second week after parturition from the coccygeal vein of the both groups. Hematological parameters (erythrocytes, hemoglobin, neutrophils, lymphocytes and mean platelet volume) were determined on the automatic hematological counter. Metabolic parameters (NEFA, BHB) were determined by standard colorimetric kits using a semi-automatic biochemistry analyzer. Student’s t-test was used to determine the influence of the application of ketoprofen to the hematological parameters. The data analysis was performed using SPSS, version 19.0, software package for Microsoft Windows (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). The results of comparison with (P < 0.05) were considered to represent statistically significant differences. Difference in correlation test between NEFA and BHB and other blood parameters in experimental and control group of cows were determined by the Fischer r-to-z transformation. The research results show that there was a increased red blood cell count and a higher concentration of hemoglobin (P < 0.05), fewer neutrophils (P < 0.01), lower number of lymphocytes (P < 0.01) and fewer mean platelet volume in cows that received ketoprofen after calving than those of the control. Determined hematological parameters and values of NEFA and BHB are in correlation. The correlation coefficients were significantly lower in the experimental group of cows. The intensity of the connection between hematological parameters and value of NEFA and BHB decreases.Discussion: It is well known that dairy cows with excessive adiposity manifest a low-grade inflammation and that elevated NEFA concentrations present positive risk factors for many proinflammatory diseases. Analyzing the results in this examination, it has been noticed that the increase of NEFA and BHB after calving were significantly lower in group of cows treated with ketoprofen. Also, determined hematological parameters and values of NEFA and BHB are in correlation. The intensity of these connection decreases in ketoprofen treated cows. In current study, in cows treated with ketoprofen there is decrease in concentrations of inflammatory mediators such as neutrophils and lymphocytes. Red blood cell and hemoglobin concentration decreased in the peripartal period as a result of inflammation. In cows treated with ketoprofen these concentrations increased. In many inflammatory conditions mean platelets volume is increased while there is a decrease in ketoprofen treated cows. Presented results indicate strong relationship between the concentration of NEFA, as well as BHB and hematological parameters indicating that the dependence of hematological parameters of intensity of lipid mobilization and ketogenesis was significantly lower in cows treated with ketoprofen immediately after calving.