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1

Araujo, Bellido Katherine Cristy, Cahuas Juan Andres Echevarria, Flores Camila Luciana Echevarria, Otoya Jacqueline Ursula Lleren, and Achata Magib Jesus Olortegui. "Batidos 4Lite." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/626525.

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Actualmente, las personas optan por alimentos más saludables y buscan alimentos que complementen sus comidas, es decir, sean más balanceados. Por ello, el presente proyecto consiste de nutri batidos a base de avena y quinua, leche de almendras y frutas como Arándanos, Lúcuma y Fresa, este producto destaca principalmente por ser natural, saludable y no contiene lactosa, además que puedes consumirlo en cualquier momento del día. Al analizar la viabilidad de este proyecto, se pudo identificar que nuestro tamaño de mercado se encuentra en las zonas 6 y 7 de Lima Metropolitana en los NSE A y B, que permitió detectar un público poco satisfecho debido a la falta de productos sin lactosa, frutados naturalmente y sean saludables por el contenido de quinua y avena. Por ello, 4Lite se presenta ante nuestro público objetivo como una opción bebible y de fácil consumo debido a su presentación de 300ml y su botella de material eco amigable. Para poner en marcha este proyecto, se requerirá una inversión inicial de 14,500 soles, financiado básicamente por el aporte de los cinco accionistas que cuenta 4Lite. Se estima recuperar el dinero invertido al segundo año de operación.
Nowadays, people opt for healthier foods and look for foods that complement their meals, something more balanced. Therefore, the present project consists of nutri smothies based on oats and quinoa, almond milk and fruits such as Blueberries, Lucuma and Strawberry, this product stands out mainly for being natural, healthy and lactose-free, also you can consume it at any time of the day. When analyzing the viability of this project, it was possible to identify that our market size is located in zones 6 and 7 of Metropolitan Lima in NSE A and B, which allowed us to detect an unhappy public due to the lack of products without lactose, naturally fruity and healthy due to the content of quinoa and oats. Therefore, 4Lite is presented to our target audience as a drinkable and easy to consume option due to its presentation of 300ml and its bottle of eco-friendly material. To start up this project, an initial investment of 14,500 soles will be required, basically financed by the contribution of the five shareholders that 4Lite has. It is estimated to recover the money invested in the second year of operation.
Trabajo de investigación
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2

Brandt, Kerstin. "Molekularbiologische Charakterisierung einer Lacton-Hydrolase und Untersuchungen zum Einsatz von Lactonen als Substrate zur PHA-Synthese." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=967335167.

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3

Andrade, Carlos Kleber Zago. "Preparação de lactonas via formação de ligação carbono-carbono : sinteses formais de (-)-serriconina, (+)-lactona de Prelog-Djerassi e estudos visando a sintese do (+)-10-desoximetinolideo." [s.n.], 1996. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/249262.

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Orientador: Ronaldo Aloise Pilli
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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Doutorado
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4

Nguyen-Bresinsky, Dong Thi. "Immunopurification of Bovine Placental Lactogen." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2005. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/Nguyen-Bresinsky2005.pdf.

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5

Tuttle, Traci R. "Placental lactogen in breast cancer." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1378196610.

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6

Dincer, Tuna. "Mechanims of lactose crystallisation." Curtin University of Technology, School of Applied Chemistry, 2000. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=14562.

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Lactose is the major carbohydrate in milk. The presence of lactose in whey constitutes a significant pollution problem for dairy factories. At the same time, there is an increasing market for high quality crystalline lactose. The main problem of lactose crystallisation, compared to sucrose, which is also a disaccharide, is that it is very slow, unpredictable and cannot easily be controlled. Compared to sucrose crystallisation, which has been extensively studied, lactose crystallisation lacks the fundamental research to identify the mechanisms of growth and effect of additives. An important difference from most other crystal growth systems is that ([alpha]-lactose hydrate crystals never grow from a pure environment; their growth environment always contains beta lactose. [alpha]-lactose monohydrate crystallises much more slowly because of the presence of [beta]- lactose in all solutions. Although there have been some studies on growth rates and the effect of additives, there has not been any reported work on the fundamentals of lactose crystallisation and the mechanisms that operate on the molecular level. The aim of this thesis is to gain a greater understanding at the fundamental processes, which occur at the molecular level during the crystallisation of lactose, in order to improve control at a macroscopic level.
The growth rates of the dominant crystallographic faces have been measured in situ, at three temperatures and over a wide range of supersaturation. The mean growth rates of faces were proportional to the power of between 2.5-3.1 of the relative supersaturation. The rate constants and the activation energies were calculated for four faces. The [alpha]-lactose monohydrate crystals grown in aqueous solutions exhibited growth rate dispersion. Crystals of similar size displayed almost 10 fold difference in the growth rate grown under identical conditions for all the faces. Growth rate dispersion increases with increasing growth rate and supersaturation for all the faces. The variance in the GRD for the (0 10) face is twice the variance of the GRD of the (110) and (100) faces and ten times higher than the (0 11) face at different supersaturations and temperatures. The influence of [beta]-lactose on the morphology of [alpha]-lactose monohydrate crystals has been investigated by crystallising [alpha]-lactose monohydrate from supersaturated DMSO ethanol solutions. The slowness of mutarotation in DMSO allowed preparation of saturated solutions with a fixed, chosen [beta]-lactose content. It was found that [beta]-lactose significantly influences the morphology of [alpha]- lactose monohydrate crystals grown from DMSO solution. At low concentrations of [beta]-lactose, the fastest growing face is the (011) face resulting in long thin prismatic crystals. At higher [beta]-lactose concentrations, the main growth occurs in the b direction and the (020) face becomes the fastest growing face (since the (011) face is blocked by [beta]-lactose), producing pyramid and tomahawk shaped crystals.
Molecular modeling was used to calculate morphologies of lactose crystals, thereby defining the surface energies of specific faces, and to calculate the energies of interactions between these faces and [beta]-lactose molecules. It was found that as the replacement energy of [beta]-lactose increased, the likelihood of [beta]-lactose to dock onto faces decreased and therefore the growth rate increased. The attachment energy of a new layer of [alpha]-lactose monohydrate to the faces containing [beta]-lactose was calculated for the (010) and (011) faces. For the (0 10) face, the attachment energy of a new layer was found to be lower than the attachment energy onto a pure lactose surface, meaning slower growth rates when [beta]-lactose was incorporated into the surface. For the (011) face, attachment energy calculations failed to predict the slower growth rates of this face in the presence of [beta]-lactose. AFM investigation of [alpha]-lactose monohydrate crystals produced very useful information about the surface characteristics of the different faces of the [alpha]-lactose monohydrate crystal. The growth of the (010) face of the crystal occurs by the lateral addition of growth layers. Steps are 2 nm high (unit cell height in the b direction) and emanate from double spirals, which usually occurred at the centre of the face. Double spirals rotate clockwise on the (010) face, while the direction of spirals is counterclockwise on the (010) face. A polygonised double spiral, showing anisotropy in the velocity of stepswas observed at the centre of the prism-shaped a-lactose monohydrate crystals grown in the presence of 5 and 10 % [beta]-lactose.
The mean spacing of the steps parallel to the (011) face is larger than those parallel to the (100) face, indicating higher growth rates of the (011 )face. The edge free energy of the (011) face is 6.6 times larger than the (100) face in the presence of 5% [beta]-lactose. Increase of [beta]-lactose content from 5% to 10 % decreases the edge free energy of the growth unit on a step parallel to the (011) face by 10 %. Tomahawk-shaped [alpha]-lactose monohydrate crystals produced from aqueous solutions where the [beta]-lactose content of the growth solution is about 60 % have shown clockwise double spirals as the source of unit cell high steps on the (010) face of the crystal. However , the spirals are more circular than polygonised, unlike the prism shaped crystals and the mean step spacing of the (011) face is less than the steps parallel to the (110) face, indicating the growth rate reducing effect of [beta]-lactose on the (011) face. The (100) face of the [alpha]-lactose monohydrate crystal grows by step advancement in relative supersaturations of up to 3.1. Steps are 0.8 nm high and parallel to the c rection. Above this supersaturation, rectangular shaped two-dimensional nuclei, 10 nm high, were observed. The (011) face of the crystal grown at low supersaturations (s= 2.1) displayed a very rough surface with no steps, covered by 4-10nm high and 100-200[micro]m wide formations. Triangular shaped macrosteps were observed when the crystal was grown in solutions with s=3.1. In situ AFM investigation of the (010) face (T = 20[degree]C and s = 1.18) has shown that growth occurs by lateral addition of growth units into steps emanated by double spirals.
The growth rate of the (010) face from in situ AFM growth experiments was calculated to be 1.25 gm/min. The growth rate of crystals grown in the in situ optical growth cell under identical conditions was 0.69 pm/min. The difference in growth rates can be attributed to the size difference of seed c stals used. The (010) face of a [alpha]-lactosemonohydrate crystal grown at 22.4 C and s=1.31 displayed triangular-shaped growth fronts parallel to the (011) face. The steps parallel to the (O11) face grow in a triangular shape, and spaces between triangles are filled by growth units until the end of the macrosteps is reached. No such formations were observed on steps parallel to the (110) face. Formation of macrosteps, 4-6 nm high, emanating from another spiral present on the surface was also observed on the (010) face of a crystal grown under these conditions.
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7

Listiohadi, Yuanita D. "The caking of lactose /." View thesis, 2004. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20041108.084200/index.html.

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8

Carmichael, C. S. J. "Decomposition of the lactose operon." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/13315.

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The immediate aims of the project, as set out in the introduction, were 1) to separate the lacZ and lacY genes of the lactose operon such that they could be controlled/induced independently 2) to maintain the expression construct in the E.coli chromosome. The lacY gene was subcloned into plasmid PBN372 downstream of the S.marsescens trp promoter. The flanking E.coli trp genes were exploited to integrate the construct into the E.coli chromosome at the trpB locus via homologous recombination. Homologous recombinants should be trp{-}. Two approaches were employed to achieve integration: 1) transformation of a recD strain (which was also a lacY deletion) 2) transduction with phage lambda. The first method was unsuccessful, only spontaneous trp- mutations were isolated. The second method yielded several integrants, one of which was used in subsequent growth experiments. Since the constructed strain was rendered trp-, the internal tryptophan concentration could be influenced by the concentration of tryptophan in the medium and the level of induction could be set by the addition of differing amounts of the antirepressor, IAA. The growth rate of the constructed strain in minimal lactose media was comparable with that of wild type E.coli. The permease activity of the constructed strain was seen to vary when assayed in the presence of varying amounts of IAA. The expression of permease was also demonstrated to be independent of galactosidase activity. The constructed strain therefore met all the initial requirements for the experimental system set out in this thesis. Difficulties were encountered during the analysis of permease induction in batch culture. This was due to the competition between antirepressor (IAA) and corepressor (tryptophan). These difficulties would have been minimal had the analysis been carried out in chemostat experiments. It would then have been possible to maintain a constant, low level of tryptophan throughout the experiment. In batch culture, the tryptophan level is constantly changing, initially being relatively high and becoming depleted as the experiment progresses.
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9

Souza, Ugo Araújo. "Resíduos de lactonas macrocíclicas no leite bovino." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/79478.

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O controle de resíduos químicos em produtos de origem animal no Brasil é regulamentado por órgãos fiscalizadores através de programas como o Plano Nacional de Controle de Resíduos (PNCR) e o Programa de Análise de Resíduos de Medicamentos Veterinários (PAMVet), visando a garantia de segurança alimentar ao consumidor. As práticas adotadas na produção agropecuária, entretanto, envolvem o uso de fármacos para o controle de doenças infecciosas e parasitárias nos animais. As lactonas macrocíclicas (LMs) são drogas veterinárias eficazes no controle de endo e ectoparasitas, sendo amplamente utilizadas na bovinocultura leiteira. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a presença de resíduos de LMs no leite de rebanhos bovinos e identificar possíveis fatores de risco associados em propriedades leiteiras das regiões Noroeste e Sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul – Brasil. Foram coletados 72 amostras de leite de tanques resfriadores de propriedades de agricultura familiar das regiões Noroeste (55) e Sul (17) do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram adquiridas 60 amostras de leite ultra-high temperature (UHT) em estabelecimentos comerciais para análise de resíduos de LMs. Os resíduos das LMs foram extraídos do leite bovino pela adição de acetonitrila e foram purificados pelo congelamento dos co-extratos da matriz com temperatura de aproximadamente -20 ºC. O extrato purificado foi analisado por LC-MS/MS. Entre as 72 amostras, 18 (25 %) apresentaram resíduos de LMs, cujos ingredientes ativos identificados foram: ivermectina (n=15), ivermectina e moxidectina (n=1), moxidectina (n=1) e abamectina (n=1). A região Sul do Estado apresentou 35,3 % (6/17) das amostras com resíduos de LMs enquanto que a região Noroeste 21,8 % (12/55), as maiores concentrações encontradas foram de 2,48 μg.mL-1 para ivermectina, 2,73 μg.mL-1 e 1,69 μg.mL-1 para moxidectina. Os resíduos encontrados nas amostras de leite estavam abaixo do limite estabelecido pelo Codex Alimentarius (<10 μg.mL-1), porém esses medicamentos não devem ser utilizados em animais lactantes cujo leite seja destinado ao consumo humano. Os resultados indicam a utilização inadequada de antiparasitários nos rebanhos leiteiros estudados. Conclui-se que o leite das propriedades leiteiras das regiões Noroeste e Sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul estudadas apresentam resíduos de LMs. Nas amostras de leite UHT não foram detectados resíduos de LMs.
The control of chemical residues in animal products in Brazil is regulated by regulatory agencies through programs such as the National Residue Control (PNCR) and the Program for Residue Analysis of Veterinary Drugs (PAMVet), aimed at ensuring food security to consumer. The practices adopted in agricultural production, however, involve the use of drugs to control infectious and parasitic diseases in farm animals. The macrocyclic lactones (ML) are effective in controlling endo and ectoparasites, being widely used in dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to determine the presence of ML residues in milk from cattle and identify possible risk factors associated of Northwest and South regions of Rio Grande do Sul state,Brazil. Were acquired 60 samples of milk in shops for residue analysis LMs. We collected 72 samples of milk cooling tanks from smallholder properties located in Northwest (55) and South (17) regions of Rio Grande do Sul state. Samples were processed to investigate residues of ML, and they were extracted from bovine milk by addition of acetonitrile and purified by freezing of the matrix co-extracts at -20 ° C. The purified extract was analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Among the 72 samples, 18 (25 %) had ML residues whose active ingredients identified were: ivermectin (n = 15), moxidectin and ivermectin (n = 1), moxidectin (n = 1) and abamectin (n = 1).The Southern part of state presented (35,3 %; 6/17) and Northwest region presented (21,8 %; 12/55) occurrence of ML residues in milk. the highest concentrations found were 2.48 μg.mL-1 for ivermectin 2.73 μg.mL-1 and 1.69 μg.mL-1 for moxidectin. The residue found in milk samples were below the limit established by Codex Alimentarius (<10 microg.mL-1). However, these drugs cannot be used in lactating animals which milk will be destined to human consumption. The results indicate a improper use of antiparasitic drugs in dairy herds studied. We can concluded that milk from dairy farms from Northwest and South regions of Rio Grande do Sul state have ML residues. In the samples of milk UHT were not detected residues LMs.
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10

Peuhkuri, Katri. "Lactose, lactase, and bowel disorders : reducing hypolactasia-related gastrointestinal symptoms by improving the digetibility og lactose." Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2000. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/laa/biola/vk/peuhkuri/.

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11

Moura, Erly Catarina de. "Tolerancia a lactose em adultos : dose limite e uso de leite com baixo teor de lactose." [s.n.], 1989. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/322544.

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Orientador : Debora de Queiroz Tavares
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Mestrado
Mestre em Ciência da Nutrição
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12

Eadala, Praveen. "Lactose sensitivity and inflammatory bowel disease." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2013. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/53992/.

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Controversy still exists as to the incidence, role and impact of lactose sensitivity in inflammatory bowel disease. The thesis shows that there is a higher than previously reported incidence of lactose sensitivity determined by a combination of genotype, breath test and symptoms after a lactose challenge. Lactose sensitivity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease who are in remission is 70%. There was no difference compared to healthy volunteers in terms of lactase genotyping; however there was a significantly greater prevalence of positive breath test and symptoms after lactose challenge. This suggests that lactose sensitivity in inflammatory bowel disease is related to the disease itself or a consequence of it and not due to a genetic predisposition. A significant proportion of inflammatory bowel disease patients [16%] are methane producers which warrants further investigation. A pilot study of reduced lactose intake in patients with Crohn’s disease and lactose sensitivity, who were in remission, showed a promising improvement in symptoms reported and quality of life scores. The Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction is simple and quick compared to Restrictive Fragment Length Polymorphism for assessing the lactase genotype. The Quintron MicroLyzer to assess breath samples after lactose challenge is preferred to the hand held Micro H2 meter. This detects methane in addition to hydrogen and without this a number of cases of lactose sensitivity would be II missed. It may be possible to predict a negative breath test with the absence of any GI symptoms after a breath test and vice-versa a positive breath test is very likely if multiple GI symptoms are reported. The ‘hidden’ lactose in drugs used to treat inflammatory bowel disease and co-existing conditions should be considered as it is present in many drugs and can make a significant contribution to the amount of lactose ingested; lactose free alternatives are widely available.
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Lima, Helena Santos. "AIDS, diarreia e malabsorção de lactose." [s.n.], 1989. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/309235.

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Orientador : Adriana Seva-Pereira
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
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Resumo: Com o objetivo de pesquisar a diarréia e a malabsorção de lactose na síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida, foram estudados 25 aidéticos brancos e comparados com 40 caucasóides normais (grupo controle) . Foi verificado que 50% dos pacientes com AlDS apresentaram história de diarréia em algum momento da doença. A freqüência de malabsorção de lactose nesta síndrome foi de 50%, estatisticamente igual à do grupo controle, não sendo então, a AlDS causa de deficiência secundária de lactase. A história de intolerância ao leite na síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida foi de 44%, diferente estatisticamente do grupo controle (12%). A freqüência de consumo grande de leite nos pacientes com AlDS (75%) foi estatisticamente igual à do grupo controle (70%), Foram também discutidos, neste trabalho, aspectos fisiopatologia da diarréia na AIDS e sua relação com a malabsorção lactose.
Abstract: In order to Investigate diarrhea and lactose malabsorption in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, 25 white patients with AIDS were studied and compared to 40 healthy Caucasoids individuals (control group). 60% of patients with AIDS showed history of diarrhea in some point of their illness. The frequency of lactose malabsorption in this syndrome was 60%, statistically equal to the control group. Therefore, AIDS is not cause of secondary lactase deficiency. The history of milk intolerance in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome was about 44%, statistically different from the control group (12%). The frequency of high m11k Intake In AIDS patients (76%) was statistically similar to the control group (70%). Physiopathological aspects of diarrhea in AIDS as well as their relationship with lactose malabsorption were also discussed.
Mestrado
Mestre em Ciências Médicas
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14

Houssin, Christine. "La lactose perméase de E. Coli : étude structurale de la protéine solubilisée en détergent." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112020.

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Le lactose perméase de E. Coli, produit du gène y de l’opéron lactose, est la protéine membranaire responsable du transport des β-galactosides. Selon l’hypothèse chimiosmotique de Mitchell, la lactose perméase catalyse un co-transport proton(s)/lactose. Récemment, la lactose perméase a été purifiée dans un détergent non ionique : l’octyl-glucoside, puis reconstituée dans des protéoliposomes. Ce résultat nous a permis d’aborder une étude structurale de la protéine purifiée, et en particulier de déterminer l’état d’association de la perméase solubilisée dans un détergent non dénaturant. Dans un premier temps, nous avons échangé l’octyl glucoside, dans lequel la perméase est peu stable, pour un autre détergent non ionique : le C₁₂E₈ (dodécyloctaéthylène glycol monoéther). Le complexe protéine/détergent/phospholipides a été caractérisé chimiquement : il contient 17 molécules de détergent et 9 phospholipides liés par chaine polypeptidique de perméase. Une étude par filtration sur gel (chromatographie liquide conventionnelle) a montré l’existence d’une espèce majoritaire dont nous avons déterminé le rayon de Stokes. L’utilisation d’une technique chromatographique plus résolutive : l’HPLC nous a permis de séparer 2 espèces moléculaires de lactose perméase. Nous avons effectué sur chacune d’elles une étude par ultracentrifugation analytique. L’ensemble de nos résultats indiquent clairement que la lactose perméase est essentiellement dimérique dans le C₁₂E₈ : la forme monomérique existe également dans ce détergent mais en très faible proportion. Pour plusieurs raisons, mais essentiellement parce que le C₁₂E₈ est non dénaturant, nous pensons que la prépondérance de l’état dimérique de la perméase, observée dans ce détergent, pourrait refléter l’état d’association natif de la protéine dans la membrane. Nous avons également pu montrer que le C₁₂E₈ se fixait sur la perméase sous forme d’une monocouche et non d’une micelle. Ce résultat conforte ceux précédemment obtenus pour d’autres détergents non ioniques, concernant leur mode de fixation sur les protéines hydrophobes.
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Sinnwell, Sebastian. "Mikrowellenunterstützte ringöffnende Polymerisation von Lactonen und cyclischen Iminoethern." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=984126538.

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Puchner, Mario. "Metallinitiierte Ringöffnungspolymerisation von funktionalisierten Lactonen und cyclischen Carbonaten." [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/diss/z2003/0555/.

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17

Neto, Alvaro Cunha. "Estudos conformacionais de lactonas sesquiterpênicas e compostos relacionados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59138/tde-11122006-074621/.

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Neste trabalho foram realizados estudos conformacionais de algumas lactonas sesquiterpenicas e cálculos teóricos de deslocamento químico. O estudo conformacional é dividido em tres etapas distintas. A primeira etapa se dá pela busca conformacional em mecânica molecular, onde foram encontradas as possíveis conformações assumidas pelo sistema em estudo. Na segunda etapa, as conformações encontradas foram otimizadas em mecânica quântica. O último passo neste estudo foi o cálculode deslocamento químico e a posterior correlação com os dados experimentais.
This work is aimed on the theoretical calculation of chemical shifts of sesquiterpene lactones, based on the conformational preferences of the compounds. This conformational study is set up in three stages. The first one is a conformational search using molecular mechanics, to assess the relevant conformations of the system under study. In the second stage, the conformations are optimized by quantum mechanics, for the refinement of both the structural assignment and energy calculation of the most stable conformers found in the previous step. The last step is the theoretical calculation of chemical shifts. Finally the weighted average of calculated values is compared to experimental data.
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Ghazi, Alexandre. "La Lactose perméase d'Escherichia coli cotransport lactose proton et théorie chimiosmotique localisée : inactivation in vivo de la protéine /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376054042.

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19

Giraldi, Catiucia. "Aplicação de concentrado proteico de soro de leite com lactose hidrolisada em iogurte com baixo teor de lactose." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2014. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1131.

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O soro de leite é uma importante fonte de proteínas. Porém, no Brasil ainda há um grande número de laticínios que realizam o descarte deste subproduto da fabricação de queijos, gerando assim, desperdícios e um problema socioambiental. A busca por novas aplicações ao soro de leite pode aumentar o uso potencial deste subproduto como ingrediente lácteo em diversos alimentos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a hidrólise da lactose do concentrado proteico de soro de leite (CPS) para aplicação como ingrediente lácteo em iogurte cremoso para intolerantes à lactose. A metodologia de superfície de resposta foi utilizada para investigar o efeito de dois parâmetros (tempo e concentração de enzima) na hidrólise da lactose do CPS e do leite para produção de iogurte com redução de lactose. A experimentação teve como objetivo definir as faixas ótimas de operação para as variáveis do processo, visando à maximização da hidrólise da lactose. As condições ótimas para a hidrólise da lactose foram: para o CPS, concentração de enzima 0,22% por 1680 minutos e para o leite, 0,13% de enzima por 120 minutos. Depois de hidrolisado, o CPS foi submetido à secagem por atomização e apresentou os valores de lactose, glicose, galactose e proteínas iguais a 2,98; 19,41; 15,89 e 36,7g. 100 g-1 de amostra, respectivamente; 5,00% de umidade e 8,06% de cinzas. Após a hidrólise, as amostras de leite foram fortificadas com diferentes concentrações de CPS e leite em pó desnatado (LPD) para produção de iogurte cremoso. A amostra controle e as amostras fortificadas com 2 e 4% de CPS apresentaram os menores valores de lactose: 0,05; 0,09 e 0,13 g. 100 g-1 de iogurte, respectivamente. Foram realizadas análises microbiológicas e físico-químicas no CPS em pó e nas amostras de iogurtes, e ambos estavam dentro dos padrões da legislação vigente. A partir da pesquisa, verificou-se ser possível o uso potencial do CPS hidrolisado na produção de iogurte com baixo teor de lactose, beneficiando os intolerantes à lactose, à indústria e o meio ambiente.
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20

Ghazi, Alexandre. "La lactose perméase d'Escherichia coli : cotransport proton lactose et théorie chimiosmotique localisée, inactivation in vivo de la protéine." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112307.

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Le lactose perméase d’E. Coli est une protéine membranaire qui catalyse le transport actif du lactose en symport avec un proton. Le travail présenté ici comporte deux parties distinctes correspondant à des thèmes utilisant tous deux le lactose perméase comme système expérimental. La théorie chimiosmotique, dans sa formation initiale (dite délocalisée), est en contradiction, au moins apparente, avec un certain nombre de tests expérimentaux. Parmi ceux-ci, ceux qui traitent des relations flux-force sont les plus contraignants. La validité de ce test a néanmoins été remise en cause récemment dans un cas particulier. Nous examinons d’abord, au plan théorique, le bien-fondé de cette critique. Au plan expérimental, l’étude des relations flux-force en bioénergétique a jusqu’ici concerné uniquement la phosphorylation oxydative et phosphorylation, il n’existe pas de relation unique entre le flux (ici vitesse de transport du lactose catalysé par le lactose perméase) ou accumulation d’une part, et force (force promotrice) d’autre part. Ce résultat est compatible avec un mécanisme chimiosmotique localisé. Nous avons mis en évidence un phénomène d’inactivation du lactose perméase in vivo (dans la membrane). Les caractéristiques au niveau de la perméase ainsi que les conditions de cette inactivation sont décrites. On montre en particulier que ce phénomène met en jeu l’activité de la chaine respiratoire d’E. Coli et certaines protéases. L’inactivation du lactose perméase pourrait refléter un mécanisme physiologique
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21

Berwig, Karina Hammel. "Produção bacteriana de poli(3-hidroxibutirato) a partir de lactose e soro de leite." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2016. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/1192.

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Polihidroxialcanoatos são polímeros 100% biodegradáveis produzidos intracelularmente por bactérias, que possuem características semelhantes às de polímeros de origem petrolífera e configuram uma alternativa a estes polímeros, os quais devido ao seu crescente acúmulo na natureza vêm se tornando um grave problema ambiental. O poli(3-hidroxibutirato) (PHB) é um poliéster que faz parte deste grupo, sendo o mais amplamente estudado. Visando o aproveitamento do soro de leite, que é gerado em volumes elevados na produção de queijo, e ainda uma possível redução de custos do processo de produção de PHB, este trabalho avaliou a produção deste polímero por meio das bactérias Alcaligenes latus e Bacillus megaterium. Inicialmente investigou-se o efeito de diferentes concentrações iniciais de lactose e de diferentes tempos de processo, em ensaio realizado em agitador orbital a 35 °C e 200 rpm. Definiu-se também qual das bactérias apresentou melhor desempenho e a concentração inicial de lactose por meio de ensaio em agitador orbital com as mesmas condições mencionadas anteriormente. Estes resultados foram avaliados por meio de planejamento experimental fatorial 2³ sem ponto central. Avaliou-se o efeito da neutralização do meio de cultivo preparado com o sobrenadante obtido após a precipitação ácida das proteínas do soro de leite com hidróxido de amônio (NH4OH), hidróxido de potássio (KOH) e hidróxido de sódio (NaOH) (soluções 10% m/v) por meio de análise estatística de um fator a vários níveis (ANOVA). Ainda, foram comparados (por meio de ANOVA) quatro meios de cultivo (produzidos com lactose, soro de leite, sobrenadante obtido após a precipitação ácida das proteínas do soro de leite, lactose extraída por processos de separação por membranas) por meio de ensaio em agitador orbital nas mesmas condições previamente mencionadas. O meio que proporcionou maior concentração final de PHB foi utilizado em ensaio em biorreator de bancada, a 35 °C e pH controlado em 6,5. Na primeira fase, identificou-se que para a bactéria A. latus a concentração inicial de lactose mais adequada foi a de 20 g.L-1, com produção máxima de PHB de 0,55 g.L-1 em 12 horas, enquanto que para a bactéria B. megaterium foi de 16 g.L-1, com produção máxima de PHB de 0,095 g.L-1 também em 12 horas. Com a posterior análise estatística, verificou-se que não houve diferença significativa na geração de produto com as concentrações iniciais de lactose de 16 e 20 g.L-1. A bactéria que proporcionou maior produção de polímero foi a A. latus, enquanto o meio foi o composto pelo sobrenadante obtido após a precipitação ácida das proteínas do soro de leite (neutralizado com hidróxido de amônio - melhor resultado na neutralização). No ensaio em biorreator de bancada (TecBio 7,5, Tecnal, Brasil), constatou-se que o tempo total de processo foi de 11,6 horas, com máxima velocidade específica de crescimento de 0,428 h-1, máxima velocidade específica de formação de produto de 0,026 g.L-1.h-1, máxima velocidade específica de consumo de substrato de 1,036 g.L-1.h-1, fator de rendimento em células de 0,211 g.g-1, fator de rendimento em produto de 0,024 g.g-1 e produtividade volumétrica de 0,014 g.L-1.h-1. Ainda, por meio de caracterização do PHB extraído e do PHB padrão por calorimetria exploratória diferencial, termogravimetria e espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier, verificou-se que o polímero produzido possui propriedades semelhantes às do padrão, demonstrando que a produção de PHB por A. latus e B. megaterium utilizando soro de leite é factível.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates are 100% biodegradable polymers produced intracellularly by bacteria, and have characteristics similar to petroleum-based polymers. They emerge as an alternative to recalcitrant polymers, that because of its growing accumulation in nature are becoming a serious environmental problem. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) is a polyester which is part of this group, being the most studied. In order to utilize whey, which is generated in large volumes in cheese production, and also to enable a possible cost reduction of the PHB production process, this study evaluated the production of this polymer by Alcaligenes latus e Bacillus megaterium. First of all, the effect of different initial lactose concentrations and different process times were investigated in an orbital shaker at 35 °C and 200 rpm. In addition, it was defined which bacteria showed best results and also the appropriate initial lactose concentration in an orbital shaker in the same conditions mentioned. The results were evaluated by a factorial 2³ (without central point) experimental design. The neutralization of the medium (prepared with the supernatant obtained after the acid protein precipitation of whey) with ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), potassium hydroxide (KOH) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (10% w/v solutions) was evaluated by a one factor statistical analysis (ANOVA). Also, four culture mediums (lactose, whey, supernatant obtained after acid protein precipitation of whey, lactose obtained by membrane filtration of whey) were compared through an experiment in orbital shaker in the same conditions used before. The results were also evaluated by a one factor statistical analysis. The medium with the best results was used in a bioreactor experiment, at 35 °C and pH controlled at 6.5. For A. latus the most appropriate initial lactose concentration was 20 g.L-1, with a maximum PHB concentration of 0.55 g.L-1 in 12 hours. For B. megaterium, the initial lactose concentration was 16 g.L-1, and a maximum PHB concentration of 0.095 g.L-1 also in 12 hours. With the posterior statistical analysis it was seen that there was no significant difference in PHB production with initial lactose concentrations of 16 and 20 g.L-1. A. latus showed better results for PHB production, while the best medium was the one produced with the supernatant obtained after acid protein precipitation of whey (neutralized with ammonium hydroxide - best neutralization results). In the bioreactor experiment was observed that the total process time was 11.6 hours, with a maximum specific growth rate of 0.428 h-1, maximum specific product formation rate of 0.026 g.L-1.h-1, maximum specific substrate consumption rate of 1.036 g.L-1.h-1, cell yield of 0.211 g.g-1, PHB yield of 0.024 g.g-1 and volumetric productivity of 0.014 g.L-1.h-1. Finally, it was seen, through the polymer characterization by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry and Infrared Spectroscopy with Fourier transform, that the produced polymer has similar characteristics to those of the standard PHB, showing that the production of PHB by A. latus and B. megaterium using milk whey is feasible.
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22

Worthen, Denise Lynne. "Lactose binding to the E. coli symport protein Lac permease." Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : California Institute of Technology, 1989. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:11242009-093118312.

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23

Costa, Ricardo Calvo. "Obtenção de lactose a partir de permeado de soro de queijo e permeado de leite." [s.n.], 1995. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/255587.

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Orientador: Salvador M. Roig
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Neste trabalho foi estudada a extração de lactose a partir de permeado de leite e de permeado de soro de queijo, obtidos por ultrafiltração de leite e soro de queijo. A antecipação da etapa de descoloração foi estudada com o objetivo de eliminar a etapa de refino no processo tradicional e obter uma lactose de alto teor de pureza. A pasta descorante composta de 750/0 de carvão ativo e negro de ossos e 25% de ácido clorídrico concentrado foi adicionada aos permeados de leite e de soro de queijo, e somente resultou em descoloração quando foram utilizados teores de pasta superiores a 8% da massa de lactose presente no permeado. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos a partir de permeado de leite, obtido através de ultrafiltração de leite em um sistema de ultrafiltração dotado de membranas minerais, sem descoloracão do permeado. Os compostos coloridos foram retidos durante o processo de ultrafiltração resultando em um permeado límpido. O melhor processo obtido para extração de lactose a partir de permeado foi ultrafiltração do leite em membrana mineral, seguido de concentração à vácuo do permeado, cristalização, separação, lavagem dos cristais com água a 5°e e secagem. A partir de permeado de leite com 0,027% de nitrogênio total 0,49% de cinzas e 4,71 % de lactose foi obtida lactose com 99,3% de pureza 0,66% de cinzas e 0,07% de nitrogênio total
Abstract: The lactose extraction by ultrafiltration from milk and whey permeates was studied. The aim of this work was to eliminate the refining step of the traditional process and produce a high purity level lactose yield before the discolouring step. The discolouring paste which is made of 75% of a mixture of active carbon and black bone and 25% of concentrated hydrogen chloride was added to milk and whey permeates resulting in discolouring only when the paste concentration was higher than 8% in relation to the lactose mass in the permeate. The best results carne from milk permeate processed in a mineral membranes milk ultrafiltration system without the discolouring step. The colouring compounds were retained in the ultrafiltration process resulting in a cleaned permeate. The best process to lactose extraction from permeate was milk ultrafiltration in a mineral membrane system followed by permeate vacuum concentration, crystallization, separation and crystal washing with 't\1Iter at 5°e and drying. From mill permeate with 0,027% total nitrogen, 0,49% ash and 4,71% of lactose it was possible to obtain lactose with a purity of 99,3%, 0.660% ash and 0,07% total nitrogen contents
Mestrado
Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos
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24

Duluc, Isabelle. "Structure de la lactase-phlorizine hydrolase du rat et expression au cours du développement post-natal et le long du tractus intestinal." Aix-Marseille 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX30092.

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25

Dwivedi, Sarvajna Kumar. "Anomeric composition and solid state properties of lactose." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27872.

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Lactose is a widely used excipient in capsules and tablets. It has two anomeric forms, ⍺ (usually a monohydrate) and β (anhydrous). Lactose NF XVI is usually ⍺-lactose monohydrate. Physical properties, such as thermal behavior, x-ray diffraction characteristics, and true density of the anomers are different and not clearly understood. Pure samples of each anomer are difficult to prepare and all commercial lactose samples, especially the directly compressible grades, contain a certain amount of each anomer. It is not clearly established in what physical form the two anomers are present in a commercial sample. The physical form, and also certain differences in the physical properties, may depend upon the anomeric composition. An accurate and rapid gas chromatographic (GC) method for the determination of anomeric composition was developed. It involved derivatization of the lactose samples using trimethylsilylimidazole (TSIM). A mixture of TSIM in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and pyridine (PYR) was used. DMSO dissolved the samples and PYR stabilized the solutions by preventing a phase separation which occurred if only TSIM and DMSO were used. Alpha-rich samples were dissolved directly into the mixture. Beta-rich samples were first dissolved in DMSO and then derivatized using a mixture of TSIM and PYR. An OV-225 column with helium as carrier gas was used for separating the anomers. The relative response of the anomers at a flame ionization detector was equal. Thus, the relative anomeric peak areas could be used as relative anomeric amounts. This avoided the use of an internal standard. The anomeric composition of a number of lactose samples was determined and was found to vary from 1.9 to 98.4% ⍺. A study of the thermal behavior of commercial lactose samples using differential scanning calorimetry and thermal microscopy showed that all ⍺-lactose monohydrate rich samples exhibited a dehydration peak followed by a melting peak when heated in an open pan. In sealed pans, the dehydration peak split into two components because of an overlap of an exotherm (due to dissolution of anhydrous lactose in the liquid water formed in the sealed pan, and recrystallization of β-lactose from the solution) with the endothermic dehydration peak. The extent of the split varied with the heating rate (which controls the extent of dissolution). Two new peaks, an endotherm and an exotherm, also appeared after the dehydration peak. The endotherm is due to anomeric conversion (determined using the GC method) rather than melting, and the exotherm is due to recrystallization into a new crystal lattice as the sample became β-rich. Since β-rich samples normally have a higher melting point than ⍺-rich samples, the melting peak shifted to a higher temperature when sealed pans were used. An unstable anhydrous a-lactose sample also showed the endotherm (anomeric conversion) and the exotherm (recrystallization of the β-rich form). On the basis of their powder x-ray diffraction patterns, the lactose samples can be classified into three types: 1. ⍺-lactose monohydrate rich, 2. β-rich, and, 3. samples showing peaks of both ⍺-lactose monohydrate and β-lactose. It was shown using quantitative x-ray diffraction that samples did not contain their anomeric impurity as a simple physical mixture. The true density of the lactose samples also varied with their anomeric composition. Beta-rich samples had greater true density than a-rich samples. This can be attributed to: 1. a simple physical mixture of ⍺-lactose monohydrate and β-lactose crystals, 2. a continuous substitutional solid solution, 3. an interstitial solid solution, or, 4. a mixture of two solid solutions. The first possibility was ruled out using quantitative x-ray diffraction because the relative anomeric x-ray peak intensities did not match the anomeric composition determined by GC. The second possibility was ruled out because there was no gradual shift of peaks in the x-ray diffraction patterns with the anomeric composition. The formation of an interstitial solid solution was not possible because this occurs only if the solute and solvent have very different molecular sizes. The quantitative x-ray diffraction experiments suggest that most samples contain a mixture of two solid solutions. Sorbed-moisture and surface area are important factors in tabletting. Various commercial lactose samples had specific surface areas ranging from 0.108 to 0.574 m²/g- Moisture-desorption and sorption were found to depend more on the relative crystallinities of the samples than on their surface areas.
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of
Graduate
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26

Kauter, Michael D. "The effects of impurities on lactose crystallization /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17844.pdf.

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27

Hediger, Thomas. "Die enzymatische Hydrolyse der Lactose mit Hohlfaserreaktoren /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1985. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=7933.

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28

Rampanti, Giorgia. "Lactose crystallization assisted by Static Electric Field." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.

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Il lattosio ha varie applicazioni nell’industria alimentare grazie alle sue proprietà funzionali. È recuperato dal siero, il principale sottoprodotto della caseificazione. Il processo di produzione è ancora lontano dall’essere ottimizzato, anche a causa della mancanza di comprensione del processo di cristallizzazione. Per migliorarlo sono utilizzati nuovi design degli impianti e tecniche come l’inseminazione di germi cristallini. Negli ultimi anni è stato studiato l’utilizzo di sistemi innovativi, come campi elettrici e/o magnetici, ultrasuoni e alte pressioni per controllare la cristallizzazione. L’obiettivo del progetto è stato quello di investigare la cristallizzazione del lattosio e di valutare l’effetto del SEF sul processo. A tale scopo sono stati utilizzati due dispositivi sviluppati presso ONIRIS-GEPEA (Nantes, FR). Il principio del “SET-UP 1” era di rilevare l’aumento di temperatura che si verifica con la cristallizzazione. Dal confronto dei grafici tempo-temperatura delle soluzioni controllo e trattate con SEF non sono state riscontrate differenze, tranne che con l’applicazione di 8 kV-SEF, in cui il segnale è stato interpretato come un continuo innesco della cristallizzazione della soluzione nella zona di supersaturazione. I cristalli sono stati analizzati tramite SEM e XRD. La microstruttura dei cristalli formati durante l’applicazione del SEF è apparsa più liscia e lineare. Gli spettri XRD consentono di studiare i polimorfi del lattosio (Lα∙H2O, Lβ, LαS, LαH); la forma LαH è più igroscopica e meno ricercata e non è stata trovata nei cristalli derivanti da cristallizzazione assistita da SEF. Attraverso il “SET-UP 2” è stato possibile monitorare la cristallizzazione durante l’applicazione del SEF, che ha permesso una riduzione significativa del tempo di nucleazione. Il SEF è risultato un mezzo rilevante per innescare la cristallizzazione del lattosio e per cambiare il comportamento stocastico della nucleazione rendendolo più ripetibile e prevedibile.
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29

Lajoie, Denis. "Lactose hydrolases de Trichoderma reesei MCG-80." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq26227.pdf.

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30

Kirk, Joanne H. "Fundamental structural aspects of crystalline lactose polymorphs." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2007. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12527.

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Excipients are used in pharmaceutical formulations as fillers and drug carriers. Their successful function is inextricably linked to their physicochemical properties and, in turn, these properties are directly related to their structure. This thesis is concerned with the structural and spectroscopic characterisation of a selection of excipients by powder and single crystal X-ray diffraction, Raman and IR spectroscopy and MASNMR and an investigation of their stability as a function of temperature, humidity and particle size. As well as being a well-known excipient used in the pharmaceutical industry, lactose is also a common food additive. The diverse usage of lactose has led to a wealth of contradictory information relating to both structure and properties of this material. The first part of experimental work in this thesis identifies the four real lactose polymorphs; the naturally occurring a-lactose monohydrate; the anhydrous stable form of a-lactose; the hygroscopic unstable form of a-lactose; and the anomeric equivalent, p-lactose using powder X-ray diffraction. The work shows that anhydrous lactose formed by solvent dehydration often termed aM is simply the anhydrous stable form of a-lactose formed via a different route. Simple methods for discerning between the polymorphs using standard laboratory equipment are suggested. IlC MASNMR data were collected on all four forms of lactose for the first time and illustrate key differences between the four structures. Single crystal data were successfully collected on the a-lactose monohydrate and refinement carried at low temperature to determine the hydrogen bonded arrangement for the first time. Rietveld refmement of the hygroscopic unstable form of a-lactose using in-situ temperature resolved X-ray diffraction has shown that the hygroscopic form can be produced as a single phase. Refinement of Plactose using the Rietveld method has shown that powder diffraction data were comparable with single crystal data, with respect to structure refinement but attempts at both crystallisation and refinement of the stable anhydrous a-lactose polymorph were unsuccessful due to the complexity of the structure. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis was shown to be an effective tool in the quantification of mixed phase lactose samples with respect to both mixed phase stable anhydrous a-lactose and a-lactose monohydrate; and mixed p-Iactose and a-lactose monohydrate samples. The accuracy of the technique was determined to be at least 5%. Quantification was carried out using relative intensities of a well resolved unique reflection for each phase within the system. Dehydration techniques applied to lactose were applied to other hydrated pharmaceutical sugars; trehalose dihydrate and raffmose pentabydrate. Solid state techniques; powder X-ray diffraction, Raman and IR spectroscopy; showed that discrimination of other sugar hydrates became more complex with increasing levels of hydration.
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31

Shah, Ajay. "Interaction of water with maltodextrins and lactose." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404592.

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32

Rocha, Bruno Alves. "Transformações microbianas da lactona sesquiterpênica tagitinina C." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/60/60138/tde-30072009-160522/.

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A busca por moléculas de origem natural que ocupem um espaço químico diferente daquelas já existentes tornou-se uma necessidade para atender às novas demandas das indústrias farmacêuticas. A pesquisa envolvendo transformações microbianas de metabólitos secundários de origem vegetal pode ser utilizada como uma nova ferramenta na biosíntese destas novas substâncias, favorecendo a criação de bibliotecas ricas em estruturas com o emprego em diversos alvos biológicos. A tagitinina C é uma lactona sesquiterpênica isolada da Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae). Essa substância possui diversas atividades biológicas descritas na literatura. Contudo, há certa ressalva no uso de lactonas sesquiterpênicas para fins terapêuticos devido à elevada toxicidade apresentada por essas substâncias. A biotransformação de substâncias naturais de elevado interesse farmacológico pode ser utilizada com o intuito de diminuir seus efeitos tóxicos ou ampliar sua capacidade terapêutica. Assim, esse trabalho teve como objetivo a utilização de fungos para a biotranformação da tagitinina C. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os fungos de solo Aspergillus terreus e Mucor rouxii possuem a capacidade de biotransformar tagitinina C. O fungo Aspergillus terreus levou a formação de um produto biotransformado através de uma reação não usual de epoxidação entres os C4-C5 e ainda metoxilação do C1, formando então 1-metóxi-3-hidróxi-3,10-4,5-diepóxi-8-isobutiroilóxi-germacra-11(13)-en-6,12-olido. Os resultados obtidos nesse trabalho demostram que é possível a utilização de fungos na biotransformação da tagitinina C, levando a alterações na molécula que podem influenciar no seu potencial tóxico ou terapêutico.
The search for molecules of natural origin that place a chemical space which is different from the already existing has become that a need in process of discovery new chemical entities with pharmacological interest that support the demand of the pharmaceutical industries. Research involving microbial transformations the secondary metabolites from plants can be used as an alternative for the biosynthesis of such new compounds, thus facilitating the creation of libraries which are rich in structures to be screened against diverse biological targets. Tagitin C is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae) that displays several biological activities already described in the literature. Howeever, due to several reports describing toxic effects of sesquiterpenes lactones, there is a concern in its oral use. Thus, the biotransformation of pharmacologically interesting substances can be carried out with the aim to decrease their toxic effects or amplify their therapeutic properties. Therefore, this work aimed at using of fungi to perform biotransformations of tagitin C. The results showed that the soil fungi Aspergillus terreus and Mucor rouxii have the ability to carry out biological transformations of tagitinin C. The fungus A. terreus led to the formation of a different product through an unusual reaction of epoxidation between C4-C5 and metoxilation of C1 of tagitinin C, the derivative 1-methoxy-3-hydroxy-3,10-4,5-diepoxy-8-isobutiroyloxygermacr- 11 (13)-en-6 ,12-olide. The results of this work show that it is possible to use soil fungi in the biotransformation of tagitinin C, leading to changes in the chemical structure that may influence its toxic or therapeutic potential.
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33

Pires, Ana Carolina Moreira da Silva. "Desenvolvimento de petit suisse simbiótico sem lactose /." Araraquara, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/154963.

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Orientador: Kátia Sivieri
Banca: Adilson Cesar Abreu Bernardi
Banca: Valéria de Carvalho Santos Ebinuma
Resumo: Introdução: A intolerância à lactose atinge 70% da população mundial e é uma desordem gastrointestinal caracterizada pela deficiência da enzima lactase. Indivíduos intolerantes a lactose tendem a parar de consumir produtos lácteos ou buscam por opções sem lactose para suprir as necessidades diária de nutrientes e cálcio. Uma das alternativas no desenvolvimento de produtos lácteos com baixo ou ausência de lactose é o uso da tecnologia de membrana, principalmente a ultrafiltração (UF) e a diafiltração (DF). Objetivo: Desenvolver um petit suisse simbiótico sem lactose utilizando leite com alto teor de proteína e sem lactose obtidos por tecnologia de UF e DF. Métodos: Este trabalho foi desenvolvido em duas etapas, sendo que na primeira etapa foram obtidos os leites a serem utilizados na produção do queijo petit suisse. Para obtenção do leite com maior teor de proteína - leite proteico (LP) foi realizado a operação de ultrafiltração do leite UHT desnatado, utilizando um fator de concentração igual a dois. Em seguida, para a obtenção de leite sem lactose foram realizadas três diafiltrações para a remoção da lactose do leite proteico, produzindo o leite proteico sem lactose (LPSL). Nos leites LP e PPSL foram avaliados os teores de proteína e lactose. Na segunda etapa foram realizados os processos de obtenção dos queijos Quarks e petit suisses. A partir do LP foi desenvolvido o queijo Quark proteico (QQP), com o LPSL foi desenvolvido o queijo Quark proteico sem lactose (QQPSL) e como... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Introduction: Lactose intolerance affects 70% of the world population and is a gastrointestinal disorder characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme lactase. Individuals intolerant to lactose tend to stop consuming dairy products or search for lactose-free options to meet the daily needs of nutrients and calcium. One of the alternatives in the development of dairy products with low or no lactose is the use of membrane technology, mainly ultrafiltration (UF) and diafiltration (DF). Objective: To develop a symbiotic petit suisse without lactose using milk with high protein content and without lactose obtained by UF and DF technology. Methods: This work was developed in two stages, and in the first stage the milks to be used in the production of petit suisse cheese were obtained. To obtain the milk with the highest protein - protein (LP) milk, the ultrafiltration operation of the skimmed UHT milk was performed, using a concentration factor of two. Then, to obtain lactose-free milk, three diafiltrations were carried out to remove lactose from protein milk, producing lactose-free protein milk (LPSL). In the LP and PPSL milks the protein and lactose contents were evaluated. In the second stage the processes of obtaining Quarks and petit suisses cheeses were carried out. From the LP, the protein Quark cheese (QQP) was developed, with the LPSL was developed the protein Quark cheese without lactose (QQPSL) and as control was produced the cheese Quark control (QQC) obtained through the skim milk UHT control (LC), without membrane processing. For the Quarks cheeses were also evaluated the levels of protein and lactose. Then the petit suisse cheeses were produced. With the QQP, the probiotic and proteic symbiotic petit suisses (PPP and PPS) were produced. From the QQPSL, the probiotic and... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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34

Oliveira, Sofia Sá. "Intolerância à lactose e persistência da lactase." Bachelor's thesis, [s.n.], 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/7363.

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Trabalho Complementar apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de licenciada em Ciências da Nutrição
A intolerância à lactose é um assunto amplamente estudado até à data e, por isso, consensual em termos de causa primária, fenótipos clínicos e estratégia terapêutica. Não obstante, subsistem aspetos sob investigação que necessitam de uma maior consolidação científica. Com o objetivo de contribuir para uma melhor compreensão sobre o paradigma da intolerância à lactose e da persistência da lactase, o presente trabalho efetua uma revisão descritiva da informação científica. A sua análise ampla e integrada sublinha a importância da continuidade da investigação e da difusão do conhecimento sobre este tema.
Lactose intolerance is a topic that has been widely studied untill now and, therefore, consensual in terms of primary cause, clinical phenotypes and therapeutic strategy. Nevertheless, there are areas under investigation which require further scientific consolidation. In order to contribute to a better understanding of the paradigm of lactose intolerance and the persistence of lactase, the present paper carries out a descriptive review of the scientific information. Its comprehensive and integrated analysis underlines the importance of continuing research and dissemination of knowledge on this subject.
N/A
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35

Arias, A. Macarena. "Frecuencia y Expresión de la Tolerancia e Intolerancia a la Lactosa en Población de la Isla de Pascua, Chile." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2011. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/112634.

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Antropóloga Física
La lactosa es el azúcar de la leche, sustancia procesada en nuestro organismo por una enzima llamada lactasa que se ubica en el ápice de los ribetes del intestino delgado. Al igual que la mayoría de los mamíferos, los seres humanos nacemos con la capacidad de producir esta enzima lo que nos permite alimentarnos de la leche materna. Sin embargo, a partir del destete y durante el crecimiento, la condición normal es que la producción de lactasa se detenga. No obstante, algunas personas mantienen esta capacidad durante toda la vida. La presencia de una u otra condición está determinada genéticamente. En el presente estudio, se estimaron las frecuencias para el rasgo en la población de Isla de Pascua y se evaluó su relación con las variables ancestría, hábitos alimentarios y manifestación de síntomas. Para ello, se consideraron dos muestras. La primera de ellas, Muestra 1, está compuesta por 86 habitantes de la isla, 48 hombres y 38 mujeres de entre 15 y 25 años, y representa a la población actual de la isla. La segunda, Muestra 2, está compuesta por 53 personas con 4 apellidos rapanui (madre y padre con dos apellidos rapanui) y sería representativa de la población rapanui ancestral. La determinación del genotipo y fenotipo de los participantes fue establecido mediante la técnica de genotipificación por PCR-RFLP. Ancestría, hábitos alimentarios y presencia de síntomas fueron evaluados a través de un breve cuestionario. Los resultados sugieren que la población actual de la isla presenta características más bien mestizas, y que las poblaciones parentales principales corresponderían a la etnia rapanui y a descendientes de españoles, probablemente chilenos continentales. En relación a las frecuencias para el rasgo, se observa un 74% de intolerancia en la población actual, valor menor a lo observado en la población rapanui ancestral que registra un 85%, el que a su vez difiere bastante de lo descrito para otros grupos polinésicos, región desde donde habrían llegado los primeros habitantes de la isla que dieron origen a la etnia rapanui. En este sentido, es probable que a partir de los trágicos sucesos ocurridos durante el siglo XIX en la isla, la población rapanui haya experimentado un cuello de botella por medio del cual se vieron alteradas las frecuencias originales para el rasgo (probablemente cercanas a lo referido para polinesia), generando un aumento del alelo recesivo y por ende, de la intolerancia a la lactosa. Por otra parte, la nueva estabilización en frecuencias menores, se relacionaría con un aumento de la heterocigosidad respecto a tiempos ancestrales, lo que considerando la herencia autosómica dominante de la condición de tolerancia, ha permitido un aumento en la frecuencia de esta última, disminuyendo así el porcentaje de intolerancia a la lactosa. Ahora bien, este aumento de la heterocigosidad se sustentaría básicamente en un aumento del flujo génico foráneo en la actualidad. Sin embargo, a pesar de que las frecuencias de intolerancia distribuirían distinto en relación a la ancestría de los participantes, no se observan diferencias significativas entre los valores totales para la población actual y la población rapanui ancestral, lo que podría relacionarse con que este flujo génico foráneo es más bien reciente y/o que proviene de una población que aún cuando disímil para este rasgo, presenta igualmente niveles medios-altos de intolerancia (Chile continental). Por otra parte, cabe destacar que a pesar de registrarse una valoración positiva de los lácteos, el consumo de estos alimentos no es muy frecuente en la isla, con excepción de la leche que a su vez es el único lácteo que registra diferencias de consumo según fenotipo. Esto resulta coherente con la elevada frecuencia de intolerancia registrada.Finalmente, no se observó una asociación entre manifestación de síntomas y fenotipo, en tanto la expresión e intensidad del malestar se relacionaría principalmente con la presencia de otras enfermedades digestivas. Sin embargo, también es posible que el bajo consumo de lácteos o el consumo de lácteos con bajas concentraciones de lactasa estén modulando la expresión del rasgo.
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36

Gunter, Gabrielle Alyss. "Effect of Lactose Source, Lactose Level, and Type of Emulsifying Salts on the Properties of a Processed Cheese Product." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2016. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1632.

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Previous studies on the use of nonfat dry milk, whey protein concentrate 34 and lactose powders in processed cheeses or cheese analogs found that increasing the percentage of lactose was associated with an increase in browning and crystallization. There has been little work done of the effects of lactose in processed cheese functionality. Therefore, the objective of this research is to build on and understand the effects of lactose from by three commercially produced dairy powders (nonfat dry milk (NFDM), whey protein concentrate 34 (WPC), lactose) and two different emulsifying salts on properties of processed cheese. Processed cheeses were made using either trisodium citrate or disodium phosphate dihydrate emulsifiers and standardized to lactose levels of 4 or 8 percent by weight. Processed cheeses were made with natural cheese aged at 4oC for 30, 60, 90, and 120 days of age. For each age of natural cheese, processed cheeses were made in triplicates for each treatment. A small batch (5 lb) Stephan single blade cooker in a pilot plant setting was used to conduct the experiments. The cheeses were tested within a week of manufacture for moisture by microwave method, pH, melt by Arnott melt test, hardness and cohesiveness by texture profile analysis, and browning by ImageJ software. The pH of the cheeses showed that there was a significant difference (
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37

Sparvoli, Antonio Cardoso. "Malabsorção de lactose do adulto. Prevalencia na população sulina. Aspectos geneticos e evolutivos do polimorfismo da atividade da lactose." [s.n.], 1990. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/313701.

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Orientador: Adriana Seva-Pereira
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-14T01:47:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sparvoli_AntonioCardoso_D.pdf: 2483442 bytes, checksum: 557646058e7d68cd786d24e96a225f93 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1990
Resumo: A prevalência da malabsorcão de lactose do adulto na Região Sul do Brasil permanecia desconhecida. Este trabalho objetivou a sua determinação e o estabelecimento das associações desta condição com o consumo de leite, a história de intolerância ao leite e a intolerância à lactose. Para tal setenta indivíduos adultos, sadios, nascidos na Região Sul do Brasil (48 caucasóides e 22 negróides), sem deficiência secundária de lactase, submeteram-se ao teste de sobrecarga com lactose. A distribuição de frequência dos caucasóides de acordo com o aumento máximo da glicemia em relação ao jejum apresentou aspecto trimodal, com uma antimoda no intervalo entre 14 e 17mg% e outra entre 33 e 36mg%. A trimodalidade desta distribuição sugere que a primeira antimoda divide os mal absorvedores dos absorvedores e a segunda separa os absorvedores heterozigotos dos absorvedores homozigotos. Desse modo, a malabsorcão de lactose do adulto Abstract: A lactose loading test was applied to seventy healthy adults, well nourished, from Southern Brazil (48 caucasoids and 22 negroids) with no secondary lactase deficiency. The distribution of the examined individuals according to race and to maximum blood glucose rise after the lactose loading test showed an antimode at the interval bet ween 14 and 17 mg% and another antimode between 33 and 36 mg%. It seems, therefore, that a maximum blood glucose rise of less than 17 mg% after the lactose loading test should indicate lactose malabsorption. On the basis of this criterion, adult type lactose malabsorption was manifested by 18 caucasoids (37,5%) and 15 negroids (6B,l8Ji). It was not demonstrated significant association among adult type lactase malabsorption and milk consumption or history of milk intolerance. However, lactose malabsorption was associated with lactose intolerance. Moreover, it seems attractive to suppose that a maximum blood glucose rise between 17 and 36 mg% would indicate heterozygous lactose absorbers, while a maximum blood glucose rise of 36 mg% or more would indicate homozygous lactose absorbers. There is an indication drawn from population genetics which favors this hypothesis. The variability of adult lactase activity represents a genetic polymorph ism. The mechanism by which this polymorphism evolved from the ubiquity of lactose malabsorption in early human populations is controversial. The two most accepted hypothesis, the culture historical and the calcium absorption, were critically analysed and refuted. I propose an alternative hypothesis which seems better suited to explain the evolution of this polymorphism
Doutorado
Doutor em Medicina
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38

Bottaro, Silvania Moraes. "Leite humano com baixo teor de lactose : uma alternativa no tratamento da intolerancia a lactose em lactentes e crianças." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 1998. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/78056.

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Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciencias Agrarias
Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-17T09:57:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
A pesquisa teve como objetivo reduzir a lactose do leite humano para que possa ser usado no tratamento dietético de lactentes ou crianças com intolerância secundária à lactose, evitando a introdução precoce de outro alimento. O processo para cinco tratamentos de hidrólise foi desenvolvido através de uma enzima comercial, do qual obteve-se a média de 75,35% de hidrólise da lactose do leite humano. O valor protéico do leite humano não apresentou variação nos resultados, antes e após o tratamento de hidrólise. O teor médio de lipídios foi inferior para todas as amostras hidrolisadas comparando com as amostras não hidrolisadas. O leite humano hidrolisado comparado com o não hidrolisado apresentou teores equivalentes de sólidos totais, cinzas, acidez total, acidez em ácido láctico, cálcio e fósforo. As condições higiênico-sanitárias do leite humano, mostraram ausência de Salmonella sp e Listeria monocytogenes tanto nas amostras de leite humano não hidrolisadas como nas hidrolisadas. Todas as amostras apresentaram o mesmo índice de coliformes fecais e Sthaphylococcus aureus antes e após a hidrólise. A avaliação do leite humano hidrolisado, através da análise sensorial, mostrou que houve uma variação de aceitabilidade entre as amostras de leite testadas.
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39

Doucette, Stephanie A. "Cloning of Bovine Placental Lactogen and Production in Vitro." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2003. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/DoucetteSA2003.pdf.

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40

Sivaprasad, Umasundari. "The mechanism of lactogen receptor binding by human prolactin." Connect to this title online, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1054499303.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 133 p.; also includes graphics (some col.) Includes bibliographical references (p. 124-133). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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41

Uhle, Erika Soares Bronze. "Estudos sobre a síntese enantiosseletiva de lignano-lactonas naturais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59138/tde-26082007-124007/.

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As lignanas naturais possuem vários tipos de estruturas que exibem uma vasta gama de atividades biológicas. As lignano-lactonas naturais, tais como a arctigenina (1) e os derivados da podofilotoxina (2), representadas nas estruturas abaixo, são conhecidas por apresentarem atividades citotóxicas e, há várias décadas, vêm despertando enorme interesse em virtude de suas propriedades anti-cancerígenas e anti-HIV. Apesar de haver numerosos tipos de síntese racêmica e vários exemplos de síntese assimétrica desses compostos, os métodos sintéticos tradicionais geralmente empregados não são convenientes para a preparação em larga escala desses compostos opticamente puros, em virtude da necessidade de utilizar quantidades estequiométricas de fontes quirais e/ou grande seqüência de etapas sintéticas. Em vista disso, um método mais eficiente para realizar a síntese enantiosseletiva desses produtos naturais é através da catálise assimétrica utilizando materiais de partida proquirais. Trabalhos anteriores realizados em nosso laboratório serviram para testar alguns métodos sintéticos descritos na literatura. Entretanto, como esses métodos são relativamente longos e produzem baixos rendimentos, optamos por testar um método alternativo para a obtenção de lignano-lactonas naturais biologicamente ativas, tais como a parabenzlactona (51) e a oxoparabenzlactona (52), cujas estruturas são mostradas a seguir. Esses dois compostos, além de apresentarem propriedades biológicas úteis, podem ser transformados em outros produtos naturais de interesse, tais como as lignanas do tipo dibenzilbutirolactonas, ariltetralinas e furofurânicas. Os materiais de partida utilizados nessa nova metodologia sintética foram os derivados protegidos de 3-hidroximetil--butirolactona (50), os quais, neste trabalho, foram sintetizados através da hidrogenação enantiosseletiva de derivados insaturados produzidos a partir do ácido 3,3-dimetilacrílico (81). Os estudos de hidrogenação enantiosseletiva foram realizados utilizando catalisadores quirais de ródio e rutênio. Diversos derivados de butenolidas foram estudados com intuito de se obter o intermediário 50 de maneira enantiosseletiva e com rendimentos satisfatórios. Os resultados obtidos nas reações de hidrogenação catalítica dessas butenolidas com complexos quirais de ródio e rutênio mostraram que a quelação do substrato com o centro metálico do catalisador assimétrico é fortemente afetada pelo tipo de substituinte ligado no esqueleto da butenolida. De maneira geral, os produtos de hidrogenação foram obtidos com larga faixa de pureza óptica (2-100% ee) dependendo do tipo de substituinte. Esses resultados indicam uma importante influência dos grupos protetores da função hidroxila alilíca nas reações de hidrogenação assimétrica dos derivados das butenolidas estudados. A fim de se investigar o mecanismo de complexação dos substratos com os catalisadores quirais, simulações computacionais foram realizadas com o catalisador quiral cloreto de [(S)-(?)-2,2?-bis-(difenilfosfino)-1,1-binaftil]cloro(p-cimeno) rutênio e os substratos derivados da 3-hidroximetilbutenolida. Os resultados dos estudos computacionais realizados até o momento mostraram que a ocorrência de mais de um ponto de complexação entre o substrato e o centro metálico do catalisador quiral diminui a energia de ativação do intermediário-chave, aumentando a atividade catalítica e resultando em alta estereosseletividade. Uma vez concluídos os estudos de hidrogenação enantiosseletiva, prosseguiu-se os estudos para a obtenção dos produtos naturais de interesse, a partir de um dos intermediários racêmicos derivados da 3-hidroximetilbutenolida, contendo o metoximetil-éter como grupo protetor. O aldeído intermediário 87, obtido em baixo rendimento, deverá ser transformado nos diversos produtos naturais de interesse. Por causa de sua grande instabilidade, já descrita na literatura, novas metodologias estão sendo testadas para a obtenção do aldeído 87 com melhor rendimento. As lignanas naturais possuem vários tipos de estruturas que exibem uma vasta gama de atividades biológicas. As lignano-lactonas naturais, tais como a arctigenina (1) e os derivados da podofilotoxina (2), representadas nas estruturas abaixo, são conhecidas por apresentarem atividades citotóxicas e, há várias décadas, vêm despertando enorme interesse em virtude de suas propriedades anti-cancerígenas e anti-HIV. Apesar de haver numerosos tipos de síntese racêmica e vários exemplos de síntese assimétrica desses compostos, os métodos sintéticos tradicionais geralmente empregados não são convenientes para a preparação em larga escala desses compostos opticamente puros, em virtude da necessidade de utilizar quantidades estequiométricas de fontes quirais e/ou grande seqüência de etapas sintéticas. Em vista disso, um método mais eficiente para realizar a síntese enantiosseletiva desses produtos naturais é através da catálise assimétrica utilizando materiais de partida proquirais. Trabalhos anteriores realizados em nosso laboratório serviram para testar alguns métodos sintéticos descritos na literatura. Entretanto, como esses métodos são relativamente longos e produzem baixos rendimentos, optamos por testar um método alternativo para a obtenção de lignano-lactonas naturais biologicamente ativas, tais como a parabenzlactona (51) e a oxoparabenzlactona (52), cujas estruturas são mostradas a seguir. Esses dois compostos, além de apresentarem propriedades biológicas úteis, podem ser transformados em outros produtos naturais de interesse, tais como as lignanas do tipo dibenzilbutirolactonas, ariltetralinas e furofurânicas. Os materiais de partida utilizados nessa nova metodologia sintética foram os derivados protegidos de 3-hidroximetil-?-butirolactona (50), os quais, neste trabalho, foram sintetizados através da hidrogenação enantiosseletiva de derivados insaturados produzidos a partir do ácido 3,3-dimetilacrílico (81). Os estudos de hidrogenação enantiosseletiva foram realizados utilizando catalisadores quirais de ródio e rutênio. Diversos derivados de butenolidas foram estudados com intuito de se obter o intermediário 50 de maneira enantiosseletiva e com rendimentos satisfatórios. Os resultados obtidos nas reações de hidrogenação catalítica dessas butenolidas com complexos quirais de ródio e rutênio mostraram que a quelação do substrato com o centro metálico do catalisador assimétrico é fortemente afetada pelo tipo de substituinte ligado no esqueleto da butenolida. De maneira geral, os produtos de hidrogenação foram obtidos com larga faixa de pureza óptica (2-100% ee) dependendo do tipo de substituinte. Esses resultados indicam uma importante influência dos grupos protetores da função hidroxila alilíca nas reações de hidrogenação assimétrica dos derivados das butenolidas estudados. A fim de se investigar o mecanismo de complexação dos substratos com os catalisadores quirais, simulações computacionais foram realizadas com o catalisador quiral cloreto de [(S)-(?)-2,2?-bis-(difenilfosfino)-1,1?-binaftil]cloro(p-cimeno) rutênio e os substratos derivados da 3-hidroximetilbutenolida. Os resultados dos estudos computacionais realizados até o momento mostraram que a ocorrência de mais de um ponto de complexação entre o substrato e o centro metálico do catalisador quiral diminui a energia de ativação do intermediário-chave, aumentando a atividade catalítica e resultando em alta estereosseletividade. Uma vez concluídos os estudos de hidrogenação enantiosseletiva, prosseguiu-se os estudos para a obtenção dos produtos naturais de interesse, a partir de um dos intermediários racêmicos derivados da 3-hidroximetilbutenolida, contendo o metoximetil-éter como grupo protetor. O aldeído intermediário 87, obtido em baixo rendimento, deverá ser transformado nos diversos produtos naturais de interesse. Por causa de sua grande instabilidade, já descrita na literatura, novas metodologias estão sendo testadas para a obtenção do aldeído 87 com melhor rendimento. Estudos sobre a síntese enantiosseletiva de lignano-lactonas naturais contendo importantes atividades biológicas. Os estudos foram realizados utilizando catalisadores quirais de ródio e rutênio e foram avaliados a influência de grupos protetores da função hidroxila da butenolida estudada, frente ao catalisador analisado.
Natural lignans have several types of structures exhibiting a wide variety of biological activities. Natural lignan-lactones, such as arctigenin (1) and the podofilotoxin derivatives (2), are well known for their cytotoxic activities, and both their anti-cancer and anti-HIV properties have attracted much research interest in the last decades. Although numerous racemic syntheses and several examples of the asymmetric synthesis of these compounds have been largely employed, they are not useful for the large-scale preparation of optically pure compounds because stoichiometric amounts of chiral sources and/or la long sequence of synthetic reaction steps are necessary for their accomplishment. A more efficient method for the enantioselective synthesis of these natural products uses asymmetric catalysis with prochiral substances as starting materials. Previous works developed at our laboratory have employed some synthetic methods described in the literature to investigate the synthesis of some natural products. However, these methods involve several synthetic steps and lead to low yields. These facts have thus stimulated us to develop an alternative method for the obtention of biologically active natural lignan-lactones such as parabenzlactone (51) and oxo-parabenzlactone (52). Besides their useful biological properties, these compounds can also be transformed into other interesting natural products, such as aryltetralin, dibenzylbutyrolactone, and furofuran lignans. Protected derivatives of 3-hydroxymethyl-?-butyrolactone (50) were used as the starting materials of this new methodology. These derivatives were synthesized using the enantioselective hydrogenation of the unsaturated material produced from 3,3-dimethylacrylic acid (81). Enantioselective hydrogenation studies were performed using rhodium and ruthenium chiral catalysts Several butenolides derivatives were studied aiming at the obtention of a satisfactory yield of the enantioselective intermediate (50). The catalytic hydrogenation of these butenolide derivatives with rhodium and ruthenium chiral complexes showed that chelation of the substrate with the metallic center of the asymmetric catalyst strongly depends on the substituent attached to the butenolide skeleton. The hydrogenation products were obtained with a large range of optical purity (2-100% ee), depending on the substituent type. These results indicate that the presence of protective groups in the allylic hydroxyl function has a strong effect on the asymmetric hydrogenation reaction of the studied butenolides. Some computer simulations were performed in order to investigate the mechanism of substrate complexation with the chiral catalyst. [(S)-(?)-2,2?-bis-(diphenylphosphino)-1,1?-binaphtyl]chloro(p-cymene) chloride ruthenium was the chiral catalyst and 3-hydroxymethylbutenolide derivatives were used as substrates. The computer simulation results obtained to date have shown that when there is more than one point of complexation between the metallic center of the chiral catalyst and the unsaturated substrate, the activation energy of the key intermediate is lowered, thus enhancing the catalytic activity and resulting in high stereoselectivity. Once the enantioselective hydrogenation studies were concluded, we pursued the synthesis of natural products from one of the racemic derivatives, the one containing a methoxymethylether as protective group. Once the intermediate aldehyde 87 is obtained, a large number of interesting natural products could be synthesized. New methodologies are now under investigation in order to obtain aldehyde 87, which is difficult to achieve due to its low stability, as described in the literature.
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42

Santos, Fernanda Amorim. "Estudo sobre a síntese de lactonas dihidronaftoquinolínicas e naftoquinolínicas /." Ilha Solteira, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151556.

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Orientador: Rosângela da Silva de Laurentiz
Resumo: Reações multicomponentes são processos sintéticos em que se aplicam três ou mais reagentes em um sistema one-pot com formação de apenas um produto final, o qual possui em sua estrutura todos ou a maioria dos átomos de carbono pertencentes aos reagentes. Esse tipo de reação vem sendo muito explorada em síntese orgânica devido às facilidades do processo, como menor número de etapas, economia de reagentes, maiores rendimentos, menor tempo reacional (em comparação às sínteses tradicionais) e economia de energia. A utilização das reações multicomponentes tem facilitado a obtenção de compostos heterocíclicos de grande complexidade cuja estruturas seriam muito difíceis de serem obtidas por procedimentos multietapas. Desta forma, uma adaptação da reação de Hantzsch foi realizada a partir da reação entre ácido tetrônico (1), aldeído aromático (2) e aminoantraceno (3), sob aquecimento por micro-ondas, para a obtenção de lactonas dihidronaftoquinolínicas 4. Foram utilizados aldeídos aromáticos contendo grupos sacadores e doadores de elétrons que forneceram os compostos 4a-l em rendimentos variando de 67 a 96%. Lactonas naftoquinolínicas 5 foram obtidas por duas diferentes rotas sintéticas: 1) a partir da oxidação de 4 com DDQ/etanol em micro-ondas e 2) a partir do intermediário antracelidenoamino lactona 6 e aldeído aromático em TFA. Ambas as rotas forneceram os compostos 5 em excelentes rendimentos, porém a rota 1 fornece 5 como único produto, enquanto a rota 2 fornece 5 como produto m... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Mestre
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43

Santos, Juliana de Oliveira. "Síntese e avaliação da atividade herbicida de lactonas sesquiterpênicas." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2009. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/7140.

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As lactonas sesquiterpênicas pertencem a um grande grupo de produtos naturais principalmente encontradas em plantas de vários gêneros da família Asteraceae. Essas substâncias têm recebido atenção considerável devido suas atividades biológicas apresentadas, destacando-se a atividade herbicida. Portanto, a síntese, em laboratório, de derivados das lactonas sesquiterpênicas, tais como lumissantonina e mazdassantonina, tem como objetivo a descoberta de novos compostos com potencial atividade herbicida. Foram obtidos onze compostos [22- 32], dentre os quais seis são inéditos. Esses compostos foram preparados através de reação fotoquímica, halogenação, e redução. Os compostos [22] e [25-32] foram submetidos a ensaios biológicos para avaliar suas atividades sobre a germinação e o crescimento radicular de pepino (Cucumis sativus) e sorgo (Sorghum bicolor) na concentração de 5,0 x 10-4 mol L-1. Entre os compostos avaliados o que apresentou maior fitotoxicidade sobre plântulas de sorgo foi o composto [28], inibindo o crescimento radicular em 57%. Em plântulas de pepino o composto [32] apresentou maior fitotoxicidade com 58% de inibição sobre o crescimento radicular. O composto [28] quando encapsulado com o ácido p- sulfônicocalix[6]areno apresentou inibição de 81% sobre o crescimento radicular de pepino e 62% de inibição sobre o crescimento radicular de sorgo.
The sesquiterpenes lactones belongs to a large group of natural products mainly founded in plants of several species of Asteraceae. That substances have been receiving considerable attention due to their biological activities presented, emphasizing the herbicide activity. Thus, the synthesis, in laboratory, of sesquiterpenes derivatives, such as lumissantonine and mazdassantonine, has the objective of a discovery of new compounds with potential herbicide activity. Was obtained eleven compounds [22-32], among with six are unpublished. This compounds was preparated through the photochemistry reaction, halogenation and reduction. The compounds [22] e [25-32] they were submitted to biological assay to evaluate their activities on the germination and the root growth of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) in the concentration of 5,0 x 10- 4 mol.L-1. Among the evaluated compounds the compound [28] was presented larger phytotoxic on sorghum plantules, inhibiting the root growth in 58%. In cucumber plantules the compound [32] presented larger phytotoxic activity with 58% of inhibition on the root growth. The compound [28] when encapsulated with acid sulphonic calix[6]arene presents a inhibition of 81% on the growth cucumber root and 62% of inhibition on the growth sorghum root.
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44

Faccione, Milton. "Sintese e RMN-13C de lactonas arildiidronaftalenicas e ariltetraidronaftalenicas." [s.n.], 1986. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/249826.

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Orientador :Sebastião Ferreira Fonseca
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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45

Gimenez, Vidal Marc. "Isomérisation du lactose en lactulose par électro-activation." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29776/29776.pdf.

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Dans le présent travail, l’électro-isomérisation du lactose en lactulose a été étudiée. Les variables indépendantes mises à l’étude dans ce projet sont : 1) l’effet de la concentration du lactose (5 et 10%), l’effet de la densité du champ électrique appliqué au réacteur d’électro-activation (100 et 200 mA). L’électro-isomérisation du lactose à 5% a été également comparée à celle observée dans du lactosérum ayant une concentration de lactose  5%. Les variables réponse principales (variables dépendantes) mises à l’étude étaient le taux de conversion du lactose en lactulose, le taux de formation de sous-produits de la réaction et l'efficacité du procédé exprimée en termes de résistance électrique globale du système d’électro-activation. Une surface totale de l’aire cathodique de 21,5 cm2 a été utilisée, donnant ainsi des densités de courant électrique de 4,65 et 9,30 mA/cm2, respectivement. Les analyses statistiques des données obtenues ont montré que l’effet du temps d’électro-activation sur le taux d’électro-isomérisation du lactose (rendement de formation de lactulose) ainsi que la résistance électrique du réacteur électro-activation était significatif. Le processus d’électro-activation a été réalisé pendant 60 min et des échantillons ont été prélevés chaque 10 min. Les résultats obtenus ont montré la grande efficacité de l'électro-activation, en tant qu’approche novatrice, pour transformer le lactose en lactulose. Après 60 min d’électro-activation à température ambiante (23  1  C), 25% de rendement d’électro-isomérisation a été obtenu. En excluant le lactose, la pureté du produit final était de 96,28  0,18%. En outre, aucune formation d’epilactose n’a été observée. De façon non systématique, du galactose a été détecté dans certains échantillons (<1,5%) et seulement quelques traces de fructose ont été observées (<0,31%). La résistance électrique globale du réacteur d’électro-activation diminuait avec l’augmentation du temps d'électro-activation, indiquant une grande efficacité énergétique de cette nouvelle technologie d’isomérisation du lactose en lactulose.
In the present work, electro-isomerization of lactose into lactulose has been studied. Effects of lactose concentration (5 and 10%) and applied DC-electric field (100 and 200 mA) on the electro-isomerization of lactose into lactulose and on process efficiency were investigated. Total cathode area of 21.5 cm2 was used; giving electric current density of 4.65 mA/cm2 and 9.30 mA/cm2, respectively. Milk whey permeate (4.7  0.15% lactose) obtained by ultrafiltration was also used as feed solution in the electro-activation reactor. The effect of processing time on lactose electro-isomerization rate (lactulose formation yield), by-product (glucose, galactose, epilactose and fructose) formation, and global electric resistance of the electro-activation reactor has been investigated. The process was run during 60 min and samples were taken every 10 min. Obtained results showed the high effectiveness of the developed electro-activation technology to convert lactose into lactulose. After 60 min electro-activation at ambient temperature (23  1 C), 25% electro-isomerisation yield was obtained. By excluding lactose, the end product purity was 96.28  0.18%, which is similar to the pharmakopoeia requirements for lactulose powder. Moreover, no epilactose was formed. Not systematically, galactose was detected in some samples (<1.5%) and only some traces of fructose were detected (<0.31%). The global electric resistance of the electro-activation reactor decreased as the electro-activation time was increased indicating the high energetic effectiveness of this new electro-isomerization technology.
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46

Wong, D. Y. T. "Growth and mechanical deformation of alpha-lactose monocrystals." Thesis, De Montfort University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252729.

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47

Brito, Ana Beatriz Neves. "Estudo da cristalização de lactose em diferentes solventes." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/3848.

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In the study of the lactose crystallization process, the nucleation phenomena and crystalline growth have been evaluated, when the systems were submitted to different solvent and operational conditions. The solubility s curves, for each of the solvents, were obtained experimentally and compared with theoretical data, serving as a basis for the crystallization processes. The main objective of the present work is to study the lactose crystallization process in solution through the partial change of the solvent. This change occurs through the addition of a second solvent, a compound that reduces the solute solubility, but that is miscible in the first one. The addition of a second compound to the system creates new lactose crystallization conditions to the purity, form and size of the crystals. With this procedure it was intended to get a reasonable control of the lactose crystallization for the improvement of the final quality of the product, that is, a narrow and defined size distribution of the crystals, with homogeneous crystalline habit and guaranteed purity level. Another objective of this work was to study the crystallization system for batch lactose solutions. Very little research has been done on the crystallization process of this complex organic compound, unlike many inorganic products, for which a high quantity of knowledge has been produced. With the accomplishment of the considered study, information had been gotten that make possible to improve the control of the final properties of the crystalline product, such as crystal sizes distribution (CSD), crystalline habit, crystalline fluid inclusions, among others.
No estudo do processo de cristalização da lactose foram avaliados os fenômenos de nucleação e crescimento cristalino, quando os sistemas foram submetidos a diferentes solventes e a diferentes condições operacionais. As curvas de solubilidades, para cada um dos solventes, foram obtidas experimentalmente e comparadas com dados teóricos, servindo como base para os processos de cristalização. O objetivo central do presente trabalho foi estudar o processo de cristalização de lactose em solução, através da mudança parcial do solvente. Esta mudança foi realizada através da adição de um segundo solvente, miscível no primeiro, com o intuito de reduzir a solubilidade do soluto. A adição de um segundo composto ao meio cria novas condições de cristalização da lactose quanto à pureza, forma e tamanho dos cristais. Com este procedimento visava-se obter um razoável domínio da cristalização da lactose para a melhoria da qualidade do produto final, ou seja, uma distribuição de tamanhos de cristais estreita e definida, com hábito cristalino homogêneo e com nível de pureza garantido. Um outro objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o sistema de cristalização de soluções de lactose por batelada. A cristalização desse composto orgânico é pouco estudada e complexa, ao contrário de vários produtos inorgânicos, para os quais uma maior quantidade de conhecimento já foi produzida. Com a realização do estudo proposto, foram obtidas informações que possibilitaram melhorar o controle das propriedades finais do produto cristalino, tais como distribuição dos tamanhos dos cristais (DTC), hábito cristalino, inclusões fluidas cristalinas, entre outras.
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48

Latgé, Patricia. "Nouveaux tensioactifs dérivés du lactose : synthèse et applications." Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30134.

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Les derives de sucres naturels representent une classe importante parmi les molecules amphiphiles et sont d'un grand interet dans de multiples domaines. Les travaux presentes concernent la valorisation du lactose, peu developpee a l'heure actuelle. Les contraintes imposees par la societe industrielle ont ete d'une part la non protection du sucre lors des reactions, d'autre part la mise en uvre de procedes peu couteux. Apres des essais peu encourageants d'esterification du lactose et de l'acide lactobionique, les recherches ont permis d'obtenir des derives amines: les n-alkylamino-1-lactitols. Ces agents tensioactifs ont ete appliques dans le domaine de l'extraction des proteines membranaires pour lequel les resultats encourageants permettent d'esperer un developpement industriel
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49

Huang, Yongshun. "Synthesis of Anticoagulant Glycopolymers and Lactose-Containing Hydrogels." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1468337467.

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50

Yu, Jian. "Two-phase methanation of lactose in biofilm reactors." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31900.

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Anaerobic methanation of lactose, the main component of cheese whey, is an attractive alternative for the disposal of this wastewater because of its added benefit of recovering energy as methane. Two advances in this technology have been the separation of the bacteria in two reactors according to their substrates and the retention of the anaerobic bacteria in the form of bacterial biofilms on solid supports. The mass transfer rate of the substrates within the active biofilms must be known for the determination of an optimum biofilm thickness. A prerequisite for the investigation of substrate mass transfer rate in an active biofilm is the knowledge of intrinsic kinetics of the substrate utilization by the embedded bacterial cells. Start-up of symbiotic methanogenic biofilms was also investigated on inert supports. In recycled reactors, mesophilic (35 °C) acid-producing bacteria or methane-producing bacteria, cultured with lactose at a pH of 4.6 for the former or cultured with mixed acids (acetate, propionate and butyrate) at a pH of 7.1 for the latter , attached onto PVC sheets, forming thin acidogenic or methanogenic biofilms, respectively. After the external mass transfer resistance had been eliminated by increasing the recycle rate and the internal mass transfer resistance was minimized by using thin biofilms, the intrinsic kinetics of lactose acidogenesis and methanogenesis of organic acids were investigated in the newly formed acidogenic and methanogenic biofilms, respectively. The lactose digestion rate as well as the production of two main products, acetate and butyrate, can be described by Michaelis-Menten equations. The production of propionate, as a minor product, was depressed in the culture environment. The digestion of acetate could also be modelled by a Michaelis-Menten equation while the dissimilation of propionate and butyrate was affected by propionate concentration, the propionate digestion being promoted but the butyrate digestion being inhibited at high propionate concentrations. Two models have been proposed for their utilization. Substrate mass transfer in the active biofilms was investigated with a diffusion cell. After symmetric biofilms formed on the two membrane filters of the cell, the substrate concentrations on the biofilm surfaces and inside the cell were measured at steady state. The effective diffusivities of substrates in the active biofilms were estimated by numerically solving the diffusion-reaction equations using the intrinsic kinetics and the substrate concentrations as the boundary conditions. The effective diffusivity of lactose in an acidogenic biofilm was about 65.3 % of its diffusivity in water, and the diffusivities of acetate, propionate and butyrate in a methanogenic biofilm were reduced to about 30.2 % of the values in water. Comparing the fractional void volumes in the two types of biofilms showed that the methanogenic biofilm, which grew more slowly, had a more tortuous structure of channels than did the acidogenic biofilm. Studies on the build-up of symbiotic methanogenic biofilms were conducted using supports of wood, ceramic rings, PVC and stainless steel, which gave a range of water contact angle from 0° to 99.7°. The accumulation of acetate-, propionate- and butyrate-degrading bacteria on the supports were monitored by measuring the substrate utilization rates of each bacterial group in a standard batch culture which was seeded by the supports with the attached biofilms. The three types of bacteria had different preference to a hydrophilic support surface, butyrate degrader > acetate degrader > propionate degrader Based on the analysis of the process of biofilm formation, a model has been proposed. The parameters which depict the attachment of free cells onto clean surfaces were found to have a linear relationship with the water contact angles of the support surfaces.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of
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