Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ladle treatment

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Ladle treatment'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Ladle treatment"

1

Akselrod, L. M., and V. Garten. "An alternative lining of steel ladles: technical and economic aspects." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2018-12-72-80.

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Quality of steel ladles lining to a big extent determine the economic efficiency of steel-making operation. Direct costs on the refractory lining of them can reach 30–50 % of the costs of lining of a steel-making complex. Experience of utilization of refractory materials of different composition considered with the purpose of efficiency increase of refractory materials application in the steel ladles lining under conditions of steel ladle treatment. Considerable abilities shown to make the lining of steel ladle walls and bottom by both carbon-containing and carbon-free refractory materials taking into account the economic aspect. Lining base of steel-making facilities — BOFs, EAFs and steel ladles — is composed by periclase-carbon (MgO–C) refractories. However those refractories have a high heat conductivity, that effects on the heat operation of steel ladles. When using MgO–С materials, vertical fractures can appear in the ladle walls lining as its residual thickness becomes small. Under definite conditions a working lining chipping takes place, problems appear with lining destruction in the pieces angles with cavities formation at the pieces joining. To level the MgO–С drawbacks, periclase-alumo-carbon (MgO–Al2O3–С) and alumo-periclase-carbon (Al2O3–MgO–С) refractory products are used. Al2O3–MgO–C refractories are widely used in most erosion-intensive lining zone — in the combatting place of steel ladle bottom lining. In Russia monolithic lining of steel ladle bottom is successfully displacing the lining by piece products, including alumo-periclase-carbon ones. Such a replace enables to decrease specific refractory consumption and specific costs of them. At present the technology of concrete application to bottom is implemented for ladles of BOF- and steel-making shops. A technology of concrete ladle walls and bottom is intensively implemented for 120–180-ton ladles. The concrete lining of steel ladles has the following advantages: high withstandability against impregnation by metal-slag melt; absence of metal carbonization by the carbon from ladle lining; increase of running duration of safety lining layer by 2–2.5 times; absence of necessity to use nest blocks in both steel outlet unit and for bottom blow-off lance; absence of cracks in lining, wash-outs in seams, angles and edges of pieces; decrease of gaseous hydrocarbon emissions(phenol, formaldehyde, benzapilene) during lining drying, heating-up and operation (only slag belt remains, where pieces have organic binders); saving of materials, working time and manpower while making and maintain the lining; decrease of specific consumption and specific costs for lining per 1t of steel. For lining of steel ladles of big volumes (more 250 t) alumo-periclase (alumo-spinel) products are widely used in China, Europe and Japan. For such a lining the thermo-mechanical tension, arising in monolithic ladle lining, has a less importance, including at its replacing with metal by using crane. It is easier for the products to compensate the ladle geometry change, resulted in metal shall geometry change in time. A positive influence of carbon-free lining, as well as a lining with low content of magnesium oxide, on metal quality noted, first of all for low- and ultralow carbon grades, and pipe low-alloyed steels.
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Coletti, B., B. Gommers, C. Vercruyssen, B. Blanpain, P. Wollants, and F. Haers. "Reoxidation during ladle treatment." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 30, no. 2 (April 2003): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/030192303225001694.

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Antonov, G. I., A. S. Kulik, O. S. Klad'ko, S. N. Glushkova, V. P. Orlov, N. A. Druzhinina, A. P. Nagornyi, and V. V. Trofimov. "Magnesia refractories for ladles with ladle treatment of steel (Discussion)." Refractories 31, no. 7-8 (July 1990): 429–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01281556.

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Nandhini, Prof N., S. Gokulakrishnan, and M. Gowtham R. Bhuvaneshwaran. "Design and Fabrication of a Convertor Ladle and Treatment Chamber." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-3 (April 30, 2018): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd10867.

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Ghorai, S., G. K. Mandal, S. Roy, R. K. Minj, A. Agarwal, D. P. Singh, A. Kumar, and R. B. V. Ramna. "Treatment of LF slag to prevent powdering during cooling." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 53, no. 2 (2017): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb160226004g.

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The polymorphic transformation of the monoclinic ?-polymorph to the orthorhombic ?-polymorph of di-calcium silicate at around 500?C during cooling results in disintegration of slag. The slag generated, during the production of thermo mechanically treated steel in ladle furnace at M/s Tata Steel Limited, Jamshedpur, India, behaves in similar manner. An attempt has been made to prevent the crumbling of ladle furnace slag. The experiments were conducted in 10 kg air induction furnace. Various types of silica source were used to prevent the disintegration of ladle furnace slag by reducing the basicity and optimizing the additives amount. Apart from silica sources, other additives like borax and barium carbonate were also used to stabilize the ? phase. Present investigation reveals that disintegration of ladle furnace slag can be prevented either by addition of 0.2% boarx or 2% barium carbonate. Dust formation can also be prevented by decreasing the ladle furnace slag basicity to about 1.7. Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure test, of the borax and barium carbonate treated slag samples, indicates that barium carbonate treated slag cannot be used for the dusting prevention as it contains high level of barium.
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Beskow, K., and Du Sichen. "Ladle glaze: major source of oxide inclusions during ladle treatment of steel." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 31, no. 5 (October 2004): 393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/030192304225018244.

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Protasov, A. V. "Technical and economic aspects of development and running ladle treatment aggregates." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 75, no. 8 (September 6, 2019): 985–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-8-985-990.

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Modern ladle treatment of liquid steel represents a wide set of technological processes and aggregates, as well as units and systems, many of them having significant cost and need expensive maintenance. Technical and economic advantages, obtained at various variants of steel ladle treatment considered, the advantages being at both metal products producers and consumers. Factors of production expenses saving at the stage of steel smelting due to transferring of the steel refining operation from melting aggregates to the stage of ladle treatment considered. It was noted, that in the process of continuous casting of metal, subjected to ladle refining, the steel casting improves considerably due to keeping the narrow temperature interval, decreased content and globular form of nonmetallic inclusions. In its turn it results in a decrease of rejects, an increase of billet drawing speed possibility and correspondent increase of production capacity, reduction of the number of the casted billet shell breaks. Technical and economic advantages of melt treatment by cored wire or by all-metal injection wire with stuff shown. Decrease of rejects is an important factor for cost decreasing. For example, application of calcium-aluminum cored wire at a steel-works enabled to decrease the rejects of well-casings made of 20ГЮ steel by a factor of 1.5–2. In many cases production of state-of-the-art steel grades, for example IF-steels, being the base of the modern motor-car construction, is not possible without ladle treatment. Therefore, absence of ladle treatment elements at a big steelworks can lead to considerable losses.
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Luk’yanov, A. V., A. P. Shchegolev, A. M. Sorokin, A. V. Pogozhev, and A. A. Nemtinov. "Improved ladle vacuum treatment of steel." Steel in Translation 38, no. 9 (September 2008): 743–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091208090106.

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Kabakov, Z. K., P. Z. Kabakov, and L. V. Kuznetsov. "Vacuum treatment of steel in ladle." Steel in Translation 37, no. 3 (March 2007): 202–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091207030060.

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Goncharov, V. V., O. A. Komarov, S. P. Korshikov, and V. I. Fomin. "Ladle treatment to improve steel quality." Steel in Translation 37, no. 4 (April 2007): 367–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091207040122.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ladle treatment"

1

Song, Minho. "A Study on the Correlation between Ladle Glaze and Non-Metallic Inclusions in the Ladle Treatment." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Mikro-modellering, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-27640.

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In the present thesis, the correlation between ladle glaze and non-metallic inclusions in the ladle treatment was studied. A number of industrial trials with full scale ladle and laboratory works were performed to investigate the inclusions in the ladle treatment. BaO was used as tracer in the ladle slag to investigate the effect of slag on inclusion composition and the formation of non-metallic inclusions by ladle glaze. BaO was detected in the inclusions of all followed heats. This observation showed strong evidence for the generation of non-metallic inclusions by the ladle glaze. The increase of the fractions of BaO containing inclusions and their average content of BaO in the first heat with tracer suggested that the effect of slag on the composition of inclusions was a very slow process. The detachment of ladle glaze and the chemical transformations of oxide solution in the MgO matrix were investigated. The experimental results evidently showed that the ladle glaze could be the source of inclusions continually during the ladle treatment. Samples of liquid oxide solution to simulate the liquid oxide inclusions carried over from EAF were equilibrated with molten steel under controlled atmosphere. The results along with thermodynamic calculation suggested that the SiO2 content of inclusions from EAF could be considerably reduced by dissolved aluminium in the steel. This would explain the vanishing of inclusions containing high SiO2 content after deoxidation. Due to the lack of experimental data, the viscosities of slags in the Al2O3-CaO-MgO-SiO2 system were measured using the rotating cylinder method in the temperature range of 1720 to 1910 K. Eight different slag compositions related to the secondary steel making operations were selected. Viscosities in this system and its sub-systems were expressed as a function of temperature and composition based on the viscosity model developed earlier at KTH. The activities of oxide components in the Al2O3-CaO-MgO-SiO2 systems at 1873 K were measured by equilibrating liquid slag and metal. Either silicon or copper was used as the metal phase and the oxygen partial pressure was controlled with different mixing rates of Ar and CO gas flow in equilibrium with graphite. Iso-activity lines were drawn from the measured activity values in the isothermal section of the slag systems. Nine series of industrial trials were carried out using the same ladle in each series to examine the effect of ladle slag on the number of non-metallic inclusions in the next heat. It was found that the number of inclusions increased with SiO2 content of the ladle slag in the previous heat. No clear trends were found for the effects of viscosity and MgO activity of the previous slag on the number of inclusions. Theoretical analysis based on the experimental results suggested that the formation of 2CaO∙SiO2 followed but the dusting of the compound made the refractory more porous, which was reasonable for the number of non-metallic inclusions.
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Dayal, Pranesh. "Study of the slag-metal interaction in ladle treatment." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-320.

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Björklund, Johan. "A study of slag-steel-inclusion interaction during Ladle treatment." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Materials Science and Engineering, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4018.

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The thesis is based on two supplements with two major objectives. In the first supplement equilibrium top slag-steel bulk and inclusions-steel bulk were investigated by comparison between calculated and measured oxygen activity values. This was done by applying different oxide activity models for slags combined with thermodynamic calculations. In the second supplement the inclusion composition is studied during the ladle refining process. The inclusion composition is related to top slag composition and other parameters during ladle

treatment.

The work was carried out by collecting data during well controlled sampling procedures at two different steel plants. Extensive inclusion analyses in Scanning Electron Microscope, SEM, were done. The data was used together with thermodynamics for a description of the interaction between slag-steel-inclusion interaction during ladle treatment.

Evaluation of inclusion composition during the ladle refining have revealed that the majority of the inclusions belonged to the system Al2O3-CaO-MgO-SiO2 and showed a continuous composition change throughout the ladle refining process, from high Al2O3, via MgO-spinel to finally complex types rich in CaO and Al2O3. The final composition after vacuum treatment was found to be close to the top slag composition. Small process parameter changes and practical variations during ladle refining were proven to give large differences of the inclusion composition.

Finally, it was concluded that equilibrium does not exist between top slag and steel bulk, with respect to oxygen, for the studied conditions. However, the equilibrium does exist between the steel bulk and inclusion.

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Björklund, Johan. "A study of slag-steel-inclusion interaction during ladle treatment /." Stockholm, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4018.

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Björklund, Johan. "Thermodynamic Aspects on Inclusion Composition and Oxygen Activity during Ladle Treatment." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Tillämpad processmetallurgi, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4673.

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Two industrial studies and one set of lab scale trials have been done. In addition, a theoretical study has been done. The main focus has been on non metallic inclusion composition during the ladle refining operation in industrial steel production. Sampling has been done together with careful inclusion determination. The inclusion composition is related to different variables. In the industrial trials samples have been taken at different steps during the ladle refining period. Steel and slag composition as well as temperature and oxygen activity have been determined. The thesis is based on five supplements with different major objectives, all related to the inclusion composition. The equilibrium top slag-steel bulk and inclusions-steel bulk were investigated by comparison between calculated and measured oxygen activity values. The oxygen activity and relation to temperature has also been discussed as well as oxygen activity and temperature gradients. The effect of vacuum pressure on inclusion composition has been evaluated in a theoretical study as well as lab scale trials. The inclusion composition has been studied during the industrial ladle treatment process. The inclusion composition was related to top slag composition and other parameters during ladle treatment. The major findings in the thesis are the lack of equilibrium conditions with respect to top-slag and steel bulk before vacuum treatment. The inclusions have been found to be closer to equilibrium with the steel bulk. Al/Al2O3 equilibrium has been found to control the oxygen activity after Al-deoxidation. Evaluation of inclusion composition during the ladle refining has revealed that the majority of the inclusions showed a continuous composition change throughout the ladle refining process, from high Al2O3, via MgO-spinel to finally complex types rich in CaO and Al2O3. The final inclusion composition after vacuum treatment was found to be close to the top slag composition. Vacuum pressure has been found to have a theoretical effect on inclusion composition at very low pressures.
QC 20100712
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Björklund, Johan. "Thermodynamic aspects on inclusion composition and oxygen activity during ladle treatment /." Stockholm : Materialvetenskap, Materials Science and Engineering, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4673.

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Steneholm, Karin. "The effect of ladle vacuum treatment on inclusion characteristics for tool steels." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-317.

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Ramström, Eva. "Mass transfer and slag-metal reaction in ladle refining : a CFD approach." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : KTH, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11864.

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In order to optimise the ladle treatment mass transfer modelling of aluminium addition and homogenisation time was carried out. It was stressed that incorporating slag-metal reactions into the mass transfer modelling strongly would enhance the reliability and amount of information to be analyzed from the CFD calculations.

 

In the present work, a thermodynamic model taking all the involved slag metal reactions into consideration was incorporated into a 2-D fluid flow model of an argon stirred ladle. Both thermodynamic constraints and mass balance were considered. The activities of the oxide components in the slag phase were described using the thermodynamic model by Björkvall and the liquid metal using the dilute solution model. Desulphurization was simulated using the sulphide capacity model developed by KTH group. A 2-D fluid flow model considering the slag, steel and argon phases was adopted.

 

The model predictions were compared with industrial data and the agreement was found quite satisfactory. The promising model calculation would encourage new CFD simulation of 3-D along this direction.

 

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Beskow, Kristina. "Formation and Chemical Development of Non-metallic Inclusions in Ladle Treatment of Steel." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Materials Science and Engineering, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3598.

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The present study was carried out to investigate theformation and chemical development of non-metallic inclusionsduring ladle treatment of steel.

To begin with, an investigation of the deoxidation processand the impact of aluminium addition was carried out. For thispurpose, a new experimental setup was constructed. The setupallowed the examination of the deoxidation process as afunction of time by using a quenching technique. Preliminaryexperiments showed that homogeneous nucleation of alumina tookplace in the areas supersaturated with aluminium. Theseexperiments also showed that agglomeration of alumina particleswas a very rapid process, even when the convection in the meltwas negligible.

In order to examine whether aluminium supersaturation occursduring industrial practice, the deoxidation of liquid steelwith aluminium wire injection in a gas-stirred ladle wassimulated by mathematical modeling using a Computational FluidDynamics (CFD) approach. The results showed that theconcentration of aluminium in the vicinity of the aluminiumwire injection was high enough to generate homogeneousnucleation of alumina.

Aiming at an understanding of the inclusion chemistry duringthe ladle process, an industrial study was performed atUddeholm Tooling AB. The impact of slag-lining reactions andladle glaze as a source of inclusions in the melt was alsostudied. The experimental results were analysed from athermodynamic viewpoint to gain an insight into the origins ofthe inclusions and their changes along the process of the ladletreatment. Six types of inclusions were found in the steel. Thetypes of inclusions present varied along the history of theladle treatment. Three types of inclusions were found in theliquid steel before deoxidation, namely type A (a liquidinclusion with high SiO2 concentration), type B (spinel) andtype C (a combination of type A and type B). Thermodynamicanalysis indicated that these types of inclusions could begenerated by the reaction between the Electric Arc Furnace(EAF) slag and the ladle glaze, during the filling of theladle. The addition of aluminium resulted in the formation ofalumina inclusions (type E), which agglomerated and separatedfrom the steel very fast. The spinel inclusions of type B werefound to be unstable at low oxygen potentials. The inclusionsof this type would react with the liquid metal forming theinclusions of type F (spinel in the centre surrounded by anoxide solution containing Al2O3, CaO and MgO). Further,reaction between the liquid metal and inclusions of type Fwould result in the inclusions of type G, an oxide solutionmostly consisting of Al2O3 and CaO with small amounts of MgOand SiO2. The inclusions of type G were the only inclusionsfound in the steel before casting.

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Haddock, J. T. "An investigation of a new magnesium based reagent for the ladle treatment of steel." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384644.

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Books on the topic "Ladle treatment"

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International Calcium Treatment Symposium (1st 1988 University of Strathclyde). First International Calcium Treatment Symposium: Proceedings of the First International Calcium Treatment Symposium. London: Institute of Metals, 1988.

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Haddock, J. T. An investigation of a new magnesium based reagent for the ladle treatment of steel. Wolverhampton: The Polytechnic, Wolverhampton, Department of Physical Sciences, 1988.

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Metallurgical treatment of steel in an induction-heated ladle. Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities, 1987.

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Association of Iron and Steel Engineers. Steel Producing and Continuous Casting Division., ed. Vacuum treatment of liquid steel in ladles: An AISE project report. Pittsburgh, Pa. (Suite 2350, 3 Gateway Center, Pittsburgh 15222): Association of Iron and Steel Engineers, 1988.

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Phillippi, M. Sheathed thermocouples for continous molten steel temperature measurement during the ladle treatment process: Final rep. U.S. Dept. of Energy, 1989.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ladle treatment"

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Pistorius, P., and S. Piva. "Data-Driven Study of Desulfurization During Ladle Treatment and Its Impact on Steel Cleanliness." In AISTech 2021. AIST, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33313/382/185-21914-459.

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Pistorius, P., and S. Piva. "Data-Driven Study of Desulfurization During Ladle Treatment and Its Impact on Steel Cleanliness." In AISTech 2021. AIST, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33313/382/085.

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Quade, Ulrich, Thomas Kluth, and Rainer Kreh. "Melting of Low-Level Radioactive Non-Ferrous Metal for Release." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7036.

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Siempelkamp Nukleartechnik GmbH has gained lots of experience from melting ferrous metals for recycling in the nuclear cycle as well as for release to general reuse. Due to the fact that the world market prices for non-ferrous metals like copper, aluminium or lead raised up in the past and will remain on a high level, recycling of low-level contaminated or activated metallic residues from nuclear decommissioning becomes more important. Based on the established technology for melting of ferrous metals in a medium frequency induction furnace, different melt treatment procedures for each kind of non-ferrous metals were developed and successfully commercially converted. Beside different procedures also different melting techniques such as crucibles, gas burners, ladles etc. are used. Approximately 340 Mg of aluminium, a large part of it with a uranium contamination, have been molten successfully and have met the release criteria of the German Radiation Protection Ordinance. The experience in copper and brass melting is based on a total mass of 200 Mg. Lead melting in a special ladle by using a gas heater results in a total of 420 Mg which could be released. The main goal of melting of non-ferrous metals is release for industrial reuse after treatment. Especially for lead, a cooperation with a German lead manufacturer also for recycling of non releasable lead is being planned.
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Kim, J., S. Kim, and S. Kitamura. "Effect of Slag Composition on the Formation of MgO·Al2O3 Spinel Inclusions During Ladle Treatment Using a Coupled Reaction Model." In SteelSim 2019. AIST, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33313/503/020.

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Mirković, Djordje, Volker Flaxa, and Franz Martin Knoop. "Development and Production of Helical-Two-Step (HTS) Pipes: Grades Up to API X70 for Sour Service Application." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90438.

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Within the corresponding commercial and R&D projects five microalloyed pipeline steel grades have recently been developed and processed to spiral-welded pipes. For steel grades X52, X65, and X70 the aimed tensile properties, improved sour service resistivity, and low temperature toughness up to −40°C were reliably achieved. Influence of steel cleanliness, the non-metallic inclusions in particular, on sour gas resistibility has been investigated by means of ultrasonic testing of hydrogen charged HIC (Hydrogen Induced Cracking) samples and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) analyses of HIC fracture surfaces. The results have been used to optimize the applied process parameter in steel production and coil processing. The ladle metallurgical treatment and soft reduction were consistently applied within narrow process tolerances enabling high steel cleanness and slab centerline quality, which are both indispensable for sour service application. Subsequent TMCP (Thermo Mechanical Processing) wide strip hot rolling and cooling parameters were selected to prevent a two-phase finish rolling and to obtain a predominating acicular ferritic microstructure. For pipe production, attention was paid to minimize the residual stresses, due to both pipe-forming and welding. The alloying approach is based on the classical sour lean NbTi steel composition, modified by varying Cu, Ni, Cr, and Mo contents to achieve the targeted specification. The processed spiral-welded pipes were formed to diameters between 762 and 1372 mm with a wall thickness of 13.7 to 16.0 mm. CVN (Charpy V-Notch) values were higher than 360 J/cm2 and DWTT (Drop Weight Tear Test) higher than 60% SA (Shear Area) at −40°C. The samples also showed outstanding HIC resistivity. Being proved with standard test conditions according to NACE TM0284 solution A, the CAR (Crack Area Ratio) average value of pipe samples was less than 1% for grades up to X65 and less than 5% for X70 grades. The 4-point-bending SSC (Sulphide Stress Cracking) tests at 80% of SMYS according to NACE TM0177 and ASTM G39 showed no SSC cracks for all projects. Finally, the results of one specific R&D project are presented to demonstrate that even for API X70 grade spiral-welded pipes (OD 1016×16 mm) mechanical properties, e.g. high-strength, ductility, and low temperature toughness has been successfully combined with sour service resistivity.
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