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Journal articles on the topic 'Ladle treatment of steel'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Akselrod, L. M., and V. Garten. "An alternative lining of steel ladles: technical and economic aspects." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2018-12-72-80.

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Quality of steel ladles lining to a big extent determine the economic efficiency of steel-making operation. Direct costs on the refractory lining of them can reach 30–50 % of the costs of lining of a steel-making complex. Experience of utilization of refractory materials of different composition considered with the purpose of efficiency increase of refractory materials application in the steel ladles lining under conditions of steel ladle treatment. Considerable abilities shown to make the lining of steel ladle walls and bottom by both carbon-containing and carbon-free refractory materials tak

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2

Kabakov, Z. K., and M. A. Mashchenko. "Investigation of thermal processes in out-of-furnace treatment of steel with the help of mathematical modeling." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 79, no. 9 (2023): 745–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2023-9-745-754.

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The main method of metal finishing in terms of chemical composition and temperature in modern converter production is out-of-furnace treatment of steel. The duration of stay of metal in the ladle increased several times, which led to an increase in heat losses from the metal, in particular, when blowing metal with inert gas, as well as during transportation of the ladle with metal. While the temperature of steel in the ladle decreased. Therefore, to ensure the required temperature at the next technological operation it is necessary to heat the metal, which will lead to an increase in average p

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3

Bondarev, S. S., А. V. Vedeneev, V. G. Kobernik, and A. V. Andryushchenko. "Influence of slag chemical composition on steel ladle lining lifetime in steelmaking production at Promsort-Tula LLC." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 81, no. 2 (2025): 30–35. https://doi.org/10.32339/10.32339/0135-5910-2025-2-30-35.

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This article discusses the influence of slag chemical composition during secondary steel treatment on increasing the lifetime of steel ladle lining. Selection of rational slag compositions with low aggressiveness to the lining is a complex task to achieve higher lifetime. Increased wear of refractories in the slag line zone is associated with the following factors: chemical activity of high basicity slag, high temperature during electric arc heating of steel in the ladle furnace unit, long contact time of the lining with slag, lining erosion from mixing of molten metal during argon blowing. On

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4

Bondarev, S. S., А. V. Vedeneev, V. G. Kobernik, and A. V. Andryushchenko. "Influence of slag chemical composition on steel ladle lining lifetime in steelmaking production at Promsort-Tula LLC." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 81, no. 2 (2025): 30–35. https://doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2025-2-30-35.

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This article discusses the influence of slag chemical composition during secondary steel treatment on increasing the lifetime of steel ladle lining. Selection of rational slag compositions with low aggressiveness to the lining is a complex task to achieve higher lifetime. Increased wear of refractories in the slag line zone is associated with the following factors: chemical activity of high basicity slag, high temperature during electric arc heating of steel in the ladle furnace unit, long contact time of the lining with slag, lining erosion from mixing of molten metal during argon blowing. On

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5

Protasov, A. V. "Technical and economic aspects of development and running ladle treatment aggregates." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 75, no. 8 (2019): 985–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-8-985-990.

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Modern ladle treatment of liquid steel represents a wide set of technological processes and aggregates, as well as units and systems, many of them having significant cost and need expensive maintenance. Technical and economic advantages, obtained at various variants of steel ladle treatment considered, the advantages being at both metal products producers and consumers. Factors of production expenses saving at the stage of steel smelting due to transferring of the steel refining operation from melting aggregates to the stage of ladle treatment considered. It was noted, that in the process of c

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6

Antonov, G. I., A. S. Kulik, O. S. Klad'ko, et al. "Magnesia refractories for ladles with ladle treatment of steel (Discussion)." Refractories 31, no. 7-8 (1990): 429–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01281556.

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7

Papesch, R., K. Macalova, J. Charvat, T. Dvorsky, and V. Vaclavik. "Treatment and utilization of artificial aggregate in the production of cement composites." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 900, no. 1 (2021): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/900/1/012032.

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Abstract The aim of the work is to find a suitable way of treatment of steel ladle slag for subsequent use as a partial replacement of the binder component in cement composites. The goal is based on the raw materials policy of the Czech Republic. Within this work is solved the issue of possible use of steel slag as the largest by-product of steel production. The work is focused on a specific ladle slag from ladle furnaces, by which are equipped the modern steel plants. Ladle slag is similar in chemical composition to Portland cement. However, its mineralogical composition should be taken into

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8

Shcherbenko, G. N., G. I. Antonov, V. Yu Prokudin, et al. "Periclase-chromite refractories for steel-teeming ladles with ladle treatment of the steel." Refractories 29, no. 9-10 (1988): 525–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01287780.

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9

Kabakov, Z. K., P. Z. Kabakov, and L. V. Kuznetsov. "Vacuum treatment of steel in ladle." Steel in Translation 37, no. 3 (2007): 202–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091207030060.

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10

Goncharov, V. V., O. A. Komarov, S. P. Korshikov, and V. I. Fomin. "Ladle treatment to improve steel quality." Steel in Translation 37, no. 4 (2007): 367–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091207040122.

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11

Luk’yanov, A. V., A. P. Shchegolev, A. M. Sorokin, A. V. Pogozhev, and A. A. Nemtinov. "Improved ladle vacuum treatment of steel." Steel in Translation 38, no. 9 (2008): 743–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091208090106.

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12

Kong, Wei, Ying-Feng Chen, and Da-Giang Cang. "Ladle Nozzle Clogging during casting of Silicon-Steel." High Temperature Materials and Processes 38, no. 2019 (2019): 813–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2019-0038.

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AbstractTo figure out the reason causing ladle nozzle clogging during a continuous casting process (or CC for short) for the silicon steel and get away to solve it, this paper studied the theoretical calculation of flow rates during casting, inclusions around the slide gate where ladle nozzle clogging happened, and Ca-treatment on refining units for producing the silicon steel. The results showed that: The bigger diameter of a nozzle or less nozzle clogging can guarantee an enough flow rate for reaching the target casting speed. Ladle nozzle clogging can be predicted by analyzing the percentag

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13

Ghorai, S., G. K. Mandal, S. Roy, et al. "Treatment of LF slag to prevent powdering during cooling." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 53, no. 2 (2017): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb160226004g.

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The polymorphic transformation of the monoclinic ?-polymorph to the orthorhombic ?-polymorph of di-calcium silicate at around 500?C during cooling results in disintegration of slag. The slag generated, during the production of thermo mechanically treated steel in ladle furnace at M/s Tata Steel Limited, Jamshedpur, India, behaves in similar manner. An attempt has been made to prevent the crumbling of ladle furnace slag. The experiments were conducted in 10 kg air induction furnace. Various types of silica source were used to prevent the disintegration of ladle furnace slag by reducing the basi

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14

Johansen, S. T., B. T. Levfall, and T. Rodriguez Duran. "A pragmatical physics-based model for predicting ladle lifetime." Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 124, no. 3 (2024): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2680/2024.

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In this paper we develop a physics-based model for lining erosion in steel ladles. The model predicts the temperature evolution in the liquid slag, steel, refractory bricks, and outer steel shell of the ladle. The flow of slag and steel is due to forced convection induced by inert gas injection, vacuum treatment (extreme bubble expansion), natural convection, and waves caused by the gas stirring. The lining erosion takes place by dissolution of refractory elements into the steel or slag. The mass and heat transfer coefficients inside the ladle during gas stirring are modelled based on wall fun

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15

Agapitov, E. B., M. A. Lemeshko, and M. S. Sokolova. "Strategy of automation of electric arc heating of steel melt in ladle-furnaceStrategy of automation of electric arc heating of steel melt in ladle-furnaceStrategy of automation of electric arc heating of steel melt in ladle-furnace." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 77, no. 1 (2021): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2021-1-20-27.

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Prices hike for consumable materials and energy carriers, increase of requirements to steel quality stipulate the items of intensification of ladle treatment processes and decrease of their energy- and material capacity. Analysis of energy losses in ladlefurnace accomplished, as well as basic factors effecting the energy costs during treatment analyzed. A methodology elaborated for making thermal balance of ladle-furnace: it was proposed to present the melt treatment process in ladle-furnace as a series of separate operations, each having specific features of the process (heating, desulphuriza

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16

Castro-Cedeno, Edgar Ivan, Alain Jardy, Benjamin Boissiere, et al. "Numerical simulation of modification of non-metallic inclusions by calcium treatment in the argon-stirred ladle." Metallurgical Research & Technology 116, no. 5 (2019): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018131.

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Nowadays, depending on the steel grade, Ca treatment with the aim of modifying the morphology and melting temperature of non-metallic inclusions is performed in the secondary steelmaking process. The addition of calcium to steel melts rises a technological challenge because at steelmaking temperatures Ca has the tendency to vaporize from the ladle. Efforts are actively pursued in developing solutions that increase Ca yield and improve repeatability of results from treatment to treatment. This work presents a two-phase Euler-Euler flow model of a steel ladle with gas stirring through bottom por

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17

Kiss, Imre. "Comparative Study on the In-Ladle Treatment Techniques for Nodulizing the Iron’s Graphite." Tehnički glasnik 15, no. 4 (2021): 504–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31803/tg-20210209111953.

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The objectives of this research is to study and understand the nodulizing of ductile iron using in-ladle treatment process. Among the more common nodulizing agents is magnesium (Mg) which is conventionally added to the cast iron by combining suitable alloys of one or both of these elements with molten cast iron. Depending on the characteristics of each master alloy used as nodulizer, different treatment methods and techniques are used, among these, the most widely used being in-ladle, in-mould, and flow-through, the first being the most used. This research deals with the parameters, that affec

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18

Klimchik, Y. V., M. I. Gasik, and A. P. Gorobets. "THEORETICAL JUSTIFICATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SLAG MODE FOR TREATMENT OF WHEEL STEEL ON THE INSTALLATION OF A BUCKET-OVEN WITH A PURPOSE TO REDUCE THE SPECIFIC ELECTRIC ENERGY." Metallurgicheskaya i gornorudnaya promyshlennost, №6, 2018, no. 6 (2018): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33101/s0654231678.

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Purpose. Management of the formation of oxide fluoride slag at the stage of out-furnace treatment of the wheel metal. Methodology. Investigations of the energy technological regimes of out-of-furnace treatment of wheel steel were performed by analyzing the parameters of the basic metal processing technology at the ladle furnace. Results. The optimal input mode of the fluorspar is established when the ladle slag is formed at the ladle furnace installation. Scientific novelty. Analytical studies confirmed the absence in the structure of oxide fluoride slag structures containing fluorspar. Its ro

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19

Matochkin, V. A. "Improving the ladle treatment of cord steel." Steel in Translation 37, no. 5 (2007): 445–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091207050117.

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20

Pavlov, V. V., L. A. Godik, N. A. Kozyrev, A. V. Tokarev, and N. N. Timmerman. "Ladle treatment of low-temperature rail steel." Steel in Translation 38, no. 3 (2008): 231–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s096709120803011x.

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21

Agapitov, E. B., and M. A. Pokataeva. "Improving steel treatment in ladle-furnace units." Steel in Translation 38, no. 11 (2008): 917–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091208110089.

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22

Mamedov, A. T., N. Sh Ismailov, and V. N. Jafarova. "Ladle Treatment of Structural Steel: Physical Modeling." Russian Engineering Research 42, no. 12 (2022): 1228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068798x22120218.

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23

Isaev, M. K., V. A. Bigeev, A. B. Sychkov, and A. M/ Stolyarov. "Experience of thick-walled calcium-containing cored wire application at steel ladle treatment." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 77, no. 9 (2021): 1020–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2021-9-1020-1023.

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Metal processing in ladle by calcium-containing cored wires is one of the most spread methods of ladle treatment and modifying. Results of analysis of efficiency induces of existing cored wires application depending on their diameter, wall thickness and filling coefficient presented. It was shown that the basic efficiency index of a cored wire application – recovery coefficient – depending on wire quality (homogeneity of filling by calcium along the wire length), wire grade, conditions of its injection into liquid steel and other parameters can vary within a range from 50 to 95%. Reasons of un

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24

Beskow, K., and Du Sichen. "Ladle glaze: major source of oxide inclusions during ladle treatment of steel." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 31, no. 5 (2004): 393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/030192304225018244.

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25

El-Fawkhry, Mohamed K., Ahmed Ismail Zaky Farahat, and Saeed N. Ghali. "Enhancing the Strain-Hardening Behavior of Hadfield Steel Using Ladle Treatment Technique." Key Engineering Materials 716 (October 2016): 302–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.716.302.

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Ladle treatment of molten Hadfield steel considers as the new effective technique for producing Hadfield steel instead of conventional heat treatment process. New eutectic is formed as a result of the ladle treatment process. In this research, the strain-hardening property of the four grades of Hadfield steel containing granular new eutectic phase has been investigated, and compared with the conventional Hadfield steel. Optical and scanning electron microscope reveal that slip bands fractions vary through the five grades of steel as a result of deformation. XRD observation refers to the austen

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26

Warzecha, M., S. Garncarek, T. Merder, and Z. Skuza. "Identification of Relevant Work Parameters of Ladle Furnace While Melting the High Ductility Steel and High-Carbon Steel." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 1 (2016): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0052.

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In the present paper, secondary metallurgical treatment in ladle furnace during smelting the high carbon steel and steel with improved ductility for cold-deforming, under industrial conditions were analyzed. Common features of these steels are high requirements/strict standards imposed for their metallurgical purity; however they are especially exorbitant for improved ductility steels. In addition, it is widely used to specify alloying additives having significant weights- such as carbon and manganese - and explicitly restricted content of nitrogen requiring metal bath cover prior nitriding.

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Ardelean, Erika, Teodor Hepuț, Mihail Vătășescu, and Eugen Crișan. "Researches Regarding the Influence of Vacuum Parameters on the Efficiency of Gas Removal from the Liquid Steel." Solid State Phenomena 254 (August 2016): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.254.218.

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The presence of gas in steel is a problem in terms of quality, by the way how is influenced steels mechanical and technological characteristics.Current steel making technology allows inclusion of gas content at relatively low value, but under current conditions, it places a great emphasis on the purity of the steel and the superior mechanical and technological properties, secondary treatment is required (ladle metallurgy) and, if possible, even the treatment of liquid steel in vacuum installations. The paper presents the influence of the main parameters of vacuum treatment (treatment duration,

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Nosov, Yu N. "Efficient ladle treatment of converter steel with silicocalcium." Steel in Translation 40, no. 4 (2010): 338–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091210040091.

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29

Livshits, D. A., I. K. Popandopulo, V. M. Parshin, V. V. Kuslitsa, O. B. Isaev, and A. A. Travinchev. "Heat-loss calculation in ladle treatment of steel." Steel in Translation 40, no. 11 (2011): 979–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091210110094.

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30

Tikhonov, G. I., I. N. Rudnitskii, and M. M. Voskoboinik. "Dynamic model of the ladle treatment of steel." Steel in Translation 46, no. 9 (2016): 662–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091216090114.

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31

Ivanitsa, S. I., L. M. Aksel’rod, I. V. Kushnerev, S. V. Verbnyi, G. S. Ashina, and S. A. Koroteev. "Stabilization of Ladle-Treatment Slags in Steel Production." Steel in Translation 48, no. 1 (2018): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091218010072.

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32

Golubtsov, V. A., I. V. Bakin, A. A. Tokarev, I. V. Ryabchikov, and G. G. Mikhailov. "Efficiency evaluation of physical and chemical methods of steel quality improvement." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 75, no. 6 (2019): 695–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-6-695-705.

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To achieve a high quality of steel a wide range of liquid metal treatment methods applied. The choice of method is often determined by technological possibilities of the metal products manufacturer. An analysis of various physical and chemical methods of steel quality improvement accomplished, which allowed making a choice of liquid metal treatment method, depending on existing tasks and technological possibilities. It was shown, that physical and chemical methods of metal products quality improvement apart from other methods of ladle treatment have additional possibilities to effect steel qua

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33

Gizatulin, R. A., A. B. Efremenkov, D. V. Valuev, S. N. Fedoseev, and A. V. Valueva. "Combined Steel Treatment with Calcium-Silicon." Applied Mechanics and Materials 770 (June 2015): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.770.114.

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The method of adding calcium silicon in aluminum containers to a metal when it pours into a ladle from the steelmaking unit has been developed. Industry data were obtained to confirm the possibility of providing a sufficiently high and stable recovery of calcium in the context of production at a particular plant and its effective impact on the composition, physical and chemical condition of a melt and properties of a final product.

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Gorkusha, D. V., K. V. Grigorovich, A. V. Karasev, and O. A. Komolova. "CONTENT MODIFICATION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF NONMETALLIC INCLUSIONS DURING LOW-CARBON IF STEEL LADLE TREATMENT." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 62, no. 5 (2019): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-5-345-352.

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Development of advanced materials for the automotive industry allows us to produce a lighter body without losing strength characteristics of the structure. It became possible by the creation and subsequent introduction into the production of such steel grades as IF (Interstitial Free) – steel with no interstitial solute atoms to strain the solid iron lattice and IF-BH (Bake Hardening) – steel with hardening during hot drying. The article provides a brief overview of the history of the emergence of IF steel and the current situation in the production of it in Russia. One of the quality criteria

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Sidorova, Elena, Andrey V. Karasev, Denis Kuznetsov, and Pär G. Jönsson. "Modification of Non-Metallic Inclusions in Oil-Pipeline Steels by Ca-Treatment." Metals 9, no. 4 (2019): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9040391.

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Corrosion rate in different steel grades (including oilfield pipeline steels) is determined by the presence of non-metallic inclusions (NMI) in steels. Specifically, the effect of different inclusions on the quality of steels depends on their characteristics such as size, number, morphology, composition, and physical properties, as well as their location in the steel matrix. Therefore, the optimization and control of NMI in steels are very important today to obtain an improvement of the material properties of the final steel products. It is well known that a Ca-treatment of liquid steels in la

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Chen, Liang, Tian Ming Chen, Yong Chen, Yao Xian Zeng, and Ping Fan Li. "Inclusion Control of Oil Drilling Steel SAE4137." Advanced Materials Research 581-582 (October 2012): 861–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.581-582.861.

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In consideration of inclusion control in smelting drilling steel SAE4137 by convert process, the software FACTSAGE is applied on the deoxidation technology, composition of ladle slag and calcium treatment technology. The tests show that the deoxidation technology is reasonable and the oxygen content of molten steel is not more than 5×10-6 and 3.2×10-6 on average. The inclusion of bar is less and like a ball. The effect of calcium treatment is good. The inclusion is transformed in refining process, the absorbing ability to inclusion of ladle slag is strong. The level of any type of inclusion is

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37

B, Boychenko, Kirilenko Y, Stoianov O, Niziaiev K, Synehin Ye, and Sukhovetskyi S. "Oxygen distribution between phases during ladle processing of aluminum killed bof steels." Theory and practice of metallurgy, no. 5, 2021 (September 1, 2021): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.34185/tpm.5.2021.02.

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The modern state of secondary metallurgy is characterized by the sustainable development of technologies that ensure high metal quality by reducing the number of non-metallic inclusions, the which is closely related to the oxygen content in steel after smelting. Therefore, the issues of regularities of oxygen distribution between phases at the stage, BOF - CCM. Purpose. The aim of the research was to determine the conditions of redistribution of oxygen dissolved in the metal depending on the stages of steel processing, to determine the degree of approach of deoxidation processes to thermodynam

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38

Devi, Sujata, R. K. Singh, Niladri Sen, and N. Pradhan. "Study of Calcium Treatment in Steel Ladles for the Modification of Alumina Inclusions to Avoid Nozzle Clogging during Casting." Materials Science Forum 978 (February 2020): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.978.12.

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Presence of non-metallic inclusion deteriorates quality of steel and causes nozzle clogging during casting. Nozzle clogging eventually leads to a disruption of normal casting operations. This happens when solid alumina inclusions get accumulate in the nozzle of submerged entry nozzle (SEN). Therefore, it is required to understand the inclusion characteristics (shape, size and chemistry), which forms during the steelmaking process. Calcium is added in the steel ladle furnace (LF) in the form of CaSi wire to modify inclusions and to desulphurize steel. The range in which all the oxides become li

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Akhmetov, A. B., D. M. Zhiyembayeva, A. V. D’yakov, V. I. Yablonskii, and A. N. Zolin. "New slag-forming mixture for ladle treatment of steel." Steel in Translation 47, no. 8 (2017): 554–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091217080022.

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40

Gizatulin, R. A., L. A. Godik, N. A. Kozyrev, and A. P. Danilov. "Treatment of rail steel in a ladle-furnace unit." Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2008, no. 7 (2008): 564–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036029508070082.

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41

Shapovalov, A. "The use of statistical modelling to justify a rational technology of steel production in the conditions of JSC Ural Steel." Bulletin of Science and Practice, no. 11 (November 14, 2017): 227–35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1048455.

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In the conditions of JSC Ural Steel, the most costly technological task in the production of high-quality steel is to provide the required sulfur content. The analysis of the sulfur removal in the production of high-quality steel in the technological conditions of JSC Ural Steel was performed. An increase in the sulfur content of the pig iron at 0,007-0,010% of the tapping from the blast furnace until used in an electric arc furnace was founded. The need for preliminary hot metal desulphurization before pouring in the electric arc furnace was justified. The method of calculating the cost of ho

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42

Hou, Zewang, Min Jiang, Kun-Peng Wang, Jianfei Xu, Ying Wang, and Xinhua Wang. "Study on the control of inclusions in Al-deoxidized steel during LF-RH refining and the influence of calcium treatment in ladle furnace." Metallurgical Research & Technology 119, no. 3 (2022): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2022033.

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In this paper, evolution of inclusions in an Al deoxidized specialty steel with basic slag refining in the LF-RH process were studied, taking into account of the influence of calcium treatment in the ladle furnace. It was found that inclusions would be modified from alumina into spinel then mainly into solid calcium magnesia aluminates after LF refining, and finally into calcium aluminates at the end of RH refining, irrespective of calcium treatment. When calcium treatment was carried out in the ladle furnace, solid calcium magnesia aluminates largely produced in the LF refining would be mostl

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Vodennikova, O. S., and P. V. Holovkov. "Modern view on steel desulfurization." Metaloznavstvo ta obrobka metalìv 100, no. 4 (2021): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mom2021.04.033.

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Modern technological schemes of steel production do not allow to achieve low (< 0.01 % S) and ultra-low (<0.005 % S) sulfur content on the production of in the metal directly. That is why out-of-furnace steel treatment is often used to remove sulfur. Desulfurization process of steel depends on the chemical composition of the slag, the time of its formation in the ladle, metal oxidation, conditions of mixing of steel in a ladle, additional technological operations and ladle metal processing. Methods are widely used for desulfurization of steel treatment of steel with solid slag-forming mi

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Grigorovich, K. V., A. K. Garber, A. V. Kushnarev, Yu P. Petrenko, and I. V. Kostenko. "Optimizing the ladle treatment of rail steel at OAO NTMK." Steel in Translation 38, no. 10 (2008): 858–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091208100161.

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Orzhitskaya, L. K., A. E. Koval’, A. I. Panchenko, A. S. Sal’nikov, and A. V. Zhaivoronok. "Dark scabs in corrosion-resistant titanium steel after ladle treatment." Steel in Translation 41, no. 6 (2011): 514–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091211060106.

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Tribushevskiy, L. V., G. A. Rumyantseva, and B. M. Nemenenok. "Effective Materials from Recycled Aluminum Waste for Steel Ladle Treatment." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 718 (January 3, 2020): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/718/1/012019.

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Antonov, G. I., A. S. Kulik, S. N. Glushkova, and V. Yu Prokudin. "Interaction of refractories with slags in ladle treatment of steel." Refractories 31, no. 9-10 (1990): 601–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01282802.

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Shakhpazov, E. Kh, A. I. Zaitsev, N. G. Shaposhnikov, and I. G. Rodionova. "Model for controlling processes in the ladle treatment of steel." Metallurgist 52, no. 5-6 (2008): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-008-9055-6.

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Edith, Martinez. "Enhancing steel cleanliness VIA calcium wire ladle treatment: A study on centrifugally cast products." i-manager's Journal on Material Science 12, no. 2 (2024): 1. https://doi.org/10.26634/jms.12.2.21640.

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Centrifugal casting offers unique advantages, combining large centrifugal forces with directional solidification to minimize non-metallic inclusions in steel. This study investigates how calcium wire ladle treatment modifies and reduces these inclusions to improve machinability and mechanical performance. Using samples collected at various stages of treatment and final casting, inclusion analysis and mechanical testing were conducted. Results highlight that calcium addition after argon oxygen decarburization (AOD) is optimal for inclusion modification. However, centrifugal forces played a more

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Putan, Vasile, Adriana Putan, and Erika Ardelean. "Influence of the Addition of a Reducing Mixture Slag and Duration of Treatment on the Desulphurisation and Deoxidation Efficiency." Solid State Phenomena 254 (August 2016): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.254.144.

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Within the researches made, the establishment of the processing with synthetic slag decreasing possibilities, of the sulphur and oxygen contents, from the steel made in electric arc ovens, of 100 t ladle capacity oven (LF) - (EBT) type, was taken into account. For the formation of the synthetic slag, reducing mixing made of lime, fluorine, bauxite and aluminum slag. The experiments we performed consisted in adding the waste mechanical mixture at the bottom of the ladle, its melting leading to the formation of synthetic slag. The obtained data was processed in the EXCEL program, obtaining corre

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