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Journal articles on the topic 'Ladle treatment'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Akselrod, L. M., and V. Garten. "An alternative lining of steel ladles: technical and economic aspects." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2018-12-72-80.

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Quality of steel ladles lining to a big extent determine the economic efficiency of steel-making operation. Direct costs on the refractory lining of them can reach 30–50 % of the costs of lining of a steel-making complex. Experience of utilization of refractory materials of different composition considered with the purpose of efficiency increase of refractory materials application in the steel ladles lining under conditions of steel ladle treatment. Considerable abilities shown to make the lining of steel ladle walls and bottom by both carbon-containing and carbon-free refractory materials taking into account the economic aspect. Lining base of steel-making facilities — BOFs, EAFs and steel ladles — is composed by periclase-carbon (MgO–C) refractories. However those refractories have a high heat conductivity, that effects on the heat operation of steel ladles. When using MgO–С materials, vertical fractures can appear in the ladle walls lining as its residual thickness becomes small. Under definite conditions a working lining chipping takes place, problems appear with lining destruction in the pieces angles with cavities formation at the pieces joining. To level the MgO–С drawbacks, periclase-alumo-carbon (MgO–Al2O3–С) and alumo-periclase-carbon (Al2O3–MgO–С) refractory products are used. Al2O3–MgO–C refractories are widely used in most erosion-intensive lining zone — in the combatting place of steel ladle bottom lining. In Russia monolithic lining of steel ladle bottom is successfully displacing the lining by piece products, including alumo-periclase-carbon ones. Such a replace enables to decrease specific refractory consumption and specific costs of them. At present the technology of concrete application to bottom is implemented for ladles of BOF- and steel-making shops. A technology of concrete ladle walls and bottom is intensively implemented for 120–180-ton ladles. The concrete lining of steel ladles has the following advantages: high withstandability against impregnation by metal-slag melt; absence of metal carbonization by the carbon from ladle lining; increase of running duration of safety lining layer by 2–2.5 times; absence of necessity to use nest blocks in both steel outlet unit and for bottom blow-off lance; absence of cracks in lining, wash-outs in seams, angles and edges of pieces; decrease of gaseous hydrocarbon emissions(phenol, formaldehyde, benzapilene) during lining drying, heating-up and operation (only slag belt remains, where pieces have organic binders); saving of materials, working time and manpower while making and maintain the lining; decrease of specific consumption and specific costs for lining per 1t of steel. For lining of steel ladles of big volumes (more 250 t) alumo-periclase (alumo-spinel) products are widely used in China, Europe and Japan. For such a lining the thermo-mechanical tension, arising in monolithic ladle lining, has a less importance, including at its replacing with metal by using crane. It is easier for the products to compensate the ladle geometry change, resulted in metal shall geometry change in time. A positive influence of carbon-free lining, as well as a lining with low content of magnesium oxide, on metal quality noted, first of all for low- and ultralow carbon grades, and pipe low-alloyed steels.
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2

Coletti, B., B. Gommers, C. Vercruyssen, B. Blanpain, P. Wollants, and F. Haers. "Reoxidation during ladle treatment." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 30, no. 2 (April 2003): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/030192303225001694.

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3

Antonov, G. I., A. S. Kulik, O. S. Klad'ko, S. N. Glushkova, V. P. Orlov, N. A. Druzhinina, A. P. Nagornyi, and V. V. Trofimov. "Magnesia refractories for ladles with ladle treatment of steel (Discussion)." Refractories 31, no. 7-8 (July 1990): 429–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01281556.

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4

Nandhini, Prof N., S. Gokulakrishnan, and M. Gowtham R. Bhuvaneshwaran. "Design and Fabrication of a Convertor Ladle and Treatment Chamber." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-3 (April 30, 2018): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd10867.

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5

Ghorai, S., G. K. Mandal, S. Roy, R. K. Minj, A. Agarwal, D. P. Singh, A. Kumar, and R. B. V. Ramna. "Treatment of LF slag to prevent powdering during cooling." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 53, no. 2 (2017): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb160226004g.

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The polymorphic transformation of the monoclinic ?-polymorph to the orthorhombic ?-polymorph of di-calcium silicate at around 500?C during cooling results in disintegration of slag. The slag generated, during the production of thermo mechanically treated steel in ladle furnace at M/s Tata Steel Limited, Jamshedpur, India, behaves in similar manner. An attempt has been made to prevent the crumbling of ladle furnace slag. The experiments were conducted in 10 kg air induction furnace. Various types of silica source were used to prevent the disintegration of ladle furnace slag by reducing the basicity and optimizing the additives amount. Apart from silica sources, other additives like borax and barium carbonate were also used to stabilize the ? phase. Present investigation reveals that disintegration of ladle furnace slag can be prevented either by addition of 0.2% boarx or 2% barium carbonate. Dust formation can also be prevented by decreasing the ladle furnace slag basicity to about 1.7. Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure test, of the borax and barium carbonate treated slag samples, indicates that barium carbonate treated slag cannot be used for the dusting prevention as it contains high level of barium.
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6

Beskow, K., and Du Sichen. "Ladle glaze: major source of oxide inclusions during ladle treatment of steel." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 31, no. 5 (October 2004): 393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/030192304225018244.

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7

Protasov, A. V. "Technical and economic aspects of development and running ladle treatment aggregates." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 75, no. 8 (September 6, 2019): 985–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-8-985-990.

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Modern ladle treatment of liquid steel represents a wide set of technological processes and aggregates, as well as units and systems, many of them having significant cost and need expensive maintenance. Technical and economic advantages, obtained at various variants of steel ladle treatment considered, the advantages being at both metal products producers and consumers. Factors of production expenses saving at the stage of steel smelting due to transferring of the steel refining operation from melting aggregates to the stage of ladle treatment considered. It was noted, that in the process of continuous casting of metal, subjected to ladle refining, the steel casting improves considerably due to keeping the narrow temperature interval, decreased content and globular form of nonmetallic inclusions. In its turn it results in a decrease of rejects, an increase of billet drawing speed possibility and correspondent increase of production capacity, reduction of the number of the casted billet shell breaks. Technical and economic advantages of melt treatment by cored wire or by all-metal injection wire with stuff shown. Decrease of rejects is an important factor for cost decreasing. For example, application of calcium-aluminum cored wire at a steel-works enabled to decrease the rejects of well-casings made of 20ГЮ steel by a factor of 1.5–2. In many cases production of state-of-the-art steel grades, for example IF-steels, being the base of the modern motor-car construction, is not possible without ladle treatment. Therefore, absence of ladle treatment elements at a big steelworks can lead to considerable losses.
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8

Luk’yanov, A. V., A. P. Shchegolev, A. M. Sorokin, A. V. Pogozhev, and A. A. Nemtinov. "Improved ladle vacuum treatment of steel." Steel in Translation 38, no. 9 (September 2008): 743–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091208090106.

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9

Kabakov, Z. K., P. Z. Kabakov, and L. V. Kuznetsov. "Vacuum treatment of steel in ladle." Steel in Translation 37, no. 3 (March 2007): 202–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091207030060.

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10

Goncharov, V. V., O. A. Komarov, S. P. Korshikov, and V. I. Fomin. "Ladle treatment to improve steel quality." Steel in Translation 37, no. 4 (April 2007): 367–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091207040122.

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11

Shcherbenko, G. N., G. I. Antonov, V. Yu Prokudin, L. M. Yakobchuk, N. I. Shentsov, A. P. Nagornyi, and S. N. Kirilenko. "Periclase-chromite refractories for steel-teeming ladles with ladle treatment of the steel." Refractories 29, no. 9-10 (September 1988): 525–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01287780.

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12

Tripathi, N. N., M. Nzotta, A. Sandberg, and Du Sichen. "Effect of ladle age on formation of non-metallic inclusions in ladle treatment." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 31, no. 3 (June 2004): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/030192304225011025.

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13

Klimchik, Y. V., M. I. Gasik, and A. P. Gorobets. "THEORETICAL JUSTIFICATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SLAG MODE FOR TREATMENT OF WHEEL STEEL ON THE INSTALLATION OF A BUCKET-OVEN WITH A PURPOSE TO REDUCE THE SPECIFIC ELECTRIC ENERGY." Metallurgicheskaya i gornorudnaya promyshlennost, №6, 2018, no. 6 (2018): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33101/s0654231678.

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Purpose. Management of the formation of oxide fluoride slag at the stage of out-furnace treatment of the wheel metal. Methodology. Investigations of the energy technological regimes of out-of-furnace treatment of wheel steel were performed by analyzing the parameters of the basic metal processing technology at the ladle furnace. Results. The optimal input mode of the fluorspar is established when the ladle slag is formed at the ladle furnace installation. Scientific novelty. Analytical studies confirmed the absence in the structure of oxide fluoride slag structures containing fluorspar. Its role in the formation of ladle slag is defined as a depolymerization unit of spatial silica-oxygen groups and, as a consequence, an increase in the flowability of the melt while simultaneously increasing the oxidative potential of the slag. Practical significance. The results of the study determine the limits of the CaF2 content in the ladle slag and allow a 30–35% reduction in the power consumption during slag formation at the ladle furnace. Key words: Wheeled steel, electric arc furnace, metal intermediate, deoxidizing agents, alloying, slag-forming materials, fluorspar, ladle-furnace installation, energy saving.
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14

Agapitov, E. B., M. A. Lemeshko, and M. S. Sokolova. "Strategy of automation of electric arc heating of steel melt in ladle-furnaceStrategy of automation of electric arc heating of steel melt in ladle-furnaceStrategy of automation of electric arc heating of steel melt in ladle-furnace." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 77, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2021-1-20-27.

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Prices hike for consumable materials and energy carriers, increase of requirements to steel quality stipulate the items of intensification of ladle treatment processes and decrease of their energy- and material capacity. Analysis of energy losses in ladlefurnace accomplished, as well as basic factors effecting the energy costs during treatment analyzed. A methodology elaborated for making thermal balance of ladle-furnace: it was proposed to present the melt treatment process in ladle-furnace as a series of separate operations, each having specific features of the process (heating, desulphurization, alloying) and their combination. Based on analysis of 20 thousand heats passports at ladle-furnace of MMK BOF shop, a mathematical model of energy supply system of ladle-furnace was elaborated. Based on the analysis made, a strategy of heating automation was proposed. In particular, electric losses were emphasized, t. e. total losses of electric arc energy, in which provisionally losses at arc open part radiation were included. Control of those flows creates conditions for heating efficiency increase. Conclusions were made that decrease of electric losses is observed at prolonged (about 8−12 min) heating periods and sufficient amount of slag, as well as at injection of additives after heating. Such a mode provides decrease of thermal losses by 4−5%. A new technology of steel melt treatment in ladle-furnace was proposed, characterized by decreased consumption of electric energy.
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15

Pavlov, V. V., L. A. Godik, N. A. Kozyrev, A. V. Tokarev, and N. N. Timmerman. "Ladle treatment of low-temperature rail steel." Steel in Translation 38, no. 3 (March 2008): 231–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s096709120803011x.

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16

Agapitov, E. B., and M. A. Pokataeva. "Improving steel treatment in ladle-furnace units." Steel in Translation 38, no. 11 (November 2008): 917–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091208110089.

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17

Matochkin, V. A. "Improving the ladle treatment of cord steel." Steel in Translation 37, no. 5 (May 2007): 445–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091207050117.

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18

Guzik, E., D. Kopyciński, and D. Wierzchowski. "Manufacturing of Ferritic Low-Silicon and Molybdenum Ductile Cast Iron with the Innovative 2PE- 9 Technique." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 59, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 687–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2014-0112.

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Abstract The use of two cored wire injection methods (2PE- 9) and the unique application of a drum ladle as a treatment, transport and casting one, instead of a vertical treatment ladle are presented. Optimization parameters, like: length of nodulariser wire, treatment and pouring temperature have been shown. The influence of various treatment temperatures on magnesium recovery is demonstrated. The typical microstructure, mechanical properties and cost calculation of the ferritic ductile cast iron (type SiMo - EN-GJS-SiMo40-6 Grade) production according to EN 16124:2011 (E) are presented. Injection of two Ø 9 mm as well wires; cored in FeSi + Mg nodulariser mixture and inoculant master alloy into a drum ladle is a treatment method that can be used for the production of ferritic ductile cast iron (SiMo) melted in a coreless induction furnace.
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19

Kong, Wei, Ying-Feng Chen, and Da-Giang Cang. "Ladle Nozzle Clogging during casting of Silicon-Steel." High Temperature Materials and Processes 38, no. 2019 (February 25, 2019): 813–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2019-0038.

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AbstractTo figure out the reason causing ladle nozzle clogging during a continuous casting process (or CC for short) for the silicon steel and get away to solve it, this paper studied the theoretical calculation of flow rates during casting, inclusions around the slide gate where ladle nozzle clogging happened, and Ca-treatment on refining units for producing the silicon steel. The results showed that: The bigger diameter of a nozzle or less nozzle clogging can guarantee an enough flow rate for reaching the target casting speed. Ladle nozzle clogging can be predicted by analyzing the percentage of a slide gate being opened. Al2O3 and its composite inclusions were the main ones which cause the nozzle clogging during the CC process of the silicon steel. Ca-treatment could transform those high melting point inclusions into C12A7 by adding Si-Ca wires and prevent the ladle nozzle clogging of the silicon steel.
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20

Susihono, Wahyu, N. Adiputra, K. Tirtayasa, and I. D. P. Sutjana. "INTERVENSI PARTISIPATORI ERGONOMI MENURUNKAN KELELAHAN MELALUI REDESAIN LADLE-KOWI." Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia 13, no. 1 (March 29, 2017): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30597/mkmi.v13i1.1584.

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Ladel-kowi merupakan alat transportasi manual baja cair suhu 900-12000C. Ditemukan sikap kerja yang tidak alamiah saat mengoperasikan Ladle-kowi, terdapat gerakan kerja tidak nyaman yang disebabkan desain alat bantu kerja tidak memperhatikan kaidah ergonomi, sehingga timbul kelelahan berlebih. Pajanan suhu lingkungan yang tinggi berpengaruh terhadap aktivitas kerja, motivasi dan kondisi fisik karyawan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah redesain Ladle-kowi berbasis intervensi partisipatori ergonomi untuk menurunkan kelelahan pekerja di industri pengecoran logam. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental treatment by subject design. Subjek dipilih secara random sampling. Sampel berjumlah 62 orang yang telah memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. RedesainLadle-Kowi berdasarkan data antropometri pekerja setempat. Skor kelelahan didata dengan 30 items of rating scale yang dikeluarkan oleh Japan Associatin of Industrial an Health. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat penurunan secara bermakna antara rerata skor kelelahan subjek pada P1 dengan P2 (nilai p<0,05). Rerata skor kelelahan sebelum intervensi partisipatori ergonomi 112,61±3,84 dan setelah intervensi partisipatori ergonomi 89,07±1,70 atau turun sebesar 12,91%. Penurunan kelelahan pada aspek aktivitas 11,55%, motivasi 10,69%, fisik 16,36%, sedangkan skor penurunan kelelahan secara beturut-turut berdasarkan hari kerja adalah Senin 12,26%, Selasa 11,39%, Rabu 13,71% dan Kamis 14,23%.
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21

Dayal, P., K. Beskow, J. Björkvall, and Du Sichen. "Study of slag/metal interface in ladle treatment." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 33, no. 6 (December 2006): 454–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328106x149842.

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22

Bol’shakov, V. I., A. F. Shevchenko, Lu Dun Ye, V. A. Aleksandrov, Sun Ten Sen, A. M. Bashmakov, and E. A. Trotsenko. "Rational ladle treatment for desulfurization of hot metal." Steel in Translation 39, no. 4 (April 2009): 326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s096709120904010x.

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23

Nosov, Yu N. "Efficient ladle treatment of converter steel with silicocalcium." Steel in Translation 40, no. 4 (April 2010): 338–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091210040091.

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24

Livshits, D. A., I. K. Popandopulo, V. M. Parshin, V. V. Kuslitsa, O. B. Isaev, and A. A. Travinchev. "Heat-loss calculation in ladle treatment of steel." Steel in Translation 40, no. 11 (February 2011): 979–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091210110094.

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25

Tikhonov, G. I., I. N. Rudnitskii, and M. M. Voskoboinik. "Dynamic model of the ladle treatment of steel." Steel in Translation 46, no. 9 (September 2016): 662–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091216090114.

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26

Ivanitsa, S. I., L. M. Aksel’rod, I. V. Kushnerev, S. V. Verbnyi, G. S. Ashina, and S. A. Koroteev. "Stabilization of Ladle-Treatment Slags in Steel Production." Steel in Translation 48, no. 1 (January 2018): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091218010072.

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27

Guzik, E., and D. Wierzchowski. "Using Cored Wire Injection Method in the Production of Austenitic High Ni-Alloyed Ductile Iron Castings." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 969–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0112.

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Abstract Below are described results of the analysis concerning the use of two cored wire injection method (2PE- 9) and the unique application of a drum ladle as a treatment, transport and casting one, instead of a vertical treatment ladle. Parameter optimization, like: length of nodulariser wire, residual magnesium content, treatment and pouring temperature have been shown. Influence of various treatment temperatures, magnesium-cored wire velocities (Mg-treatment times) and weights of molten alloy on magnesium recovery are demonstrated. Moreover, graphite nodule content in relation to different raw materials in the charge mix are presented. Typical microstructure, mechanical properties and treatment costs are given as well. Using specific industrial conditions for tests and optimal, low scrap production of austenitic nodular cast iron (EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr35-5-2 Grade, according with EN 13835), makes this innovative method very credible. Injection of two Ø 9 mm wires; cored in FeSi + Mg nodulariser mixture and inoculant master alloy into a drum ladle is a treatment method that can be used for the production of ductile iron melted in a coreless induction furnace.
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28

Castro-Cedeno, Edgar Ivan, Alain Jardy, Benjamin Boissiere, Jean Lehmann, Pascal Gardin, Alexandre Carré, Sébastien Gerardin, and Jean-Pierre Bellot. "Numerical simulation of modification of non-metallic inclusions by calcium treatment in the argon-stirred ladle." Metallurgical Research & Technology 116, no. 5 (2019): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018131.

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Nowadays, depending on the steel grade, Ca treatment with the aim of modifying the morphology and melting temperature of non-metallic inclusions is performed in the secondary steelmaking process. The addition of calcium to steel melts rises a technological challenge because at steelmaking temperatures Ca has the tendency to vaporize from the ladle. Efforts are actively pursued in developing solutions that increase Ca yield and improve repeatability of results from treatment to treatment. This work presents a two-phase Euler-Euler flow model of a steel ladle with gas stirring through bottom porous plugs. The model considers that before gas exits through the ladle top, some Ca is transferred from the gas to the liquid steel. The yield is thus defined as the ratio between the Ca transferred to the steel and the total calcium injected into the ladle. The fluid-dynamic calculations are coupled with ArcelorMittal thermodynamic software CEQCSI to get the evolution of the local concentration of dissolved species and non-metallic inclusions assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium. Industrial trials have been performed at one of ArcelorMittal’s facilities with the aim of obtaining data to validate the model. Samples of steel were taken before, during, and after the Ca injection treatment. The total Ca content and the inclusion populations in the steel samples can be compared against the results given by the model, as well as the measured and calculated Ca yield.
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29

Isaev, M. K., V. A. Bigeev, A. B. Sychkov, and A. M/ Stolyarov. "Experience of thick-walled calcium-containing cored wire application at steel ladle treatment." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 77, no. 9 (September 21, 2021): 1020–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2021-9-1020-1023.

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Metal processing in ladle by calcium-containing cored wires is one of the most spread methods of ladle treatment and modifying. Results of analysis of efficiency induces of existing cored wires application depending on their diameter, wall thickness and filling coefficient presented. It was shown that the basic efficiency index of a cored wire application – recovery coefficient – depending on wire quality (homogeneity of filling by calcium along the wire length), wire grade, conditions of its injection into liquid steel and other parameters can vary within a range from 50 to 95%. Reasons of unsatisfactory calcium recovery at usage of calcium-containing wires of 14–15 mm diameter with steel shell 0.4 mm thick and filling of mechanical mixture of steel shots and metallic calcium in various proportions was considered. Advantages of the modern calcium-containing cored wire with thicker wall were highlighted, including their higher wire rigidity and stability of its supply by a wire feeder into liquid steel. It was established that calcium content in a cored wire at the level of 100 g/m was the most effective composition. It was noted that increase of speed of cored wire feeding into steel will result in an increase of calcium recovery and in a decrease of probability of metal splashing out the steel ladle.
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30

Gizatulin, R. A., L. A. Godik, N. A. Kozyrev, and A. P. Danilov. "Treatment of rail steel in a ladle-furnace unit." Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2008, no. 7 (December 2008): 564–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036029508070082.

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31

Björklund, Johan, Takahiro Miki, Margareta Andersson, and PäR Jönsson. "Effect of Temperature on Oxygen Activity during Ladle Treatment." ISIJ International 48, no. 4 (2008): 438–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.48.438.

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32

Eroshkin, S. B., K. E. Prudov, O. V. Popov, A. V. Kuklev, and V. V. Sosnin. "Purification of metal in ladle treatment with calcium carbide." Steel in Translation 37, no. 12 (December 2007): 1021–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091207120133.

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33

Akhmetov, A. B., D. M. Zhiyembayeva, A. V. D’yakov, V. I. Yablonskii, and A. N. Zolin. "New slag-forming mixture for ladle treatment of steel." Steel in Translation 47, no. 8 (August 2017): 554–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091217080022.

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34

Uzberg, L. V., G. V. Efimova, E. P. Smirnov, V. V. Pichugin, and V. V. Trofimov. "Refractories for delivery of argon into a treatment ladle." Refractories 32, no. 9-10 (September 1991): 493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01287536.

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35

Szezesni, R. "Ladle treatment of metal with the addition of wire." Metallurgist 41, no. 1-2 (January 1997): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02764760.

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36

Guzik, E., and D. Wierzchowski. "Using Cored Wires Injection 2PE-9 Method in the Production of Ferritic Si-Mo Ductile Iron Castings." Archives of Foundry Engineering 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10266-012-0106-x.

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Abstract The results of studies on the use of modern two cored wires injection method for production of ferritic nodular cast iron (ductile iron) with use of unique implementation of drum ladle as a treatment / transport and casting ladle instead vertical treatment ladle was described. The injection of length of Ø 9mm wires, cored: in FeSi + Mg nodulariser mixture and inoculant master alloy is a treatment method which can be used to produce iron melted in coreless induction furnace. This paper describes the results and analysis of using this method for optimal production of ductile iron under specific industrial conditions. It means, that length of nodulariser wire plus treatment and pouring temperatures were optimized. In this case, was taken ductile iron with material designation: EN-GJS-SiMo40-6 Grade according EN 16124:2010 E. Microstructure of great number of trials was controlled on internally used sample which has been correlated with standard sample before. The paper presents typical ferritic metallic matrix and nodular graphite. Additionally, mechanical properties were checked in some experiments. Mean values of magnesium recovery and cost of this new method from optimized process parameters were calculated as well.
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37

Putan, Vasile, Adriana Putan, and Erika Ardelean. "Influence of the Addition of a Reducing Mixture Slag and Duration of Treatment on the Desulphurisation and Deoxidation Efficiency." Solid State Phenomena 254 (August 2016): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.254.144.

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Within the researches made, the establishment of the processing with synthetic slag decreasing possibilities, of the sulphur and oxygen contents, from the steel made in electric arc ovens, of 100 t ladle capacity oven (LF) - (EBT) type, was taken into account. For the formation of the synthetic slag, reducing mixing made of lime, fluorine, bauxite and aluminum slag. The experiments we performed consisted in adding the waste mechanical mixture at the bottom of the ladle, its melting leading to the formation of synthetic slag. The obtained data was processed in the EXCEL program, obtaining correlation equations between the desulphuration, deoxidation and the addition of a reducing mixture, respectively the treatment duration.
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38

�pshtein, S. M., E. S. Borisovskii, A. P. Semenova, E. A. Simun, K. V. Simonov, I. Ya Makagon, V. I. Ignat'ev, V. A. Durynin, and O. A. Efremenko. "The service of unfired chromite-periclase refractories in the ladles of equipment for ladle treatment of steel." Refractories 27, no. 7-8 (July 1986): 486–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01389525.

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39

Gizatulin, R. A., A. B. Efremenkov, D. V. Valuev, S. N. Fedoseev, and A. V. Valueva. "Combined Steel Treatment with Calcium-Silicon." Applied Mechanics and Materials 770 (June 2015): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.770.114.

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The method of adding calcium silicon in aluminum containers to a metal when it pours into a ladle from the steelmaking unit has been developed. Industry data were obtained to confirm the possibility of providing a sufficiently high and stable recovery of calcium in the context of production at a particular plant and its effective impact on the composition, physical and chemical condition of a melt and properties of a final product.
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40

El-Fawkhry, Mohamed K., Ahmed Ismail Zaky Farahat, and Saeed N. Ghali. "Enhancing the Strain-Hardening Behavior of Hadfield Steel Using Ladle Treatment Technique." Key Engineering Materials 716 (October 2016): 302–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.716.302.

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Ladle treatment of molten Hadfield steel considers as the new effective technique for producing Hadfield steel instead of conventional heat treatment process. New eutectic is formed as a result of the ladle treatment process. In this research, the strain-hardening property of the four grades of Hadfield steel containing granular new eutectic phase has been investigated, and compared with the conventional Hadfield steel. Optical and scanning electron microscope reveal that slip bands fractions vary through the five grades of steel as a result of deformation. XRD observation refers to the austenite phase is still the dominant phase through the whole five grades of steel after deformation. The results of the compression and hardness tests clarify that the new granular eutectic phase has a significant effect on the strain-hardening behavior, austenite stability. The nodularity of new eutectic phase is a considerable parameter in the function of yield strength, and hardness increment as well.
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41

Song, M., M. Nzotta, and D. Sichen. "Effect of ladle slag of previous heat on number of non-metallic inclusions in ladle treatment of tool steel." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 38, no. 8 (November 2011): 584–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743281211y.0000000030.

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42

Ekengård, J., A. M. T. Andersson, and P. G. Jönsson. "Distribution of metal droplets in top slags during ladle treatment." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 35, no. 8 (November 2008): 575–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328108x318914.

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43

Tribushevskiy, L. V., G. A. Rumyantseva, and B. M. Nemenenok. "Effective Materials from Recycled Aluminum Waste for Steel Ladle Treatment." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 718 (January 3, 2020): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/718/1/012019.

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44

Andersson, M., M. Hallberg, L. Jonsson, and P. Jönsson. "Slag-metal reactions during ladle treatment with focus on desulphurisation." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 29, no. 3 (June 2002): 224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/030192302225004106.

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45

Grigorovich, K. V., A. K. Garber, A. V. Kushnarev, Yu P. Petrenko, and I. V. Kostenko. "Optimizing the ladle treatment of rail steel at OAO NTMK." Steel in Translation 38, no. 10 (October 2008): 858–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091208100161.

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46

Orzhitskaya, L. K., A. E. Koval’, A. I. Panchenko, A. S. Sal’nikov, and A. V. Zhaivoronok. "Dark scabs in corrosion-resistant titanium steel after ladle treatment." Steel in Translation 41, no. 6 (June 2011): 514–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091211060106.

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47

Antonov, G. I., A. S. Kulik, S. N. Glushkova, and V. Yu Prokudin. "Interaction of refractories with slags in ladle treatment of steel." Refractories 31, no. 9-10 (September 1990): 601–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01282802.

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48

Shakhpazov, E. Kh, A. I. Zaitsev, N. G. Shaposhnikov, and I. G. Rodionova. "Model for controlling processes in the ladle treatment of steel." Metallurgist 52, no. 5-6 (May 2008): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-008-9055-6.

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49

Em, A. Yu, O. A. Komolova, A. M. Pogodin, and K. V. Grigorovich. "Formation of Nonmetallic Inclusions during Ladle Treatment of Pipe Steels." Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2021, no. 7 (July 2021): 864–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s003602952107003x.

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50

Chen, Liang, Tian Ming Chen, Yong Chen, Yao Xian Zeng, and Ping Fan Li. "Inclusion Control of Oil Drilling Steel SAE4137." Advanced Materials Research 581-582 (October 2012): 861–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.581-582.861.

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In consideration of inclusion control in smelting drilling steel SAE4137 by convert process, the software FACTSAGE is applied on the deoxidation technology, composition of ladle slag and calcium treatment technology. The tests show that the deoxidation technology is reasonable and the oxygen content of molten steel is not more than 5×10-6 and 3.2×10-6 on average. The inclusion of bar is less and like a ball. The effect of calcium treatment is good. The inclusion is transformed in refining process, the absorbing ability to inclusion of ladle slag is strong. The level of any type of inclusion is not more than 1.5. The mechanical performance of SAE4137 bar meets the requirements, and the inclusion control technology does not influence the mechanical performance of bars.
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