Journal articles on the topic 'Lagos newspapers'

Newspapers in Switzerland and the Netherlands, have lost half of their classified adverts to the internet as reflected in an article titled: Who killed the Newspaper? in The Economist of April 24, 2006. However, in recent time, the Nigerian economy has faced a major decline that has affected the existence of newspapers. The marriage of newspapers to the web has not yet proved financially successful for the older medium (Baran, 2012). Thus, this paper examined the impact of economic recession and the internet on newspapers in Nigeria. Study adopted the survey research, sampling four hundred staff of selected newspapers and anchored on the political economy theory. Study found that seven out of ten staff of the four newspapers representing 77.4% said their daily activities are affected by the current economic recession; five out of ten staff of the four newspaper houses representing 47.3% strongly agreed that the internet has effect on the readership of printed newspaper, and four out of ten sampled representing 39.5% said that their management performed fairly during the period. It is therefore recommended that for newspaper houses to survive recession, they should relate with employees and motivate them to give their best. KEYWORDS: Print media/ownership, Political economy theory, Economic recession, Internet (Online) newspaper.

This study analysed journalists’ views on newspaper funding and survival in Nigeria. The study adopted survey research design to obtain data in this study. The population of the study was 1478 comprising 516 active NUJ members in the FCT and 962 members from Lagos. The sample size of 169 was determined using Taro Yamene’s (1967) sample size determination published table (cited in Kusugh, 2017). To sample respondents in this study, multi stage sampling procedure was used. Structured and Semi Structured interviews were used as instruments for data collection by the researcher in the two cities. The research instruments were face and content validated by the three experts, one from the Department of Mass Communication and two statisticians in the Faculty of Statistics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, to ensure that it measured the appropriate data. The reliability of the instrument was ensured and the result showed a Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.786, suggesting that the items have relatively high internal consistency. Data were collected with the help of NUJ leadership in Abuja and Lagos State Councils as well as Research Assistants at the Benue Liaison Offices in the two cities. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and the Pearson Product-Movement Correlation Coefficient was employed to test the null hypothesis in this study. The findings from the research are thus: journalists believe that funding is important to determine newspaper survival. They also feel that traditional funding sources should be encouraged to fill the funding gaps. Another finding is that some unconventional sources of funding such as “Total newspapering,” commercialisation of news, etc harm newspapers in Nigeria. Based on the findings, the following recommendations were made: that Nigerian newspapers should be more creative in their multidimensional approach to funding through traditional and non-traditional ways; that newspaper owners should strengthen and reposition NPAN in attaining collective goals (tax relief, subsidy on printing materials, etc); that Nigerian banks should give newspaper organisations cheaper, long term loans to enable them serve the public well.

The paper examines the emerging pattern of governance in metropolitan Lagos and its neighboring settlements taking cognizance of environmental sustainability in the 21st Century with its attendant challenges. The work specifically highlights the metropolitan status of Lagos as a megacity and the issue of having to cope with its incessant population growth vis-à-vis the paucity of basic amenities needed to shove off such a highly vulnerable and competitive milieu.The work employs secondary data to elicit necessary information for its analysis and findings. Such data includes (but not limited to) textbooks, journals newspapers, magazines, periodicals, World Bank and UN-Habitat reports, etc.The findings are that governmental and non-governmental actors are involved in the metropolitan governance of Lagos and its neighbor howbeit in a perfunctory manner. Ogun State government is ostensibly proactive along provision of housing that can add value to the environment but these housing estates are deficient in basic infrastructure such as constant water supply, sewage, refuse pack, security, etc.The paper recommends a synergy among the federal government, Lagos and Ogun States as a means of ameliorating the sufferings of the people living in the area in question, as the population of the area may leap to thirty (30) million in 2025 according to population analysts. Hence, governmental and non-governmental interventions become expedient.

This paper seeks to trace the origins of offences by youths as a distinct social concern in Lagos and examines the categorization of a group, the ‘juvenile delinquent’, by colonial administrators and welfare officers. While organized pickpocketing and prostitution by young people emerged as an issue in Nigerian newspapers in the 1920s, it was largely ignored by local administrators until the appointment, in 1941, of the first Social Welfare Officer. This led to the implementation of new administrative and judiciary machinery which combined two processes: it legislated ‘juvenile delinquency’ into existence as a clearly identifiable social problem; and criminalized a large portion of urban youth, especially female hawkers. The combination of these processes constitutes what can be called the invention of juvenile delinquency in Nigeria.

Fast Moving Consumer Goods are products that are required by almost all users in their day today life. The advertisements for these products need more attention in terms of creating responsiveness among the consumers for their purchase decision. However, consumers are bombarded with lots of information through multiple media like newspapers, magazines and internet but remain engaged from time to time hence lack time to update themselves. This has made it difficult for advertisers to trap consumers hence resort to outdoor messages to reach the target people. Extant studies on the out of home advertising have attempted to elucidate on the challenges of advertising and the attendant supposed solutions, conversely, most of the extant research focus more on developed countries than developing countries such as Nigeria. Hence, this study examined the effect of Out-of-Home Advertising on consumer buying behaviour of selected fast moving consumer goods in Lagos State, Nigeria. Survey research design was adopted for the study. The population of the study consists of individuals living in Lagos State with total number of 2,556,300 and with the sample size of 520 derived from Taro Yamane method. Data was collected using self – administered structured questionnaire and validated for a response rate of 93.4%. Cronbach Alpha reliability for major constructs had an average of 0.80. Random sampling technique was used. The data collected was analysed using simple linear regression. Findings revealed that there is a strong positive and significant relationship between Out-of-Home Advertising and consumer buying behaviour(β= 0.834; R2= 0.695; t(520) = 33.225; p>0.05). The study concludes that Out-of-Home Advertising has significant and positive effect on consumer buying behaviour and recommends that the study findings led to the recommendations that producers of fast moving consumer goods should focus more on out of home advertising such as use of billboards as opposed to other forms of media like T.V and Radio to help boost consumption and sale of their products. The study also recommends marketers of FMCGs to enhance the knowledge and awareness of consumers with regard to existence and location of billboards.

Background: The declaration of COVID-19 as a public health emergency by the World Health Organization necessitated countries across the globe to implement response and mitigation measures. We aimed to assess the Nigerian government's response following six months of detection of COVID-19 in Nigeria. Methods: A narrative review of existing literature on the topic was done. The authors' opinion as experts supporting the COVID-19 pandemic response was included. The review and opinion were summarized, covering six months of the outbreak response in Nigeria. Results: Contact tracing commenced after identifying the index case of COVID-19 in Nigeria but has been faced with challenges such as inadequate equipment and shortage of funds. School closure was implemented barely three weeks after detecting the index case, but the resumption of terminal classes has been announced recently. The Nigerian government implemented restrictions on gatherings involving up to 11 people after three weeks following the detection of the index case of COVID-19. The lack of enforcement and supervision of gatherings and public events made many individuals disregard the restriction measures. Lockdowns on religious gatherings and public events have been recently eased nationwide, and regulatory measures have been put in place. The Nigerian government implemented bans on international travel from all countries, especially high-risk countries. However, the existence of porous borders limited success, which could have been obtained from the travel ban. Conclusion: COVID-19 mitigation measures should be implemented and reinforced as required nationwide and get provided the needed support. References World Health Organization. COVID-19 public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) global research and innovation forum, 2020 February 12. In: WHO 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/covid-19-public-health-emergency-of-international-concern-(pheic)-global-research-and-innovation-forum [Accessed on 26 August 2020].] European centre for disease prevention and control. COVID-19 situation updates worldwide, as of 26 August 2020. In: ECDC 2020. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/geographical-distribution-2019-ncov-cases [ Accessed on 26 August 2020].] Nigeria centre for disease control. COVID-19 outbreak in Nigeria situation report. Abuja. In: NCDC. 2020 Contract No.: S/N: 001. Available from: https://covid19.ncdc.gov.ng/ [Accessed on 26 August 2020]. Ogundele K. UPDATED: FG places travel ban on China, Italy, US, UK, nine others. Punch Newspapers, 2020 Mar 18. Available from: https://punchng.com/breaking-fg-places-travel-ban-on-china-italy-us-uk-others/ [ Accessed on 26 August 2020] Presidential task force on COVID-19. Available from: https://statehouse.gov.ng/covid19/ [Accessed on 26 August 2020]. Okunola A. 5 Challenges facing health care workers in Nigeria as they tackle COVID-19. On 9 June 2020. In: Global citizen. Available from: https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/challenges-for-health-care-workers-nigeria-covid/ [Accessed on 26 August 2020]. Sessou E. COVID-19: Why we provided testing kits in Kano- ADF. 2020 May 8. In: Vanguard. Available from: https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/05/covid-19-why-we-provided-testing-kits-in-kano-adf/ [Accessed on 26 August 2020]. Ilesanmi OS, Afolabi AA. Time to move from vertical to horizontal approach in our COVID-19 response in Nigeria. SciMed J. 2020; 2:28-29. https://doi.org/10.28991/SciMedJ-2020-02-S1-3. Olisa C. Covid-19: FG orders immediate shut down of all schools. 2020 March 20. In: Naira Metrics [Internet]. Available at: https://nairametrics.com/2020/03/20/covid-19-fg-orders-immediate-shut-down-of-all-schools/ [Accessed on 26 August 2020]. Adejayan G. COVID-19: Lagos decontaminates schools for partial resumption. On 1 August 2020 [cited 26 August 2020]. In: Within Nigeria. Available from: https://www.withinnigeria.com/2020/08/01/covid-19-lagos-decontaminates-public-schools-for-partial-resumption/ [Accessed on 26 August 2020]. Oyetimi K, Adewakun A. E-learning: How COVID-19 is reshaping education in Nigeria. On 10 April 2020. Publish In: MSN. Available at: https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/other/e-learning-how-covid-19-is-reshaping-education-in-nigeria/ar-BB12pMEd [Accessed on 26 August 2020]. Hale T, Webster S, Petherick A, Phillips T, Kira B. Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker, Blavatnik School of Government. 2020 March 21. In: Our World in Data. Oxford COVID-19 government response tracker. Available from: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/public-gathering-rules-covid?year=2020-08-26&time=2020-01-01.2020-08-04&region=Africa [Accessed on 26 August 2020]. Lagos police command enforces ban on social gatherings to prevent spread of coronavirus. On 22 March 2020. In Vanguard. Available from: https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/lagos-police-command-enforces-ban-on-social-gatherings-to-prevent-spread-of-coronavirus/ [Accessed on 26 August 2020]. Donohue JM, Miller E. COVID-19 and School Closures. JAMA. 2020;324(9):845-847. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.13092 Sahara Reporters. Nigerian government lifts ban on religious gatherings, reduces curfew hours. On 1 June 2020. In: Sahara Reporters. Available from: http://saharareporters.com/2020/06/01/nigerian-government-lifts-ban-religious-gatherings-reduces-curfew-hours [Accessed on 26 August 2020]. COVID-19: Lagos reels out guidelines for reopening of Mosques, Churches. On 6 August 2020. In: Vanguard. Available from: https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/08/covid-19-lagos-reels-out-guidelines-for-reopening-of-mosques-churches/ [Accessed on 26 August 2020]. Vanguard. Porous borders, cause of rise in COVID-19 cases — FG. On 3 April 2020. In: Vanguard [internet]. Available from: https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/04/porous-borders-cause-of-rise-in-covid-19-cases-fg/ [Accessed on 26 August 2020].

While studies have unveiled the implications of the bubonic plague outbreak in colonial Lagos in the areas of town planning, environmental health and trade, there is a dearth of scholarly writings on the multiplex nature of the biomedical, Christian, Muslim, non-Christian and non-Muslim African responses to the epidemic outbreak. Based on the historical analysis of colonial medical records, newspaper reports, interviews and the literature, this paper concludes that the multiplex and transcultural nature of local responses to the bubonic plague in Lagos disavow the Western biomedical triumphalist claims to epidemic control in Africa during colonial rule.

The literature on the Third Plague Pandemic in West Africa focuses on urbanisation and disease processes in colonial Senegal, Ghana, and Nigeria. Consequently, there is a dearth of historical study of the relational complexities between public health interventions and maritime trade during the outbreak in the region. It is with this in mind that this article examines the historical effects of plague control on internal commerce and international maritime trade in Lagos from 1924 to 1931. The study is based on the historical analysis of colonial administrative, sanitary and medical records as well as newspaper reports. It concludes that the nature of colonial public health intervention was determined by economic policy preferences that impacted distinctively on internal commerce and international maritime trade in Lagos.

Abstract The enhancement of the greenhouse effect in driving increases in temperature and many other changes associated with climate have become great concern to research. The objective of this paper is to estimate the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere in Lagos Metropolis. Literatures on road and air travels were read; and also journal articles on pollution and greenhouse gases, global warming and climate change. Newspaper cuttings, magazines, and electronic media sources of data and information were used. Trends in the growth and development of railway locomotives, marine activities, vehicular movements and air travels in the metropolis were studied and correlated with the estimated greenhouse gases emitted. There is positive correlation. Vehicular movements and air travels have increased by over 50% in the last twenty years. Greenhouse gases are increasing by the day. There must be deliberate checks on gas emission from automobiles, plants and machineries and in the aviation industry. The world is not at rest to arrest the effects of climate change and global warming. Nigeria and Nigerians and particularly Lagosian, the government and research institutions should be parts of the efforts. Key words: Greenhouse Gas, Emissions, Predicaments, Economic Value, Lagos Metropolis.

Lajos Kossuth (1802–1894) has been the symbol of not only the revolution in Hungary in 1848 but also of the Hungarian national movement in general. The article draws attention to some major published reflections of Hungarian politics and mainly its representatives in the Czech press in 1848–1852 with particular focus on Lajos Kossuth in the texts by the journalists Karel Havlíček (periodical production) and Ludwig Rittersberg (Kapesní slovníček novinářský a konversační /A Pocket Dictionary of Journalism and Conversation/). With respect to the genre diversity of their publications (the periodically issued press in the case of Havlíček and collected works, albeit of journalistic character, in the case of Rittersberg), however, it would be almost purposeless to compare these two testimonies of the period in question in detail. Each of them fulfilled their role in the public space: one was engaged in news reporting, whereas the other, after some time, remembered the values, people or events gradually forgotten in the changing political situation after the defeat of the revolution. Although Havlíček and Rittersberg were not in entire ideological agreement and alienated during the revolutionary period, they both criticised Kossuth’s national policy towards Slavs. Havlíček’s Národní noviny [National Newspaper] and his Slovan [The Slav] as well as his publication Duch Národních novin [The Spirit of the National Newspaper] and Epištoly kutnohorské [The Kutná Hora Epistles] were officially forbidden in 1850–1851; likewise the publication of Rittersberg’s work in the Austrian monarchy was forcibly interrupted at the entry ‘Medakovič’ in 1852. In this connection, the author also mentions the prepared glossary of another part of Rittersberg’s work, which remains unprocessed in the Literary Archives of the Museum of Czech Literature, paying attention to Rittersberg’s focus on major Hungarian figures, life and institutions. In the next part of the work, the author, based on her analysis of the list of prohibited publications (Chronologicko-abecední seznam tisků zakazáných v monarchii podle nařízení ministerstva vnitra z roku 1851 a tiskového nařízení policejních úřadů z roku 1852 /A Chronological-Alphabetical List of Publications Prohibited in the Monarchy According to a Decree of the Ministry of the Interior of 1851 and a Press Regulation of Police Authorities of 1852/) has provided specific examples of the restrictions to which the books published on the topic of Hungarian revolution had been subjected. Nevertheless, the governmental authorities were not satisfied with the policy of prohibiting individual publications, so that, in the end, a ban was imposed on 3 March 1853 on any information on Kossuth as well as on the Italian revolutionary Mazzini and on their ‘treacherous proclamations’.

Responding to the international call for strategic information to understand viral hepatitis, this study investigated the health communication practice on hepatitis B virus in Southwest Nigeria. Existing studies on HBV in Nigeria have primarily concentrated on health practitioners and their patients while neglecting detailed empirical data on semiurban and urban demographic information. This study examines health communication channels as predictors of knowledge, attitude, and behavioural practices with an emphasis on three Southwest states (Lagos, Oyo, and Ogun) in Nigeria that have the highest prevalence rate of HBV. Data were gathered through a survey from a total of 600 respondents of Southwest Nigeria randomly selected through the multistage sampling technique. The hypotheses were tested with the use of multiple regression. The result reveals that health communication channels for hepatitis B virus management had a significant influence on knowledge (F = 12.708, Df = 581, P < 0.05 , Sig. at 0.000), attitude (F = 3.430, Df = 581, P < 0.05 , Sig. at 0.000), and preventive practices (F = 11.075, Df = 581, P < 0.05 , Sig. at 0.000) of residents of Southwest Nigeria, respectively. The study concludes that health communication channels such as the television, Internet, radio, newspaper, and health workers positively influence the behavioural practices of residents of Southwest Nigeria. The study recommends the development of a nationwide communication system on HBV targeted at putting an end to the disease in line with the 2030 global elimination objective of Sustainable Development Goal 3.

Este artigo é uma pesquisa etnográfica sobre o “CANDEEIRO”, impresso produzido pela ASA (Articulação Semiárido Brasileiro). A investigação reflete sobre a proposta de comunicação do Candeeiro como experiência comunicativa que não se volta para a informação, mas sim para uma dimensão de comunicação educativa na zona Rural do Nordeste brasileiro. O Candeeiro é produzido a partir das culturas locais do sertanejo em sua convivência com a seca. Problematizamos o conceito de Sistematização de experiências que fundamenta a prática comunicativa para entender como a ASA e as pessoas da localidade pesquisada vivenciam a produção do jornal nessa relação entre comunicação e inclusão de hábitos culturais do sertão. A Pesquisa de campo teve duração de oito meses e aconteceu em Lagoa do Juá, no Ceará, de dezembro 2017 a agosto de 2018. Comunicação; Cultura; Sistematização de Experiências. This article is an ethnographic research on “CANDEEIRO”, printed by ASA (Articulação Semiárido Brasileiro). The investigation reflects on Candeeiro's communication proposal as a communicative experience that does not focus on information, but on an educational communication dimension in the rural area of ​​the Northeast. The Candeeiro is produced from the local cultures of the sertão in its coexistence with drought. We problematize the concept of Systematization of experiences that underlies the communicative practice to understand how the ASA and the people of the researched locality experience the production of the newspaper in this relationship between communication and inclusion of cultural habits. The field survey lasted eight months and took place in Lagoa do Juá, Ceará. Communication; Culture; Systematization of Experience. Este artículo es una investigación etnográfica sobre el Candeeiro, impreso producido por ASA, Articulación para el Semiárido. La investigación refleja la propuesta de comunicación del Candeeiro como experiencia comunicativa que no se centra en la información sino en una dimensión de comunicación educación en el área rural del noreste del Brasil. El Candeeiro se produce a partir de las culturas locales del sertanejo en convivencia con la sequía. Problematizamos el concepto de sistematización de experiencias que subyace a la práctica para entender cómo ASA e las personas de la localidad encuestada experimentan la producción del periódico en esta relación entre la comunicación y la inclusión de hábitos culturales del sertão. La investigación del campo duró ocho meses y tuvo lugar en Lagoa do Juá, Ceará, de diciembre de 2017 a agosto de 2018. Comunicación; Cultura; Sistematización de Experiencias.

In a recent book, El Dorado in West Africa, Raymond E. Dumett examines the history of gold-mining in Wassa Fiase in the Western Province of the Gold Coast during the last three decades of the nineteenth century. Among other thematic preoccupations, Dumett argues that until the late 1890s the British colonial authorities did very little to encourage capitalist gold-mining in Wassa Fiase. Resurrecting the ghost of local crisis, he argues that the colonial intervention in Wassa Fiase was due to king Enimil Kwao's ineptitude, structural conflict inherent in chieftaincy, and problems of African rulers' territorial jurisdictions.Dumett also asserts that it was a forceful London-based antislavcry lobby and Governor George Strahan's tactlessness that drove the colonial state to intervene in Wassa Fiase. Although Britain was at the center stage of the unprecedented global commodification of gold in the late nineteenth century, Dumett evokes serendipity as the cause of the British colonial intervention in the gold-rich Wassa Fiase. Overall, his explication of the aims and processes of colonial rule in Wassa Fiase is couched in theses of an “unpredictable course” and “a government policy (more rather a nonpolicy) [sic] riddled with vacillation and half measures…”The first part of the present study reviews the literature, while the second section, based on new official sources and newspaper accounts, gives additional insights into Enimil Kwao's slave-dealing trial and his consequent exile to Lagos, hence reevaluates the objectives of the colonial state and the Colonial Office. The study complements the work of Francis Agbodeka and Paul Rosenblum, who have respectively argued that colonial rule in Wassa Fiase paved the way for capitalist gold-mining.

A rizicultura é uma atividade econômica importante para o estado de Santa Catarina. Seu estudo dentro de uma perspectiva histórica é fundamental para compreender o envolvimento do plantio do arroz com a cultura, com o PROVÁRZEAS - Programa Nacional para Aproveitamento de várzeas Irrigáveis, e principalmente com os impactos socioambientais ocorridos pelo cultivo do arroz. O presente trabalho desenvolveu pesquisas bibliográficas através de jornais eletrônicos, artigos acadêmicos, livros e monografias para apresentar um panorama a respeito do arroz a partir do PROVÁRZEAS. Através da pesquisa, podem-se perceber as inúmeras festas relativas ao arroz, além de possibilitar uma discussão sobre os impactos causados pelo PROVÁRZEAS como: desmatamento de matas ciliares e contaminação de águas subterrâneas e lagoas através do uso intenso de agrotóxicos.Palavras-chave: Rizicultura; Santa Catarina; História; Meio ambiente. AbstractRice growing is an important economic activity for the state of Santa Catarina. Its study from a historical perspective is fundamental to understand the involvement of rice planting with the culture, with PROVÁRZEAS - National Program for the Use of Irrigable floodplains, and mainly with the socio-environmental impacts occurred by rice cultivation. The present work developed bibliographic research through electronic newspapers, academic articles, books and monographs to present an overview about rice from PROVÁRZEAS. Through the research, one can perceive the countless festivals related to rice, in addition to enabling a discussion on the impacts caused by PROVÁRZEAS such as: deforestation of riparian forests and contamination of groundwater and ponds through the intense use of pesticides.Keywords: Rice Farming; Santa Catarina; History; Environment.

A decisão municipal acerca do modelo mais adequado de gestão dos serviços de saneamento básico ainda é objeto de controvérsias e disputas. Com a perspectiva de compreender o processo político de tomada de decisão, o artigo apresenta e analisa o debate ocorrido em Sete Lagoas (MG) entre a possibilidade de concessão dos serviços para a Companhia de Saneamento de Minas Gerais (Copasa) ou a manutenção do Serviço Autônomo de Água e Esgoto (SAAE). Informações foram levantadas junto à Prefeitura, Câmara dos Vereadores e jornais locais, somadas às entrevistas realizadas com alguns dos principais atores do debate, de modo a recriar o cenário, com suas motivações e interesses acerca dessa importante decisão. Não obstante, o desfecho provisório do caso difere da maioria de tantos outros que vêm ocorrendo no país, a partir da criação das Companhias Estaduais de Saneamento Básico. A falta de posicionamento explícito dos representantes públicos do município e a bipolarização da opinião pública entre o desejo da melhoria dos serviços e, por outro lado, os receios de aumento das tarifas e do desemprego, deram o tom da discussão e culminaram em uma decisão inesperada: o encerramento do debate e a continuidade do SAAE. Palavras-chave: saneamento básico; gestão; concessão; política; participação. Abstract: In Brazil, municipalities’ decision concerning the most adequate model for water and sanitation management is still a controversial issue and a field for frequent conflicts. Addressing the perspective of understanding the policy process on decision-making, this paper presents and analyzes the debate that took place in Sete Lagoas (Minas Gerais) about the possibility of transferring the WSS services to the Companhia de Saneamento de Minas Gerais (Copasa) or keeping it in municipal hands, through the Serviço Autônomo de Água e Esgoto (SAAE). Information was collected in the City Hall, City Council and local newspapers, aswell as through interviews with the main stakeholders, aiming at understanding the political picture, motivations, and interests around the debate. However, the provisional outcome of the case is different than many others that have been taking place elsewhere, after the creation of state companies for water supply and sanitation in Brazil. Public representatives’ lack of a clear political opinion and the divide of the population in two positions – wish for services improvement and fear for tariffs increase and for unemployment – were determinants for the unexpected decision: end of the debate and continuity of the SAAE. Keywords: water supply; sanitation; management; concession; participation.

Las disensiones vividas en Europa en el año 1911 a causa, aunque no sólo, del expansionismo colonial de varios de sus países en el norte de África estuvieron a punto de desencadenar, como es sabido, un conflicto bélico internacional. Es cierto que a finales de ese año y en 1912 distintos acuerdos en que participaron Francia, Alemania, España, el Reino Unido e Italia moderaron por un breve tiempo y de manera superficial su prepotencia y ansia de ampliación de dominios en el continente del sur.La tensión política entre Francia y España en 1911 por la cuestión africana ha atraído en España, si bien con no gran detalle, el interés de numerosos historiadores, pero no, que sepamos, el enfrentamiento entre la prensa de ambas naciones. Éste alcanzó una gran virulencia en muchos periódicos de los dos lados de los Pirineos (fuente principal de nuestra investigación). Recordar los hechos y, en especial, examinar su repercusión en los medios escritos es el principal objetivo del presente trabajo.Palabras claveColonialismo europeo; Marruecos en 1911; Tensión entre Francia y España; La prensa de ambos países. The disagreements that happened in Europe during 1911 because of the Colonial Expansion of several of their countries to North Africa, were about to unchain, as it is actually known, an international war conflict. It is true that, at the end of that year and for 1912, different agreements in which France, Spain, UK and Italy took part, reduced for a short period of time and in a superficial manner, their arrogance and anxiety for spreading their possessions along the continent of the south.The political tension between France and Spain during 1911 has attracted some historians but not, as far as we know, the confrontation between the media of both nations. It reached a great level of bitterness in many newspapers from both sides of the Pyrenees (main source of our investigation). Providing a comprehensive account of the facts and moreover investigating their impact in printed press is the main goal of this project.

RESUMEN: El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar cuáles fueron los temas de la discusión pública que predominaron en los medios de comunicación chilenos durante la campaña presidencial de fines de 2005, y cuáles fueron los temas con que los candidatos y el gobierno aparecieron posicionados en ellos. Utilizando el marco metodológico y conceptual de la teoría de la agenda setting se analizan las interrelaciones entre las agendas de estos tres actores con el objetivo de describir de qué manera se articuló la discusión pública. Se realizó un análisis de contenido cuantitativo de los dos principales diarios y de los noticieros centrales de tres canales nacionales. Los resultados muestran una pauta distinta para la televisión y la prensa escrita, siendo esta última la que está más cerca de los temas con los que los actores políticos aparecen en los medios. El estudio también revela que el entonces presidente Ricardo Lagos y sus voceros muestran en los medios agendas distintas. En cuanto a los candidatos, en un marco de grandes similitudes, tiende a darse un eje de discusión entre la candidata oficialista Michelle Bachelet, por un lado, y sus tres contendores, por otro, los que aparecen con discursos homogeneizados.ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to show the public discussion topics that dominated the mass media during the last presidential election campaign in Chile in late 2005. It also intends to determine the topics for which the candidates and the government appeared in the media. Agenda-setting’s conceptual theory and methodological frame were employed to analyze the inter-relations among the agendas of these three public actors with the aim to describe how the public discussion was articulated. A quantitative content analysis was carried out on the two most influential newspapers and the three most important television newscasts. The results show a difference in television’s agenda compared with newspapers’. In fact, the papers’ agenda is closer to the topics, which the political actors appear in the media. The results also reveal that President Ricardo Lagos and his speakers appear with different agendas in the media. The candidates share many similarities, but while a discussion is evident between the government’s candidate Michelle Bachelet and her three contenders, the latter tend to appear in the media with a homogenous agenda.

ABSTRACT This study examined the media for effective education towards attitudinal change during COVID-19 outbreak in Lagos, Nigeria. This study was anchored on agenda setting and social marketing theories to understand the potential role of the media for health communication interventions. The survey research method was used, while the online questionnaire served as the data instrument. The results showed that almost half of the study sample indicated that they had read sufficient number of newspaper reports on COVID-19 in Nigeria, while more than 30 percent of the respondents had occasionally read newspaper reports on COVID-19 in Nigeria. It was recommended that television and social media platforms should be used to tailor messages that can demonstrate the nature and dangers of viral disease such as COVID-19 so as to influence positive priority behaviours.

Resumen: Este trabajo examina las representaciones del anarcosindicalismo español de un suceso trascendente de la historia argentina: el golpe de Estado de 1930, el primero desde la organización política definitiva de este país. En esta línea, analizo la recepción de las noticias sobre la situación política y social argentina, atendiendo a la evolución de una desconocida y llamativa simpatía por el golpe militar que se plantea inicialmente en las páginas de Solidaridad Obrera, el periódico de la CNT. Se adopta una perspectiva transnacional que tiene en cuenta los diálogos y relaciones entre las distintas tendencias anarquistas a ambos lados del océano y la incidencia del contexto político de cada país. De este modo, además de dar cuenta de los posicionamientos cambiantes de la CNT, el trabajo aporta elementos para examinar el poco conocido devenir del anarquismo argentino en este período.Palabras clave: Anarcosindicalismo español, Representaciones de la Argentina, Primera mitad de los años 30, Golpe de Estado de 1930, Relaciones transnacionales.Abstract: This paper examines the representations of Spanish anarcho-syndicalism of a pivotal event in Argentine history: the coup d'etat of 1930, the first since the final political organization of this country. In order to do so, I analyze the reception of the news about the political and social situation in Argentina, charting the evolution of an unexpected and striking sympathy for the military coup, initially presented in the pages of Solidaridad Obrera, the CNT newspaper. A transnational perspective is adopted, which take into account the dialogues and relationships between the different anarchist tendencies on both sides of the Atlantic, as well as the impact of the political context of each country. Thus, in addition to providing an account of the changing positions of the CNT, the article also explores the little known development of Argentine anarchism in this period.Keywords: Spanish anarcho-syndicalism, Representations of Argentina, First half of the 1930s, Coup d'etat of 1930, Transnational relations.

IntroductionNordic mythology, also known as Norse mythology, is a term used to describe Medieval creation myths and tales of Gods and otherworldly realms, told and retold by Northern Germanic and Scandinavian tribes of the ninth century AD (see for example Gaiman).I discuss a new type of Nordic mythology that is being created through popular culture, social media, books, and television shows. I am interested in how contemporary portrayals of the Nordic countries has created a kind of mythological place called Scandinavia, where things, people, and ideas are better than in other places.Whereas the old myths portray a fierce warrior race, the new myths create a utopian Scandinavia as a place that is inherently good; a place that is progressive and harmonious. In the creation of these new myths the underbelly of the North is often neglected, producing a homogenised representation of a group of countries that are in actuality diverse and inevitably imperfect.ScandimaniaGenerally the term Scandinavia always refers to Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. When including Finland and Iceland, it is more accurate to refer to the five as the Nordic countries. I was born and grew up in Denmark. My observations are skewed towards a focus on Denmark, rather than Scandinavia as a whole. Though I will use the term Nordic and Scandinavia throughout the article, it is worth noting that these definitions describe a group of countries that despite some commonalities are also quite different in geography, and culture.Whether we are speaking strictly of Scandinavia or of the Nordic countries as a whole, one thing is certain: in recent years there has been a surge of popularity in all things Nordic. Scandinavian design has been popular since the 1950s, known for its functionality and simplistic beauty, and globalised through the Swedish furniture chain IKEA. Consequently, Nordic interior design has become a style widely praised and emulated, as has Nordic fashion, architecture, and innovation.The fact that Scandinavian people are often represented as being intelligent and beautiful adds to the notion of stylish and aesthetically pleasing ideals. This is partly why sperm from Danish sperm donors is the most sought after and widely distributed in the world: perhaps prospective parents find the idea of having a baby of Viking stock appealing (Kale). Nordic countries are also known for their egalitarian societies, which are described as “the holy grail of a healthy economy and society” (Cleary). These are countries where the collective good is cherished. Tax rates are high (in Denmark between 55 per cent and 60 per cent of income), which leads to excellent welfare systems.In recent years other terms have entered the collective Western vocabulary. New Nordic Cuisine describes a trend that has taken the culinary world by storm. This term refers to food that is created with seasonal, local, and foraged ingredients. The emphasis being a renewed connection to nature and old ways. In 2016 the Danish word hygge was shortlisted by the Oxford Dictionary as word of the year. A word, which has no direct English translation, it means “a quality of cosiness and comfortable conviviality that engenders a feeling of contentment or well-being (regarded as a defining characteristic of Danish culture)”. Countless books were published in the United Kingdom, and elsewhere, explaining the art of hygge. Other Scandinavian words are now becoming popular, such as the Swedish lagom, meaning “just enough”.In the past two years, the United Nations’ World Happiness Report listed Denmark and Norway as the happiest places on earth. Other surveys similarly put the Nordic countries on top as the most prosperous places on earth (Anderson).Mythologies and Discursive FormationsThe standard definition of myth is a “traditional story, especially one concerning the early history of a people or explaining a natural or social phenomenon, and typically involving supernatural beings or events.” Or “A widely held but false belief or idea” (Oxford Dictionaries, Myth).During what became known as the “discursive turn”, both Barthes and Foucault expanded the conception of myth by placing it within a wider socio-political and historical contexts of power and truth. “Discursive formations” became a commonly accepted way of describing a cluster of ideas, images, and practices that define particular “truths” within a given cultural context (Hall 6). In other words, myths serve specific purposes within given socio-cultural constructions.I argue that the current idolisation of Scandinavia is creating a common global narrative of a superior society. A mythical place that has “figured it out”, and found the key to happiness. The mythologised North is based on an array of media stories, statistics, reports, articles, advertising, political rhetoric, books, films, TV series, exhibitions, and social media activity. These perpetuate a “truth” of the Nordic countries as being especially benign, cultured, and distinguished. The Smiling PolicemanIn his well-known essay Myth Today, Barthes analyses an image of a North African boy in uniform saluting the French flag on the front cover of a magazine. Barthes argues that by analysing the semiotic meaning of the image in two stages, one can identify the “myth”.The first level is the signifiers (what we see), a dark skinned boy, a uniform, a raised arm, a flag. The signified is our recognition of these as a North African boy raising his arm to the French flag. The second level of interpretation is the wider context in which we understand what we see: the greatness of France is signified in the depiction of one of her colonial subjects submitting to and glorifying the flag. That is to say, the myth generated by the image is the story of France as a great colonial and military nation.Now take a look at this image, which was distributed the world over in newspapers, online media, and in turn social media (Warren; Kolff). This image is interesting because it epitomises much of what is believed about Scandinavia (the new myths). If we approach the image through the semiotic lens of Barthes, we firstly describe what is seen in the picture (signifiers): a blonde policeman, a girl of dark complexion, a road in the countryside, a van in the distance, and some other people with backpacks on the side of the road. When we put these elements together in context, we understand that the image to be depicting a Danish policeman, blonde, smiling and handsome, playing with a Syrian refugee girl on an empty Danish highway, with her fellow refugees behind her.The second level of interpretation (the myth) is created by combining the elements into a story: A friendly police officer is playing with a refugee girl, which is unusual because policemen are commonly seen as authoritarian and unfriendly to illegal immigrants. This policeman is smiling. He is happy in his job. He is healthy, good-looking, and compassionate.This fits the image of Scandinavian men as good fathers (they have paternity leave, and often help equally with child rearing). The image confirms that the happiest people on earth would of course also have happy, friendly policemen. The belief that the Scandinavian social model is one to admire would appear to be endorsed.The fact that this is in a rural setting with green landscapes adds further to the notion of Nordic freshness, naturalness, environmentalism, and food that comes from the wild. The fact that the policeman is well-groomed, stylish, well-built, and handsome reinforces the notion that Scandinavia is a place of style and taste, where the good Viking gene pool produces fit and beautiful people.It makes sense that in a place with a focus on togetherness and the common good, refugees are also treated well. Just as the French image of a dark-skinned boy saluting the French flag sent out messages of French superiority, this image sends out messages of inherent Nordic goodness in a time where positive images of the European refugee crisis are few and far between.In a discursive discussion, one asks not only what meanings does this image convey, but why is this image chosen, distributed, shared, tweeted, and promoted over other images? What purpose does its proliferation serve? What is the historical context in which it is popularised? What is the cultural imagination/narrative that is served? In the current often depressing socio-political situation in Europe, people like to know that there is a place where compassion and play exists.Among other news stories of death, despair, and border protection, depictions of an idealised North can help calm anxieties by implying the existence of a place that is free of conflict. Jakob Stougaard-Nielsen writes:The flood of journalistic and popular ethnographic explorations of the Nordic region in the UK is an expression, perhaps, of a search for a lost sense of identity, a nostalgic longing for an imagined past society more in tune with pre-Thatcherite welfarist values, by way of consuming, appropriating and exoticising proximate cultural identities such as the now much hyped Danish or Nordic utopias. (Nordic Noir, 6)In The Almost Nearly Perfect People, British writer Michael Booth wonders: “one thing in particular about this new-found love of all things Scandinavian … which struck me as particularly odd: considering all this positive PR, and with awareness of the so-called Nordic miracle at an all-time high, why wasn’t everyone flocking to live here [in Denmark]?” (7).In actuality not many people in the West are interested in living in the Nordic countries. Rather, as Barbara Goodwin writes: “utopias hold up a mirror to the fears and aspirations of the time in which they were written” (2). In other words, in an age of anxiety, where traditional norms and stabilities are shifting, to believe that there is a place where contemporary societies have found a way of living in happiness and togetherness provides a sense of hope. People are not flocking to live in Scandinavia because it is not in their interests to have their utopian ideals shattered by the reality that, though the North has a lot to offer, it is inevitably not a utopia (Sougaard-Nielsen, The Truth Is).UnderbellyParadoxically, in recent years, Scandinavia has become well known for its “Nordic Noir” crime fiction and television. In the documentary TV series Scandimania, British TV personality Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall travels through Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, exploring the culture, scenery, and food. He finds it curious that Denmark has become so famous for its sombre crime series, such as The Killing and The Bridge, because it seems so far removed from the Denmark he experiences riding around the streets of Copenhagen on his bike.Fearnley-Whittingstall ponders that one has to look hard to find the dark side of Denmark, and that perhaps it does not actually exist at all. This observation points to something essential. Even though millions of viewers worldwide have seen shows such as The Killing, which are known for their dark story lines, bleak urban settings, complex but realistic characters, progressive gender equality, and social commentary, the positive mythologising of Scandinavia remains so strong that it engenders a belief that the underbelly shown in Nordic Noir is perhaps entirely fictional.Stougaard-Nielsen (see also Pitcher, Consuming Race) argues that perhaps the British obsession with Nordic Noir (and this could be applied to other western countries) can be attributed to “a more appropriate white cosmopolitan desire to imagine rooted identities in an age of globalisation steeped in complex identity politics” (Nordic Noir, 8). That is to say that, for a segment of society which feels overwhelmed by contemporary multiculturalism, there may be a pleasure in watching a show that is predominantly populated by white Nordic protagonists, where the homes and people are stylish, and where the Nordic model of welfare and progressive thinking provides a rich identity source for white people as a symbolic point of origin.The watching/reading of Nordic Noir, as well as other preoccupations with all things Nordic, help build upon a mythological sense of whiteness that sets itself apart from our usual notions of race politics, by being an accepted form of longing for the North of bygone ages: a place that is progressive, moral, stylish, and imbued with aspirational ways of living, thinking, and being (Pitcher, Racial Politics).The image of the Danish police officer and the refugee girl fits this ideal of a progressive society where race relations are uncomplicated. The policeman who epitomises the Nordic ideal is in a position of power, but this is an authority which is benevolent. The girl is non-threatening in her otherness, because she is a child and female, and therefore does not fit the culturally dreaded Muslim/terrorist stereotype. In this constellation the two can meet beautifully.The reality, of course, is that the race relations and issues surrounding immigration in Denmark, and in other Nordic countries, are as complicated and often messy and hateful as they are in other countries. In Sweden, as Fearnley-Whittingstall touches upon in Scandimania, there are escalating problems with integration of the many new Swedes and growing inequalities in wealth. In Norway, the underlying race tensions became acutely topical in the aftermath of the 2011 massacre, where right-wing extremist Anders Breivik killed 77 people. Denmark has one of the harshest anti-immigration laws in Europe, laws that are continuously being tightened (Boserup); and whenever visiting Denmark I have been surprised to see how much space and time discussions about immigration and integration take up in the news and current affairs.If we contrast the previous image with the image above, taken within a similar timeframe on the same Danish highway, we can see the reality of Danish immigration policies. Here we are exposed to a different story. The scene and the location is the same, but the power dynamics have shifted from benign, peaceful, and playful to aggressive, authoritarian, and conflict ridden. A desperate father carries his daughter, determined to march on towards their destination of Sweden. The policeman is pulling his arm, attempting to detain the refugees so that they cannot go further, the goal being to deport the Syrians back to their previous place of detention, just over the border in Germany (Harticollis). While the previous image reflects the humanity of the refugee crisis, this image reflects the politics, policies, and to a large extent public opinion in Denmark, which is not refugee-friendly. This image, however, was not widely distributed, partly because it feeds into the same depressing narrative of an unsolvable refugee crisis seen so often elsewhere, and partly because it does not fit into the narrative of the infallible North. It could not be tweeted with the hashtag #Humanity, nor shared on Facebook with a smiley face and liked with an emoji heart.Another image from Denmark, in the form of a politically funded billboard, shows that there are deep-seated tendencies within Danish society that want to promote and retain a Denmark which adheres to its traditional values and ethnic whiteness. The image was displayed all over the country, at train stations, bus stops, and other public spaces when I visited in 2016. It was issued by Dansk Folkeparti (the Danish People’s Party); a party which is anti-immigration and which was until recently the country’s second largest party. The title says “Our Denmark”, while the byline cleverly plays with the double meaning of passe på: it can mean “there is so much we need to take care of”, but also “there is so much we need to beware of.” In other words, the white working-class family needs to take care of their Denmark, and beware of anyone who does not fit into this norm. Though hugely contested and criticised (Cremer; see a counter-reaction designed by opponents below), the fact that thinly veiled anti-immigration propaganda can be so readily distributed speaks of an underbelly in Danish society that is not made of the dark murder mysteries in The Killing, but rather of a quietly brewing distain for the foreigner that reigns within stylishly designed living rooms. ConclusionMyths are stories cultures tell and retell until they form a belief system that becomes a natural part of our collective narrative. For Barthes, these stories were intrinsically connected to our understanding of language and our ability to read images, films, artifacts, and popular culture more generally. To later cultural theorists, the notion of discursive formations expands this understanding, to see myth within a broader network of socio-political discourses placed within a certain place and time in history. When connected, small narratives (images, advertising, film, music, news stories, social media sharing, scientific evidence, etc.) come together to form a common narrative (the myth) about how things are and should be in relation to a particular topic. The culminating popularity of numerous Nordic themes (Nordic television/film, interior design, fashion, cuisine, architecture, lifestyle, sustainability, welfare system, school system, gender equality, etc.) has created a grand narrative of the Nordic countries as a type of utopia: one that shows the rest of the world that an egalitarian society of togetherness and progressive innovation is possible. This mythologisation serves to quell anxieties about the flux and uncertainty of contemporary times, and may also serve to legitimise a yearning for a simple, benign, and progressive whiteness, where we imagine Nordic families sitting peacefully at their beechwood dining tables, candles lit, playing board games. 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