Journal articles: 'Lait – Microbiologie'

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COULON, J. B., E. ROCK, and Y. NOËL. "(only in French) Caractéristiques nutritionnelles des produits laitiers et variations selon leur origine." INRAE Productions Animales 16, no. 4 (August 11, 2003): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2003.16.4.3666.

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Au cours des dernières années de nombreux travaux ont été réalisés sur les caractéristiques sensorielles des fromages d’AOC, dans le cadre général de l’objectivation de leur liaison à leur terroir (voir Martin et al 2003, dans ce même dossier). De plus en plus, et au-delà des produits AOC, les consommateurs sont à la recherche d’information sur les caractéristiques nutritionnelles des aliments qu’ils consomment, et des produits laitiers en particulier. Les fromages d’AOC sont particulièrement concernés par cette question, dans la mesure où les conditions de leur production peuvent conduire à des caractéristiques nutritionnelles spécifiques. Celles-ci relèvent schématiquement de deux domaines distincts, d’une part les caractéristiques liées à la microbiologie des laits et des fromages et d’autre part celles liées à leur teneur en macro ou micro-constituants d’intérêt nutritionnel (protéines, lipides, vitamines, minéraux…).L’objectif de ce texte est de fournir quelques points de repères sur le rôle des micronutriments et de la microflore sur la santé, sur les liens entre la microflore digestive de l’Homme et son système immunitaire, et sur les actions déjà engagées ou en projet pour identifier et comprendre le rôle de la consommation de fromages au lait cru sur la santé humaine. Voir la suite de l'article à l'adresse :https://www6.inrae.fr/productions-animales_eng/content/download/3821/39526/version/1/file/Prod_Anim_2003_16_4_05.pdf

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Grappin, Rémy, Éric Beuvier, Yvette Bouton, and Sylvie Pochet. "Advances in the biochemistry and microbiology of Swiss-typecheeses." Le Lait 79, no. 1 (1999): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/lait:199911.

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Eliskases-Lechner, Frieda, Wolfgang Ginzinger, Harald Rohm, and Eduard Tschager. "Raw milk flora affects composition and quality of Bergkäse. 1. Microbiology and fermentation compounds." Le Lait 79, no. 4 (1999): 385–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/lait:1999432.

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Garayzábal, J. F. Fernández, L. Domínguez Rodríguez, J. A. Vázquez Boland, J. L. Blanco Cancelo, and G. Suárez Fernández. "Listeria monocytogenes dans le lait pasteurisé." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 32, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 149–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m86-029.

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An haemolytic Listeria monocytogenes strain pathogenic to mice was isolated from 6 out of 28 (21.4%) pasteurized milk samples (3.2% fat milk treated at 78 °C for 15 s) marketed by a Madrid processing plant. Listeria grayi was recovered from 25 of the samples (89.2%) and L. innocua from 3 samples (10.7%). One milk sample was contaminated with L. welshimeri. No strains of L. ivanovii, L. seeligeri, L. murrayi, or L. denitrificans were isolated. These results show that pathogenic Listeria strains can be isolated from pasteurized milk and reinforce the hypothesis that this food product may be the source of numerous human listeriosis. [Translated by the journal]

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Rosmiaty, Rosmiaty, Andy Mizwar, Rizmi Yunita, and Erma Agusliani. "Kajian Laik Fisik Sanitasi Dan Kualitas Mikrobiologis Depot Air Minum (DAM) Dibawah Program Pembinaan Dan Pengawasan Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Utara." EnviroScienteae 15, no. 1 (April 29, 2019): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/es.v15i1.6333.

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Determining category of physical appropriateness of DWS under health office development and controlling program of Hulu Sungai Utara Regency, Determining Microbiology quality of DWA under health office development and controlling program of Hulu Sungai Utara Regency, analyzing the correlation of physical appropriateness and microbiology quality if DWS under health office development and controlling program of Hulu Sungai Utara Regency. This is a quantitative study using cross-sectional research design in which the research was conducted in a certain period of time, the location of research was in 10 service area of the public health center in 9 subdistricts under health office development and controlling program of Hulu Sungai Utara Regency. It was found that 30 DWS (Drinking Water Storehouse) is under health office development and controlling program of Hulu Sungai Utara Regency, DWS which categorized as physically not Appropriate (TLF) was 20 DWS (66,7%) and categorized as physically appropriate (LF) was 10 DWS (33,3%). Microbiology quality of Balangan, Tabalong, Negara, Tangkawang and Rantau Bujur Darat River were excess the standard of quality of class I intended for the drinking water source. Microbiology quality of water source (PDAM) from 30 samples, it was found that 14 samples (46,7%) contained Coliform and E. coli, there were 2 samples (6,7%) contained only Coliform. Quality of microbiology and water product of 30 DWS, it was found that 2 DWS contained Coliform, all water of DWS production did not contain E.coli. Statistical test of the correlation of physical appropriateness and microbiology quality of river water cannot be conducted because all samples have the same category which is TMS so that there was no difference in result data of category determination. There was no significant difference between physical appropriateness with microbiology quality of Coliform (p=0,260) and E.coli (p = 0,235) raw water of DWS. There was no significant correlation of physical appropriateness with microbiology quality of Coliform (p = 0,540) water product of DWS, meanwhile for statistical test for correlation of physical appropriateness and microbiology quality of E.coli of water product cannot be conducted because there was no difference in result data of category determination so that all samples has the same category.

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De Graaf, T., J. J. Romero Zuñiga, M. Caballero, and R. H. Dwinger. "Aspects de la qualité microbiologique de lait de vache dans une coopérative de petits éleveurs à Turrialba au Costa Rica." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 50, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9603.

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Des facteurs et des moments critiques influant sur la qualité hygiénique du lait ont été examinés au Costa Rica dans une coopérative de petits éleveurs laitiers qui livraient tous leur lait à une laiterie. Le lait de toutes les vaches en lactation a été examiné avec le CMT (California Mastitis Test). Le lait positif au CMT a subi un examen bactériologique (EB). En outre, des échantillons de lait ont été prélevés dans les cuves de stockage pour le comptage des cellules somatique (CCS) et EB. Huit pour cent des échantillons positifs au CMT ont révélé la présence de S. aureus. Vingt-huit pourcent des échantillons prélevés dans les cuves de stockage contenaient S. aureus et 79 % des échantillons contenaient E. coli. Tous les échantillons pris dans les cuves de stockage de la laiterie avaient un nombre de CFU supérieurà 2.106 cellules/ml. Ce lait était fortement contaminé par des agents bactériologiques provenant de l'environnement. Le refroidissement du lait était inadéquat. La méthode de préparation des mamelles, les appareils de traite insuffisamment aseptisés et l'eau de nettoyage étaient les principales sources de contamination du lait.

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Karapats, M. M., and L. A. Kraeva. "DISCIPLES OF PASTEUR FROM RUSSIA." Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity 8, no. 4 (January 16, 2019): 418–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-2018-4-418-424.

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Abstract. Outstanding scientist, microbiologist, chemist Louis Pasteur left a great legacy to future generations: many discoveries in the relevant fields of science, a large number of disciples, followers and the Paris Institute, bearing his name. Among Pasteur's disciples were more than a hundred Russian scientists, whose fate was different. Some of them returned Home and were able to make a significant contribution to the development of microbiology and immunology in Russia. Not all the names of Pasteur's disciples are known to a wide range of microbiologists. Therefore, the article presents brief materials about some more or less well known scientists-followers of Louis Pasteur. L.S. Tsenkovsky may be considered the founder of microbiology in Russia, who in 1882 published the book "Microorganisms", and later was able to independently create a vaccine against anthrax. Numerous trips to the Pasteur Institute in Paris had a positive value — Lev Semenovich was able to assess how to be equipped laboratories that deal with serious problems in the field of microbiology. Students of Pasteur L.L. Heydenreich, A.D. Pavlovsky, M.F. Popov, A.I. Sudakov, A.A. Raevsky was able not only to develop scientific areas in microbiology, but also to transfer their knowledge to students of medical and veterinary faculties of universities in various cities of Russia, students of the St. Petersburg Military medical Academy and military doctors. I.I. Mechnikov and N.F. Gamalea were great friends and colleagues of Pasteur for many years. Together with Pasteur, they made a great contribution to the prosperity of the Paris Institute and the maintenance of the glory of its founder. The role of these scientists in the world heritage in the field of immunology and microbiology is difficult to overestimate. Associate I.I. Mechnikova was also D.K. Zabolotny, who managed to organize the departments of microbiology and epidemiology in several higher educational institutions of Russia and Ukraine. And, of course, the unsurpassed contribution to the organization of the Pasteur Institute in Russia on the model of the Paris Institute belongs to G.D. Belonovsky. Thanks to his efforts, the Sero-diagnostic laboratory gradually developed into the St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute. Many disciples of Pasteur laid the foundation of a number of scientific areas in Russia: microbiology, immunology, toxicology, hygiene. Thanks to the efforts of enthusiasts among the followers of Louis Pasteur managed to establish in Russia (St. Petersburg) Institute, similar to Paris, also named after him. Each of the disciples of Pasteur thanks to selfless work was able to prove his high rank and make a significant contribution to the development of science for the health of the population of the Homeland.

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Maiwore, J., M. P. Baane, L. Tatsadjieu Ngoune, J. A. Fadila, M. Yaouba Yero, and D. Montet. "Qualité microbiologique et physico-chimique des laits fermentés consommés à Maroua (Cameroun)." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 12, no. 3 (November 9, 2018): 1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v12i3.13.

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Tudela, E., J. Croizé, A. Lagier, and M. R. Mallaret. "Surveillance microbiologique des échantillons de laits infantiles et des surfaces dans une biberonnerie hospitalière." Pathologie Biologie 56, no. 5 (July 2008): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patbio.2007.09.015.

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Nigatu, A. "Evaluation of numerical analyses of RAPD and API 50 CH patterns to differentiate Lactobacillus plantarum, Lact. fermentum, Lact. rhamnosus, Lact. sake, Lact. parabuchneri, Lact. gallinarum, Lact. casei, Weissella minor and related taxa isolated from kocho and tef." Journal of Applied Microbiology 89, no. 6 (December 2000): 969–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01202.x.

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Gönenç, I. E., and M. Kerestecioǧlu. "Starting-Up of a Full-Scale Two-Phase Contact Process Treating Citric Acid Wastewater." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 9 (September 1, 1990): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0080.

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The results of three years' starting-up period of the phased-recycled flocs system (contact process) treating citric acid factory wastewater are presented in the light of the process characterization approach. After the description of the system and starting-up studies, the reasons of and remedies for the problems of starting-up are discussed with emphasis laid on the biochemistry and microbiology, design and operation parameters,and environmental factors of the anaerobic process.

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Gosalbes, Marı́a J., Carlos D. Esteban, and Gaspar Pérez-Martı́nez. "In vivo effect of mutations in the antiterminator LacT in Lactobacillus casei." Microbiology 148, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 695–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-148-3-695.

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Bekhouche, Farida, Estelle Bonnin, Abderrahmane Boulahrouf, and Jean Yves Leveau. "Production d'enzyme polygalacturonase par des souches microbiennes isolées du lait cru et des olives noires et vertes." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 52, no. 7 (July 1, 2006): 658–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w06-024.

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Forty microbial strains isolated from raw milk samples and black and green olives were grown in MP5 (mineral pectin 5) medium containing 0.5% lemon pectin. All strains synthesized an extracellular polygalacturonase. Rhodotorula sp. ONRh9 (0.44 U·mL–1) and Leuconostoc sp. LLn1 (0.16 U·mL–1), which had a more active poly galacturonase in MP5 medium, were studied in MAPG5 medium containing polygalacturonic acid. Highest biomass and polygalacturonase production by these two strains were observed for polygalacturonic acid concentrations of 10 g·L–1 (Rhodotorula sp. ONRh9) and 5 g·L–1 (Leuconostoc sp. LLn1) and for initial pH values of 6 (Rhodotorula sp. ONRh9) and 5.5 (Leuconostoc sp. LLn1). The two strains grown in fermenters in MAPG5 medium generated the following results: with controlled initial pH, Rhodotorula sp. produced maximum biomass (DO) and polygalacturonase (PG) after 20 h (DO, 3.86; PG, 0.24 U·mL–1) of growth, and this level was sustained until the end of the culture; Leuconostoc sp. LLn1 synthesized more cells and polygalacturonase between 4 h (DO, 1.80; PG, 0.17 U·mL–1) and 24 h (DO, 3.90; PG, 0.27 U·mL–1) of culture. With uncontrolled initial pH, the cultures produced maximum biomass and poly galacturonase after 20 h (DO, 3.30; PG, 0.26 U·mL–1) for Rhodotorula sp. ONRh9 and 10 h (DO, 2.84; PG, 0.17 U·mL–1) for Leuconostoc sp. LLn1.Key words: Leuconostoc, Rhodotorula, polygalacturonic acid, polygalacturonase, cell growth.[Journal translation]

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Rodriguez, Lucas Domínguez, Jose F. Fernández Garayzabal, Jose A. Vazquez Boland, Elias Rodriguez Ferri, and Guillermo Suarez Fernández. "Isolation de micro-organismes du genre Listeria à partir de lait cru destiné à la consommation humaine." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 31, no. 10 (October 1, 1985): 938–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m85-176.

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Refrigerated mixtures of raw milk provided by a dairy which was supplied by farms from west and central Spain were tested for the presence of Listeria microorganisms. A total of 95 samples were taken at regular intervals over a 16-month period. Listeria grayi was isolated from 89.5% of the samples, Listeria monocytogenes s. str. from 45.3%, Listeria innocua from 15.8%, Listeria welshimeri from 3.1%, and Listeria seeligeri from 1.05%. Listeria ivanovii, Listeria murrayi, and Listeria denitrificans were not isolated.[Translated by the journal]

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Malek, Fadila. "Bactéries sporulées et biofilms : un problème récurrent dans les lignes de production de lait reconstitué ou recombiné pasteurisé." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 65, no. 6 (June 2019): 405–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2018-0435.

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Rodríguez, Lucas Domínguez, Jose F. Fernández Garayzabal, Jose A. Vazquez Boland, Elias Rodríguez Ferri, and Guillermo Suárez Fernández. "Erratum: Isolation de micro-organismes du genre Listeria à partir de lait cru destiné à la consommation humaine." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 32, no. 3 (March 1, 1986): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m86-056.

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MIYAMOTO, T., T. HORIE, E. BABA, K. SASAI, T. FUKATA, and A. ARAKAWA. "Salmonella Penetration through Eggshell Associated with Freshness of Laid Eggs and Refrigeration." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 350–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.3.350.

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Effects of egg age after laying and refrigeration on penetration of the eggshell by Salmonella enteritidis (SE) and Salmonella typhimurium (ST) were examined. Eggs 0.25 to 3 h, 3.25 to 6 h, 1 day, and 7 days old held at two temperatures were immersed in SE or ST suspensions containing 103 or 106 CFU/ml at 25°C for 10 min. After holding at 25°C for 2 h, the inner eggshell and egg contents were examined for Salmonella cells. The recovery rates of Salmonella cells from both the inner eggshell and egg contents of the 0.25- to 3-h-old eggs were significantly higher than those of other groups, especially at the high-exposure dose. There was no significant difference noted between SE and ST in ability to penetrate through eggshell. Salmonella penetration was significantly decreased by cooling the eggs at 4°C for 15 min prior to immersing them in SE or ST suspension. The data suggested that Salmonella cells readily penetrated through the shell of freshly laid eggs, but that this penetration was suppressed by cooling the eggs before they were exposed to Salmonella suspensions.

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Agustina, Tri Wahyu, Nuryani Y. Rustaman, Riandi Riandi, and Widi Purwianingsih. "PENDEKATAN STREAM (SCIENCE-TECHNOLOGY-RELIGION-ENGINEERING-ARTS-MATHEMATICS) MEMBEKALKAN KEBIASAAN BERPIKIR MAHASISWA." EDUSAINS 12, no. 2 (December 5, 2020): 283–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/es.v12i2.17605.

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THE STREAM APPROACH (SCIENCE-TECHNOLOGY-RELIGION-ENGINEERING-ARTS-MATHEMATICS) PROVIDES STUDENTS 'THINKING HABITSAbstractThis research develops an Applied Biology learning program using a science-technology-religion-engineering-arts-mathematics (STREAM) approach that can equip students with habits of mind. These thinking habits include systems thinking skills. The Applied Biology learning content includes compost making, nata de soya making, and biopesticides making. The research was carried out in the Microbiology course on the topic of Applied Microbiology. During the lectures, the learning process combines the 3Es learning cycle model (exploration-explanation-expansion phase), Jigsaw-type cooperative, and a combination of various learning methods. Students are trained in scientific process skills and designing /engineering skills. The products of the program consisted of modifications to the syllabus and the microbiology course matrix, performance tasks on students' worksheet, the STREAM approach scheme, system thinking skills' question instruments, concept map rubrics and scores. The resul indicate that system thinking skills in Applied Biology learning content could be equipped to students using the STREAM approach. AbstrakPenelitian mengembangkan program pembelajaran Biologi Terapan menggunakan pendekatan science-technology-religion-engineering-arts-mathematics (STREAM) yang dapat membekalkan kebiasaan berpikir. Kebiasaan berpikir tersebut diantaranya keterampilan berpikir sistem (KBS). Konten Biologi Terapan antara lain pembuatan kompos, nata de soya, dan biopestisida. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada perkuliahan Mikrobiologi pada pokok bahasan Mikrobiologi Terapan. Selama pembelajaran memadukan model siklus belajar 3Es (fase eksplorasi-pengenalan konsep-aplikasi konsep), kooperatif tipe Jigsaw, dan kombinasi metode belajar. Mahasiswa dilatihkan keterampilan proses saintifik dan mendesain (engineering). Produk program terdiri dari modifikasi pada silabus dan modifikasi matriks perkuliahan Mikrobiologi, tugas kinerja (task) pada lembar kerja mahasiswa (LKM), skema pendekatan STREAM, instrument soal KBS, dan skor beserta rubrik peta konsep. Hasil penelitian mengidikasikan bahwa KBS dapat dibekalkan kepada mahasiswa menggunakan pendekatan STREAM.

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Mruh, V. M., O. F. Mruh, O. V. Rymsha, O. K. Stukan, and N. V. Shchepina. "Interdisciplinary integration of microbiology and psychiatry in diagnostics of progressive paralysis." Reports of Vinnytsia National Medical University 24, no. 1 (May 18, 2020): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31393/reports-vnmedical-2020-24(1)-26.

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Annotation. The article argues the importance of interdisciplinary integration of theoretical and clinical disciplines in the preparation of a doctor. The purpose of the work is to ensure the formation of an integrated system of knowledge, skills and practical skills necessary to justify the diagnosis of neurosyphilis of syphilis, methods of laboratory diagnostics and etiological therapy of progressive paralysis, which are laid down when studying a course of Microbiology and are fixed when mastering the educational discipline of Psychiatry and Narcology. Over the past 30 years, an increase in the incidence of syphilis has been observed throughout the world, and the number of cases of neurosyphilis and late forms of the disease has been increasing. This can be attributed to the late visits of patients to the doctor, the widespread uncontrolled unqualified treatment and the frequent association of syphilis and HIV infection. The main clinical signs of progressive paralysis are cognitive impairment, impaired regulation of voluntary activity, emotional and behavioral disorders, pseudo-neurotic symptoms, uncriticality, pathognomonic and nonspecific neurological disorders. For diagnosis, neuropsychological scales are used as screening techniques. As a rule, the diagnosis is confirmed by positive standard serological reactions: the Wassermann complement binding reaction, the pale treponema immobilization reaction, and the immune fluorescence reaction. For the diagnosis of late and latent forms of syphilis, the result of which is the development of progressive paralysis, Wassermann reaction with cerebrospinal fluid is also used. From modern studies, enzyme immunoassay and the molecular genetic method, the Lange reaction are used. Of great importance are laboratory indicators of the presence of inflammatory phenomena and neuroimaging methods. Thus, reliable diagnosis of progressive paralysis using the clinical anamnestic method, neuropsychological scales, laboratory methods of research and assessment of neurological status will help to solve the main task of the doctor — to help the patient by prescribing reasonable etiotropic and pathogenetic therapy.

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Gürtler, Michael, and Karsten Fehlhaber. "Growth of Salmonella enteritidis in yolk from eggs laid by immunized hens." International Journal of Food Microbiology 90, no. 1 (January 2004): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1605(03)00300-3.

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Sunarto, Asril Adi, and Siti Muawamah Robial. "PARALELISASI NEEDLEMAN-WUNSCH." Jurnal Teknoinfo 13, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33365/jti.v13i1.230.

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Peran ilmu komputer diberbagai domain ilmu lain telah banyak membantu dalam memecahkan masalah komputasi seperti dalam microbiologi dalam melakukan proses penjajaran DNA. Salah satu teknik dalam penjajaran urutan DNA adalah Needleman-Wunsch yang menggunakan dynamic programming. Kompleksitas dynamic programming ini mencapai O(n2). Untuk mengurangi kompleksitas tersebut, maka salah satunya dengan menggunakan komputer pararel. Penelitian ini berfokus pada paralelisasi Needlemen-Wunsch dengan menggunakan dua komputer yang saling terhubung dan sampel DNA dari GenBank: D85708.1 dan X51404.1. Tahap pengisian matrik dengan komputer pertama mengerjakan matriks segitiga atas, sisanya dengan komputer kedua. Hasilnya nilai speed up menurun drastis hingga 0.3 dan efisiensi mencapai 15 %. Besarnya kompleksitas komunikasi saat pemrosesan menjadi penyebab menurunnya performa hingga 3 kali lipat lebih lambat dari komputer tunggal. Buruknya nilai speed up dan efisiensi tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa untuk mempercepat metode Needlemen-Wunsch sangat tidak mungkin dan keliru memilih komputer pararel untuk menjadi suatu solusi.Kata Kunci: bioinformatika, dynamic programming, komputer pararel, needlemen-wunsch, sequence alignment.

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Crapisi, A., P. Spettoli, M. P. Nuti, and A. Zamorani. "Comparative traits ofLactobacillus brevis, Lact. fructivoransandLeuconostoc oenosimmobilized cells for the control of malo-lactic fermentation in wine." Journal of Applied Bacteriology 63, no. 6 (December 1987): 513–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1987.tb02721.x.

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Vogelxy, R. F., M. Lohmann, Margarethe Nguyen, Andrea N. Weller, and W. P. Hammes. "Molecular characterization of Lactobacillus curvatus and Lact. sake isolated from sauerkraut and their application in sausage fermentations." Journal of Applied Bacteriology 74, no. 3 (March 1993): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb03029.x.

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Peng, Huasong, Muhammad Bilal, and Hafiz Iqbal. "Improved Biosafety and Biosecurity Measures and/or Strategies to Tackle Laboratory-Acquired Infections and Related Risks." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 12 (November 29, 2018): 2697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122697.

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Herein, we reviewed laboratory-acquired infections (LAIs) along with their health-related biological risks to provide an evidence base to tackle biosafety/biosecurity and biocontainment issues. Over the past years, a broad spectrum of pathogenic agents, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites, or genetically modified organisms, have been described and gained a substantial concern due to their profound biological as well as ecological risks. Furthermore, the emergence and/or re-emergence of life-threatening diseases are of supreme concern and come under the biosafety and biosecurity agenda to circumvent LAIs. Though the precise infection risk after an exposure remains uncertain, LAIs inspections revealed that Brucella spp., Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Rickettsia spp., and Neisseria meningitidis are the leading causes. Similarly, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as well as hepatitis B (HBV) and C viruses (HCV), and the dimorphic fungi are accountable for the utmost number of viral and fungal-associated LAIs. In this context, clinical laboratories at large and microbiology, mycology, bacteriology, and virology-oriented laboratories, in particular, necessitate appropriate biosafety and/or biosecurity measures to ensure the safety of laboratory workers and working environment, which are likely to have direct or indirect contact/exposure to hazardous materials or organisms. Laboratory staff education and training are indispensable to gain an adequate awareness to handle biologically hazardous materials as per internationally recognized strategies. In addition, workshops should be organized among laboratory workers to let them know the epidemiology, pathogenicity, and human susceptibility of LAIs. In this way, several health-related threats that result from the biologically hazardous materials can be abridged or minimized and controlled by the correct implementation of nationally and internationally certified protocols that include proper microbiological practices, containment devices/apparatus, satisfactory facilities or resources, protective barriers, and specialized education and training of laboratory staffs. The present work highlights this serious issue of LAIs and associated risks with suitable examples. Potential preventive strategies to tackle an array of causative agents are also discussed. In this respect, the researchers and scientific community may benefit from the lessons learned in the past to anticipate future problems.

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Rekstin, Andrey, Yulia Desheva, Irina Kiseleva, Ted Ross, David Swayne, and Larisa Rudenko. "Live Attenuated Influenza H7N3 Vaccine is Safe, Immunogenic and Confers Protection in Animal Models." Open Microbiology Journal 8, no. 1 (December 31, 2014): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874285801408010154.

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Background:In 2003 the outbreak of highly pathogenic H7 avian influenza occurred in the Netherlands. The avian H7 virus causing the outbreak was also detected in humans; one person died of pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Our paper describes preclinical studies of a H7N3 live attenuated influenza A vaccine (LAIV) candidate in various animal models.Objectives:To study safety, immunogenicity and protection of H7N3 LAIV candidate in mice, ferrets and chickens.Methods:The vaccine was generated by a classical reassortment between low pathogenicity A/mallard/Netherlands/00 (H7N3) virus and A/Leningrad4/17/57 (H2N2) master donor virus (MDV).Results:Immunogenicity was found that H7N3 LAIV was similar to the MDV in terms of replication in the respiratory organs of mice and failed to replicate in mouse brains. One dose of a H7N3 LAIV elicited measurable antibody response and it was further boosted with a second vaccine dose. Immunization of mice with H7N3 LAIV provided protection against infection following a homologous challenge with wild type H7N3 virus. Attenuated phenotype of H7N3 LAIV has been confirmed in ferrets. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of H7N3 LAIV in ferrets were also demonstrated. The vaccine protected animals from subsequent infection with wild type H7N3 virus. The results of histopathology study revealed that inoculation of H7N3 LAIV in ferrets did not cause any inflammation or destructive changes in lungs.Lack of H7N3 LAIV replication in chicken demonstrated complete safety of this preparation for poultry.Conclusion:Results of our study suggest that new H7N3 LAIV candidate is safe, immunogenic and protects from homologues influenza virus infection in mice and ferrets.

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Pillai, S. P. S., Y. M. Saif, and C. W. Lee. "Detection of Influenza A Viruses in Eggs Laid by Infected Turkeys." Avian Diseases 54, no. 2 (June 2010): 830–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/9102-101209-reg.1.

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GAST, RICHARD K., and C. W. BEARD. "Detection and Enumeration of Salmonella enteritidis in Fresh and Stored Eggs Laid by Experimentally Infected Hens." Journal of Food Protection 55, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-55.3.152.

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Laying hens were orally inoculated with a phage type 13a strain of Salmonella enteritidis (SE). Eggs laid by the infected hens were collected daily between the 4th and 14th d postinoculation and randomly allocated into three groups. One group of eggs was sampled on the day of collection, one group was held for 7 d at 7.2°C before sampling, and one group was held for 7 d at 25°C before sampling. The frequency and level of detectable contamination of egg contents by SE were determined for each group. Only 3% of the freshly laid eggs and 4% of the eggs held for 7 d at refrigerator temperature were identified as having SE-contaminated contents, whereas SE was isolated from the contents of 16% of eggs held for 7 d at room temperature. Enumeration of SE in contaminated eggs indicated greater numbers of SE in eggs held for 7 d at 25°C than in eggs from the other two groups, although most contaminated eggs in all three groups contained relatively small numbers of SE (generally less than 10/ml and rarely exceeding 100/ml).

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Kotomina, Tatiana, Irina Isakova-Sivak, Ekaterina Stepanova, Daria Mezhenskaya, Victoria Matyushenko, Polina Prokopenko, Konstantin Sivak, Irina Kiseleva, and Larisa Rudenko. "Neutralizing epitope of the Fusion Protein of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Embedded in the HA Molecule of LAIV Virus is not Sufficient to Prevent RS Virus Pulmonary Replication but Ameliorates Lung Pathology following RSV Infection in Mice." Open Microbiology Journal 14, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874285802014010147.

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Aims: To develop experimental bivalent vaccines against influenza and RSV using a cold-adapted LAIV backbone. Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a causative agent of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in young children, elderly and immunocompromised adults. No vaccine against RSV has been licensed to date for various reasons. One of the promising platforms for designing RSV vaccine is the use of live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) viruses to deliver RSV epitopes to the respiratory mucosa. Objective: To generate recombinant LAIV viruses encoding a neutralizing epitope of the RSV fusion protein and assess their protective potential against both influenza and RSV infections in a mouse model. Methods: Reverse genetics methods were used to rescue recombinant LAIV+HA/RSV viruses expressing chimeric hemagglutinins encoding the RSV-F epitope at its N-terminus using two different flexible linkers. BALB/c mice were intranasally immunized with two doses of the recombinant viruses and then challenged with the influenza virus or RSV. The LAIV viral vector and formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) were included as control vaccines. Protection was assessed by the reduction of virus pulmonary titers. In addition, RSV-induced lung pathology was evaluated by histopathology studies. Results: Two rescued chimeric LAIV+HA/RSV viruses were identical to the LAIV vector in terms of replication capacity in vitro and in vivo. The RSV-F neutralizing epitope was successfully expressed only if inserted into the HA molecule via G-linker, but not A-linker. Both chimeric viruses induced high influenza-specific antibody levels and fully protected mice against a lethal influenza challenge virus. However, they induced weak anti-RSV antibody responses which did not prevent RS virus replication upon challenge, and only LAIV-HA+G-RSV variant protected mice against RSV-induced lung pathology. Conclusion: Although the designed LAIV-RSV chimeric viruses were unable to neutralize the RS virus pulmonary replication, the LAIV-HA+G-RSV reduced RSV-induced lung pathology and can be considered a promising bivalent vaccine against influenza and RSV infections and warrants its further development.

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Pouliot, Y., P. Paquin, O. Robin, and J. Giasson. "Étude comparative de l'effet de la microfluidisation et de l'homogénéisation sur la distribution de la taille des globules de gras du lait de vache." International Dairy Journal 1, no. 1 (January 1991): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0958-6946(91)90026-5.

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Gosalbes, María José, Vicente Monedero, and Gaspar Pérez-Martínez. "Elements Involved in Catabolite Repression and Substrate Induction of the Lactose Operon in Lactobacillus casei." Journal of Bacteriology 181, no. 13 (July 1, 1999): 3928–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.13.3928-3934.1999.

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ABSTRACT In Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393, the chromosomally encoded lactose operon, lacTEGF, encodes an antiterminator protein (LacT), lactose-specific phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS) elements (LacE and LacF), and a phospho-β-galactosidase. lacT, lacE, andlacF mutant strains were constructed by double crossover. The lacT strain displayed constitutive termination at a ribonucleic antiterminator (RAT) site, whereas lacE andlacF mutants showed an inducer-independent antiterminator activity, as shown analysis of enzyme activity obtained from transcriptional fusions of lac promoter (lacp) and lacpΔRAT with the Escherichia coli gusAgene in the different lac mutants. These results strongly suggest that in vivo under noninducing conditions, the lactose-specific PTS elements negatively modulate LacT activity. Northern blot analysis detected a 100-nucleotide transcript starting at the transcription start site and ending a consensus RAT sequence and terminator region. In a ccpA mutant, transcription initiation was derepressed but no elongation through the terminator was observed in the presence of glucose and the inducing sugar, lactose. Full expression oflacTEGF was found only in a man ccpA double mutant, indicating that PTS elements are involved in the CcpA-independent catabolite repression mechanism probably via LacT.

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Gaier, W., R. F. Vogel, and W. P. Hammes. "Genetic transformation of intact cells of Lactobacillus curvatus Lc2-c and Lact. sake Ls2 by elctroporation." Letters in Applied Microbiology 11, no. 2 (August 1990): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765x.1990.tb01280.x.

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Keller, L. H., C. E. Benson, K. Krotec, and R. J. Eckroade. "Salmonella enteritidis colonization of the reproductive tract and forming and freshly laid eggs of chickens." Infection and immunity 63, no. 7 (1995): 2443–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.63.7.2443-2449.1995.

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Stepanova, Ekaterina, Elena Krutikova, Pei-Fong Wong, Victoria Matyushenko, Ekaterina Bazhenova, Irina Isakova-Sivak, and Larisa Rudenko. "Safety, Immunogenicity, and Protective Efficacy of a Chimeric A/B Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine in a Mouse Model." Microorganisms 9, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020259.

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Influenza A and B viruses cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current influenza vaccines are composed of three or four strains: A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B (Victoria and Yamagata lineages). It is of great interest if immunization against both type A and B influenza viruses can be combined in a single vaccine strain, thus reducing the cost of vaccine production and the possibility of strain interference within the multicomponent vaccine. In the current study, we developed an experimental live cold-adapted influenza intertype reassortant (influenza A and B) vaccine on the live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) A/Leningrad/134/17/57 backbone. Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) functional domains were inherited from the influenza B/Brisbane/60/2008 strain, whereas their packaging signals were substituted with appropriate fragments of influenza A virus genes. The recombinant A/B virus efficiently replicated in eggs and Madin–Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells under optimal conditions, temperature-sensitive phenotype was maintained, and its antigenic properties matched the influenza B parental virus. The chimeric vaccine was attenuated in mice: after intranasal immunization, viral replication was seen only in nasal turbinates but not in the lungs. Immunological studies demonstrated the induction of IgG antibody responses against the influenza A and B virus, whereas hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and neutralizing antibodies were detected only against the influenza B virus, resulting in significant protection of immunized animals against influenza B virus challenge. IFNγ-secreting CD8 effector memory T cells (CD44+CD62L−) were detected in mouse splenocytes after stimulation with the specific influenza A peptide (NP366); however, the T-cell response was not sufficient to protect animals against infection with a high-dose mouse-adapted A/California/07/2009 (H1N1pdm09) virus, most probably due to the mismatch of key T-cell epitopes of the H1N1 virus and the LAIV backbone. Overall, generation of the chimeric A/B LAIV virus on a licensed LAIV backbone demonstrated prospects for the development of safe and efficacious vaccine candidates that afford combined protection against both type A and type B influenza viruses; however, further optimization of the T-cell epitope content within the LAIV backbone may be required.

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Kiseleva, Irina, Natalie Larionova, Ekaterina Fedorova, Ekaterina Bazhenova, Irina Dubrovina, Irina Isakova-Sivak, and Larisa Rudenko. "Contribution of Neuraminidase of Influenza Viruses to the Sensitivity to Sera Inhibitors and Reassortment Efficiency." Open Microbiology Journal 8, no. 1 (July 11, 2014): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874285801408010059.

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Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) represent reassortant viruses with hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene segments inherited from circulating wild-type (WT) parental influenza viruses recommended for inclusion into seasonal vaccine formulation, and the 6 internal protein-encoding gene segments from cold-adapted attenuated master donor viruses (genome composition 6:2). In this study, we describe the obstacles in developing LAIV strains while taking into account the phenotypic peculiarities of WT viruses used for reassortment. Genomic composition analysis of 849 seasonal LAIV reassortants revealed that over 80% of reassortants based on inhibitor-resistant WT viruses inherited WT NA, compared to 26% of LAIV reassortants based on inhibitor-sensitive WT viruses. In addition, the highest percentage of LAIV genotype reassortants was achieved when WT parental viruses were resistant to non-specific serum inhibitors. We demonstrate that NA may play a role in influenza virus sensitivity to non-specific serum inhibitors. Replacing NA of inhibitor-sensitive WT virus with the NA of inhibitor-resistant master donor virus significantly decreased the sensitivity of the resulting reassortant virus to serum heat-stable inhibitors.

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Brickley, Elizabeth B., Peter F. Wright, Alexey Khalenkov, Kathleen M. Neuzil, Justin R. Ortiz, Larisa Rudenko, Min Z. Levine, Jacqueline M. Katz, and W. Abdullah Brooks. "The Effect of Preexisting Immunity on Virus Detection and Immune Responses in a Phase II, Randomized Trial of a Russian-Backbone, Live, Attenuated Influenza Vaccine in Bangladeshi Children." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, no. 5 (November 27, 2018): 786–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy1004.

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Abstract Background In a 2012 Phase II clinical trial, 300 Bangladeshi children aged 24 to 59 months with no prior influenza vaccine exposure were randomized to receive a single intranasally-administered dose of either trivalent, Russian-backbone, live, attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) or placebo. Protocol-defined analyses, presented in the companion manuscript, demonstrate decreased viral detection and immunogenicity for A/H1N1pdm09, relative to the A/H3N2 and B strains. This post hoc analysis of the trial data aims to investigate the LAIV strain differences by testing the hypothesis that preexisting humoral and mucosal immunity may influence viral recovery and immune responses after LAIV receipt. Methods We used logistic regressions to evaluate the relations between markers of preexisting immunity (ie, hemagglutination inhibition [HAI], microneutralization, and immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin A (both serum and mucosal antibodies) and LAIV viral recovery in the week post-vaccination. We then tested for potential effect modification by baseline HAI titers (ie, <10 versus ≥10) and week 1 viral recovery on the LAIV-induced serum and mucosal immune responses, measured between days 0 and 21 post-vaccination. Results Higher levels of preexisting immunity to influenza A/H3N2 and B were strongly associated with strain-specific prevention of viral shedding upon LAIV receipt. While evidence of LAIV immunogenicity was observed for all 3 strains, the magnitudes of immune responses were most pronounced in children with no evidence of preexisting HAI and in those with detectable virus. Conclusions The results provide evidence for a bidirectional association between viral replication and immunity, and underscore the importance of accounting for preexisting immunity when evaluating virologic and immunologic responses to LAIVs. Clinical Trials Registration NCT01625689.

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Lima, Marli Maria, Pedro Jurberg, and Josimar Ribeiro de Almeida. "Behavior of triatomines (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) vectors of Chaga's disease: IV. Fecundity, fertility and longevity of Panstrongylus megistus (Burm., 1835) pairs and virgin females starved under laboratory conditions." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 82, no. 4 (December 1987): 501–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761987000400007.

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A laboratory study was conducted on the fecundity, fertility and life span of Panstrongylus megistus pairs and on the fecundity and life span of P. megistus virgin females submitted to starvation after the last moulting. Of the mated females, 22.2% laid eggs, 4.4% of which were fertile. Females resisted starvation more than males. Of the starved virgin females, only 10% laid eggs, with a low egg-laying rate (0.47) per female. Resistance to starvation was lower in virgin than in mated females.

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Paraense, W. Lobato, and Lygia R. Corrêa. "Self-fertilization in the freshwater snails Helisoma duryi and Helisoma trivolvis." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 83, no. 4 (December 1988): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761988000400002.

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Fifty specimens of five strains (10 per strain) of Helisoma duryi from Lima (Peru), St. Croix (Virgin Islands), Formosa (Brazil), Cartago (Costa Rica) and St. Vincent (Lesser Antilles), reared in isolation for about 150 days, laid 103 eggs. The numbers of eggs laid by the 10 specimens of each strain were respectively (viable eggs in parenthesis): 44(26), 1 (1), 5(0), 15 (7) and 38 (0). Egg production widely varied between the individuals of each strain, there being in all strains,except St. Vincent, a number of specimens (3 to 9) which did not lay any eggs. After the observation period the isolated specimens, including those that laid no eggs, readily engaged in cross-breeding when mated and brought forfh large numbers of eggs. Self-fertilized F 1s are fully interfertile, producing normal cross-fertilized offspring. Ten specimens of Helisoma trivolvis (strain from Zempoala, Mexico), also reared in isolation for about 120 days, laid 646 eggs, of which 74 were inviable. our data, added to those from a few ´revious studies cited in the text, show that self-fertilization is not so efficient an alternative mode of reproduction in H. duryi as in many other planorbids (it is a little more efficient in H. trivolvis than in H. duryi). Thus, H. duryi benefits much less from functional hermaphroditism which, besides other advantages, enables a single virgin individual to found a new population.

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Matrajt, Laura, M. Elizabeth Halloran, and Rustom Antia. "Successes and Failures of the Live-attenuated Influenza Vaccine: Can We Do Better?" Clinical Infectious Diseases 70, no. 6 (May 6, 2019): 1029–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz358.

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Abstract Background The effectiveness of the live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) can vary widely, ranging from 0% to 50%. The reasons for these discrepancies remain largely unclear. Methods We use mathematical models to explore how the efficacy of LAIV is affected by the degree of mismatch with the currently circulating influenza strain and interference with pre-existing immunity. The models incorporate 3 key antigenic distances: the distances between the vaccine strain, pre-existing immunity, and the challenge strain. Results Our models show that an LAIV that is matched with the currently circulating strain is likely to have only modest efficacy. Our results suggest that the efficacy of the vaccine would be increased (optimized) if, rather than being matched to the circulating strain, it is antigenically slightly further from pre-existing immunity than the circulating strain. The models also suggest 2 regimes in which LAIV that is matched to circulating strains may be protective: in children before they have built immunity to circulating strains and in response to novel strains (such as antigenic shifts) which are at substantial antigenic distance from previously circulating strains. We provide an explanation for the variation in vaccine effectiveness between studies and countries of vaccine effectiveness observed during the 2014–2015 influenza season. Conclusions LAIV is offered to children across the world; however, its effectiveness significantly varies between studies. Here, we propose a mechanistic explanation to understand these differences. We further propose a way to select the LAIV strain that would have a higher chance of being protective.

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Lewis, Kristen D. C., Justin R. Ortiz, Mohammed Z. Rahman, Min Z. Levine, Larisa Rudenko, Peter F. Wright, Jacqueline M. Katz, et al. "Immunogenicity and Viral Shedding of Russian-Backbone, Seasonal, Trivalent, Live, Attenuated Influenza Vaccine in a Phase II, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial Among Preschool-Aged Children in Urban Bangladesh." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, no. 5 (November 27, 2018): 777–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy1003.

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Abstract Background We evaluated a Russian-backbone, live, attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) for immunogenicity and viral shedding in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial among Bangladeshi children. Methods Healthy children received a single, intranasal dose of LAIV containing the 2011–2012 recommended formulation or placebo. Nasopharyngeal wash (NPW) specimens were collected on days 0, 2, 4, and 7. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions and sequencing identified the influenza virus (vaccine or wild-type). On days 0 and 21, blood specimens were collected to assess immunogenicity using hemagglutination inhibition, microneutralization, and immunoglobulin A (IgA) and G enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs); NPW specimens were also collected to assess mucosal immunogenicity using kinetic IgA ELISA. Results We enrolled 300 children aged 24 through 59 months in the immunogenicity and viral shedding analyses. Among children receiving LAIV, 45% and 67% shed A/H3N2 and B vaccine strains, respectively. No child shed A/H1N1 vaccine strain. There were significantly higher day 21 geometric mean titers (GMTs) for the LAIV, as compared to the placebo groups, in all immunoassays for A/H3N2 and B (log10 titer P < .0001; GMT Ratio >2.0). Among immunoassays for A/H1N1, only the mucosal IgA GMT was significantly higher than placebo at day 21 (log10 titer P = .0465). Conclusions Children vaccinated with LAIV had serum and mucosal antibody responses to A/H3N2 and B, but only a mucosal IgA response to A/H1N1. Many children shed A/H3N2 and B vaccine strains, but none shed A/H1N1. More research is needed to determine the reason for decreased LAIV A/H1N1 immunogenicity and virus shedding. Clinical Trials Registration NCT01625689.

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Rementzis, J., and J. Samelis. "Rapid GC analysis of cellular fatty acids for characterizing Lactobacillus sake and Lact. curvatus strains of meat origin." Letters in Applied Microbiology 23, no. 6 (December 1996): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765x.1996.tb01341.x.

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Zhang, Yan-xin, Chen Dong, and Shen Biao. "Planifilum yunnanense sp. nov., a thermophilic thermoactinomycete isolated from a hot spring." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 1851–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.64646-0.

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A thermophilic actinomycete, strain LA5T, was isolated from a hot spring in Yunnan province, People's Republic of China. The isolate grew aerobically at temperatures of 50–75 °C. Aerobic mycelia were not observed. Single spores were produced along the substrate hypha. Strain LA5T was characterized chemotaxonomically by having MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C17 : 0 (27.7 %) and C16 : 0 (22.4 %) as the major fatty acids. The cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid. The DNA G+C content was 56.8 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain LA5T belongs to the genus Planifilum. Levels of DNA–DNA relatedness between strain LA5T and Planifilum fimeticola H0165T and Planifilum fulgidum 500275T were 43.6 and 52.7 %, respectively. On the basis of phenotypic properties and phylogeny, strain LA5T represents a novel species of the genus Planifilum, for which we propose the name Planifilum yunnanense sp. nov., with the type strain LA5T (=CCTCC AA206002T=KCTC 13052T).

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He, Xiao-Song, Tyson H. Holmes, Caiqiu Zhang, Kutubuddin Mahmood, George W. Kemble, David B. Lewis, Cornelia L. Dekker, Harry B. Greenberg, and Ann M. Arvin. "Cellular Immune Responses in Children and Adults Receiving Inactivated or Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines." Journal of Virology 80, no. 23 (September 13, 2006): 11756–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01460-06.

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ABSTRACT The patterns of cellular immune responses induced by live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) versus those of the trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) have not been studied extensively, especially in children. The goals of this study were to evaluate the effects of TIV and LAIV immunization on cellular immunity to live influenza A virus in children and adults and to explore factors associated with variations in responses to influenza vaccines among individuals. A gamma interferon (IFN-γ) flow cytometry assay was used to measure IFN-γ-producing (IFN-γ+) NK and T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures stimulated with a live influenza A virus strain before and after LAIV or TIV immunization of children and adults. The mean percentages of influenza A virus-specific IFN-γ+ CD4 and CD8 T cells increased significantly after LAIV, but not TIV, immunization in children aged 5 to 9 years. No increases in the mean levels of influenza A virus-reactive IFN-γ+ T cells and NK cells were observed in adults given LAIV or TIV. TIV induced a significant increase in influenza A virus-reactive T cells in 6-month- to 4-year-old children; LAIV was not evaluated in this age group. The postvaccination changes (n-fold) in the percentages of influenza A virus-reactive IFN-γ+ T and NK cells in adults were highly variable and correlated inversely with the prevaccination percentages, in particular with that of the CD56dim NK cell subset. In conclusion, our findings identify age, type of vaccine, and prevaccination levels of immune reactivity to influenza A virus as factors significantly associated with the magnitude of cellular immune responses to influenza vaccines.

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Weinberg, Z. G., G. Szakacs, G. Ashbell, and Y. Hen. "The effect of temperature and Lactobacillus amylovorus and Lact. plantarum, applied at ensiling, on wheat silage." Journal of Applied Microbiology 84, no. 3 (March 1998): 404–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1998.00361.x.

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Mani López, Emma, Georgina P. Valle Vargas, Enrique Palou, and Aurelio López Malo. "Penicillium expansum Inhibition on Bread by Lemongrass Essential Oil in Vapor Phase." Journal of Food Protection 81, no. 3 (February 23, 2018): 467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-315.

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ABSTRACT The antimicrobial activity of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil (EO) in the vapor phase on the growth of Penicillium expansum inoculated on bread was evaluated, followed by a sensory evaluation of the bread's attributes after EO exposure. The lemongrass EO was extracted from dry leaves of lemongrass by microwave-assisted steam distillation. The chemical composition of the lemongrass EO was determined using a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer. The refractive index and specific gravity of the EO were also determined. Bread was prepared and baked to reach two water activity levels, 0.86 or 0.94, and then 10 μL of P. expansum spore (106 spores per mL) suspension was inoculated on the bread surface. Concentrations of lemongrass EO were tested from 125 to 4,000 μL/Lair, whereas mold radial growth was measured for 21 days. For sensory evaluation, breads were treated with lemongrass EO vapor at 0, 500, or 1,000 μL/Lair for 48 h and tested by 25 untrained panelists. The EO yield was 1.8%, with similar physical properties to those reported previously. Thirteen compounds were the main components in the EO, with citral being the major compound. P. expansum was inhibited for 21 days at 20°C with 750 μL of EO/Lair, and its inhibition increased with increasing concentrations of EO. Sensory acceptance of bread exposed to vapor concentrations of 500 or 1,000 μL of EO/Lair or without EO was favorable; similar and no significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed among them.

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Kiseleva, Irina, Natalie Larionova, and Larisa Rudenko. "Live Attenuated Reassortant Vaccines Based on A/Leningrad/134/17/57 Master Donor Virus Against H5 Avian Influenza." Open Microbiology Journal 11, no. 1 (November 30, 2017): 316–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874285801711010316.

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Background:The H5N1 avian influenza was first recognized in humans in Hong Kong 20 years ago. Current enzootic spread of highly pathogenic H5N1 virus among wild and domestic poultry and a number of severe human respiratory diseases caused by this pathogen have stimulated necessity of development of potentially pandemic influenza vaccines.Discussion:In the past few years, significant research was conducted on how to prevent H5N1 influenza. Live, attenuated cold–adapted reassortant influenza vaccine (LAIV) is considered as one of the most promising candidates for pandemic and prepandemic vaccines. LAIV has proven to be safe and efficacious; pandemic LAIV might be more effective than inactivated vaccine in providing broader immune response.Conclusion:This review covers development of LAIVs against potential avian “pandemic” H5N1 subtype based on cold–adapted A/Leningrad/134/17/57 (H2N2) master donor virus backbone, and their preclinical and clinical studies.

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Alpert, C. A., and U. Siebers. "The lac operon of Lactobacillus casei contains lacT, a gene coding for a protein of the Bg1G family of transcriptional antiterminators." Journal of bacteriology 179, no. 5 (1997): 1555–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.179.5.1555-1562.1997.

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Hughes, Holly R., Amy L. Vincent, Susan L. Brockmeier, Phillip C. Gauger, Lindomar Pena, Jefferson Santos, Douglas R. Braucher, Daniel R. Perez, and Crystal L. Loving. "Oral Fluids as a Live-Animal Sample Source for Evaluating Cross-Reactivity and Cross-Protection following Intranasal Influenza A Virus Vaccination in Pigs." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 22, no. 10 (August 19, 2015): 1109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00358-15.

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ABSTRACTIn North American swine, there are numerous antigenically distinct H1 influenza A virus (IAV) variants currently circulating, making vaccine development difficult due to the inability to formulate a vaccine that provides broad cross-protection. Experimentally, live-attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) vaccines demonstrate increased cross-protection compared to inactivated vaccines. However, there is no standardized assay to predict cross-protection following LAIV vaccination. Hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody in serum is the gold standard correlate of protection following IAV vaccination. LAIV vaccination does not induce a robust serum HI antibody titer; however, a local mucosal antibody response is elicited. Thus, a live-animal sample source that could be used to evaluate LAIV immunogenicity and cross-protection is needed. Here, we evaluated the use of oral fluids (OF) and nasal wash (NW) collected after IAV inoculation as a live-animal sample source in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to predict cross-protection in comparison to traditional serology. Both live-virus exposure and LAIV vaccination provided heterologous protection, though protection was greatest against more closely phylogenetically related viruses. IAV-specific IgA was detected in NW and OF samples and was cross-reactive to representative IAV from each H1 cluster. Endpoint titers of cross-reactive IgA in OF from pigs exposed to live virus was associated with heterologous protection. While LAIV vaccination provided significant protection, LAIV immunogenicity was reduced compared to live-virus exposure. These data suggest that OF from pigs inoculated with wild-type IAV, with surface genes that match the LAIV seed strain, could be used in an ELISA to assess cross-protection and the antigenic relatedness of circulating and emerging IAV in swine.

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Afzal, Muhammad, Sulman Shafeeq, and Oscar P. Kuipers. "LacR Is a Repressor oflacABCDand LacT Is an Activator oflacTFEG, Constituting thelacGene Cluster in Streptococcus pneumoniae." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 17 (June 20, 2014): 5349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01370-14.

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ABSTRACTComparison of the transcriptome ofStreptococcus pneumoniaestrain D39 grown in the presence of either lactose or galactose with that of the strain grown in the presence of glucose revealed the elevated expression of various genes and operons, including thelacgene cluster, which is organized into two operons, i.e.,lacoperon I (lacABCD) andlacoperon II (lacTFEG). Deletion of the DeoR family transcriptional regulatorlacRthat is present downstream of thelacgene cluster revealed elevated expression oflacoperon I even in the absence of lactose. This suggests a function of LacR as a transcriptional repressor oflacoperon I, which encodes enzymes involved in the phosphorylated tagatose pathway in the absence of lactose or galactose. Deletion oflacRdid not affect the expression oflacoperon II, which encodes a lactose-specific phosphotransferase. This finding was further confirmed by β-galactosidase assays with PlacA-lacZand PlacT-lacZin the presence of either lactose or glucose as the sole carbon source in the medium. This suggests the involvement of another transcriptional regulator in the regulation oflacoperon II, which is the BglG-family transcriptional antiterminator LacT. We demonstrate the role of LacT as a transcriptional activator oflacoperon II in the presence of lactose and CcpA-independent regulation of thelacgene cluster inS. pneumoniae.

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Chang, Bin, Fumiaki Kura, Junko Amemura-Maekawa, Nobuo Koizumi, and Haruo Watanabe. "Identification of a Novel Adhesion Molecule Involved in the Virulence of Legionella pneumophila." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 7 (July 2005): 4272–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.7.4272-4280.2005.

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ABSTRACT Legionella pneumophila is an intracellular bacterium, and its successful parasitism in host cells involves two reciprocal phases: transmission and intracellular replication. In this study, we sought genes that are involved in virulence by screening a genomic DNA library of an L. pneumophila strain, 80-045, with convalescent-phase sera of Legionnaires' disease patients. Three antigens that reacted exclusively with the convalescent-phase sera were isolated. One of them, which shared homology with an integrin analogue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was named L. pneumophila adhesion molecule homologous with integrin analogue of S. cerevisiae (LaiA). The laiA gene product was involved in L. pneumophila adhesion to and invasion of the human lung alveolar epithelial cell line A549 during in vitro coculture. However, its presence did not affect multiplication of L. pneumophila within a U937 human macrophage cell line. Furthermore, after intranasal infection of A/J mice, the laiA mutant was eliminated from lungs and caused reduced mortality compared to the wild isolate. Thus, we conclude that the laiA gene encodes a virulence factor that is involved in transmission of L. pneumophila 80-045 and may play a role in Legionnaires' disease in humans.

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Ouwehand, A. C., E. Isolauri, P. V. Kirjavainen, S. T. olkko, and S. J. Salminen. "The mucus binding of Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 is enhanced in the presence of Lactobacillus GG and Lact. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus." Letters in Applied Microbiology 30, no. 1 (January 2000): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765x.2000.00590.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Lait – Microbiologie'

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