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Journal articles on the topic 'Lake (Botswana)'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Burrough, Sallie L., David S. G. Thomas, Paul A. Shaw, and Richard M. Bailey. "Multiphase Quaternary highstands at Lake Ngami, Kalahari, northern Botswana." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 253, no. 3-4 (September 2007): 280–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.06.010.

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Burrough, S. L., and D. S. G. Thomas. "Late Quaternary lake-level fluctuations in the Mababe Depression: Middle Kalahari palaeolakes and the role of Zambezi inflows." Quaternary Research 69, no. 03 (May 2008): 388–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2008.02.003.

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A systematic drilling and optical dating programme on Middle Kalahari beach ridge (relict shoreline) sediments has enabled the identification of multiple episodes of lake high stands of an extensive palaeolake system at the terminus of the Okavango Delta, northern Botswana. This paper presents 23 ages from the Mababe Depression and establishes four shoreline construction phases in the late Quaternary coeval with other sub-basin lake high stands (Lake Ngami). These synchronous lake phases result from a coalescence of the sub-basins into a unified palaeolake, Lake Thamalakane, covering an area of ∼ 32,000 km2. Six additional ages are also presented from the Chobe enclave to the north of the basin where shoreline ridges were emplaced at the same time as Lake Thamalakane phases. This suggests that increased flow in the Chobe and Zambezi system significantly contributed to the Middle Kalahari lake phases in both the post-glacial and Holocene periods. The integration of these new data and their compatibility with other regional and tropical palaeo-archives is discussed in the light of understanding Quaternary climate drivers within the Kalahari.

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3

Wiese, Robert, Kai Hartmann, Venise S. Gummersbach, Elisha M. Shemang, Ulrich Struck, and Frank Riedel. "Lake highstands in the northern Kalahari, Botswana, during MIS 3b and LGM." Quaternary International 558 (August 2020): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.08.016.

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4

Du Plessis, P. I., and J. P. Le Roux. "Late Cretaceous alkaline saline lake complexes of the Kalahari Group in northern Botswana." Journal of African Earth Sciences 20, no. 1 (January 1995): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00040-z.

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5

Haberyan, Kurt A. "A >22,000 yr diatom record from the plateau of Zambia." Quaternary Research 89, no. 1 (July 3, 2017): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2017.31.

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AbstractDiatoms and sediments were examined in a 530 cm core from Ishiba Ngandu, Zambia, a lake formed by gentle downwarping. Diatom zone D (>20 cal ka BP) was mostly sand with abundantAulacoseiraandEunotia, suggesting a shallow lake perhaps kept fresh by spring inputs and lake discharge, except during deposition of the lowermost 66 cm. Gyttja deposition between about 22 and 20 cal ka BP suggested a deeper lake and a wetter climate, perhaps because the Congo Air Boundary (CAB) was farther southeast relative to modern times. The next zone, zone C (about 20–19 cal ka BP), was sand with abundantAchnanthidiumandEunotiabut very few planktonic diatoms, apparently representing very shallow water and an arid period without the CAB. The gyttja and diatoms in zone B (19–4 ka) suggested an increase in moisture when the CAB returned. Zone A (4–0 cal ka BP) was dominated by the planktonicAulacoseira(>89%), suggesting an increase in wind-driven mixing. Uniquely, Ishiba Ngandu likely has been relatively moist since the last glacial maximum, matching pre-Holocene wetness in Botswana but not its Holocene aridity; evidently the climate here had switched to that of East Africa.

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6

Mokgedi, Leokeditswe, Joel Nobert, and Subira Munishi. "Assessment of lake surface dynamics using satellite imagery and in-situ data; case of Lake Ngami in North-West Botswana." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 112 (August 2019): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2018.12.008.

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7

Cordova, Carlos E., Louis Scott, Brian M. Chase, and Manuel Chevalier. "Late Pleistocene-Holocene vegetation and climate change in the Middle Kalahari, Lake Ngami, Botswana." Quaternary Science Reviews 171 (September 2017): 199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.06.036.

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8

Laletsang, K., M. P. Modisi, E. M. Shemang, L. Moffat, and O. R. Moagi. "Shallow seismic refraction and magnetic studies at Lake Ngami, The Okavango Delta, Northwest Botswana." Journal of African Earth Sciences 48, no. 2-3 (June 2007): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2006.05.009.

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9

Burrough, Sallie L., David S. G. Thomas, Richard M. Bailey, and Lauren Davies. "From landform to process: Morphology and formation of lake-bed barchan dunes, Makgadikgadi, Botswana." Geomorphology 161-162 (August 2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.03.027.

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10

Shemang, Elisha M., and Loago N. Molwalefhe. "DC resistivity and seismic refraction survey across the SE margin of Lake Ngami, NW Botswana." Acta Geophysica 57, no. 3 (June 3, 2009): 728–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11600-009-0017-6.

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11

Magole, Lapologang. "The ‘shrinking commons’ in the Lake Ngami grasslands, Botswana: the impact of national rangeland policy." Development Southern Africa 26, no. 4 (October 2009): 611–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768350903181399.

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12

McCulloch, Graham Paul, Kenneth Irvine, Frank D. Eckardt, and Rob Bryant. "Hydrochemical fluctuations and crustacean community composition in an ephemeral saline lake (Sua Pan, Makgadikgadi Botswana)." Hydrobiologia 596, no. 1 (August 4, 2007): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-9055-8.

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13

Wilmsen, Edwin N. "MYTHS, GENDER, BIRDS, BEADS: A READING OF IRON AGE HILL SITES IN INTERIOR SOUTHERN AFRICA." Africa 84, no. 3 (July 23, 2014): 398–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972014000370.

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ABSTRACTHomologous origin myths concerning the Tsodilo Hills in north-western Botswana, Polombwe hill at the southern tip of Lake Tanganyika in Zambia and Kaphiri-Ntiwa hill in northern Malawi are examined. Parallels are drawn between the myths, where, in the process of creation, a primal pair in undifferentiated space and time passes through a series of liminal states, thereby bringing structure to the landscape and legitimacy to society in Iron Age Central and Southern Africa. These myths narrate the instituting of social legitimacy in their respective societies based on a resolution of the inherent contradiction between the concepts of authority and power, lineage and land. The structure of rights to possession of land is examined, and the text considers the role of sumptuary goods such as glass beads and metonymic signifiers such as birds within this structure. This study examines the prominence of hilltops as the residence of paranormal power and its association with human authority, and relates this to the archaeological interpretation of the Iron Age site Nqoma (Tsodilo Hills); this is compared with Bosutswe (eastern Botswana), Mapungubwe (Shashe-Limpopo basin), and the Shona Mwari myth recorded by Frobenius as used by Huffman in his analysis of Great Zimbabwe.

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14

Kurugundla, C. N., B. Mathangwane, S. Sakuringwa, and G. Katorah. "Alien Invasive Aquatic Plant Species in Botswana: Historical Perspective and Management." Open Plant Science Journal 9, no. 1 (June 14, 2016): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874294701609010001.

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Aquatic ecosystems in Botswana have been under threat by the aquatic alien invasive plant species viz., salvinia Salvinia molesta Mitchell, water lettuce Pistia stratiotes L., and water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laub. While salvinia has been termed the major threat to the Botswana wetlands, water lettuce and water hyacinth are considered to be of minor importance. This review presents the species biology, distribution, historical spread, negative impacts, control achieved right from their discovery in the country by referring to their control and management in the world. Having infested the Kwando-Linyanti-Chobe Rivers in the 1970s, salvinia was initially tried by the use of herbicides, paraquat and glyphosate, between 1972 and 1976. With the discovery of the host specific biological control weevil Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands in 1981, the weevil was introduced by Namibians on Kwando and Chobe Rivers in 1983 and by Botswana in 1986 in the Okavango Delta. While the control was slowly establishing in Kwando-Linyanti-Chobe Rivers, it became apparent that lakes and perennial swamps within and outside Moremi Game Reserve of the Okavango Delta were infested with salvinia from 1992 onwards. With continuous and sustained liberation of the weevil in the Kwando-Linyanti-Chobe Rivers and in the Okavango Delta between 1999 and 2000, salvinia control was achieved by 2003, and since then the weevil constantly keeps the weed at low levels. The success is mainly due to sustainable monitoring through the application of physical and biological control methods. However, salvinia is still threatening the Okavango Delta due to factors such as tourism activities, boat navigation fishing and transporttion by wild animals. The first occurrence of water lettuce was recorded on Kwando and Chobe Rivers in 1986. Its biocontrol weevil Neohydronomous affinis Hustache was released in the year 1987. The weevil became extinct in Selinda Canal and Zibadianja Lake on Kwando River due to dry and wet events for over 10 years and the weed had been under control biologically on Chobe River. Having surface covered the Selinda and a part of the Zibadianja in high flood and rainfall in 1999/2000 season, research was undertaken to contain water lettuce, which led to its eradication by 2005. Regular physical removal of the water lettuce prior to fruit maturity is an effective method of control or eradicating the weed in seasonal water bodies. The Limpopo Basin (shared by Botswana, South Africa, Zimbabwe and Mozambique) has become vulnerable to water hyacinth infestation. Water hyacinth infested the trans-boundary Limpopo River in 2010 sourced from Hartbeesport Dam on Crocodile River in South Africa. Botswana and South Africa have been consulting each other to implement integrated control of the weed jointly in the Limpopo River. Water hyacinth could be a continuous threat to the dams and the rivers in the Limpopo basin if its control is not taken seriously. These three species are found growing in Botswana in a range of pH between 4.5 and 10.3 and in the range of conductivities between 20 and 580 µS cm-1. Range of soluble nitrates, phosphates and potassium in the habitats of salvinia infestations were 0.02 to 1.5, 0.01 to 1.78 and 0.3 to 6.92 mg L-1 respectively. Water lettuce infestation in the seasonal Selinda Canal had a maximum of 4.7 mg L-1 nitrates, 2.8 mg L-1 phosphates and 7.9 mg L-1 potassium. Nevertheless, these three nutrients were in the range of 0.41 to 9.56 mg L-1, 0.2 to 2.9 mg L-1, and 7.7 to 11.53 mg L-1 respectively in the Limpopo River where water hyacinth infestations were observed. These nutrients were considerably high during decomposition phase of biological control of weeds. The Government of Botswana “regulates the movement and importation of boats and aquatic apparatus, to prevent the importation and spread of aquatic weeds both within and from the neighboring countries” by “Aquatic Weed (Control) Act” implemented in 1986. These measures, combined with communities, conservation groups, NGOs and public awareness campaigns, have highlighted the gravity of aquatic weeds spreading into wetlands, dams and other water bodies. In conclusion, the Government of Botswana is committed and supportive through the Department of Water Affairs in protecting the wetlands of the country efficiently and prudently.

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15

Ashley, Ceri. "(Re)making Landscape and Place: An Archaeology of the Lake Ngami Mission (1893–96), Khwebe Hills, Botswana." Journal of Southern African Studies 44, no. 4 (July 4, 2018): 703–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2018.1491517.

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16

Shaw, Paul. "Late Quaternary Landforms and Environmental Change in Northwest Botswana: The Evidence of Lake Ngami and the Mababe Depression." Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 10, no. 3 (1985): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/622182.

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17

Meier, Scott D., Eliot A. Atekwana, Loago Molwalefhe, and Estella A. Atekwana. "Processes that control water chemistry and stable isotopic composition during the refilling of Lake Ngami in semiarid northwest Botswana." Journal of Hydrology 527 (August 2015): 420–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.04.050.

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18

Perkins, Jeremy Simon. "Take me to the River along the African drought corridor: Adapting to climate change." Botswana Journal of Agriculture and Applied Sciences 14, no. 1 (April 3, 2020): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37106/bojaas.2020.77.

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This paper brings together a wide range of concepts from climate change predictions, palaeoecology, wildlife ecology and sustainable livelihoods in order to prioritise adaptive management measures that are necessary for the conservation of the African megafauna. Climate change predictions emphasise the severe aridity that will surge into southern Africa later this century and must be contrasted with the relatively wetter conditions in eastern Africa. The evolution of African mammals and their adaptive responses to past episodes of climate change is explained by reference to range shifts and movements along Balinsky’s (1962) ‘drought corridor’ that extends from SW Africa northeastwards to Somalia and then westwards across the Saharan-Sahelian zone. The drought corridor today could potentially extend from Kenya southwestward through to Botswana/South Africa and Namibia, via connectivity corridors linking existing wildlife areas, forming the Kalahari-Rift Valley Transfrontier Conservation Landscape (KALARIVA TFCL). The most promising route along the drought corridor links the Chobe – Linyanti – Kwando river systems of Botswana/Namibia with Luangwa Valley in Northern Zambia, along the Zambezi River via Lake Kariba (Matsudonna and Mana Pools) in Zimbabwe. Malawi poses an absolute barrier to such connectivity and by the turn of this Century runs the risk of confining the area to the south almost entirely to the SW arid adapted fauna and that to the north to water dependent ungulates such as elephants, buffalo and zebra. The key movement corridors are identified in a bid to extend the spatial and temporal scale of conservation planning in order to adapt effectively to climate change. The importance of ‘co-existence’ between wildlife and people is emphasised together with the need for local communities to benefit from sharing the KALARIVA TFCL with African wildlife, via new models of conservation financing and management that reward rural African communities for being the true custodians of the African megafauna.

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19

Schmidt, Mareike, Markus Fuchs, Andrew C. G. Henderson, Annette Kossler, Melanie J. Leng, Anson W. Mackay, Elisha Shemang, and Frank Riedel. "Paleolimnological features of a mega-lake phase in the Makgadikgadi Basin (Kalahari, Botswana) during Marine Isotope Stage 5 inferred from diatoms." Journal of Paleolimnology 58, no. 3 (June 30, 2017): 373–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10933-017-9984-9.

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20

Huntsman-Mapila, P., S. Ringrose, A. W. Mackay, W. S. Downey, M. Modisi, S. H. Coetzee, J. J. Tiercelin, A. B. Kampunzu, and C. Vanderpost. "Use of the geochemical and biological sedimentary record in establishing palaeo-environments and climate change in the Lake Ngami basin, NW Botswana." Quaternary International 148, no. 1 (May 2006): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2005.11.029.

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21

Riedel, Frank, Andrew C. G. Henderson, Karl-U. Heußner, Georg Kaufmann, Annette Kossler, Christian Leipe, Elisha Shemang, and Linda Taft. "Dynamics of a Kalahari long-lived mega-lake system: hydromorphological and limnological changes in the Makgadikgadi Basin (Botswana) during the terminal 50 ka." Hydrobiologia 739, no. 1 (August 28, 2013): 25–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-013-1647-x.

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22

Moore, A., T. Flügel, T. Hutton-Squire, M. Hutton-Squire, and G. Humphrey. "Size distribution of Baobabs on Kubu “Island”, Sowa Pan (northern Botswana): an indicator of late-stage evolution of the Makgadikgadi palaeo-lake and climate change?" South African Journal of Geology 119, no. 3 (September 2016): 535–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.119.3.535.

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23

Stevens, Morlu G. F., and Bareki S. Batlokwa. "Environmentally Friendly and Cheap Removal of Lead (II) and Zinc (II) from Wastewater with Fish Scales Waste Remains." International Journal of Chemistry 9, no. 4 (August 8, 2017): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v9n4p22.

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In this article, the physical and chemical properties of pulverized, vinegar treated waste from fish scale remains of fish from Lake Ngami in Sehitwa near Maun, Botswana, were investigated for a possibility of being employed as an environmentally friendly and cheap sorbent material for reducing or removing excess, toxic, heavy metal ions from wastewater before different uses. Lead (II) and Zinc (II) ions were selected as model ions to demonstrate the potential of fish scale waste remains in removing excess toxic heavy metal ions. The pulverized size of the waste was found to be 60 µm, with round and smooth morphology, which are excellent characteristics usually associated with superior sorbents. Furthermore, the fourier transform infrared spectrometer spectrum showed multiple functional groups such as amines, carboxylic, hydroxyl, and carbonyls which are well known to bond well with metals through hydrogen and oxygen bonding. The X-ray diffractogram of the fish scales showed the presence of hydroxyapatite, which has an excellent ion-exchange performance, which exchanges calcium ion site with metals. Multivariate methodologies statistical software, Minitab, were employed for the simultaneous optimization factors that affect sorption studies; initial ions concentration which was found to be 24.45 mg/L, the sorbents dose which was found to be 76.99 mg/L, contact time, which were found to be 62.37 min and solution pH 7.52. The fish scales waste also exhibited high percentage removal efficiencies toward Lead (II) and Zinc (II) removal from real wastewater samples at 81.97% and 80.37% with percentage relative standard deviation of 1.34% and 1.02% respectively.

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24

Haustein, K., R. Washington, J. King, G. Wiggs, D. Thomas, and L. Menut. "Testing the performance of state-of-the-art dust emission schemes using DO4Models field data." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 7, no. 5 (September 3, 2014): 5739–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-7-5739-2014.

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Abstract. Within the framework of the Dust Observations for Models (DO4Models) project, the performance of three commonly used dust emissions schemes is investigated in this paper using a box model environment. We constrain the model with field data (surface and dust particle properties as well as meteorological parameters) obtained from a dry lake bed with a crusted surface in Botswana during a three month period in 2011. Our box model results suggest that all schemes fail to reproduce the observed horizontal dust flux. They overestimate the magnitude of the flux by several orders of magnitude. The discrepancy is much smaller for the vertical dust emission flux, albeit still overestimated by up to an order of magnitude. The key parameter for this mismatch is the surface crusting which limits the availability of erosive material even at higher wind speeds. In contrast, direct dust entrainment was inferred to be important for several dust events, which explains the smaller gap between modelled and measured vertical dust fluxes. We conclude that both features, crusted surfaces and direct entrainment, need to be incorporated in dust emission schemes in order to represent the entire spectra of source processes. We also conclude that soil moisture exerts a key control on the shear velocity and hence the emission threshold of dust in the model. In the field, the state of the crust is the controlling mechanism for dust emission. Although the crust is related to the soil moisture content to some extent, we are not able to deduce a~robust correlation between state of crust and soil moisture.

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25

McCarthy, T. S., W. Ellery, and L. G. Stanistreet. "Lakes of the north eastern region of the Okavango Swamps, Botswana." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 37, no. 3 (October 11, 1993): 273–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/37/1993/273.

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26

Riedel, Frank, Sebastian Erhardt, Chrispen Chauke, Annette Kossler, Elisha Shemang, and Pavel Tarasov. "Evidence for a permanent lake in Sua Pan (Kalahari, Botswana) during the early centuries of the last millennium indicated by distribution of Baobab trees (Adansonia digitata) on “Kubu Island”." Quaternary International 253 (March 2012): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2011.02.040.

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27

Haustein, K., R. Washington, J. King, G. Wiggs, D. S. G. Thomas, F. D. Eckardt, R. G. Bryant, and L. Menut. "Testing the performance of state-of-the-art dust emission schemes using DO4Models field data." Geoscientific Model Development 8, no. 2 (February 19, 2015): 341–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-341-2015.

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Abstract. Within the framework of the Dust Observations for Models (DO4Models) project, the performance of three commonly used dust emission schemes is investigated in this paper using a box model environment. We constrain the model with field data (surface and dust particle properties as well as meteorological parameters) obtained from a dry lake bed with a crusted surface in Botswana during a 3 month period in 2011. Our box model results suggest that all schemes fail to reproduce the observed horizontal dust flux. They overestimate the magnitude of the flux by several orders of magnitude. The discrepancy is much smaller for the vertical dust emission flux, albeit still overestimated by up to an order of magnitude. The key parameter for this mismatch is the surface crusting which limits the availability of erosive material, even at higher wind speeds. The second-most important parameter is the soil size distribution. Direct dust entrainment was inferred to be important for several dust events, which explains the smaller gap between modelled and measured vertical dust fluxes. We conclude that both features, crusted surfaces and direct entrainment, need to be incorporated into dust emission schemes in order to represent the entire spectra of source processes. We also conclude that soil moisture exerts a key control on the threshold shear velocity and hence the emission threshold of dust in the model. In the field, the state of the crust is the controlling mechanism for dust emission. Although the crust is related to the soil moisture content to some extent, we are not as yet able to deduce a robust correlation between state of crust and soil moisture.

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28

JOCQUE, MERLIJN, LUC BRENDONCK, BRUCE J. RIDDOCH, and KOEN MARTENS. "On Amphibolocypris arida sp.nov. (Crustacea, Ostracoda), from rock pools in Botswana (southern Africa)." Zootaxa 2408, no. 1 (March 24, 2010): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2408.1.3.

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The ostracod fauna of southern Africa remains ill-known, in spite of the fact that the temporary pools of this zoogeographical region hold degrees of endemicity comparable only to those of the ancient lakes of East Africa. The present contribution describes a new species of the cypridid genus Amphibolocypris, A. arida sp.nov., and announces the existence of at least two further new species from the same area. The genus, up to now presumed monospecific, might constitute an extensive radiation across southern Africa. Unusually large species-specific differences in hemipenis outline morphology appear to indicate that speciation occurred through sexual, rather than through natural selection. The occurrence of the claw-like subapical seta on the walking limb in at least four genera could be a case of convergent evolution, at least in one, maybe even in two cases between species of different genera and even subfamilies.

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29

Rahman, Md Naimur. "Urban Expansion Analysis and Land Use Changes in Rangpur City Corporation Area, Bangladesh, using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) Techniques." Geosfera Indonesia 4, no. 3 (November 25, 2019): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/geosi.v4i3.13921.

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This study aim to attempt mapping out the Land Use or Land Cover (LULC) status of Regional Project Coordination Committee (RPCC) between 2009-2019 with a view of detecting the land consumption rate and the changes that has taken place using RS and GIS techniques; serving as a precursor to the further study on urban induced variations or change in weather pattern of the cityn Rangpur City Corporation(RCC) is the main administrative functional area for both of Rangpur City and Rangpur division and experiencing a rapid changes in the field of urban sprawl, cultural and physical landscape,city growth. These agents of Land use or Land cover (LULC) varieties are responsible for multi-dimensional problems such as traffic congestion, waterlogging, and solid waste disposal, loss of agricultural land. In this regard, this study fulfills LULC changes by using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) as well as field survey was conducted for the measurement of change detection. The sources of data were Landsat 7 ETM and landsat 8 OLI/TIRS of both C1 level 1. Then after correcting the data, geometrically and radiometrically change detection and combined classification (supervised & unsupervised) were used. The study finds LULC changes built-up area, water source, agricultural land, bare soil in a change of percentage is 17.23, 2.58, -9.94, -10.19 respectively between 2009 and 2019. Among these changes, bare soil is changed to a great extent, which indicates the expansion of urban areas is utilizing the land to a proper extent. Keywords: Urban expansion; land use; land cover; remote sensing; geographic information system (GIS); Rangpur City Corporation(RCC). References Al Rifat, S. A., & Liu, W. (2019). Quantifying spatiotemporal patterns and major explanatory factors of urban expansion in miami metropolitan area during 1992-2016. Remote Sensing, 11(21) doi:10.3390/rs11212493 Arimoro AO, Fagbeja MA, Eedy W. (2002). The Need and Use of Geographic Information Systems for Environmental Impact Assessment in Africa: With Example from Ten Years Experience in Nigeria. AJEAM/RAGEE, 4(2), 16-27. Belal, A.A. and Moghanm, F.S. (2011).Detecting Urban Growth Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques in Al Gharbiya Governorate, Egypt.The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 14, 73-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2011.09.001 Dewan, A.M. and Yamaguchi, Y. (2009). Using Remote Sensing and GIS to Detect and Monitor and Use and Land Cover Change in Dhaka Metropolitan of Bangladesh during 1960-2005. Environmental Monitor Assessment, 150, 237- 249. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0226-5 Djimadoumngar, K.-N., & Adegoke, J. (2018). Satellite-Based Assessment of Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) Changes around Lake Fitri, Republic of Chad. Journal of Sustainable Development, 11(5), 71. doi:10.5539/jsd.v11n5p71 Edwards, B., Frasch, T., & Jeyacheya, J. (2019). Evaluating the effectiveness of land-use zoning for the protection of built heritage in the bagan archaeological zone, Myanmar—A satellite remote-sensing approach. Land use Policy, 88 doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104174 Fallati, L., Savini, A., Sterlacchini, S., & Galli, P. (2017). Land use and land cover (LULC) of the Republic of the Maldives: first national map and LULC change analysis using remote-sensing data. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189(8). doi:10.1007/s10661-017-6120-2 Fučík, P., Novák, P., & Žížala, D. (2014). A combined statistical approach for evaluation of the effects of land use, agricultural and urban activities on stream water chemistry in small tile-drained catchments of south bohemia, czech republic. 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(2008). Impact of land use and land cover change on the water balance of a large agricultural watershed: Historical effects and future directions. Water Resources Research, 44(7). doi:10.1029/2007wr006644 Copyright (c) 2019 Geosfera Indonesia Journal and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License

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CN, Kurugundla, Parida BP, and Buru JC. "Revisiting Hydrology of Lake Ngami in Botswana." Hydrology: Current Research 09, no. 02 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000301.

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Kurugundla, CN, and JC Buru. "Temporal effects of biocontrol processes on nutrient dynamics in a shallow lake: Case study of Lake Xini, Okavango Delta in Botswana." African Journal of Aquatic Science, November 10, 2020, 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2020.1763906.

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Richards, Jenny, Sallie Burrough, Giles Wiggs, Tiger Hills, David Thomas, and Molatlhegi Moseki. "Uneven surface moisture as a driver of dune formation on ephemeral lake beds under conditions similar to the present day: a model‐based assessment from the Makgadikgadi basin, northern Botswana." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, August 6, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.5215.

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"Bilingual education & bilingualism." Language Teaching 39, no. 4 (September 26, 2006): 304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261444806263857.

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06–782Baumgardner, Robert J. (Texas A&M U, USA; Robert_Baumgardner@tamu-commerce.edu), The appeal of English in Mexican commerce. World Englishes (Blackwell) 25.2 (2006), 251–266.06–783Bunta, Ferenc (Temple U, USA), Ingrid Davidovich & David Ingram, The relationship between the phonological complexity of a bilingual child's words and those of the target languages. International Journal of Bilingualism (Kingston Press), 10.1 (2006), 71–88.06–784Christiansen, Pia Vanting (Roskilde U, Denmark), Language policy in the European Union: European/English/Elite/Equal/Esperanto Union?Language Problems & Language Planning (John Benjamins) 30.1 (2006), 21–44.06–785Cook, Vivian, Benedetta Bassetti, Chise Kasai, Miho Sasaki & Jun Arata Takahashi, Do bilinguals have different concepts? The case of shape and material in Japanese L2 users of English. International Journal of Bilingualism (Kingston Press) 10.2 (2006), 137–152.06–786Costa, Albert (U Barcelona, Spain; acosta@ub.edu), Wido La Heij & Eduardo Navarrette, The dynamics of bilingual lexical access. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition (Cambridge University Press) 9.2 (2006), 137–151.06–787Dagenais, Diane, Elaine Day & Kelleen Toohey (Simon Fraser U, Canada), A multilingual child's literacy practices and contrasting identities in the figured worlds of French immersion classrooms. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (Multilingual Matters) 9.2 (2006), 205–218.06–788Dailey-O'Cain, Jennifer & Grit Liebscher, Language learners' use of discourse markers as evidence for a mixed code. International Journal of Bilingualism (Kingston Press), 10.1 (2006), 89–109.06–789De Groot, Annette M. B. (U Amsterdam, The Netherlands; a.m.b.degroot@uva.nl) & Ingrid K. Christoffels, Language control in bilinguals: Monolingual tasks and simultaneous interpreting. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition (Cambridge University Press) 9.2 (2006), 189–201.06–790Finkbeiner, Matthew (Harvard U, USA; msf@wjh.harvard.edu), Tamar H. Gollan & Alfonso Caramazza, Lexical access in bilingual speakers: What's the (hard) problem?Bilingualism: Language and Cognition (Cambridge University Press) 9.2 (2006), 153–166.06–791Francis, Norbert (Northern Arizona U, USA), Democratic language policy for multilingual educational systems: An interdisciplinary approach. Language Problems & Language Planning (John Benjamins) 29.3 (2005), 211–230.06–792Glaser, Evelyne (Johannes Kepler U, Austria), Plurilingualism in Europe: More than a means for communication. Language and International Communication (Multilingual Matters) 5.3&4 (2005), 195–208.06–793Hélot, Christine (U Marc Bloch, France) & Andrea young, Notion of diversity in language education: Policy and practice at primary level in France. 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Mutumi, Gregory L., Graeme S. Cumming, S. Mažeika P. Sullivan, Alexandre Caron, and Carlos Cáceres. "Using a multi-isotope approach to understand waterfowl movement in southern Africa." Condor 121, no. 4 (November 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/duz049.

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Abstract Many far-ranging species depend heavily on relatively small or temporary resources within a heterogeneous landscape. For waterfowl, most species rely on deep, permanent waterbodies as refugia from predators during annual flightless molt periods when synchronous loss and regrowth of the flight feathers occurs. The movements of ducks to and from molt sites are, however, poorly documented for most Afrotropical species and the dependencies of Afrotropical ducks on key sites are unclear, yet this information is integral to conservation and management efforts. We asked whether stable isotopes of wing feathers could be used to determine the molting origins of Afrotropical ducks in southern Africa. We analyzed isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen in feathers from 4 different species across 5 different sites (wetlands, ponds, lakes) in South Africa, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Botswana. We observed differences among sites for all isotopes (P < 0.05), especially δ 13C and δ 15N. Based on these differences, we conducted linear discriminant function analysis (LDA) to assess the utility of these isotopes to assign birds to molt locations. We obtained a global classification accuracy = 0.59, although accuracies differed among sites. Our results demonstrate the potential of a multi-isotope approach to discriminate among specific molt locations and to provide an initial estimate of molt site. Rigorous documentation of molt site from wing feathers is plausible, but will require large sample sizes, extensive spatial coverage, and careful calibration.

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