Journal articles: 'Lake Chad Basin Commission'

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Abu, Safiya Wada, and Adam Okene Ahmed. "Cooperation Between the Countries Around Lake Chad Basin: An Assessment." Asian Social Science 17, no. 12 (November 29, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v17n12p1.

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The Lake Chad Basin is an important natural resource that cut across several countries among which are Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Cameroon, Algeria, Central African Republic and Libya. In a bid to ensure the effective utilization of the water of the basin, the countries have engaged in cooperation through the creation of Lake Chad Basin Commission. The Commission has embarked on certain programmes to achieve its aim, hence the need for the assessment of the cooperation between countries around the basin. This work is an assessment albeit critical, of the cooperation within that commission. Part of the findings of the paper is that the Lake Chad Basin Commission has been unable to achieve objectives it sets for itself. Certain challenges which include but not limited to, lack of political will among members of the Commission, reoccurrence of violence, lack of adequate finance, poor organizational structure, cultural and language difference have worked either individually or in tandem to frustrate the realization of what appeared ab initio to be the noble and lofty goals of the commission. The contention of the paper therefore, is that the Lake Chad Basin Commission member states should reflect and modernize its initial objectives and operationalize the ingredients of its cooperation to derive the positivity laden in the agreements or else risk the extinction of an important water resource. Data for the paper were sourced using both primary and secondary. Other variables and methodological approaches like analysis, discourse, and accountability and of course, chronological delineations were generously employed in reconstruction. Study of this nature is multidisciplinary and knitted in the International studies, Security studies, and Diplomatic and Military history.

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Muritala Oke. "TACKLING LAKE CHAD BASIN CHALLENGES WITH CLIMATE RESILIENT TECHNOLOGIES." Jurnal Lemhannas RI 10, no. 2 (August 25, 2022): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.55960/jlri.v10i2.275.

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Lake Chad Basin is facing increasing drought, desertification and climate change induced terrorism which has resulted into killing, destruction of socio-economic facilities and movement of people from the basin in search of greener pasture for their livestock down south of the country. The movement has exacerbated farmers and herders' fight as the historical animal routes had been encroached upon by urbanization processes and farmland development. The study utilizes descriptive analysis and theory to draw inferences, recommendation for the Lake Chad basins conflict resolution. The study opines that member states had not adequately provided developmental projects for their people and the Lake Chad Basin Commission is relying heavily on international organization for funding as a result of unsatisfactory financial commitment of the member states. This paper posits while relying on the conflict resolutions theory that a rallying point or projects are needed for the conflict to end, that the Lake Chad Basin Commission members states need to capitalize on opportunities offered by climate resilient technologies such as Air to Water Technologies; technology for conversion of silt in the lake to fertilizer for agricultural development use and packaging of sun for electricity generation in the basin for member states and later for export purposes as been done in Arab desert can help to reduce the conflict in the basin area.

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Micheal Abada, Ifeanyichukwu, Charles Akale, Kingsley Chigozie Udegbunam, and Olihe A. Ononogbu. "National Interests and Regional Security in the Lake Chad: Assessing the Multinational Joint Task Force." Journal of Social Sciences Research, no. 61 (January 5, 2020): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.61.40.49.

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This article assessed security architecture for counter-insurgency against Boko Haram in the Lake Chad Basin (LCB). The paper diagnosed the impact of conflicting national interests of contributing nations on the performance of the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) as a regional security architecture in the LCB. Some scholars and analysts cite corruption, historical contradictions among LCB members, poor funding, and complex nature of the insurgency, as factors responsible for failure of counter-insurgency operations in the LCB. Others contend that resource geopolitics, linguistic differences, and hegemonic politics have impacted negatively on the capacity of the MNJTF to decimate terrorists in the region. This is a qualitative study that draws from the Fund for Peace, International Crisis Group (ICG), Lake Chad Basin Commission, the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data (ACLED), and research literature dealing with national interest and military alliances, while using content analysis to argue that conflicts in national interests, more than any other factor, have hampered the collaborative efforts of the Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) and weakened the capacity of the MNJTF to engage in robust counterinsurgency against Boko Haram in the LCB.

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Omosefe Oyekanmi. "Climate Change and Environmental Conflict in The Lake Chad Region." Jurnal Administrasi Publik Public Administration Journal 12, no. 2 (December 22, 2022): 270–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/jap.v12i2.8397.

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Environmental conflicts manifest in different ways, with context-specific impacts on the affected regions. Emerging as a crucial point of national and international security, issues of climate change have taken the fore. In the Lake Chad Region, more people have become more susceptible to the climate change, given the poverty level, unemployment and inadequate governance in these regions. Christened as the world’s most complicated humanitarian disaster, the receding lake which has served as a major source of livelihood in time past is now a haven for violent conflict and extremist groups. Assuming top on the agenda of African Union (AU) Peace and Security Council and the UN Peacebuilding Commission meetings held in 2022, its importance cannot be underestimated. To this end, this paper strengthens the evidence on climate-related conflict in the Lake Chad Basin and its simultaneous effect on human security. Using qualitative method, data was gathered through secondary sources, such as journal articles, reports from the Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC), books and online sources on the subject matter. Data gathered were analyzed using content analysis. Findings reveals that the vulnerability of the area based on poverty, historical antecedents to conflict and crime, as well as the growing population makes the response to the receding lake naturally violent. It is recommended therefore, that the Lake should be revived and nourished by joint collaboration from states within the region and international actors as a long term plan. Also, resilient measures through employment opportunities and skilled training should be available for the youths and most vulnerable people.

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Ekanem Asukwo Ekanem. "Resource competition between nomadic pastoralists and sedentary crop farmers in southern Taraba State, Nigeria." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 14, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 346–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.14.3.0536.

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This article entitled “Resource Competition between Nomadic Pastoralists and Sedentary Crop Farmers in Southern Taraba State, Nigeria” aimed at exploring the dynamics of resource competition as it affected nomadic pastoralists and sedentary crop farmers in Southern Taraba State, Nigeria. Research design adopted was descriptive that depended on judgmental sampling technique. Secondary sources of data collection (books, journal articles, monographs, internet materials among others) were sourced from Nigerian libraries and internet. The documentary data were subjected to content validity before qualitatively analyzed into the study. Findings revealed that environmental degradation caused by climate change and shrinking of Lake Chad Basin was the remote factors that trigger resource competition between nomadic pastoralists and sedentary crop farmers in Southern Taraba State, Nigeria. The resource competition has negative consequences on economy, humanitarian, political and social life of the people. Federal government has proposed Cattle Colony, National Livestock Development Plan, Rural Grazing Area, while Taraba State government promulgated Open Grazing Prohibition and Ranching Establishment Law No. 7 of 2017. Regrettably, the resource competition continues unabatedly hence the adoption of Relative Deprivation Theory to deepen the understanding of the series of crises between farmers and herders in Southern Taraba State, Nigeria. The study recommends that federal government should fund ranches; establish National Climate Change Commission as well as revive Lake Chad Basin Commission. These would be panacea for resource competition between nomadic pastoralists and sedentary crop farmers in Southern Taraba State, Nigeria.

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Aniekwe, Chika Charles, and Katharine Brooks. "Multinational Joint Task Force: Lessons for Comprehensive Regional Approaches to Cross-Border Conflict in Africa." Journal of International Peacekeeping 26, no. 4 (December 21, 2023): 330–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18754112-26040004.

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Abstract The recent proliferation of cross-border conflicts in Africa has led to the establishment of multiple Ad Hoc Security Initiatives (asi s) on the continent. However, the effectiveness of these initiatives has varied considerably. As such, there is now increased academic and policy interest in the Multinational Joint Task Force (mnjtf), which has seen substantial operational success over the course of its mandate. This paper seeks to contribute to the debate on the strengths and weaknesses of the mnjtf model and the effectiveness of the Force in the Lake Chad region through an exploration of the mnjtf from an internal perspective. The authors of this paper have both worked closely with the mnjtf in recent years and the paper is based upon interviews with current and former mnjtf personnel, staff of the Lake Chad Basin Commission (which oversees the mnjtf) as well as donor and UN partners. In exploring this internal perspective, the article undertakes an in-depth examination of the mnjtf, including the relationship between the headquarters and the sectors, and assesses the impact the mnjtf has had upon the Troop Contributing Countries (tcc s). It identifies areas where the mnjtf has become a regional hub of best practice, challenges that have compromised its effectiveness, and the impact of military diplomacy on the security of the region. Finally, it concludes by drawing lessons from this experience for other conflicts requiring a comprehensive regional and international response.

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Omobuwajo, Olufemi Ajibola. "BOKO HARAM INSURGENCY AND NIGERIA’S FOREIGN POLICY: A FAILURE OF DIPLOMACY, MULTILATERALISM AND SECURITY APPARATUS?" Journal of Contemporary International Relations and Diplomacy 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 247–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.53982/jcird.2021.0201.06-j.

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International terrorism became a major concern to Nigeria with the emergence of the Boko Haram Islamist group from around 2009, and the escalation of attacks on the country by the sect. The group has bases in neighbouring countries of Chad, Niger, and Cameroon. This made the governments of Presidents Goodluck Jonathan and Mohammadu Buhari to be involved in negotiations, dialogues, shuttle diplomacy, and the usage of other tools of foreign relations with these contiguous countries. The Multinational Task Force (MNTF) was established in 1993 by Lake Chad Basin Commission and had to be resuscitated and invigorated by the governments of Jonathan and Buhari. However, the insurgency lingered despite these concerted efforts. This paper attempts to investigate why several foreign and security policy initiatives of the Nigerian government have failed to find lasting solutions to the insurgency. Secondary data, qualitative research methods, and content analysis were used as a methodology in this research. Findings showed that inefficiencies of government, poverty, and porous borders made it easier for Boko Haram terrorists to recruit members from these neighbouring countries. It was also revealed that this insurgency has made Nigeria lose foreign direct investment (FDI) because some Multinational Corporations (MNCs) relocated from the country. Therefore, the study advocates a wider approach that incorporates economic programs that would reduce poverty among the local populace and stronger border controls, among others.

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Nikez, Adu Yao, and George Avele Nwalie. "Nigeria’s Sub – Regional Diplomacy: Nigeria’s role in promoting West African Institutions." Международные отношения, no. 1 (January 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0641.2023.1.39208.

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The study examines Nigerian subregional diplomacy: study of Nigeria’s role in promoting West African Institutions The study focuses on Nigeria’s relations with West African institutions such as the Lake Chad Basin Commission, the Gulf of Guinea Commission and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The authors consider in detail Nigeria’s national interests vis-à-vis West African institutions and Member States. To achieve the objective of the study, the authors pay particular attention to Nigeria’s bilateral relations with neighbouring States and cooperation with African institutions. The study is based on the theory of political realism, which implies constant competition among States defending their national interests. In the process of studying this problem, the authors apply institutional, analytical and problem-chronological methods. The main conclusions of the study are the establishment of Nigeria’s role in the settlement of border and territorial disputes, which enabled the state to interact and cooperate with its neighbours, the importance of Nigeria’s contribution to the peacekeeping of the region, Identifying the stability of Nigeria’s foreign policy towards both Africa as a whole and neighbouring States, analysing the main problems of the West African region, which is the basis of Nigeria’s subregional diplomacy: insecurity, political instability and economic imbalance. Moreover, the authors provide critical analysis of Nigeria’s institutional cooperation. The relevance of the study is due to the growing political and economic influence of Nigeria on the African continent.

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Gana, Modu Lawan. "Militia Counterinsurgency: Perspective on the Motivations of Civilian Joint Task Force Militia Participation in Northern Nigeria." RUDN Journal of Public Administration 7, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8313-2020-7-2-124-134.

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Since the year 2013, Nigeria’s northeastern region epicenter of the Boko Haram Islamist insurgency waging war for the establishment of an Islamic State has witnessed mass participation of people in a civil militia group. The militia group colloquially describing itself Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF) was formed to combat the Boko Haram rebellion. Perhaps, the participation of the CJTF in the combating activities was reportedly influential in reducing the Boko Haram hostilities in most communities. Prior to the CJTF, the counterinsurgency approaches of the Nigerian governments’ Special Joint Task Force and the Multinational Joint Task Force of the Member States of Lake Chad Basin Commission was faced with lackadaisical performances. Whereas the CJTF was reportedly successful, however, the interrupted participation of the people despite the attendant human and material cost has risen suspicion among the population and the critical literature about the groups’ true motivation. This article, therefore, investigated the motivations of the CJTF in northeastern Nigeria. The study was conducted through a qualitative approach designed in a case study. The data was collected from thirteen informants from three groups - CJTF, Community Leaders and State/Local Government authorities. The technique of data collection is in-depth interviews and non-participant observation. The finding revealed personal incentive factors of monetary/material gains, and the futuristic interest of employability drives peoples’ participation. To address the economic interests of the CJTF and as a panacea to prevent the manifestation of the security threats associated with the CJTF group, the study recommends for the establishment of charity centers to receive contributions from well to do citizens to ameliorate the economic needs of the participants. The government should also propound strong legal mechanisms to regulate the activities of the CJTF militia.

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Oriola, Temitope B. "Nigerian Soldiers On The War Against Boko Haram." African Affairs 120, no. 479 (March 29, 2021): 147–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adab003.

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Abstract This study explores two main questions: What are the experiences of soldiers who have fought against Boko Haram? What can these experiences teach us about the seeming incapacity of the Nigerian military to defeat Boko Haram? Six major themes are explored. These are perspectives on the mission, morale of troops, military equipment and weapons, suicide and murder–suicide among troops, intelligence leaks, and relationships of troops with the Civilian Joint Task Force, an extralegal militia. Soldiers’ discourses on the mission against Boko Haram reveal three overlapping dimensions. First, there are suspicions about the sponsors and political godfathers of Boko Haram. This suggests a belief that Boko Haram is a conspiracy involving the government and top brass of the military. Second, the patronage system involved in deployment into key positions on the war front. Third, participants believe that the war is being deliberately prolonged because it is a moneymaking machinery for the political and military elites. The evidence suggests that availability of weapons varies by unit and the agency of commanders—their networks and influence within the military and willingness to disobey orders from superiors if their demands are not met. This situation produces radically variegated wartime experiences among troops. Non-commissioned soldiers believe senior commissioned officers perpetrate intelligence leaks and are responsible for the protracted war. Senior Army Generals interviewed in this study support this perspective. The study has major policy implications for successful operations against Boko Haram in the Lake Chad Basin area and the broader war against terrorism in the Sahel.

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E.A., Ekanem, Nnaji E.O., and Kefas I.N. "Ansaru and its Islamic Radicalization in the Lake Chad Basin." African Journal of Law, Political Research and Administration 6, no. 1 (March 15, 2023): 28–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajlpra-pmwcq4ju.

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This study aimed at exploring the dynamics of Ansaru’s movement as it affected Lake Chad Basin. The study adopted descriptive design that depended on the Judgmental Sampling technique. Secondary sources (books, journal articles, monographs, conference papers, including internet materials) of data collection were sourced form Nigerian libraries and internet. These documentary materials were subjected to content validation before analyzing the study in the qualitative form. Notwithstanding the fact that frustration-aggression theory has deepened the understanding of the Islamic radicalization in the Lake Chad Basin, Ansaru’s insurgency continues unabated. Findings revealed that economic factors, religious ideology and weak institutions triggered the motivation for Ansaru’s Islamic radicalization in the Lake Chad Basin. The religious movement has led to insecurity, human rights abuses, humanitarian and economic crisis. Member states of Lake Chad Basin had adopted hard and soft approaches, while the United States, France, United Kingdom, China and Israel had rendered assistance towards mitigating the extremism though with little success. The study recommends good governance, strong institutions, ideological re-orientation and international cooperation as panacea for the Ansaru’s Islamic radicalization in the Lake Chad Basin.

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Adela, Gershon. "“Small Fires Causing Large Fires”: The rise of Boko Haram in Northeastern Nigeria and its Transnational Posture in the Lake Chad Basin." Journal of Intelligence, Conflict, and Warfare 4, no. 2 (November 23, 2021): 46–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21810/jicw.v4i2.2952.

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The Islamist group, Jama’atul Alhul Sunnah Lidda’wati wal Jihad, translated as “people committed to the propagation of the Prophet’s teachings and jihad”, is commonly known as Boko Haram, which means “Western education is forbidden.” It originated in Nigeria’s northeastern state of Borno in 2002, but its violence extends into neighboring Cameroon, Chad, and Niger in the Lake Chad Basin. This article provides an overview of the factors that led to the emergence of Boko Haram, its resort to violence, and rapid expansion in the Lake Chad Basin. The article argues that the Boko Haram insurgency is the result of the combination of overlapping and self-complementing factors. The similarity of these factors across Nigeria’s neighboring countries in the Lake Chad Basin has led to the rapid escalation of Boko Haram’s conflict.

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Magrin, Géraud. "The disappearance of Lake Chad: history of a myth." Journal of Political Ecology 23, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v23i1.20191.

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The article explores the hydropolitics of Lake Chad. Scientific and popular views on the fate of Lake Chad differ widely. The supposed 'disappearance' of the Lake through water abstraction and climate change is a popular myth that endures because it serves a large set of heterogeneous interests, including those supporting inter-basin water transfers. Meanwhile scientific investigations show substantial and continuing Lake level fluctuations over time, and do not support its projected disappearance. The task is to understand how the myth of the disappearing Lake has been engendered and used, by studying the discourses and the strategies of the main stakeholders involved. The Lake has been protected so far from massive water abstraction, and inter-basin transfer projects, due to the fragmentation of its political management, new security threats, and the piecemeal nature of the interests in play.Key words: Lake Chad; environmental myths; hydropolitics; political ecology; inter-basin transfers

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Ndimele, Prince Emeka, Adeniran Akanni, Kehinde Moyosola Ositimehin, Jamiu Adebayo Shittu, Akinloye Emmanuel Ojewole, and Yeside Zainab Ayeni. "Fostering international and trans-boundary cooperation in the management of lake chad fisheries, wildlife and flora: the role of a trans-boundary Ramsar conservation area." Aquatic Living Resources 37 (2024): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/alr/2024004.

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The Lake Chad Basin is one of the most politico-ecologically complex regions in Africa. The rapid global climate change caused by decades of unsustainable resource utilization has not only impaired the ecosystem function but has escalated further conflict with the associated terrorism in the region. This paper reviews the notion of environmental peacebuilding through the introduction of trans-boundary conservation as a mechanism to achieve peace and harmony in the Lake Chad region. The proposed trans-boundary conservation area will restore ecosystem services, conserve biodiversity, improve livelihood, and reduce poverty in the Lake Chad basin. The paper provides justification for the establishment of the “Lake Chad trans-boundary Ramsar site” as an example of how a trans-boundary conservation area could act as a catalyst for improved political cooperation using inter-linkage with other Multilateral Environmental Agreements in the region.

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Olowoyeye, Oluwatuyi S., and Rameshwar S. Kanwar. "Water and Food Sustainability in the Riparian Countries of Lake Chad in Africa." Sustainability 15, no. 13 (June 24, 2023): 10009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310009.

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Lake Chad is a strategic water resource shared by more than 40 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa. In the 1960s, it served as a primary source of water for irrigation and fishing in the region, but the capacity of Lake Chad to supply water for irrigation plummeted by 90% at the beginning of the twenty-first century. With some initiatives taken by the neighboring countries, Lake Chad has recovered about 5% of its water volume in recent years. This research conducted an extensive literature review on Lake Chad and its riparian countries. The four major riparian countries were given particular attention due to their significant stake in the sustainability of lake Chad. This review identified and analyzed the water usage trends in this region, both before and after the lake’s decline in water levels. Our research findings revealed that riparian countries around Lake Chad have experienced an 80% increase in population growth and that the lake has now been reduced to 10% of its original size in the 1960s. Animal production in the region has increased significantly, too, particularly in Chad, and this increase of over 75% has contributed to the conflicts between farmers and herders in the region. The possible solutions proposed for the restoration of Lake Chad include increased water harvesting activities in the basin, developing a legal framework for sustainable water use, incentive-based policies for stakeholders to mitigate climate extremes events, establishing a joint water administration for the basin, and introducing regenerative agricultural practices with a highly efficient micro irrigation system.

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Armitage, Simon J., Charlie S. Bristow, and Nick A. Drake. "West African monsoon dynamics inferred from abrupt fluctuations of Lake Mega-Chad." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 28 (June 29, 2015): 8543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1417655112.

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From the deglacial period to the mid-Holocene, North Africa was characterized by much wetter conditions than today. The broad timing of this period, termed the African Humid Period, is well known. However, the rapidity of the onset and termination of the African Humid Period are contested, with strong evidence for both abrupt and gradual change. We use optically stimulated luminescence dating of dunes, shorelines, and fluviolacustrine deposits to reconstruct the fluctuations of Lake Mega-Chad, which was the largest pluvial lake in Africa. Humid conditions first occur at ∼15 ka, and by 11.5 ka, Lake Mega-Chad had reached a highstand, which persisted until 5.0 ka. Lake levels fell rapidly at ∼5 ka, indicating abrupt aridification across the entire Lake Mega-Chad Basin. This record provides strong terrestrial evidence that the African Humid Period ended abruptly, supporting the hypothesis that the African monsoon responds to insolation forcing in a markedly nonlinear manner. In addition, Lake Mega-Chad exerts strong control on global biogeochemical cycles because the northern (Bodélé) basin is currently the world’s greatest single dust source and possibly an important source of limiting nutrients for both the Amazon Basin and equatorial Atlantic. However, we demonstrate that the final desiccation of the Bodélé Basin occurred around 1 ka. Consequently, the present-day mode and scale of dust production from the Bodélé Basin cannot have occurred before 1 ka, suggesting that its role in fertilizing marine and terrestrial ecosystems is either overstated or geologically recent.

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Dmitriev, Ruslan V., Stanislav A. Gorokhov, and Ivan A. Zakharov. "Spatial Expansion of Islamic Extremism in the Lake Chad Basin: Current Situation and Prospective Directions." Filosofia Theoretica: Journal of African Philosophy, Culture and Religions 9, no. 1 (June 21, 2020): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ft.v9i1.4.

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The article discusses the expansion of the Islamic extremist groups (especially Boko Haram) in the Lake Chad basin countries. The geopolitical zones and states of Nigeria, regions of Niger and Cameroon, macro-regions of Chad were selected as the territorial range. The religious affiliation data has been compiled from the DHS-database. Income levels and literacy rates were evaluated indirectly using body mass index and the degree of age-heaping (modified Whipple's index), respectively. A hierarchical cluster analysis, has allowed us to categorize the territorial-administrative units into four groups by the probability of new Islamic extremist groups appearing there. The article clearly shows that Boko Haram may expand in the Western and North-Western directions. Meanwhile, the new cells are more likely to form inside Nigeria than outside it. Thus, in the near future, theexpansion of Islamic extremist organizations in the Lake Chad basin countries will occur at the local level. Keywords: Lake Chad basin countries, Islamic Extremism, Boko Haram, expansion.

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Rudincová, Kateřina. "Desiccation of Lake Chad as a cause of security instability in the Sahel region." GeoScape 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geosc-2017-0009.

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AbstractThe Lake Chad basin is one of the most unstable regions in Africa. The lake itself has shrunk and nowadays it covers less than 10 % of its area in 1960. These environmental changes have wider geopolitical consequences in the whole region, which encompasses countries such as Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon. Therefore, it seems that environmental threats may act as the detonators for larger political conflict as well as for a struggle for land and may cause growing instability in affected countries. The region is fragile, owing to the fact that several terrorist and Islamist groups are operating there. The most serious threat in the Lake Chad basin is militant Islamist group Boko Haram, which is based in north eastern Nigeria, but it is also active in neighbouring countries. As a result of both ecological changes and security threats, people are losing their traditional sources of income from herding and it is likely that there will be large waves of migration from the area. The paper focuses on the environmental challenges in the Lake Chad basin and their effect on the security in the region. The main attention will be paid to the strategies and actions of militant terrorist groups such as Boko Haram that will be analysed in the wider regional geopolitical context.

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Modu, B., and B. Herbert. "Spatial analysis from remotely sensed observations of Congo basin of East African high Land to drain water using gravity for sustainable management of low laying Chad basin of Central Africa." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-1 (November 7, 2014): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-1-279-2014.

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The Chad basin which covers an area of about 2.4 million kilometer square is one of the largest drainage basins in Africa in the centre of Lake Chad .This basin was formed as a result of rifting and drifting episode, as such it has no outlet to the oceans or seas. It contains large area of desert from the north to the west. The basin covers in part seven countries such as Chad, Nigeria, Central African Republic, Cameroun, Niger, Sudan and Algeria. It is named Chad basin because 43.9% falls in Chad republic. Since its formation, the basin continues to experienced water shortage due to the activities of Dams combination, increase in irrigations and general reduction in rainfall. Chad basin needs an external water source for it to be function at sustainable level, hence needs for exploitation of higher east African river basin called Congo basin; which covers an area of 3.7 million square km lies in an astride the equator in west-central Africa-world second largest river basin after Amazon. The Congo River almost pans around republic of Congo, the democratic republic of Congo, the Central African Republic, western Zambia, northern Angola, part of Cameroun, and Tanzania. The remotely sensed imagery analysis and observation revealed that Congo basin is on the elevation of 275 to 460 meters and the Chad basin is on elevation of 240 meters. This implies that water can be drained from Congo basin via headrace down to the Chad basin for the water sustainability.

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Sylvestre, Florence, Mathieu Schuster, Hendrik Vogel, Moussa Abdheramane, Daniel Ariztegui, Ulrich Salzmann, Antje Schwalb, and Nicolas Waldmann. "The Lake CHAd Deep DRILLing project (CHADRILL) – targeting ∼ 10 million years of environmental and climate change in Africa." Scientific Drilling 24 (October 22, 2018): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sd-24-71-2018.

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Abstract. At present, Lake Chad (∼ 13∘′ N, ∼ 14∘ E) is a shallow freshwater lake located in the Sahel/Sahara region of central northern Africa. The lake is primarily fed by the Chari–Logone river system draining a ∼ 600 000 km2 watershed in tropical Africa. Discharge is strongly controlled by the annual passage of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and monsoon circulation leading to a peak in rainfall during boreal summer. During recent decades, a large number of studies have been carried out in the Lake Chad Basin (LCB). They have mostly focused on a patchwork of exposed lake sediments and outcrops once inhabited by early hominids. A dataset generated from a 673 m long geotechnical borehole drilled in 1973, along with outcrop and seismic reflection studies, reveal several hundred metres of Miocene–Pleistocene lacustrine deposits. CHADRILL aims to recover a sedimentary core spanning the Miocene–Pleistocene sediment succession of Lake Chad through deep drilling. This record will provide significant insights into the modulation of orbitally forced changes in northern African hydroclimate under different climate boundary conditions such as high CO2 and absence of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets. These investigations will also help unravel both the age and the origin of the lake and its current desert surrounding. The LCB is very rich in early hominid fossils (Australopithecus bahrelghazali; Sahelanthropus tchadensis) of Late Miocene age. Thus, retrieving a sediment core from this basin will provide the most continuous climatic and environmental record with which to compare hominid migrations across northern Africa and has major implications for understanding human evolution. Furthermore, due to its dramatic and episodically changing water levels and associated depositional modes, Lake Chad's sediments resemble maybe an analogue for lake systems that were once present on Mars. Consequently, the study of the subsurface biosphere contained in these sediments has the potential to shed light on microbial biodiversity present in this type of depositional environment. We propose to drill a total of ∼ 1800 m of poorly to semi-consolidated lacustrine, fluvial, and eolian sediments down to bedrock at a single on-shore site close to the shoreline of present-day Lake Chad. We propose to locate our drilling operations on-shore close to the site where the geotechnical Bol borehole (13∘28′ N, 14∘44′ E) was drilled in 1973. This is for two main reasons: (1) nowhere else in the Chad Basin do we have such detailed information about the lithologies to be drilled; and (2) the Bol site is close to the depocentre of the Chad Basin and therefore likely to provide the stratigraphically most continuous sequence.

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Omenma, J. Tochukwu. "Untold Story of Boko Haram Insurgency: The Lake Chad Oil and Gas Connection." Politics and Religion 13, no. 1 (May 20, 2019): 180–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755048319000166.

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AbstractThis article makes a case for the nexus between water resources and terrorism. Using Boko Haram activities in the Lake Chad region, I question the conventional arguments linking religion to the root cause of terrorism. I argue that there is an economic dimension of Boko Haram terrorism, which is based on two interrelated indicators: the attack on the Nigerian oil exploration team in the Lake Chad basin, and the continuous exploitation of oil and gas by Chad, Niger, and Cameroon in the region. Building on economic incentives and natural resources theoretical debates along with a historical enquiry into Boko Haram, the article concludes that economic interests, rather than religion, are partly the impetus to the activities of Boko Haram. The findings have significant implications for both the security of the Lake Chad region and counterterrorism at large.

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AKINTOLA, OLUSOLA E. "CLIMATE CHANGE AND LIVELIHOODS IN THE LAKE CHAD BASIN." WILBERFORCE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 4, no. 1 (March 10, 2019): 22–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/wjss/9102.40.010220.

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This work examined the relationship between climate change and the key social dimensions of vulnerability that often result in violent conflict. The authors adopted the human needs theory, the frustration-aggression theory of conflict, fragile state as well as the cultural theory of risk for climate change adaptation. The paper found that the government of Nigeria does not have an effective policy for adaptation during flooding, displacement and forceful migration due to climate change. The paper also highlighted other identifiable outcomes. These include loss of life and properties, increasing vulnerability, diminishing opportunities for income generating economic activities, increasing conflicts, the polity is tense and the country is overwhelmed due to increasing cases of victims of climate change and lack of adaptation measures. The paper therefore made appropriate recommendations to deal with the twin challenge of climate change and conflict in Nigeria

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Candela, L., F. J. Elorza, K. Tamoh, J. Jiménez-Martínez, and A. Aureli. "Groundwater modelling with limited data sets: the Chari-Logone area (Lake Chad Basin, Chad)." Hydrological Processes 28, no. 11 (June 25, 2013): 3714–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9901.

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Soboyejo, Lukman Adeboye, Ahmad Mojisola Sakinat, and Abayomi Oluwatobiloba Bankole. "A DPSIR and SAF Analysis of Water Insecurity in Lake Chad Basin, Central Africa." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 384 (November 16, 2021): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-313-2021.

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Abstract. Lake Chad is a transboundary freshwater body located in the extreme south of the Sahara Desert. Many centuries ago, the synergies between nature and human activities in the basin were in harmony; and nowadays, the manifestation of unsustainable human activities and drier climate in the basin is now evident. This study assesses the water insecurity and associated environmental issues in the area using the combined Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) and System-Approach-Framework (SAF) frameworks. In achieving this, we conducted literature review to establish the major effects and possible consequences of water scarcity in the area. The SAF defines the Lake boundaries and eventually links the active stakeholders involved. On the other hand, the DPSIR reveals that about 90 % of inhabitants depends on agriculture, with warming (temperature) significantly increasing in the basin (0.22 ∘C per decade) – socio-economic and natural Drivers respectively – as well as increase in population. Pressures include input from irrigation systems, river–flow modification, limited rainfall, and prolonged drought periods. These pressures have led to change in the state of Lake Chad, like freshwater shortages and loss of ecological status. Impacts on human welfares includes mass displacement, unemployment, paralyzed socio-economic activities, and social unrest. The societal-Response has prompted various measures like the launch of campaigns and awareness, planned Inter-Basin-Water-Transfer (IBTW), and several policy changes for better governance. Conclusively, the restoration of Lake Chad solely depends on climate conditions and management policies. However, this study recommends the prioritization of monitoring systems, water-allocation plans, ecological plans, and modelling tools for better decision processes.

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Mémin, Anthony, Jean-François Ghienne, Jacques Hinderer, Claude Roquin, and Mathieu Schuster. "The Hydro-Isostatic Rebound Related to Megalake Chad (Holocene, Africa): First Numerical Modelling and Significance for Paleo-Shorelines Elevation." Water 12, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): 3180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113180.

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Lake Chad, the largest freshwater lake of north-central Africa and one of the largest lakes of Africa, is the relict of a giant Quaternary lake (i.e., Megalake Chad) that developed during the early- to mid-Holocene African Humid Period. Over the drylands of the Sahara Desert and the semi-arid Sahel region, remote sensing (optical satellite imagery and digital elevation models) proved a successful approach to identify the paleo-shorelines of this giant paleo-lake. Here we present the first attempt to estimate the isostatic response of the lithosphere due to Megalake Chad and its impact on the elevation of these paleo-shorelines. For this purpose, we use the open source TABOO software (University of Urbino, Italy) and test four different Earth models, considering different parameters for the lithosphere and the upper mantle, and the spatial distribution of the water mass. We make the simplification of an instantaneous drying-up of Megalake Chad, and compute the readjustment related to this instant unload. Results (i.e., duration, amplitude, and location of the deformation) are then discussed in the light of four key areas of the basin displaying prominent paleo-shoreline morpho-sedimentary features. Whatever the Earth model and simplification involved in the simulations, this work provides a strong first-order evaluation of the impact on hydro-isostasy of Megalake Chad. It demonstrates that a water body similar to this megalake would induce a significant deformation of the lithosphere in the form of a vertical differential uplift at basin-scale reaching up to 16 m in the deepest part of the paleo-lake, and its shorelines would then be deflected from 2 m (southern shorelines) to 12 m (northern shorelines), with a maximum rate of more than 1 cm y−1. As such, any future study related to the paleo-shorelines of Megalake Chad, should integrate such temporal and spatial variation of their elevations.

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Birkett, C. "Synergistic Remote Sensing of Lake Chad Variability of Basin Inundation." Remote Sensing of Environment 72, no. 2 (May 2000): 218–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-4257(99)00105-4.

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Temga, Jean Pierre, Jacques Richard Mache, Achille Balo Madi, Jean Pierre Nguetnkam, and Dieudonné Lucien Bitom. "Ceramics applications of clay in Lake Chad Basin, Central Africa." Applied Clay Science 171 (April 2019): 118–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2019.02.003.

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Okonkwo, Churchill, Belay Demoz, and Kyrian Onyeukwu. "Characteristics of drought indices and rainfall in Lake Chad Basin." International Journal of Remote Sensing 34, no. 22 (September 2, 2013): 7945–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2013.827813.

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Awah, Jeremaih Acuro, Furong Xue, Sophie tatiana Ngoye, and Ethel CHinwe Achonwa. "The evolution and impact of Boko Haram in the Lake Chad Basin in a Multipolar world." Конфликтология / nota bene, no. 2 (February 2024): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0617.2024.2.70646.

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The Boko Haram insurgency is a security threat to the countries of the Lake Chad Basin Region made up of Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad and Niger. This article portrays an analysis on the origin and regionalization of Boko Haram. More importantly, this study also attempts to highlight the pivotal role that cooperation with friendly external partners (such as Russia, and China) can play in the fight against terrorist groups such as Boko Haram in Africa. Our analysis argues that, Boko Haram's terrorism in the Lake Chad region is driven by the combination of overlapping and self-complementing factors like political and economic interests, rather than religion, with implications for security and counterterrorism efforts. In the the end, recommendations were suggested on how to overcome this terrorist organisation. This article utilizes a combination of social conflict theory and terrorism studies to analyze the origins and impact of Boko Haram. Social conflict theory helps to explain how economic inequality and political instability can contribute to the rise of extremist groups like Boko Haram. Terrorism studies provide insight into the tactics and strategies used by Boko Haram to achieve their goals. This article employs a multidisciplinary approach, drawing on a range of primary and secondary sources, including academic literature, government reports, and media sources. The methodology includes qualitative analysis of historical and contemporary data to provide insights into the origins and evolution of the Boko Haram activities, as well as the impact it has had on the affected communities and the countries of the Lake Chad Basin Region. This analysis gave the opportunity to suggest recommendations on how to overcome the Boko Haram and terrorism in Africa in general.

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Oberline, FOKOU YEMATA, SAÏDOU Abdoul Aziz, KANMEGNE Gabriel, BERKOULA Orphé, AUDEBERT Alain, SINE Bassirou, FONCEKA Daniel, and JOLY Hélène I. "Two contrasting patterns of crop seasonal adaptation revealed by a common garden experiment on flood recession sorghum in the Sahel." MAY 2020, no. 14(05):2020 (May 20, 2020): 871–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.05.p2442.

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Studying seasonal adaptation is of great importance for understanding crop diversification. The biological process of seasonal adaptation of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) allowed the development of flood recession agrosystems in the Sahel (West and Central Africa). To analyze the patterns of trait variation linked to this poorly documented process, we evaluated and compared four eco-seasonal groups of sorghum originating from seasonally diversified agrosystems in the same cropping conditions. The muskuwaari and samme groups are composed of landraces adapted to flood recession agrosystems in the Lake Chad Basin (43 accessions) and the Senegal River Valley (14 accessions), respectively. The other two groups are composed of varieties commonly grown in the rainy season (19 accessions from the Lake Chad Basin and 24 accessions from the Senegal River Valley and and surrounding regions). Multivariate analyses based on ten agro-morphological traits structured the sample in two main clusters subdivided into four subclusters. This structure was significantly associated with the eco-seasonal groups, highlighting muskuwaari differentiation. Five traits (head appearance, leaf length, leaf number, aboveground biomass, and the root mass to aboveground biomass ratio) supported the differentiation of eco- seasonal groups and backed the hypothesis of seasonal adaptive divergence of sorghum in the Lake Chad Basin. No trait differentiation was detected in the samme group, suggesting that seasonal adaptation in the Senegal River Valley might probably be associated with population plasticity existing in the rainy season groups. These experimental evidences provide new insights for understanding scenarios of seasonal adaptation of sorghum.

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Fraedrich, Klaus. "A minimalist model of terminal lakes: Qinghai Lake (China) and Lake Chad (N Africa)." Hydrology Research 46, no. 2 (June 26, 2013): 222–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2013.015.

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The ratio of the areas of a terminal lake to its total basin provides a geomorphological measure, which characterises the geobotanical state of water limited climates. A minimalist model of this lake area ratio is introduced combining the water balances of lake and land, the Budyko–Schreiber rainfall–runoff chain over land and, as a closure, the land and lake potential evaporation to be of similar magnitude. The following results are analysed. (i) Model diagnostics quantify a dryness threshold separating water from energy limited climate regimes, which coincides with an upper bound for the area ratio of terminal lakes to remain hydrologically closed. (ii) Model validations for Qinghai Lake and Lake Chad demonstrate model and observed water flux budgets to be in close agreement. (iii) Finally, a paleo-climate sensitivity study for Lake Chad demonstrates that the minimalist model appears to be a viable tool for future and paleo-climate estimates based on lake area ratio changes only and a single reference water flux. Furthermore, a stochastic interpretation of the rainfall–runoff chain allows estimates of water flux variability.

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Robinson, A. H., and Patricia K. Robinson. "Seasonal distribution of zooplankton in the northern basin of Lake Chad*." Journal of Zoology 163, no. 1 (May 6, 2010): 25–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1971.tb04523.x.

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SCHNEIDER, STANLEY R., DAVID F. McGINNIS,, and GEORGE STEPHENS. "Monitoring Africa's Lake Chad basin with LANDSAT and NOAA satellite data." International Journal of Remote Sensing 6, no. 1 (January 1985): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431168508948424.

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Béné, C., A. Neiland, T. Jolley, S. Ovie, O. Sule, B. Ladu, K. Mindjimba, et al. "Inland Fisheries, Poverty, and Rural Livelihoods in the Lake Chad Basin." Journal of Asian and African Studies 38, no. 1 (February 2003): 17–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002190960303800102.

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Nkiaka, E., N. R. Nawaz, and J. C. Lovett. "Analysis of rainfall variability in the Logone catchment, Lake Chad basin." International Journal of Climatology 37, no. 9 (December 1, 2016): 3553–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.4936.

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Ngatcha, Benjamin Ngounou, and Djoret Daira. "Nitrate pollution in groundwater in two selected areas from Cameroon and Chad in the Lake Chad basin." Water Policy 12, no. 5 (January 4, 2010): 722–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2010.017.

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The shallow aquifer in the Lake Chad basin is highly vulnerable to pollution. Analysis carried out on 316 wells and boreholes have showed a tendency towards an increase of nitrate values, exceeding 50 mg l−1. Nitrate concentrations ranged between about 1 and 300 mg l−1. Large variation in concentration was observed in wells and boreholes that are only short distances apart. High concentrations of nitrate in wells, especially in a recharge area along the sand dunes, or via infiltration from river banks, irrigation channels, and infiltration of urban wastewater into groundwater from septic tanks, pose a serious problem for drinking water supply. In Cameroon and Chad, the results of the investigation indicate a variation of nitrate concentration in groundwater between the two areas. The primary origin of this pollution is agricultural proliferation activities that are developed and stressed by socio-economic needs outside the urban area, and by urban expansion within the area served by a decrepit network of urban area sewers. Substancial differences in values of nitrate concentrations were observed in groundwater from adjacent wells and boreholes, indicating local rather than regional contamination.

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Taguem Fah, Gilbert L. "The War On Terror, the Chad–Cameroon Pipeline, and the New Identity of the Lake Chad Basin." Journal of Contemporary African Studies 25, no. 1 (January 2007): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02589000601157113.

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Contoux, C., A. Jost, G. Ramstein, P. Sepulchre, G. Krinner, and M. Schuster. "Impact of the Megalake Chad on climate and vegetation during the late Pliocene and the mid-Holocene." Climate of the Past Discussions 9, no. 2 (March 11, 2013): 1363–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-9-1363-2013.

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Abstract. Given the growing evidence for megalakes in the geological record, assessing their impact on climate and vegetation is important for the validation of paleoclimate simulations and therefore the accuracy of model/data comparison in lacustrine environments. Megalake Chad (MLC) occurrences are documented for the mid-Holocene but also for the Mio-Pliocene (Schuster et al., 2009). The surface covered by water would have reached up to ~350 000 km2 (Ghienne et al., 2002; Schuster et al., 2005; Leblanc et al., 2006) making it an important evaporation source, possibly modifying the climate and vegetation in the Chad basin. We investigated the impact of such a giant continental water area in two different climatic backgrounds within the Paleoclimate Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (PMIP3): the late Pliocene (3.3 to 3 Ma, i.e. the mid-Piacenzian warm period) and the mid-Holocene (6 kyr BP). In all simulations including a MLC, precipitation is drastically reduced above the lake surface because deep convection is inhibited by colder air above the lake surface. Meanwhile, convective activity is enhanced around the MLC, because of the wind increase generated by the flat surface of the megalake, transporting colder and moister air towards the eastern shore of the lake. Effect of the MLC on precipitation and temperature is not sufficient to widely impact vegetation patterns. Nevertheless, tropical savanna is present in the Chad Basin in all climatic configurations, even without the MLC presence, showing that the climate itself is the driver of favourable environments for sustainable hominid habitats.

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Lopez, T., R. Antoine, Y. Kerr, J. Darrozes, M. Rabinowicz, G. Ramillien, A. Cazenave, and P. Genthon. "Subsurface Hydrology of the Lake Chad Basin from Convection Modelling and Observations." Surveys in Geophysics 37, no. 2 (February 2, 2016): 471–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10712-016-9363-5.

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Akanni, Adeniran. "Decision Management Tools for Trans-Boundary Water Management in Lake Chad Basin." Journal of Water Resources and Ocean Science 7, no. 3 (2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20180703.14.

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Mahmood, Rashid, and Shaofeng Jia. "Observed and simulated hydro-climatic data for the lake Chad basin, Africa." Data in Brief 25 (August 2019): 104043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.104043.

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Akaegbobi, I. M. "Palaeoclimatic studies of Lake Chad Basin and its implication on lake level fluctuation using isotope geochemistry." Quaternary International 404 (June 2016): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.097.

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Poulin, Chloé, Bruno Hamelin, Christine Vallet-Coulomb, Guinbe Amngar, Bichara Loukman, Jean-François Cretaux, Jean-Claude Doumnang, et al. "Unraveling the hydrological budget of isolated and seasonally contrasted subtropical lakes." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 3 (March 26, 2019): 1705–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1705-2019.

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Abstract. Complete understanding of the hydrological functioning of large-scale intertropical watersheds such as the Lake Chad basin is becoming a high priority in the context of climate change in the near future and increasing demographic pressure. This requires integrated studies of all surface water and groundwater bodies and of their quite-complex interconnections. We present here a simple method for estimating the annual mean water balance of sub-Sahelian lakes subject to high seasonal contrast and located in isolated regions with no road access during the rainy season, a situation which precludes continuous monitoring of in situ hydrological data. Our study focuses for the first time on two lakes, Iro and Fitri, located in the eastern basin of Lake Chad. We also test the approach on Lake Ihotry in Madagascar, used as a benchmark site that has previously been extensively studied by our group. We combine the δ18O and δ2H data that we measured during the dry season with altimetry data from the SARAL satellite mission in order to model the seasonal variation of lake volume and isotopic composition. The annual water budget is then estimated from mass balance equations using the Craig–Gordon model for evaporation. We first show that the closed-system behavior of Lake Ihotry (i.e., precipitation equal to evaporation) is well simulated by the model. For lakes Iro and Fitri, we calculate evaporation to influx ratios (E∕I) of 0.6±0.3 and 0.4±0.2, respectively. In the case of the endorheic Lake Fitri, the estimated output flux corresponds to the infiltration of surface water toward the surface aquifer that regulates the chemistry of the lake. These results constitute a first-order assessment of the water budget of these lakes, in regions where direct hydrological and meteorological observations are very scarce or altogether lacking. Finally, we discuss the implications of our data on the hydro-climatic budget at the scale of the catchment basins. We observe that the local evaporation lines (LELs) obtained on both lake and aquifer systems are slightly offset from the average rainfall isotopic composition monitored by IAEA at N'Djamena (Chad), and we show that this difference may reflect the impact of vegetation transpiration on the basin water budget. Based on the discussion of the mass balance budget we conclude that, while being broadly consistent with the idea that transpiration is on the same order of magnitude as evaporation in those basins, we cannot derive a more precise estimate of the partition between these two fluxes, owing to the large uncertainties of the different end-members in the budget equations.

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Amaral, P. G. C., A. Vincens, J. Guiot, G. Buchet, P. Deschamps, J. C. Doumnang, and F. Sylvestre. "Palynological evidence for gradual vegetation and climate changes during the African Humid Period termination at 13°N from a Mega-Lake Chad sedimentary sequence." Climate of the Past 9, no. 1 (January 29, 2013): 223–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-223-2013.

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Abstract. Located at the transition between the Saharan and Sahelian zones, at the center of one of the largest endorheic basins, Lake Chad is ideally located to record regional environmental changes that occurred in the past. However, until now, no Holocene archive was directly cored in this lake. In this paper, we present pollen data from the first sedimentary sequence collected in Lake Chad (13° N; 14° E; Sahel region). Dated between ca. 6700 and ca. 5000 cal yr BP, this record is continuous and encompasses part of the termination of the African Humid Period (AHP). Vegetation reconstructions are based on standard analyses of pollen diagrams and are strengthened by quantitative approaches. Potential biomes are reconstructed using the biomization method and mean annual precipitation (Pann) is estimated using the modern analogues technique. Results show that, between ca. 6700 and ca. 6050 cal yr BP, a vegetation close to humid woodland or humid savanna, including elements currently found further southward, thrived in the vicinity of the Mega-Lake Chad in place of the modern dry woodland, steppe and desert vegetation. At the same time, montane forest populations extended further southward on the Adamawa Plateau. The high abundance of lowland humid pollen taxa, particularly of Uapaca, is interpreted as the result of a northward migration of the corresponding plants during the AHP. This preferential zonal occurrence of these taxa in Lake Chad Basin (LCB) (rather than extrazonal) is driven by more humid local and regional climate conditions at this latitude, as shown by mean Pann estimated values of ca. 800 (−400/+700) mm during this period. However, we cannot rule out that an increase of the Chari–Logone inputs into the Mega-Lake Chad might have also contributed to control the abundance of these taxa. Changes in the structure and floristic composition of the vegetation towards more open and drier formations occurred after ca. 6050 cal yr BP, following a decrease in mean Pann estimates to approximately 600 (−230/+600) mm. But, the constant significant presence of lowland humid taxa until ca. 5000 cal yr BP, contemporaneous with a slight increase in steppic taxa, demonstrates that at this date, the modern vegetation was not yet established in the vicinity of Lake Chad. Our data indicate that between ca. 6700 and ca. 5000 cal yr BP vegetation and climate changes must have occurred progressively, but that century-scale climate variability was superimposed on this long-term mid-Holocene drying trend as observed around ca. 6300 cal yr BP, where pollen data indicate more humid conditions.

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Danna, Abba, Bakari Abbo, and Youssouf Pare. "The effects of water level shrinkage in the Lake Chad Basin on costs of production of local residents." International Journal of Applied Mathematical Research 7, no. 1 (December 17, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijamr.v7i1.7315.

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In this paper, we are interested at the modeling and numerical simulation of the impact of dewatering of Lake Chad on income riverrains, to help decision-makers to take the appropriate measures.But in these case, we use the dual of simplex method in order to minimizing the three "targets" populations production costs.

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U. Duru, Innocent, Millicent Adanne Eze, Bartholomew O.N. Okafor, Abubakar Yusuf, Lawrence O. Ede, and Abubakar Sadiq Saleh. "Military Outlay and Economic Growth: The Scenarios of Lake Chad Basin Countries of the Republic of Chad and Nigeria." Growth 8, no. 1 (2021): 12–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20448/journal.511.2021.81.12.26.

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Buma, Willibroad, Sang-Il Lee, and Jae Seo. "Hydrological Evaluation of Lake Chad Basin Using Space Borne and Hydrological Model Observations." Water 8, no. 5 (May 17, 2016): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w8050205.

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Black, Forrest W., Jejung Lee, Charles M. Ichoku, Luke Ellison, Charles K. Gatebe, Rakiya Babamaaji, Khodayar Abdollahi, and Soma San. "Biomass Burning and Water Balance Dynamics in the Lake Chad Basin in Africa." Earth 2, no. 2 (June 21, 2021): 340–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/earth2020020.

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The present study investigated the effect of biomass burning on the water cycle using a case study of the Chari–Logone Catchment of the Lake Chad Basin (LCB). The Chari–Logone catchment was selected because it supplies over 90% of the water input to the lake, which is the largest basin in central Africa. Two water balance simulations, one considering burning and one without, were compared from the years 2003 to 2011. For a more comprehensive assessment of the effects of burning, albedo change, which has been shown to have a significant impact on a number of environmental factors, was used as a model input for calculating potential evapotranspiration (ET). Analysis of the burning scenario showed that burning grassland, which comprises almost 75% of the total Chari–Logone land cover, causes increased ET and runoff during the dry season (November–March). Recent studies have demonstrated that there is an increasing trend in the LCB of converting shrubland, grassland, and wetlands to cropland. This change from grassland to cropland has the potential to decrease the amount of water available to water bodies during the winter. All vegetative classes in a burning scenario showed a decrease in ET during the wet season. Although a decrease in annual precipitation in global circulation processes such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation would cause droughts and induce wildfires in the Sahel, the present study shows that a decrease in ET by the human-induced burning would cause a severe decrease in precipitation as well.

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Coe, Michael T., and Jonathan A. Foley. "Human and natural impacts on the water resources of the Lake Chad basin." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 106, no. D4 (February 1, 2001): 3349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000jd900587.

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Buma, Willibroad, and Sang-Il Lee. "Investigating the Changes within the Lake Chad Basin Using GRACE and LANDSAT Imageries." Procedia Engineering 154 (2016): 403–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.07.503.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Lake Chad Basin Commission'

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