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Journal articles on the topic 'Lakes – Circulation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Beletsky, Dmitry, James H. Saylor, and David J. Schwab. "Mean Circulation in the Great Lakes." Journal of Great Lakes Research 25, no. 1 (January 1999): 78–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0380-1330(99)70718-5.

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2

Gurbutt, Paul A., and Brian Petrie. "Circulation in the Bras d'Or Lakes." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 41, no. 6 (December 1995): 611–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1995.0081.

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3

Plewa, Katarzyna, Adam Perz, and Dariusz Wrzesiński. "Links between Teleconnection Patterns and Water Level Regime of Selected Polish Lakes." Water 11, no. 7 (June 27, 2019): 1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071330.

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The paper identifies relationships between lake water levels and indices of macroscale atmospheric circulations: Arctic Oscillation (AO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), East Atlantic (EA), and Scandinavian pattern (SCAND). Correlation coefficients between synchronous and asynchronous series of monthly water levels and 4 circulation indices were calculated. Based on Ward hierarchical grouping considering 156 correlation coefficients, the groups of lakes were designated due to the strength and term of relation of circulation indices with lake water levels. It was found that these links are not strong but noticeable. The strength of relationships varies in space and time, and the designated groups of lakes refer not only to the climatic diversity of the studied area, but also to some extent to the types of water levels regime. The observed relationships are the most important in the case of AO and NAO (particularly in winter period), and slightly weaker for EA and SCAND. The analysis used mean monthly water levels of 15 lakes in northern Poland from 1976–2015.

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4

Welch, Harold E., and Martin A. Bergmann. "Water Circulation in Small Arctic Lakes in Winter." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 506–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f85-068.

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Dye experiments and detailed measurements of conductance and temperature in small lakes at Saqvaqjuac (63°39′N, 90°39′W), showed how water circulated in midwinter. Stored heat returning from the sediments warms adjacent water, which then sinks downslope. Water immediately beneath the ice moves laterally shoreward, picking up cryoconcentrated salts and sinking downslope. Displacement of deep waters upward at the lake center is postulated as completing the circulation. Rates of water movement are on the order of 10 m∙d−1 in 2- to 10-ha lakes. This type of winter circulation is expected to be ubiquitous throughout the arctic.

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5

Toffolon, Marco. "Ekman circulation and downwelling in narrow lakes." Advances in Water Resources 53 (March 2013): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.10.003.

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6

Malm, Joakim. "Spring Circulation Associated with the Thermal Bar in Large Temperate Lakes." Hydrology Research 26, no. 4-5 (August 1, 1995): 331–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1995.0019.

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The overall circulation pattern in spring is rather specific as density-induced currents may be of significance. The density-driven circulation perpendicular to the shore can be described as consisting of two circulation cells, with a zone of convergence, referred to as thermal bar, in between. The thermal bar, which coincides with the 4°C isotherm (the temperature of maximum density), inhibits horizontal water exchange, implying its practical importance. In this paper, a hydrodynamic numerical model is used to study the relative influence of wind- and density-driven currents in a large temperate lake during spring. The study shows that the general density-driven circulation is strongly dependent on the bottom topography, with a more pronounced circulation and considerable descending motions in the thermal bar zone in lakes with steep sloping bottoms. In shallow lakes, the wind-driven circulation dominates, and the effect of density-induced currents is marginal, except at locations with a drastic change in bottom depth.

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7

Laval, Bernard, Jörg Imberger, Ben R. Hodges, and Roman Stocker. "Modeling circulation in lakes: Spatial and temporal variations." Limnology and Oceanography 48, no. 3 (May 2003): 983–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2003.48.3.0983.

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8

Boyce, F. M., M. A. Donelan, P. F. Hamblin, C. R. Murthy, and T. J. Simons. "Thermal structure and circulation in the great lakes." Atmosphere-Ocean 27, no. 4 (December 1989): 607–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07055900.1989.9649358.

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9

Sanderson, Brian G. "Circulation and the nutrient budget in Myall Lakes." Hydrobiologia 608, no. 1 (June 6, 2008): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-008-9380-6.

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10

Suriano, Zachary J., and Daniel J. Leathers. "Great Lakes Basin Snow-Cover Ablation and Synoptic-Scale Circulation." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 57, no. 7 (July 2018): 1497–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-17-0297.1.

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AbstractSynoptic-scale atmospheric conditions play a critical role in determining the frequency and intensity of snow-cover-ablation events. Using a synoptic weather-classification technique, distinct regional circulation patterns influencing the Great Lakes basin of North America are identified and examined in conjunction with daily snow-ablation events from 1960 to 2009. An ablation event is considered in this study to be an interdiurnal decrease in areal-weighted average snow depth of greater than 2.54 cm in magnitude over the entire Great Lakes basin. General meteorological characteristics associated with ablation-causing synoptic types are examined, and three individual case studies from prominent synoptic types are presented to understand the diversity of meteorological influences on regional snow ablation. Results indicate that a variety of synoptic weather conditions lead to snow ablation in the Great Lakes basin. The 10 most common synoptic types accounted for 66% of the 349 ablation events detected from 1960 to 2009. Snow ablation in the Great Lakes basin most commonly occurs when there is advection of warm and moist air into the region to provide the sensible and latent heat fluxes that are needed for melt, but ablation frequently occurs during rain-on-snow events and in instances of high pressure overhead. Ablation magnitude is highest during rain-on-snow synoptic types, and the interannual frequency of these types significantly decreased by 37% over 1960–2009. Conversely, the frequency of high-pressure-overhead synoptic types significantly increased by more than 30% from 1960 to 2009. Such changes may influence the hydrologic impact of these synoptic types on ablation over time.

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11

Schweger, Charles E., and Michael Hickman. "Holocene paleohydrology of central Alberta: testing the general-circulation-model climate simulations." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 26, no. 9 (September 1, 1989): 1826–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e89-155.

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Paleoecological investigations of 28 lakes and bogs provide the basis for a Holocene paleohydrological record for central Alberta. Shallow basins, empty during the early Holocene, began flooding shortly after 8000 years ago; most filled from 6500 to 4500 years ago, and none filled later than 3000 years ago. Pollen of a hypersaline indicator genus, Ruppia, was found in cores of lakes where the plant does not presently grow, indicating lower lake levels, evaporation stress, and increased salinity from 8000 to 3000 years ago. Moore Lake (54°30′N, 100°30′W) may have dropped 15 m from 9200 to 5900 years ago, and Lofty Lake (54°44′N, 112°29′W) largely dried up between 8700 and 6300 years ago. Lower water levels are suggested for several lakes by shifts in fossil diatom populations from planktonic to benthic, particularly epipelic species including pioneering taxa. These shallow, warm lakes were highly productive and sedimentary pigment levels reached maximum values between about 9000 and 4000 years ago.The paleohydrological record indicates early Holocene aridity, with the onset and development of moister conditions between 8000 and 3000 years ago, by which time modern climatic and vegetation conditions had been established. This record fits the Holocene climate predicted by the general-circulation-model simulations based on orbital perturbations.

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12

Goda, Takeshi, and Masataka Watanabe. "Some Basic Considerations for Marine Disposal of Wastewater and Solid Wastes." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 11 (November 1, 1986): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0155.

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Renewal time and circulation rate are calculated for lakes, rivers and oceans. The annual circulation of the oceans is found to be only four times that of lakes in absolute amount. The dump sites, categories of wastes and tonnages for the disposal of wastes in the sea in Japan are discussed in detail. The dumping of sewage sludge in Japan is severely restricted due to the effects of trace elements on the marine ecosystem. Results of laboratory tests on the settling characteristics of sewage sludge, toxic effects of ammonia on fish and biomagnification are summarized.

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13

SÁNDOR, BALÁZS, PÉTER TORMA, K. GÁBOR SZABÓ, and HONG ZHANG. "ON THE TOPOGRAPHY-DRIVEN VORTICITY PRODUCTION IN SHALLOW LAKES." ANZIAM Journal 61, no. 02 (April 2019): 148–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1446181119000051.

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We analyse the vorticity production of lake-scale circulation in wind-induced shallow flows using a linear elliptic partial differential equation. The linear equation is derived from the vorticity form of the shallow-water equation using a linear bed friction formula. The features of the wind-induced steady-state flow are analysed in a circular basin with topography as a concave paraboloid, having a quadratic pile in the middle of the basin. In our study, the size of the pile varies by a size parameter. The vorticity production due to the gradient in the topography (and the distance of the boundary) makes the streamlines parallel to topographical contours, and beyond a critical size parameter, it results in a secondary vortex pair. We compare qualitatively and quantitatively the steady-state circulation patterns and vortex evolution of the flow fields calculated by our linear vorticity model and the full, nonlinear shallow-water equations. From these results, we hypothesize that the steady-state topographical vorticity production in lake-scale wind-induced circulations can be described by the equilibrium of the wind friction field and the bed friction field. Moreover, the latter can also be considered as a linear function of the velocity vector field, and hence the problem can be described by a linear equation.

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14

Naumenko, M. A. "Some Aspects of the Thermal Regime of Large Lakes: Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega." Water Quality Research Journal 29, no. 2-3 (May 1, 1994): 423–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1994.025.

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Abstract Physical limnological experiments relating to water temperature and currents were conducted in lakes Ladoga and Onega over the period 1985–90. Details of the lake thermal cycle, thermal bar formation, circulation, and heat flux characteristics in the region of the thermal front in these two large lake systems are described. In addition, consequences relating to chemical and biological distributions in the area of thermal front development and progression are discussed.

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15

Cieśliński, Roman, Izabela Chlost, and Marta Budzisz. "Water circulation and recharge pathways of coastal lakes along the southern Baltic Sea in northern Poland." Limnological Review 16, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/limre-2016-0007.

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Abstract The purpose of this paper is to describe water circulation patterns for selected lakes found along the Baltic coast in northern Poland and to determine primary recharge mechanisms or pathways that produce an influx or loss of lake water. A secondary purpose of the paper is to determine the magnitude of recharge for each studied source of water – river water influx, surface runoff from direct catchments, forced influx from polders surrounding lakes, and periodic marine water intrusions from the nearby Baltic Sea. It is also important to determine the magnitude of water outflow from lakes to the sea via existing linkages as well as to compare horizontal influx and outflow data. The study area consisted of five lakes located along the Baltic Sea in northern Poland: Łebsko, Gardno, Bukowo, Kopań, Resko Przymorskie. The main driving force of the studied lakes are large rivers that drain lake catchment areas and periodic brackish water intrusions by the Baltic Sea.

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16

Schwab, David J., William P. O'Connor, and George L. Mellor. "On the Net Cyclonic Circulation in Large Stratified Lakes." Journal of Physical Oceanography 25, no. 6 (June 1995): 1516–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1995)025<1516:otncci>2.0.co;2.

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17

Davidson, Fraser J. M., Richard J. Greatbatch, and Allan D. Goulding. "On the Net Cyclonic Circulation in Large Stratified Lakes*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 28, no. 3 (March 1998): 527–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<0527:otncci>2.0.co;2.

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18

Orlić, Mirko, and Martin Lazar. "Cyclonic versus Anticyclonic Circulation in Lakes and Inland Seas." Journal of Physical Oceanography 39, no. 9 (September 1, 2009): 2247–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jpo4068.1.

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Abstract A simple diagnostic model, reproducing circulation in lakes and marginal seas in which low-density waters are found close to the coasts while high-density waters dominate the offshore areas, is developed. An explicit solution is obtained for the central transverse section of an elongated basin, assuming that the Boussinesq and hydrostatic approximations are valid and that the alongshore variability vanishes. The model reveals cyclonic circulation that may either extend throughout the vertical (type C) or may top anticyclonic circulation developed in the bottom layer (type C/A). With the amplitude of the imposed density anomaly being fixed, the flow type is controlled by the frictional processes and by the basin dimensions. In a typical basin, type C/A flow is supported by weak bottom and vertical friction and by moderate lateral friction, unlike type C flow, which is supported by moderate bottom and vertical friction and by weak lateral friction. Strong frictional influence, especially in the basin interior, suppresses the flow everywhere. The flow is also suppressed in a basin that is narrow O(1 km) and shallow O(10 m), even without the frictional control being too strong. A basin that is narrow and deep favors type C/A flow, whereas a basin that is wide and shallow tends to support type C flow. The theoretical findings are related to observations, particularly those originating from the Adriatic Sea where type C flow prevails but may occasionally be replaced by type C/A flow, as well as to previous modeling results.

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19

Lennox, Robert J., Ulrich Pulg, Brendan Malley, Sven-Erik Gabrielsen, Erlend M. Hanssen, Steven J. Cooke, Kim Birnie-Gauvin, Bjørn T. Barlaup, and Knut Wiik Vollset. "The various ways that anadromous salmonids use lake habitats to complete their life history." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 78, no. 1 (January 2021): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2020-0225.

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Despite the preponderance of exorheic lakes in rivers home to anadromous salmonids, little research has focused on how salmon, trout, and char use lakes as part of their anadromous life histories. The literature on this subject has so far revealed that some parr move into lakes to feed and grow before smoltification but that smolts moving through lakes tend to have high mortality in disproportion to what is observed in other habitats they migrate in or through. Adults have been observed using lakes for behavioural thermoregulation prior to spawning, and kelts of iteroparous species often exploit lakes to overwinter before returning to sea to recondition. We summarized knowledge on lakes as salmonid habitat and identified knowledge gaps about the use of lakes by anadromous salmonids related to whether lakes are barriers that structure genetics of populations, whether mortality in lakes is compensatory or additive, and whether systems with lakes have higher rates of repeat spawning among iteroparous salmonids. Human activities that alter lakes require further study to understand how changes in temperature, oxygen, ice, or circulation affect navigation and fate.

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20

Bajkiewicz-Grabowska, Elżbieta. "The Role of Lakes in Natural Groundwater Drainage." Miscellanea Geographica 11, no. 1 (December 1, 2004): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2004-0020.

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Abstract In the paper it is shown that the lakes of the North-Eastern Poland fulfil various functions in the groundwater phase of the water circulation. The value of the resultant of the groundwater supply to the lake, and in some cases also its direction, depend on the volume of the water undergoing a total exchange in the reservoir in the given year. In through-flow lakes the runoff increase coefficient also influences this value.

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21

Fenocchi, Andrea, Gabriella Petaccia, and Stefano Sibilla. "Modelling flows in shallow (fluvial) lakes with prevailing circulations in the horizontal plane: limits of 2D compared to 3D models." Journal of Hydroinformatics 18, no. 6 (May 14, 2016): 928–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2016.033.

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The numerical modelling of circulations in shallow lakes is a relevant tool for all environmental applications in which flow advection processes are of interest, e.g. for studies on nutrients, microorganisms, pollutants and sediment dynamics. While three-dimensional (3D) models are needed to properly describe the flow fields of basins with the main circulations in the vertical plane, two-dimensional (2D) models are commonly deemed to yield adequate results for lakes with prevailing horizontal circulations. However, the depth-averaged approximation is more limiting for wind-driven flows than for gravity-driven ones, such as rivers, as the driving force is a surface rather than a volume one, distributed along the depth through turbulence. In this work, the effects of such inaccuracy on the reproduction of circulation layouts are evaluated through compared simulations between a 2D Shallow Water solver and a 3D Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes one. The models are first applied to a simple enclosed elliptical test basin and then to the real case of the Superior Lake of Mantua, a shallow fluvial lake in Northern Italy, thereby also investigating the influences of the interaction of wind with a riverine current and of a complex bathymetry on the compared results.

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22

Rizk, William, Georgiy Kirillin, and Matti Leppäranta. "Basin-scale circulation and heat fluxes in ice-covered lakes." Limnology and Oceanography 59, no. 2 (February 12, 2014): 445–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2014.59.2.0445.

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23

Kirillin, G. B., A. L. Forrest, K. E. Graves, A. Fischer, C. Engelhardt, and B. E. Laval. "Axisymmetric circulation driven by marginal heating in ice-covered lakes." Geophysical Research Letters 42, no. 8 (April 21, 2015): 2893–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014gl062180.

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24

Falconer, R. A., and I. C. S. Cox. "Deterministic modelling of vertical circulation in shallow lakes and reservoirs." Regulated Rivers: Research & Management 2, no. 5 (November 1988): 583–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rrr.3450020504.

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25

De Cesare, Giovanni, Jean-Louis Boillat, and Anton J. Schleiss. "Circulation in Stratified Lakes due to Flood-Induced Turbidity Currents." Journal of Environmental Engineering 132, no. 11 (November 2006): 1508–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2006)132:11(1508).

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26

Tapper, N. J. "Evidence for a mesoscale thermal circulation over dry salt lakes." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 84, no. 1-4 (May 1991): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(91)90047-u.

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27

Maślanka, Wojciech, and Jerzy Jańczak. "Circulation of biogenic substances in the Kamionka river-lake system." Limnological Review 10, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10194-011-0011-7.

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Circulation of biogenic substances in the Kamionka river-lake system Reservoirs in river-lake systems play a dominant role in the circulation of biogenic substances. Their evolutional transformations, consisting in accumulation of substances, results it their ultimate disappearance. However, at a given moment, the roles played by reservoirs are far more diverse - they accumulate, perform a transit role or supply the system with biogenic substances. The assignment of roles played in the system to reservoirs performed on the basis of data of 2006 was verified in 2007 with respect to the durability of their roles. Some of the lakes consistently accumulated biogenic substances. Their performing of this function in the system was facilitated by favourable morphometric conditions accompanied by strong pressure, exceeding the value determined for critical load. A tendency of supplying the system by other lakes was visible when they were charged with a lower load than the critical values for phosphorus load. The reservoirs then utilised the opportunity to discharge a part of biogenic substance present in them, partially of internal origin.

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28

Smith, Erik T., Cameron C. Lee, Brian B. Barnes, Ryan E. Adams, Douglas E. Pirhalla, Varis Ransibrahmanakul, Chuanmin Hu, and Scott C. Sheridan. "A Synoptic Climatological Analysis of the Atmospheric Drivers of Water Clarity Variability in the Great Lakes." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 59, no. 5 (May 2020): 915–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-19-0156.1.

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AbstractA historical water clarity index (Kd index or KDI) was developed through the use of satellite-derived and validated diffuse light attenuation (Kd; m−1) for each of the Great Lakes (and subbasins) on a daily level from 1998 to 2015. A statistical regionalization was performed with monthly level KDI using k-means clustering to subdivide the Great Lakes into regions with similar temporal variability in water clarity. The KDI was then used to assess the relationship between water clarity and atmospheric circulation patterns and stream discharge. An artificial neural-network-based self-organized map data reduction technique was used to classify atmospheric patterns using four atmospheric variables: mean sea level pressure, 500-hPa geopotential heights, zonal and meridional components of the wind at 10 m, and 850-hPa temperature. Stream discharge was found to have the strongest relationship with KDI, suggesting that sediments and dissolved matter from land runoffs are the key factors linking the atmosphere to water clarity in the Great Lakes. Although generally lower in magnitude than stream discharge, atmospheric circulation patterns associated with increased precipitation tended to have stronger positive correlations with KDI. With no long-range forecasts of stream discharge, the strong relationship between atmospheric circulation patterns and stream discharge may provide an avenue to more accurately model water clarity on a subseasonal-to-seasonal time scale.

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29

Steedman, Robert J., and Robert S. Kushneriuk. "Effects of experimental clearcut logging on thermal stratification, dissolved oxygen, and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) habitat volume in three small boreal forest lakes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57, S2 (September 7, 2000): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f00-112.

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Clearcut logging around three 30- to 40-ha dimictic northwestern Ontario lakes was associated with increases of 5% or less in midlake wind speed and no measurable changes in spring and fall circulation efficiency or duration of stratification. Water clarity, indexed as the depth at which photosynthetically active radiation was 1% of surface intensity, declined by 25% after 3 years. Late-summer thermoclines were about 1 m shallower in two lakes after logging, but it was not possible to exclude weather as a factor. None of the lakes showed significant declines in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) habitat volume. A forested shoreline buffer strip around one of the lakes prevented increases in midlake wind speed but did not prevent declines in water clarity and thermocline depth.

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30

Bowling, LC, and K. Salonen. "Heat uptake and resistance to mixing in small humic forest lakes in Southern Finland." Marine and Freshwater Research 41, no. 6 (1990): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9900747.

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The annual heat budgets and maximum thermal stabilities achieved by small Finnish forest lakes are considerable for lakes of their size. Heat uptake is rapid during the brief period of vernal circulation, with the latent heat of fusion of ice contributing substantially to this. Heating then slows, with maximum heat contents and thermal stabilities occurring around early August. Absorption of solar radiation by the dystrophic waters, effective shelter from wind-induced turbulence, and considerable relative depths all combine to prevent mixing of heat much below the surface 2 m of most study lakes. Birgean wind-work values therefore remain low, and cold hypolimnetic waters occupy much of the lake volume. The lakes also respond quickly to meteorological change, which causes considerable year-to-year variation, and some short-term fluctuation, in their heat budgets and maximum stabilities. The lakes' small size and shallow thermal stratification may contribute to this.

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31

Anderson, Eric, Ayumi Fujisaki-Manome, James Kessler, Gregory Lang, Philip Chu, John Kelley, Yi Chen, and Jia Wang. "Ice Forecasting in the Next-Generation Great Lakes Operational Forecast System (GLOFS)." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 6, no. 4 (October 21, 2018): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse6040123.

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Ice Cover in the Great Lakes has significant impacts on regional weather, economy, lake ecology, and human safety. However, forecast guidance for the lakes is largely focused on the ice-free season and associated state variables (currents, water temperatures, etc.) A coupled lake-ice model is proposed with potential to provide valuable information to stakeholders and society at large about the current and near-future state of Great Lakes Ice. The model is run for three of the five Great Lakes for prior years and the modeled ice cover is compared to observations via several skill metrics. Model hindcasts of ice conditions reveal reasonable simulation of year-to-year variability of ice extent, ice season duration, and spatial distribution, though some years appear to be prone to higher error. This modeling framework will serve as the basis for NOAA’s next-generation Great Lakes Operational Forecast System (GLOFS); a set of 3-D lake circulation forecast modeling systems which provides forecast guidance out to 120 h.

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32

Wang, Xiaolan L., H. Wan, and Val R. Swail. "Observed Changes in Cyclone Activity in Canada and Their Relationships to Major Circulation Regimes." Journal of Climate 19, no. 6 (March 15, 2006): 896–915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3664.1.

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Abstract This study assessed the climate and trend of cyclone activity in Canada using mainly the occurrence frequency of cyclone deepening events and deepening rates, which were derived from hourly mean sea level pressure data observed at 83 Canadian stations for up to 50 years (1953–2002). Trends in the frequency of cyclone activity were estimated by logistic regression analysis, and trends of seasonal extreme cyclone intensity, by linear regression analysis. The results of trend analysis show that, among the four seasons, winter cyclone activity has shown the most significant trends. It has become significantly more frequent, more durable, and stronger in the lower Canadian Arctic, but less frequent and weaker in the south, especially along the southeast and southwest coasts. Winter cyclone deepening rates have increased in the zone around 60°N but decreased in the Great Lakes area and southern Prairies–British Columbia. However, extreme winter cyclone activity seems to have experienced a weaker increase in northwest-central Canada but a stronger decline in the Great Lakes area and in southern Prairies. The results also show more frequent summer cyclone activity with slower deepening rates on the east coast, as well as less frequent cyclone activity with faster deepening rates in the Great Lakes area in autumn. Cyclone activity in Canada was found to be closely related to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Overall, cyclone activity in Canada is most closely related to the NAO. The simultaneous NAO index explains about 44% (41%) of the winter (autumn) cyclone activity variance in the east coast, 31% of winter cyclone activity variance in the 60°–70°N zone, and 17% of autumn cyclone activity variance in the Great Lakes area. Also, in several regions (e.g., the east coast, the southwest, and the 60°–70°N zone) up to 15% of the seasonal cyclone activity variance can be explained by the NAO/PDO/ENSO index one–three seasons earlier, which is useful for seasonal forecasting.

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33

Pattyn, Frank, Sasha P. Carter, and Malte Thoma. "Advances in modelling subglacial lakes and their interaction with the Antarctic ice sheet." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, no. 2059 (January 28, 2016): 20140296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0296.

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Subglacial lakes have long been considered hydraulically isolated water bodies underneath ice sheets. This view changed radically with the advent of repeat-pass satellite altimetry and the discovery of multiple lake discharges and water infill, associated with water transfer over distances of more than 200 km. The presence of subglacial lakes also influences ice dynamics, leading to glacier acceleration. Furthermore, subglacial melting under the Antarctic ice sheet is more widespread than previously thought, and subglacial melt rates may explain the availability for water storage in subglacial lakes and water transport. Modelling of subglacial water discharge in subglacial lakes essentially follows hydraulics of subglacial channels on a hard bed, where ice sheet surface slope is a major control on triggering subglacial lake discharge. Recent evidence also points to the development of channels in deformable sediment in West Antarctica, with significant water exchanges between till and ice. Most active lakes drain over short time scales and respond rapidly to upstream variations. Several Antarctic subglacial lakes exhibit complex interactions with the ice sheet due to water circulation. Subglacial lakes can therefore—from a modelling point of view—be seen as confined small oceans underneath an imbedded ice shelf.

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34

Murthy, C. R., and W. M. Schertzer. "Physical Limnology and Water Quality Modelling of North American Great Lakes." Water Quality Research Journal 29, no. 2-3 (May 1, 1994): 157–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1994.012.

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Abstract Incorporation of physical limnological processes within the water quality/contaminant modelling framework of large lake systems is fundamental for accurate simulation of transport, distribution and pathways of pollutants. Specific examples of water quality/contaminant model applications to the North American Great Lakes are presented with emphasis on models which incorporate physical processes to solve eutrophic and toxic contaminant problems. Examples of circulation and transport model application to lakes and coastal areas as well as thermocline models are briefly described. Water quality models which incorporate such physical limnological processes include eutrophication models, contaminant transport models (river plume, lake and coastal cases). Specific examples are provided primarily from applications in the lower Great Lakes.

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35

Mamas, Natalia. "Ecological features of Lake Karasun." E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020): 07009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021007009.

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A special role belongs to the closed reservoirs in the circulation of substances, water in nature, and also a special microclimate is formed around such reservoirs. Long ago, the Karasun River took off from the village of Starokorsunskaya and flowed westward, falling into the Kuban River, and subsequently the Kuban River, changing its course, swallowed part of the Karasun bed, separating several lakes. According to some maps of the city, the Karasunsky lakes are called "Pokrovskys". Karasun lakes are natural reservoirs, they are formed where in the depressions of the earth's surface (lake basins) due to the prevailing natural conditions, water accumulates from precipitation, melting snow and ice, and groundwater. Today, people are trying to breathe a second life into the ecosystem of the Karasun Lakes.trying to breathe a second life into the ecosystem of the Karasun Lakes.

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36

Rohli, R. V., A. J. Vega, M. R. Binkley, S. D. Britton, H. E. Heckman, J. M. Jenkins, Y. Ono, and D. E. Sheeler. "Synoptic circulation and stream discharge in the Great Lakes basin, USA." Applied Geography 21, no. 4 (October 2001): 369–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0143-6228(01)00011-x.

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37

Beletsky, Dmitry V. "Numerical modelling of large-scale circulation in Lakes Onega and Ladoga." Hydrobiologia 322, no. 1-3 (April 1996): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00031808.

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38

Tyler, Scott W., Peter G. Cook, Anya Z. Butt, James M. Thomas, Peter T. Doran, and W. Berry Lyons. "Evidence of deep circulation in two perennially ice-covered Antarctic lakes." Limnology and Oceanography 43, no. 4 (June 1998): 625–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1998.43.4.0625.

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39

Hernández, Armand, Ricardo M. Trigo, Sergi Pla-Rabes, Blas L. Valero-Garcés, Sonia Jerez, Mayte Rico-Herrero, José C. Vega, Margarita Jambrina-Enríquez, and Santiago Giralt. "Sensitivity of two Iberian lakes to North Atlantic atmospheric circulation modes." Climate Dynamics 45, no. 11-12 (March 15, 2015): 3403–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2547-8.

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40

Amano, Y., K. Taki, K. Murakami, T. Ishii, and H. Matsushima. "Sediment Remediation for Ecosystem in Eutrophic Lakes." Scientific World JOURNAL 2 (2002): 885–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.156.

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The remediation method — namely, a hybrid system combined with DAF and CRM — is studied in this paper for the size reduction of aqua-ecological circulation and for the elution control in lakes. Results show that two effects on water quality purification, the sediment washout effect and the elution control effect, can be induced by this system, and the biota inhabiting the lake is therefore shifted into an oligotrophic aspect, from blue algae to green algae and/or diatoms.

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41

Barbosa, Luciana Gomes, Francisco Antonio Rodrigues Barbosa, and Carlos Eduardo de Mattos Bicudo. "Inter-annual chemical stratification in Brazilian natural lakes: meromixis and hypolimnetic memory." Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia 24, no. 2 (September 6, 2012): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2179-975x2012005000032.

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AIM: chemical stratification and the patterns of light limitation and nutrients of two natural lakes, one shallow and the other one deep, were comparatively evaluated, both lakes located in the southeast Brazil. METHODS: pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids and nutrients were monthly collected during 5 consecutive years at the vertical profile of the two lakes. RESULTS: multivariate analysis indicated that the long thermal stratification period favored the occurrence of chemical stratification in the two lakes. However, in the deeper lake the stratified thermal profile with high hypolimnetic nutrient concentration, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and redox potential indicated that the mixing was not complete even during the annual circulation period, suggesting a slight meromixis and a high chemical stability at the hypolimnion. In the shallower lake, high light attenuation and high availability of nitrogen forms (mainly N-NH4) and phosphorus was observed along the water column, even during stratification. In the deeper lake, N and P co-limitation and low light attenuation coefficients were detected. CONCLUSION: thermal and chemical stratification patterns indicated that the Carioca lake is a shallow, turbid, nutrient rich, whereas the Dom Helvecio lake is a deep, clear, oligotrophic system with a tendency towards meromixis and the isolation of solutes in the hypolimnion. Consequently, meromixis was compared to a "hypolimnetic memory", which was defined, in the case of the deeper lake, as the maintenance of the chemical stratification along the years, during the lake thermal circulation period.

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Wang, Jia, Haoguo Hu, David Schwab, George Leshkevich, Dmitry Beletsky, Nathan Hawley, and Anne Clites. "Development of the Great Lakes Ice-circulation Model (GLIM): Application to Lake Erie in 2003–2004." Journal of Great Lakes Research 36, no. 3 (September 2010): 425–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2010.04.002.

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43

Spero, Tanya L., Christopher G. Nolte, Jared H. Bowden, Megan S. Mallard, and Jerold A. Herwehe. "The Impact of Incongruous Lake Temperatures on Regional Climate Extremes Downscaled from the CMIP5 Archive Using the WRF Model." Journal of Climate 29, no. 2 (January 13, 2016): 839–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0233.1.

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Abstract The impact of incongruous lake temperatures is demonstrated using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model to downscale global climate fields. Unrealistic lake temperatures prescribed by the default WRF configuration cause obvious biases near the lakes and also affect predicted extremes hundreds of kilometers from the lakes, especially during winter. Using these default temperatures for the Great Lakes in winter creates a thermally induced wave in the modeled monthly average sea level pressure field, which reaches southern Florida. Differences of more than 0.5 K in monthly average daily maximum 2-m temperature occur along that wave during winter. Noteworthy changes to temperature variability, precipitation, and mesoscale circulation also occur when the default method is used for downscaling. Consequently, improperly setting lake temperatures for downscaling could result in misinterpreting changes in regional climate and adversely affect applications reliant on downscaled data, even in areas remote from the lakes.

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44

Notaro, Michael, Kathleen Holman, Azar Zarrin, Elody Fluck, Steve Vavrus, and Val Bennington. "Influence of the Laurentian Great Lakes on Regional Climate*." Journal of Climate 26, no. 3 (February 1, 2013): 789–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00140.1.

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Abstract The influence of the Laurentian Great Lakes on climate is assessed by comparing two decade-long simulations, with the lakes either included or excluded, using the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model, version 4. The Great Lakes dampen the variability in near-surface air temperature across the surrounding region while reducing the amplitude of the diurnal cycle and annual cycle of air temperature. The impacts of the Great Lakes on the regional surface energy budget include an increase (decrease) in turbulent fluxes during the cold (warm) season and an increase in surface downward shortwave radiation flux during summer due to diminished atmospheric moisture and convective cloud amount. Changes in the hydrologic budget due to the presence of the Great Lakes include increases in evaporation and precipitation during October–March and decreases during May–August, along with springtime reductions in snowmelt-related runoff. Circulation responses consist of a regionwide decrease in sea level pressure in autumn–winter and an increase in summer, with enhanced ascent and descent in the two seasons, respectively. The most pronounced simulated impact of the Great Lakes on synoptic systems traversing the basin is a weakening of cold-season anticyclones.

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45

Pound, M. J., J. Tindall, S. J. Pickering, A. M. Haywood, H. J. Dowsett, and U. Salzmann. "Late Pliocene lakes and soils: a global data set for the analysis of climate feedbacks in a warmer world." Climate of the Past 10, no. 1 (January 23, 2014): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-167-2014.

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Abstract. The global distribution of late Pliocene soils and lakes has been reconstructed using a synthesis of geological data. These reconstructions are then used as boundary conditions for the Hadley Centre General Circulation Model (HadCM3) and the BIOME4 mechanistic vegetation model. By combining our novel soil and lake reconstructions with a fully coupled climate model we are able to explore the feedbacks of soils and lakes on the climate of the late Pliocene. Our experiments reveal regionally confined changes of local climate and vegetation in response to the new boundary conditions. The addition of late Pliocene soils has the largest influence on surface air temperatures, with notable increases in Australia, the southern part of northern Africa and in Asia. The inclusion of late Pliocene lakes increases precipitation in central Africa and at the locations of lakes in the Northern Hemisphere. When combined, the feedbacks on climate from late Pliocene lakes and soils improve the data to model fit in western North America and the southern part of northern Africa.

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46

Hongve, Dag. "Seasonal Mixing and Genesis of Endogenic Meromixis in Small Lakes in Southeast Norway." Hydrology Research 33, no. 2-3 (April 1, 2002): 189–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2002.0022.

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The inland region of Southeast Norway contains many lakes with endogenic meromixis. A synoptic study of seasonal mixing was conducted in 27 oligo- and mesotrophic lakes with surface area 0.0013 – 7.4 km2 and water colour 2-146 Hazen units. The scope was to identify properties of morphometric, optical and chemical nature that lead to development of endogenic meromixis. The summer mixing depths were found to depend on lake area and water colour. Small lakes (< 0.3 km2) were incompletely aerated during the spring circulation and had hypolimnetic temperatures near the temperature of maximum density throughout the summer stagnation. Insubstantial autumn mixing is considered the primary reason lakes in this area develop meromixis. Iron and manganese concentrations in anoxic deep waters depend on concentrations in the sediments and on accumulation of dissolved inorganic carbon in the deep waters. Development of endogenic meromixis is favoured by iron concentration in the sediment more than 5% of dry weight and manganese more than 0.5% of dry weight.

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47

Bergmaier, Philip T., and Bart Geerts. "Airborne Radar Observations of Lake-Effect Snowbands over the New York Finger Lakes." Monthly Weather Review 144, no. 10 (October 2016): 3895–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-16-0103.1.

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The vast majority of lake-effect snow research throughout the years has focused on the North American Great Lakes since they are often associated with strong lake-effect events that produce heavy downstream snowfall. This study investigates a lake-effect snow event that instead occurred over two smaller lakes, the New York Finger Lakes, which are just O(5) km wide and O(50) km long. A pair of well-defined snowbands that formed over Seneca and Cayuga Lakes, the two largest of the Finger Lakes, were sampled from above by a vertically pointing Doppler radar and lidar on board the University of Wyoming King Air (UWKA). With typical widths matching the widths of the lakes, and depths of less than 1000 m, the long-lake-axis-parallel bands were actually quite intense for their size. For example, updrafts of 2–3 m s−1 or greater within the band cores were common, and reflectivity occasionally exceeded 5 dBZ. Airborne dual-Doppler data show that both bands were sometimes accompanied by a well-defined thermally driven secondary circulation. Lidar data reveal that the Cayuga Lake band contained significantly more liquid water than the band over Seneca Lake, which was composed mainly of ice. Dissipating lake-effect ice clouds, carried downstream from Lake Ontario toward Seneca Lake, likely seeded the emerging convection over Seneca Lake, resulting in an accelerated depletion of liquid in the Seneca Lake band via more efficient snow growth.

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Hall, B. L., G. H. Denton, A. G. Fountain, C. H. Hendy, and G. M. Henderson. "Antarctic lakes suggest millennial reorganizations of Southern Hemisphere atmospheric and oceanic circulation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, no. 50 (November 29, 2010): 21355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1007250107.

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49

Bluteau, Cynthia E., Roger Pieters, and Gregory A. Lawrence. "The effects of salt exclusion during ice formation on circulation in lakes." Environmental Fluid Mechanics 17, no. 3 (January 12, 2017): 579–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10652-016-9508-6.

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50

Josberger, Edward G., Robert A. Shuchman, Guy A. Meadows, Sean Savage, and John Payne. "Hydrography and Circulation of Ice-Marginal Lakes at Bering Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A." Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 38, no. 4 (November 2006): 547–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(2006)38[547:hacoil]2.0.co;2.

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