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1
Bushra, Abd Hassan, and Aliwy Mohammed Alhusseini Hashim. "METAPHORICAL EXPRESSIONS IN SHAFAK'S NOVEL "THE FORTY RULES OF LOVE": A COGNITIVE LINGUISTIC STUDY." International Journal of Research - Granthaalayah 8, no. 2 (2020): 28–38. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3692543.
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This study attempts to analyse the metaphorical expressions used by the novelist Elif Shafak in her distinct novel The Forty Rules of Love. The core of any metaphorical expression lies in the intellectual conceptual, connotative and symbolic terms which require the readers to encipher such terms and grasp their intended meanings. Metaphors are the prominent linguistic devices which are deeply embedded in linguistic and literary expressions to enforce the suggestive meanings and symbolic meanings of such expressions. The researchers select four representative texts from the English novel The Forty Rules of Love in order to represent and cover all the aspects of Metaphor. To cover all the aspects of metaphor that are used in the novel, the researchers adopt a model which is based on Lakoff and Johnson’s Theory of Metaphor (1980). Based on this adopted model to examine the aspects of metaphor, two levels of analysis are followed the contextual analysis and cognitive linguistic analysis. It is found that the Sufi thoughts and symbolisms are stated by using metaphor as a type of rhetorical devices.
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Abid, Raith Zeher, Shakila Abdul Manan, and Zuhair Abdul Amir Abdul Rahman. "‘A flood of Syrians has slowed to a trickle’: The use of metaphors in the representation of Syrian refugees in the online media news reports of host and non-host countries." Discourse & Communication 11, no. 2 (2017): 121–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750481317691857.
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Numerous studies have examined the manner in which minority groups, including refugees, are depicted in the media discourse of the host countries or the dominant majority groups. The results of such studies indicate that media systematically discriminate these minority groups and deem them as a security, economic and hygiene threat to the majority groups. Through the use of Lakoff and Jonson’s conceptual metaphor theory, this study compares and contrasts the representation of Syrian refugees in the online media discourse of not only host countries but also non-host countries, which, in this study, refers to nations that do not host Syrian refugees. The results show that statistical differences between the metaphors used by host and non-host countries only occur when using the metaphors that describe the entry of refugees and the burden they are inflicting on the host countries. This is clearly indicated by the p-values of the log-likelihood test.
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Jiang, Yicun. "On a Chomskyan postulation in conceptual metaphor theory." Chinese Semiotic Studies 17, no. 3 (2021): 355–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/css-2021-2002.
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Abstract This paper is an attempt to make a comparison between Lakoff and Johnson’s conceptual metaphor theory and Chomsky’s transformational generative grammar, and to demonstrate a Chomskyan postulation in the former. Although Lakoff and Johnson regard Chomsky’s linguistics as a modern representative of traditional Western philosophies of language that tend to highlight the a priori assumptions rather than empirical findings, the cognitive theory of metaphor contains a Chomskyan metaphysical assumption as its most important notion, i.e. the assumption of conceptual metaphors. Thus, what the present paper wants to argue with ample evidence is that Lakoff and Johnson’s conceptual metaphor theory resembles Chomsky’s logic and that their notion of conceptual metaphors is very much a Chomskyan postulation. What the present study tries to further demonstrate is that the abovementioned two theories actually have many points in common, which also implies that Lakoff and Johnson have failed to avoid the paradigm that they believe is conflicting with their own.
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Romero, Esther, and Belén Soria. "Cognitive Metaphor Theory Revisited." Journal of Literary Semantics 34, no. 1 (2005): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jlse.2005.34.1.1.
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AbstractThis paper provides a framework which, being compatible with Lakoff and Johnson's theory (1980), allows a description of metaphoric verbal utterances. The development of this theoretical expansion is encouraged by Lakoff and Johnson's distinction between nonliteral and literal metaphoric expressions, and by the fact that they do not provide an explanation of the nonliteral metaphoric use of expressions as distinct from the literal metaphoric one. They simply say that metaphoric expressions are nonliteral when they are parts that are not used in our normal metaphoric concepts. This suggestion is included in our model, in which a metaphoric utterance is identified when the speaker perceives both a contextual abnormality and a conceptual contrast, and it is interpreted using, among other things, a pragmatic process of mapping to derive subpropositional metaphoric provisional meanings. This explanation of the metaphoric mechanism allows an explanation of the utterances in which nonliteral metaphoric expressions intervene without having to resort to a previous literal interpretation of these utterances.
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A.O, Toleubayeva. "COGNITIVE LINGUISTIC METAPHORS." International Journal Of Literature And Languages 4, no. 3 (2024): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ijll/volume04issue03-05.
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Today many metaphor researchers work in the framework of cognitive linguistics. The cognitive linguistics revolution began in 1980 with the publication of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson’s Metaphors We Live By. In their book, Lakoff and Johnson amassed an amazing number of examples showing that the way we talk about abstract domains appears to be systematically structured by the way wetalk about certain more concrete domains. Thus, we talk about theories and arguments as if they were buildings: theories can have support and arguments can be demolished. These observations gave rise to the theory of conceptual metaphor which moved metaphor out of language into our conceptual organization. According to Lakoff and Johnson, linguistic expressions such as ‘to demolish a theory’ or ‘the foundation of a theory’ are not isolated expressions but parts of the conceptual metaphor THEORIES ARE BUILDINGS.
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Putterer, Elisabeth. "Von der Conceptual Metaphor Theory zur Deliberate Metaphor Theory." Initium 4, no. 1 (2022): 112–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33934/initium.2022.4.9.
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Der vorliegende Beitrag bietet einen Überblick über zwei Metapherntheorien, die für die linguistische Metaphernanalyse als wichtige Beschreibungsrahmen gelten. Zunächst wird der einflussreiche Ansatz von Lakoff und Johnson (1980), die Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) mit ihren wichtigsten Grundannahmen dargestellt. Anschließend werden einige Kritikpunkte präsentiert, die auf die theoretischen und methodischen Mängel der CMT hinweisen. Danach wird die von Gerard Steen (2008) entwickelte Deliberate Metaphor Theory (DMT) in den Fokus gestellt, die sich als Erweiterung der CMT versteht und sich zum Ziel setzt, eine umfassende Beschreibung der Metapher mit Berücksichtigung ihrer sprachlichen, konzeptuellen und kommunikativen Dimensionen zu ermöglichen. Schließlich werden die Reaktionen auf den Ansatz und die Debatte um die DMT diskutiert, die theoretischen Schwächen und methodischen Schwierigkeiten des Ansatzes, aber auch sein Erkenntnispotenzial aufgezeigt.
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Martín de León, Celia. "Skopos and beyond." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 20, no. 1 (2008): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.20.1.02mar.
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This paper deals with the main results of a systematic investigation (Martín 2005), supported by concordance analysis, of the metaphorical expressions found in Reiß-Vermeer (1984) and Holz-Mänttäri (1984), two works that in the 1980s established the theoretical foundations of German functionalism. Based on the cognitive theory of metaphor (Lakoff and Johnson 1980, 1999; Lakoff 1987; Johnson 1987; Lakoff 1993), the analysis led to the identification of two conceptual metaphors that played a crucial role in the articulation of German functionalism: the TRANSFER metaphor and the TARGET metaphor. The paper focuses on the main implications of the use of these metaphors and on the contradictions they create. A broadening of the functionalist theoretical framework is then proposed with the goal of overcoming these contradictions.
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ALOUSQUE, ISABEL NEGRO. "Verbo-pictorial metaphor in French advertising." Journal of French Language Studies 24, no. 2 (2013): 155–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269513000045.
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ABSTRACTIn the last thirty years the development of the Cognitive Metaphor Theory (e.g. Lakoff, 1987, 2006; Lakoff and Johnson, 1999) has led to vast research into metaphor. The study of linguistic metaphor was followed by a body of work into pictorial metaphor (Forceville, 1994, 1996) and multimodal metaphor (Forceville, 2007, 2008, 2009). In the present contribution we explore the use of verbo-pictorial metaphors in advertising through a corpus of French print ads. Starting from the claim that adverts serve a persuasive purpose, it will be argued that multimodal metaphor contributes to that purpose. The paper addresses three issues: a) how multimodal metaphors are manifested in the French advertisements; b) how image and text interact in a concrete type of multimodal metaphor in French print advertisements, namely verbo-pictorial metaphor; c) how verbo-pictorial metaphor performs a pragmatic function in advertising.
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Mehlenbacher, Ashley Rose, and Randy Allen Harris. "A Figurative Mind: Gertrude Buck's The Metaphor as a Nexus in Cognitive Metaphor Theory." Rhetorica 35, no. 1 (2017): 75–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rh.2017.35.1.75.
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Gertrude Bucks (1899) The Metaphor: A Study in the Psychology of Rhetoric (Die Metapher: Eine Studie in der Psychologie der Rhetorik) ist ein einzigartiges Essay. In vielerlei Hinsicht prognostiziert das Essay die Metaphern des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts in der Rhetorik, der Linguistik und den Kognitionswissenschaften, inklusive Richards (1936) gefeierten Bemerkungen über die mentale Grundlagen von Metapher, sowie der einflussreichen “konzeptuellen Metapher” in Lakoff und Johnson (1980). Bucks Essay spiegelt auch die Themen der Metaphern welche die Deutsch und Französisch lexikalische Semantik des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts faszinierten. Die Metapher ist zwar ein Original, aber eine dennoch vernachlässigt Verbindung der rhetorischen Tradition, der linguistischen Wende und der Kognitionswissenschaft. Wir kartographieren die Konturen dieses Zusammenhangs, und explizieren, wie Bucks Argumente in die Geschichte der kognitiven Metapherstudien hineinpassen, mit einem Augenmerk sowohl auf Müllers Philologie des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts als auch bezüglich Lakoff und Johnsons Linguistik zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts.
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Jensen, Astrid. "Coping with Metaphor. A cognitive approach to translating metaphor." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 18, no. 35 (2017): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v18i35.25823.
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The present article focuses on the translation of metaphor by expert translators, young professional translators and non-professional translators. The approach adopted here treats translation of metaphor as a conceptual rather than a purely linguistic phenomenon, based on the framework sometimes referred to as conceptual metaphor theory (CMT), which is based on Lakoff & Johnson (1980) and Lakoff & Turner (1989). The basic assumption behind this study is that translating metaphor requires translator competence, which among other things entails an awareness of the duality of the metaphor as both a mental concept and linguistic expressions. It is further assumed that translation competence is developed through extensive training and translation experience. The study starts with a qualitative analysis of the metaphorical expressions and translation strategies in the sample texts, followed by a quantitative analysis whereby the frequencies of metaphor transference across languages and across groups are counted.
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Ngamjitwongsakul, Pattra. "Love Metaphors in Modern Thai Songs." MANUSYA 8, no. 2 (2005): 14–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-00802002.
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This paper examines the love metaphors used by contemporary Thai songwriters in their modern Thai songs. The theoretical framework for the study is the theory of conceptual metaphor (Lakoff, 1987, 1993; Lakoff and Johnson, 1980; Lakoff and Turner, 1989). The data, approximately 3,615 songs from Grammy Entertainment Company, were collected from books, tapes, and the internet and were compiled from 1983 to 2000. Only 502 metaphorical expressions describing love were found.
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Silaški, Nadežda, and Annamaria Kilyeni. ""THE MONEY IS A LIQUID METAPHOR IN ECONOMIC TERMINOLOGY – A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH, SERBIAN AND ROMANIAN*"." Professional Communication and Translation Studies 4 (May 22, 2023): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.59168/dwyh9440.
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In this paper we deal with the MONEY IS A LIQUID metaphor as linguistically instantiated in economic terminology in English, Serbian and Romanian from the perspective of Conceptual Metaphor Theory, as propounded by cognitive linguists (Lakoff and Johnson 1980; Lakoff 1987; Kövecses 2002; etc.). The main aim of this cross-cognitive and cross-linguistic analysis is to establish whether the three languages share the same conceptualisations of some important financial concepts based on the LIQUID metaphor, or alternatively, whether they exhibit any crosscultural differences. Since the mind is embodied and our bodily experience with liquids (water in particular) is universal, we expect to find little difference across the three languages.
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Bernadetta, Monica Pricillia, Endar Rachmawaty Linuwih, and Yulius Kurniawan. "Metaphors in selected Blackpink’s song lyrics." Journal of English Language and Pedagogy (JELPA) 1, no. 1 (2023): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.51826/jelpa.v1i1.740.
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The primary goal of this research was to examine metaphors in selected Blackpink song lyrics. The study's objectives are to identify the types of metaphors syntactically based on Abdul Wahab (1986) and to analyse the metaphorical meanings of selected Blackpink song lyrics using Lakoff and Johnson's source and target (1980). A descriptive-qualitative approach is used in this study. The metaphors used in Blackpink's song lyrics were the data. The researcher applies Abdul Wahab's theory of syntactical types of metaphor to the identified data and analyses it using Lakoff and Johnson's concept of source and target in metaphor. Subjective nominative metaphor, objective nominative metaphor, predicative metaphor, and sentence metaphor were the four types of metaphor used in five selected Blackpink song lyrics. The writer finds that the phrase metaphor is the type of metaphor most commonly used in Blackpink's songs, followed by the objective metaphor of the predicative metaphor and subjective metaphor. Each of the types of metaphors collected in the following study contains abstract terms with real meanings.
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Węglowska, Anna Maria. "Werbalizacja metafory kognitywnej MYŚLENIE TO PODRÓŻ na przykładzie polskiego tłumaczenia monografii J. D. Apresjana." Kultury Wschodniosłowiańskie - Oblicza i Dialog, no. 8 (October 12, 2020): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/kw.2018.8.22.
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This paper is devoted to the analysis of the cognitive metaphor verbalization of THINKING IS A JOURNEY on the examples from Lexical semantics by J.D. Apresjan. Basing on the theory of cognitive metaphor by G. Lakoff and M. Johnson, the author of the article attempts to analyze and present the role of the abovementioned metaphor in scientific texts.
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Rahmawati, Ida, and Millatuz Zakiyah. "METAFORA KONSEPTUAL DALAM LIRIK LAGU BERTEMA PANDEMI CORONA KARYA MUSISI INDONESIA: KAJIAN SEMANTIK KOGNITIF." Sintesis 15, no. 2 (2021): 130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/sin.v15i2.3487.
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ABSTRACTThis study aims to analyze the use of conceptual metaphors in song lyrics. Similar to poetry, the use of language in song lyrics often brings up metaphors or other language styles with specific purposes and different backgrounds. Based on this, this study discusses the use of Lakoff and Johnson's version of the metaphor in the lyrics of songs with the theme of the corona pandemic by Indonesian musicians. Data retrieval using the technique of listening, notes and documentation. The data that has been collected is then analyzed using Lakoff and Johnson's conceptual metaphor theory. From the results of the analysis, the researchers found 31 forms of metaphor based on the classification of conceptual metaphor types proposed by Lakoff and Johnson consisting of 15 data containing structural metaphors (structural metaphors), 4 data containing orientational metaphors, 9 data containing ontological metaphors and 3 data containing the conduit metaphor. The purpose of using the metaphor which describes the negative point of view of Indonesian musicians in seeing the corona virus outbreak is stated in the lyrics of the song with the hope that the song aims to warn the wider community to always be careful and obey health protocols because the corona virus is very dangerous.
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Indra, Indra, Diah Supatmiwati, and Zainuddin Abdussamad. "Unveiling Pandemic Metaphors : A Critical Analysis of Christina’s The End Of Men." Journal of World Science 4, no. 5 (2025): 545–55. https://doi.org/10.58344/jws.v4i5.1412.
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This research aims to analyse metaphors which appear from Amanda Maclean as main character in The End of Men Novel. Metaphors that used in the work as representation of chaos condition because of Pandemic was happening in the story. Theory which used in this research from George Lakoff. He gives understanding that metaphor is not just as stylistic in the linguistic’s concept but it reflects thoughts and experiences of characters. He argues that metaphor divided into three type, they are structural metaphor, orientational metaphor and ontological metaphor. This is qualitative descriptive research, means each data would be described deeply. The data source from a novel titled The End of Men by Christina Sweeney-Baird. Data are taken from words, sentences and quotations from the novel. This research focus to analyse metaphors that appear in the work and describe them with Lakoff theory. Research question in this research is what are kinds of metaphor that used in the novel ? The result of this study, there are two kind of metaphor appear in the novel, the are structural and ontological metaphor. Second, the meaning of structural type show that characters in the novel present another terms to communicate their purpose and condition. In other hand, ontological metaphor gives understanding about abstract of mind.
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Minamisawa, Yuki. "Metaphor and Collocation. The Case of REIÐI." Orð og tunga 21 (August 15, 2019): 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33112/ordogtunga.21.4.
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This paper investigates metaphorical expressions of anger in Icelandic (reiði), based on conceptual metaphor theory (Lakoff & Johnson 1980, see section 2.1). In recent years, many studies have been carried out to describe how we understand emotions using conceptual metaphors. Special attention has been paid to the emotion of anger, for which a certain number of conceptual metaphors have been proposed (e.g. Kövecses 1990, 2000; Lakoff 1987). Recently, studies have increasingly focused on cross-linguistic similarities and differences (e.g. Kövecses 1995, 2005; Matsuki 1995, Soriano 2003), finding more or less similar conceptual metaphors in different languages.
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Fitrawati, Fitrawati, Nur Israfyan Sofian, and Arman Arman. "METAPHOR OF LOVE AND RELATIONSHIP IN WAVE TO EARTH’S SONG LYRICS." Seshiski: Southeast Journal of Language and Literary Studies 4, no. 1 (2024): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.53922/seshiski.v4i1.60.
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This research aims to describe about love and relationship conveyed in Wave to Earth's song lyrics entitled Sunny Days, Light, and Peach Eyes by using the theory of metaphor from Lakoff & Johnson. Lakoff & Johnson implied that metaphor as the domain of experience can be associated with the other expression to explain another one and distributed into three main type name structural, ontological and orientation metaphor. After doing the study, this research finds out eleven lyrics from those three songs by Wave to Earth categorized as metaphor and have the intention to demonstrate how love and relationship showed within the lyrics. From the analysis, the lyrics contain the deep and emotional expression related to love and relationship told in uncommon expression to express how the feeling of the song lyrics.
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Casadio, Claudia. "Effetto framing: come inquadriamo il mondo con le metafore." PARADIGMI, no. 1 (May 2009): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/para2009-001005.
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- In the study of metaphor, frame is intended as the context, the environment, the landscape in which a metaphor is conceived, expressed and used; the term framing was introduced by George Lakoff within a cognitive setting and gives a distinctive shape to his theory. The idea however can be traced back to Richards (1936) and Black (1962): both the tenor vs. vehicle and the topic vs. focus distinctions, on the ba- sis of which they propose a general characterization of a metaphorical domain, can be considered as instances of framing in the sense argued by Lakoff. The same holds for recent cognitive theories of metaphor such as Way's (1991) and Indurkhya (1992). Interestingly, the notion of frame has been invoked by well known psychologists like Kahneman and Tversky as a fundamental conceptual model for explaining human rational behaviour and decision making. In this paper we maintain that the psychological approach is not indifferent to the frame theory of metaphor. On the contrary, it offers useful clues and research hypotheses for further development. Keywords: Context, Decision, Focus, Frame, Metaphor, Rationality.
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Seufert, Michael J. "A Walk They Remembered: Covenant Relationship as Journey in the Deuteronomistic History." Biblical Interpretation 25, no. 2 (2017): 149–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685152-00250a06.
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Multiple recurrent phrases have been identified in the so-called Deuteronomistic History describing Israel’s obedience/disobedience with respect to the Sinaitic covenant. One major set of phrases utilizes verbs of motion to construe Israel’s covenant relationship with Yhwh. The conceptual metaphor theory of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson provides the theoretical tools necessary to understand these deuteronomic phrases as instantiations of a single conceptual metaphor wherein Israel understood and experienced their relationship with Yhwh as a journey. This article examines and coordinates these recurrent phrases through the lens provided by Lakoff and Johnson’s theory, detailing how the spatial configurations of each verb and its construct are mapped onto a relational reality. This article closes with the brief suggestion that the resonance of this particular conceptual metaphor may have taken hold due to the significance of the exodus event in Israel’s historical consciousness.
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Păstae, Oana-Maria. "The conceptual metaphor of joy." JOURNAL OF LINGUISTIC AND INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION 12, no. 1 (2019): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29302/jolie.2019.12.1.10.
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The purpose of this paper is to study how ‘joy’, an emotional concept, is metaphorised in English from a cognitive perspective. It introduces the theoretical framework of Cognitive Linguistics, then briefly touches upon the definition of metaphor, the different types of conceptual metaphors and, finally, the conceptual metaphors of ‘joy’. We think in metaphors, which we learn very early. Our conceptual system, in terms of what we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature (Lakoff, & Johnson 2003: 8). Lakoff and Johnson’s book Metaphors we live by changed the way linguists thought about metaphor. Conceptual Metaphor Theory was one of the earliest theoretical frameworks identified as part of the cognitive semantics enterprise and provided much of the early theoretical impetus for the cognitive approach. The basic premise of Conceptual Metaphor Theory is that metaphor is not simply a stylistic feature of language, but that thought itself is fundamentally metaphorical in nature. The cognitive model of joy can be described using the example of Lakoff for anger: JOY IS A FLUID IN A CONTAINER: She was bursting with joy; JOY IS HEAT/FIRE: Fires of joy were kindled by the birth of her son; joy is a natural force: I was overwhelmed by joy; JOY IS A SOCIAL SUPERIOR: If I ruled the world by joy; JOY IS AN OPPONENT: She was seized by joy; joy is a captive animal: All joy broke loose as the kids opened their presents; JOY IS INSANITY: The crowd went crazy with joy; JOY IS A FORCE DISLOCATING THE SELF: He was beside himself with joy.
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Weber, Nicole. "Metaphors we live by or conceive by ? A cross-linguistic case study on boredom and Langeweile." Recherches anglaises et nord-américaines 41, no. 1 (2008): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ranam.2008.1358.
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Based on Lakoff and Johnson’s model of conceptual metaphors (CMs) postulated in Metaphors We Live By (1980) this paper summarizes the main findings of an investigation of the English and German conceptualisations of the emotion concepts of boredom and Langeweile. Starting from LakofF and Johnson’s claim that the metaphor as a linguistic device is only possible because the human mind perceives in metaphors, i.e., that metaphor is a cognitive structuring device of human conceptualisation, the paper presents some major linguistically realised metaphors in both languages. Following the model, two CMs are promoted (boredom is a deadly disease and Langeweile is a wasteland) that show that there are -contrary to LakofF and Johnson’s theory -many similarities in conceptualisation between the two cultures but as many differences. Furthermore, the results and the discussion of the analysis of metaphors show that Lakoff and Johnson falsely claimed that metaphors which cannot be comprised in a CM are not relevant for human understanding of the concept.
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Maya, Bindra Gisca. "Ontological Metaphor in Adele’s Selected Song Lyrics." Vivid Journal of Language and Literature 6, no. 2 (2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/vj.6.2.75-84.2017.
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This article discusses the ontological metaphor found in Adele’s songs. It aims to determine the types of ontological metaphor and their meanings. Lakoff and Johnson’s theory of conceptual metaphor is used in analyzing the data. From 21 data collected entity and substance metaphor (11 data) is the type of metaphor mostly used followed by container (6 data), 6 data belong to personification (6 data). And entity and substance metaphor (2). By using metaphor, the writer of those song lyrics wants to give deep impression and deeper meaning rather than to use literal language.
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WEE, LIONEL. "Proper names and the theory of metaphor." Journal of Linguistics 42, no. 2 (2006): 355–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226706003926.
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Metaphorical expressions involving proper names have been discussed only sporadically. This paper demonstrates that there are in fact interesting things to be said about such metaphors, and makes two key points, one general and one specific. The general point is that their behavior accords more with the class-inclusion model of metaphor than the correspondence model. Having established this, I make the more specific point that there are cultural dimensions to these metaphors that pose particular problems for the kind of correspondence model proposed by Lakoff and his associates.
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Berezhnykh, Natalia, Natalia Sivtseva, Tatiana Skopintseva, and Assia Kontrimovich. "Metaphorical Blends (Case Study of Metaphorization of Concept BOOK)." SHS Web of Conferences 50 (2018): 01171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185001171.
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The article deals with the mechanism of creating metaphor in the context of the theory of conceptual integration. A particular emphasis is laid on the basic theses of the theory of conceptual metaphor and the theory of conceptual integration. The comparison of G. Lakoff and M. Johnson’s theory of conceptual metaphor and G. Fauconnier and M. Turner’s theory of conceptual integration is carried out. The analysis of the examples of metaphorical mapping of the concept BOOK is conducted and three conceptual metaphors of the given concept (the target domain) are defined. Each conceptual metaphor is described, the input spaces, generic and blended spaces are defined. The integrated roles and emergent properties and structures are determined and explained.
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Kertész, András, and Csilla Rákosi. "Inconsistency in Conceptual Metaphor Theory." Cognitive Semantics 9, no. 3 (2023): 387–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23526416-bja10054.
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Abstract Although Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) theory of conceptual metaphor has been extremely popular and successful, it has been criticized in many respects, one of which is its alleged inconsistency. This criticism presupposes that the principle of non-contradiction is the most important pillar of scientific theorizing because its violation turns the theory into logical chaos. Against this background, the paper asks: What kinds of inconsistencies emerge in conceptual metaphor theory and how should they be evaluated? In order to give an answer, the authors introduce Kertész and Rákosi’s (2019) [2012], (2022) p-model as a metatheoretical framework, with the help of which they analyse those arguments which charge conceptual metaphor theory with inconsistency. The authors conclude that if the dichotomy between inconsistency and consistency is replaced by the sophisticated distinctions among strong p-inconsistency, well-motivated permanent p-paraconsistency, temporary p-paraconsistency, and p-consistency, then the initial question can be answered in a straightforward manner.
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Ramadhani, Saraswati Eka, Johannes Ananto Prayogo, and Nabhan Fuad Choiron. "Metaphors of Sex in Robert Sylvester Kelly’s Selected Songs." JoLLA: Journal of Language, Literature, and Arts 1, no. 3 (2021): 331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um064v1i32021p331-342.
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Abstract: This research investigates metaphors depicting sex used in the lyrics of Robert Sylvester Kelly’s selected songs, which most of the songs are known for their outrageously sexual lyrics. In this case, the aims of this research are: (1) to find out metaphors depicting sex, (2) to convey the meaning of the metaphors used by Robert Sylvester Kelly. Using qualitative research design, this research employed Conceptual Metaphor Theory by George Lakoff and Metaphor Identification Procedures (MIP) by Pragglejaz Group in analyzing the data. The findings reveal that there are six kinds of conceptual metaphors depicting sex found in the data. They are (1) sex is violence, (2) sex is eating, (3) sex is journey/adventure, (4) sex is game, (5) sex is a lesson, and (6) sex is insanity. Based on the analysis, sex is violence is the conceptual metaphor used most frequently by Robert Sylvester Kelly in both albums. Through Lakoff and Johnson theory, the meaning can be easier to understand. It shows that each conceptual metaphor has its own meaning or interpretation of sex.
 Keywords: metaphor, conceptual metaphor, sex
 Abstrak: Penelitian ini menganalisis tentang metafora yang menggambarkan seks dalam lirik lagu pilihan Robert Sylvester Kelly, yang sebagian besar lagunya dikenal dengan lirik yang sangat seksual. Dalam hal ini, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) mengetahui metafora yang menggambarkan seks, (2) menyampaikan makna metafora yang digunakan oleh Robert Sylvester Kelly. Dengan menggunakan desain penelitian kualitatif, penelitian ini menggunakan Teori Metafora Konseptual oleh George Lakoff dan Metaphor Identification Procedures (MIP) oleh Pragglejaz Group dalam menganalisis data. Hasil temuan mengungkapkan bahwa ada enam jenis metafora konseptual yang menggambarkan seks ditemukan dalam data tersebut. Yaitu (1) seks adalah kekerasan, (2) seks adalah makan, (3) seks adalah perjalanan / petualangan, (4) seks adalah permainan, (5) seks adalah pelajaran, dan (6) seks adalah kegilaan. Berdasarkan analisis, seks adalah kekerasan adalah metafora konseptual yang paling sering digunakan oleh Robert Sylvester Kelly di kedua album tersebut. Melalui teori Lakoff dan Johnson, maknanya bisa lebih mudah dipahami. Ini menunjukkan bahwa setiap metafora konseptual memiliki makna atau interpretasi tersendiri tentang seks.
 Kata kunci: metafora, metafora konseptual, seks
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Bertuol, Roberto. "The Square Circle of Margaret Cavendish: the 17th-century conceptualization of mind by means of mathematics." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 10, no. 1 (2001): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963-9470-20011001-02.
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The cognitive theory of metaphor (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980; Lakoff, 1987; Lakoff and Turner, 1989) is the basis in this article for investigating the significance of the use of mathematical language, and in particular of the metaphor to square the circle in Margaret Cavendish's poem The Circle of the Brain Cannot be Squared. In the article I begin by introducing Margaret Cavendish as the first 17th-century female poet writing on scientific topics. I then explain how mathematics in the 17th century influenced people's view of reality and the extent to which this is mirrored in poetic language. The theory of cognitive metaphor provides the framework for the elucidation of mathematical concepts used to explain 'unknown' realities like mind and emotions and, in particular, of the central metaphor to square the circle in Cavendish's poem. A brief overview of the criteria of Lakoff and colleagues for analysing metaphors shows that the apparently extravagant metaphor to square the circle was simply a novel poetic extension of the conceptual metaphor UNIVERSE IS MATHEMATICS that, like other types of metaphors considered by cognitive linguists, is grounded in everyday experience. Further, Werth's (1994) remarks about the reasons behind the poet's use of particular concepts to explain others help highlight another important aspect at the basis of the production of novel metaphors, namely that of 'poetic choice'. Finally, I elaborate on Werth's remarks by drawing attention to what I term cultural choice, that is, to the influence that common knowledge and beliefs shared by the members of a linguistic community exert on the poet's choice of metaphors. The analysis of the poem shows that the topic and language of the poem, as well as the subtext, that is, the length of lines and the stanza form, depend on metaphoric projections from the domain MATHEMATICS. Through the conceptual metaphor NATURE IS MATHEMATICS, Cavendish explains man's attempt to take control over irrationalia such as fancy and female nature. The impossibility of squaring the circle is used as a proof to demonstrate that nature and fancy cannot be restricted and, at the same time, to give Cavendish a hope of acceptance in the male-dominated world.
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Ferrari, Federica. "The ‘transformative’ power of ‘integrated metaphor’ in counselling." Metaphor in Mental Healthcare 10, no. 2 (2020): 292–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/msw.00008.fer.
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Abstract Given the centrality of metaphor in the (re)structuring of experience (Burns, 2005; Loue, 2008; Roffman, 2008) and of bodily experience to the notion of conceptual metaphor in cognitive theory (Lakoff & Johnson, 2003 [1980]; Lakoff, 1993; Gibbs, 2006), this paper investigates the ‘transformative power’ of metaphor in ‘talking cure’ practices – Counselling and Psychotherapy – to implement its application potential. An experimental integrated “metaphor-based and -driven” model is presented by adapting textual identification procedures (Steen, 1999; Ferrari, 2007; Pragglejaz, 2007) to an integrated psychological approach (Rogers, 2003 [1951]; Perls, 1951) in order to further develop metaphor transformation guidelines. The ‘M’ psycho-test had been created to evaluate the power of metaphor in counselling sessions in a diachronic perspective, providing both qualitative and quantitative data. Some preliminary cases (e.g. ‘the frog’, ‘eating’, ‘the hare’, ‘the desolated land’) are presented, with relative Transformational score, as examples of test application and metaphor potential. Test evidence has allowed for quantitative and qualitative observations. The evidence gathered shows: (1) Applying a metaphor-based experimental integrated approach can offer alternative for action in the practice; (2) Measuring the transformational power of metaphor through ‘M’ psycho-test can offer further degree of awareness for both counsellor and client.
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Kövecses, Zoltán. "An extended view of conceptual metaphor theory." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 18, no. 1 (2020): 112–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00053.kov.
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Abstract A major insight of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) is that it added a strong, empirically testable cognitive dimension to the study of metaphor that is capable of changing the way we think about metaphor not only in language, but also thought and action, and, ultimately, the way we do philosophy (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980, 1999). In the paper, I argue that CMT itself needs to be changed in several ways. In particular, I suggest (1) that it has to be given a much more elaborate contextual component than is currently available, (2) that even its cognitive dimension needs to be refined, (3) that it requires a component that can explain the actual usages of metaphors in natural discourse, and (4), and most significantly, that it needs to be changed in such a way that the modifications under (1), (2), and (3) can be integrated into a unified and coherent theory of metaphor. The paper is based on my forthcoming book Extended Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Kövecses, 2020).
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Knepper, Timothy D. "Techniques and Rules of Ineffability in the Dionysian Corpus." Studia Humana 3, no. 2 (2014): 3–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sh-2014-0006.
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Abstract Is the Dionysian God, or an experience of the Dionysian God, absolutely ineffable? Does the Dionysian corpus assert or perform such ineffability? This paper will argue that the answer to each of these questions is no. The Dionysian God is known hyper-nous as the hyper-ousia cause of all. And the Dionysian corpus unambiguously refers to, asserts of, and metaphorizes about this God just so. In arguing these points, this paper will call upon both the speech act theory of John Searle and the metaphor theory of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson. More particularly, it will look to Searle’s rules of reference and predication and conditions of illocutionary acts, as well as Lakoff and Johnson’s schematization of metaphor gestalt and entailment to show how Dionysian expressions of inexpressibility are rule-governed and the Dionysian God is thereby (relatively) effable.
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Wahyudi, Yashinta Nur, Wijayadi -, and Armeria Wijaya. "The Use of Metaphors in Malcolm X Speech Entitled the Black Revolution." IDEAS: Journal on English Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature 10, no. 1 (2022): 509–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24256/ideas.v10i1.2730.
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AbstractThis study analyzes the metaphor in Malcolm X's speech entitled The Black Revolution. The method used is qualitative descriptive method using the theory of Lakoff and Johnson (2003) and strengthened by the theory of Saeed (2005) in describing the characteristics contained in the metaphor. This analysis aims to identify the metaphors contained in Malcolm X's speech. The Black Revolution explains how oppression and injustice have been accepted by the black community in America over the years. The results of the research are Structural, Orientation, and Ontological metaphors. The most dominant metaphor used in speech is structural metaphor. Then there are the characteristics of Conventional, Systematic, Asymmetric, and Abstraction. The most dominant characteristic in speech is the systematic one.
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Long, Do Tuan, and Vu Thi Huyen Trang. "A DISCUSSION OF THE BOOK EXTENDED CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR THEORY." VNU Journal of Foreign Studies 39, no. 3 (2023): 186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.63023/2525-2445/jfs.ulis.4885.
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The book first provides an overview and criticisms of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) developed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and then elucidates Kövecses’s responses to the five criticisms, basing on which an extended version of CMT was built termed Extended CMT. Generally, the framework consists of different layers with the grounding space on meaning, conceptual structure, ontological level, and context. The value of the book lies in the gestalt components of the framework to account for the activation and meaning of a particular conceptual metaphor, shedding light on the way humans construe a reality/ the world.
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Muhammed Idrees Hasan. "Exploring Mosul Food Proverbs: A Cognitive Perspective." Zanco Journal of Humanity Sciences 29, no. 1 (2025): 314–30. https://doi.org/10.21271/zjhs.29.1.15.
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Metaphor stands out as one of the most well-known theories that deal with non-literal language. This concept is viewed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980a) as understanding abstract concepts through more tangible objects. This view differs from other theories that consider metaphor as merely as a play of words. This research investigates the utilization of food metaphors in Mosuli Arabic proverbs. Its aim is to shed light on the bases and motives of these metaphors; furthermore, it seeks how abstract ideas are conceptualized and comprehended through the use of terms related to food in Mosuli Arabic proverbs. It hypothesizes that food-related terms are employed to comprehend and interpret a diverse range of abstract concepts. Furthermore, it suggests that the bases of metaphor are culture and experience. Written and oral data are collected then analysed on two levels: the first level is concerned with getting the correct explanation and discourse scenarios where these proverbs might be used. The second level consists of two sub-levels. Two models are used on the first part to investigate implicit metaphors. The two models are taken from the works of Lakoff and Turner (1989) on "GENERIC IS SPECIFIC" and Lakoff and Johnson (2003) on "Metaphors We Live By." Thus, the two models are used to reveal the metaphorical meaning of food in Mosuli Arabic proverbs. The second part investigates explicit metaphors using the paradigm proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (2003). This research concludes that the conceptual metaphor theory is able to reveal a various number of abstract ideas that are comprehended in reference to more tangible objects. Additionally, the metaphorical conceptualization is motivated by experience and cultural values.
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Pham, Thuy Giang. "Conceptual Metaphor “WOMEN ARE ANIMALS” In 20th-century Vietnamese Literature." ICTE Conference Proceedings 3 (January 6, 2023): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54855/ictep.2333.
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From the perspective of Cognitive Linguistics, the paper analyzes the conceptual metaphor WOMEN ARE ANIMALS in 20th-century Vietnamese literary works. The theoretical framework for this study includes the Conceptual Metaphor Theory of Lakoff and Johnson (1980), the Great Chain of Being model of Lakoff and Turner (1989), and the Metaphor Identification Procedure of Pragglejaz Group (2007). Through a survey of 50 short stories and novels written by famous Vietnamese authors, 6 low-level metaphors as well as the mapping mechanism from the source domain to the target domain, is discovered and explained. The findings reveal that women are mainly portrayed as wild animals, livestock, pets, or birds. Metaphorical linguistic expressions, then, convey a biased view towards the low and inferior role and position of women in the family and society. Negative ideological values in the representation of women are explored to show that women are considered to be small, weak, dependent on men, and serve as their recreation. Vietnamese people's thinking and cultural characteristics are also reflected in this metaphor.
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Sirait, Asnita. "EDUCATIONAL VALUES FROM CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS OF BATAK TOBA LANGUAGE PROVERBS: A COGNITIVE SEMANTIC APPROACH." JELA (Journal of English Language Teaching, Literature and Applied Linguistics) 5, no. 1 (2023): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37742/jela.v5i1.99.
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Proverbs contain messages, advice, criticism, punishment, and allusions. However, understanding proverbs need more effort due to the metaphorical expressions used in chaining the words. Therefore, the objectives of this study are toto investigate what values are contained in the Batak Toba language which can then be applied in the world of education and to draw a conceptual metaphor of how the Toba Batak culture is shown in a conceptual metaphor. Conceptual metaphors are studied from cognitive semantics, which also studies how to know the human mind through a mapping. This study is a qualitative descriptive study using the theory of conceptual metaphor from Lakoff and Turner (1989) and Lakoff and Johnson (1999) who developed the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, or CTM, which has been followed and subsequently improved over the years by various scholars. The study found that in BTL. Interpreting the intention and meaning in the proverbs metaphorical expression can be done through a semantic cognitive approach by mapping the source domain to target domain (A → B) concept. The conceptual metaphor found in the proverbs are humbleness is hand down, giving is hand hiding, an empty hand is someone’s inability, Shoulder is a hard surface for containment, eyes are teachers, hair is the size of problem, careful thought is wetted lips, and empty stomach is a danger. The study also found educational values from the proverb applied in educational institution.
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Mehfooz, Dr Musferah, Dr Syed Naeem Badshah, and Dr Hafiz Hifazatullah. "A Conceptual Study of Metaphorical Illustration Applied for Hellfire in Qur’anic Text." Journal of Islamic and Religious Studies 5, no. 1 (2020): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36476/jirs.5:1.06.2020.15.
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This study aims to explore the metaphors of fire and hell from Holy Qur'ān utilizing conceptual analysis and by keeping in view the discussion of cognitive linguistic and cognitive perspectives of metaphor. This research has attempted to apply the semasiological approach to Qur'ānic corpus wherewith the figurative significance of fire and hell is linked with Fire/Hell as a metaphor in the Holy Scripture. The Cognitive Theory of Metaphor (CMT)interpreted by linguists Lakoff & Johnson (1980) and developed later by Lakoff and Turner (1989), and others, e.g. Wreth (1994, 1999) has been applied as the theoretical framework and the translations of specific extracted verses of Holy Qur'ān are interpreted logically and compared with concerning religious aspects. Originally the principles of Cognitive Metaphor Theory have been employed for the study of Conceptual Metaphorical Analysis (CMA) revealing how metaphors of fire and hell have been used creatively affecting the understanding of much broader aspects of life in light of the teachings of Qur'ān. The tenor and vehicle illustration is taken from I.A Richards’ concept of ground, tenor, and vehicle, and the source and target domain are also debated to bring forth a holistically semasiological understanding after the analysis of the metaphors.
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Binkley, Sam. "Biopolitical Metaphor." Body & Society 24, no. 3 (2018): 95–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1357034x18767390.
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This article theorizes the biopolitical production of embodiment through a consideration of biopolitical metaphor. It is argued that much recent theoretical work on biopower fails to provide an adequate account of embodiment, and particularly the question of the habitualization of bodily experience. However, read through the lens of biopolitical metaphor, and drawing on the works of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, a dynamic account of the biopolitical shaping of bodily memory and embodied habit becomes possible. Moreover, it is argued that a theory of biopolitical metaphor provides provocative openings for thinking together the recent discursively oriented work on biopower and other approaches associated with the affective turn, specifically around the problems of mimesis and supplement. New research directions are proposed, centered on common experiences of biopolitical domination among marginalized groups drawn from shared experiences of habit and embodiment.
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Połowniak-Wawrzonek, Dorota. "Metaphor in Cognitive Approach." Respectus Philologicus 26, no. 31 (2014): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2014.26.31.13.
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The article presents issues relevant to the cognitive theory of metaphor developed by G. Lakoff and M. Johnson. The researchers suggest that metaphors are common. They are rooted in the experience, important in the perception of the world, thinking, acting, as revealed in the language. The metaphor of language is a reflection of a conceptual metaphor. Lakoff and Johnson point out that the metaphor of language occurs in the texts of various types, from the colloquial language to the specialist language. A metaphor carries out two important functions: explaining and facilitating understanding. It enables a partial understanding of some kind of experience in terms of another type of beings and experiences. Some issues such as the concept of love, metaphysical issues, become possible to understand only through metaphor. Thus, the thesis, which treats about necessity of metaphor, is significant. In the process of metaphorical cognition, there is a projection, which takes the source domain to the target domain. A thesis about invariant is important here. Metaphorical mapping is partial. At the root metaphor is structural similarity between domains or their correlations in our experience. Conceptual metaphors can create complex structural relationships. In the case of metaphor the thesis of one-way metaphorical mappings is as important as the thesis about her creative potential. Prominent semantics of conceptual metaphor cannot give full meaning in the literal paraphrase. Among the conceptual metaphors structural metaphors, orientation and ontological metaphors are characterized.
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Agustina, Lilik Rochmah, and Masriatus Solichah Solichah. "METAPHORS OF LIFE INSURANCE AND HOME APPLIANCE ON YOUTUBE ADVERTISEMENTS VIDEOS." Diglossia: Jurnal Kajian Ilmiah Kebahasaan dan Kesusastraan 8, no. 2 (2017): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.26594/diglossia.v8i2.866.
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Lilik Rochmah AgustinaMasriatus SholikhahSTKIP PGRI Jombanglilikrochmah@yahoo.co.idmasriatus.sholikhah@gmail.com AbstractThe aim of this research is to explore metaphors in life insurance and home appliance on YouTube advertisements videos by employing pragmatics perspective. To accomplish the goal of the research, qualitative descriptive is employed to figure out of both two research questions. Furthermore, to know the kinds of metaphor, researchers work on theory proposed by Lakoff and Johnsen (2003) for fundamental metaphor theory, then, conceptual metaphor theory proposed by Kovecses (2010); and the last is pictorial metaphor theory proposed by Forceville (2002). At last, it can be seen that the type of metaphor are pictorial metaphor for SINAR MAS MSIG life insurance and LG home appliance advertisements. Further, in term of conceptual metaphor researchers found two type of metaphor; structural metaphor and ontological metaphor in Thai life insurance and Philips home appliance advertisements. As the closing, researchers figured out that among the four of life insurance and home appliance advertisements issued in YouTube apply the persuasive strategy to influence the audiences. These advertisements eventually are influential in inviting customers’ attention since the application of metaphors and persuasive strategies.Keywords: Metaphor, Source Domain, Target Domain, YouTube Advertisement Video, Persuasion AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki metaphor yang terdapat pada video iklan asuansi jiwa dan iklan perabot rumah tangga di laman Youtube melalui pendekatan Pragmatic. Untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian, pendekatan kualitatif diaplikasikan untuk menjawab dua permasalahan penelitian. Lebih lanjut, untuk mengetahui jenis metafor yang digunakan pada objek penelitian, peneliti menggunakan teori dari Lakoff dan Johnsen (2013) tentang Fundamental Metaphor, Conseptual Metaphor dari Kovecses (2010), dan teori Pictorial Metaphor dari Forceville (2002). Akhirnya, dapat diketahui bahwa jenis metaphor yang di temukan dalam empat iklan di laman Youtube adalah pada iklan asuransi jiwa Sinar Mas MISG life dan iklan perabot rumah tangga LG terdapat lebih dominan Pictorial Metaphor. Selain itu, pada iklan asuransi jiwa Thailand dan iklan lampu Philip cenderung menggunakan Conceptual Metaphor dengan temuan 2 sub jenis dominan yakni Structural Metaphor dan Ontoligical Metaphor. Sebagai penghujung temuan, peneliti menemukan fakta bahwa keempat iklan asuransi jiwa dan iklan perabot rumah tangga yang ditayangkan pada laman Youtube menggunakan beberapa jenis strategy persuasive untuk mempengaruhi khalayak. Secara jelas, iklan-iklan tersebut bersift persuasive dalam mengundang perhatian dan minat para konsumen dengan menggunakan unsur-unsur metafora dan strategi persuasif. Kata kunci: metafora, domain sumber, domain target, video iklan mber, domain target, video iklan Youtube, persuasi.
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Barrera, Marco Antonio, I. Gede Oeinada, and Ketut Widya Purnawati. "Metafora Konseptual dalam Majalah Niponica No. 33: Nihon No Bunka Wo Tabisuru." Jurnal Sakura : Sastra, Bahasa, Kebudayaan dan Pranata Jepang 7, no. 1 (2025): 185. https://doi.org/10.24843/js.2025.v07.i01.p10.
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This study is titled "Conceptual Metaphor in Niponica Magazine No.33: Nihon no Bungaku wo Tabisuru." Conceptual metaphor is a form of mental construction derived from human experience. The features of metaphors are generally found in various informational media aimed at conveying information to be well understood. This study aims to describe conceptual metaphors in Niponica Magazine No.33. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative analysis, with the theory applied being the conceptual metaphor theory by Lakoff & Johnson (1980) and the image schema theory by Croft & Cruse (2004). Based on the findings, there are three types of metaphors in a total of 13 data points: 4 structural metaphor data points, 4 orientational metaphor data points, and 5 ontological metaphor data points. There are 5 types of image schemas: Existence, Unity, Identity, Container, and Force. The use of metaphors in magazine writing not only serves as decoration but also deepens the understanding of the concepts conveyed.
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Rohrer, Tim. "Metaphors, Visual Blends and the Ideology of Information Technology." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 13, no. 24 (2017): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v13i24.25572.
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In this article I argue from linguistic and visual evidence that the information highway metaphor is having tremendous ideological effects in shaping U.S. politics over technology. I apply Lakoff and Johnson’s theory of conceptual metaphor to the linguistic and visual evidence, but then argue that Fauconnier and Turner’s theory of conceptual blending is useful to explain the visual and linguistic evidence in its full complexity. I conclude by summarizing the ways in which current ideological uses of conceptual metaphors and conceptual blends are assimilating the older innovative software design metaphors for operating systems.
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Reza, Muhammad. "Metaphor in Mark Forster's Album LIEBE S/W." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (2021): 1998–2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v4i2.1888.
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This study is a cognitive semantic analysis of the conceptual metaphor of the song lyrics in Mark Forster's album Liebe S/W. The method used is descriptive qualitative. The theories used are the conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) by Lakoff&Johnson (2003) as the main theory and image schema theory by Croft & Cruse (2004). The data sources in this study were taken from the lyrics of 14 German songs from the album Liebe S/W (2019) by Mark Forster. This study was carried out for the purpose of describing the characteristics of the metaphors, the types of conceptual metaphors and image schemes contained in the song lyrics in the album. Mark Forster's cognition as a singer-songwriter on the album can be seen with this study through a conceptual metaphor approach. Based on the results of the research, it is found as many as 52 data containing metaphorical expressions. Based on the analysis in accordance with Saeed's theory as a metaphor characteristic theory, it shows that there are 13 data with abstraction,15 data with conventionality, 9 data with systematicity, and 15 data with asymmetry. The ontological metaphors is the most dominant in the album. Data analysis using the Lakoff&Johnson theory shows that the conceptual metaphors are found as many as 32 ontological metaphors, 15 orientational metaphors, and 5 structural metaphors. The image schemes found are 20 containers, 4 multiplicities, 4 existences, 5 identites, 12 spaces and 1 scale. Some patterns were found based on theories, 1) metaphors with the characteristics of abstraction and asymmetry have ontological, orientational and structural conceptual metaphors with all types of image schemes. 2) metaphors with conventional characteristics only have ontological conceptual metaphor type with some image schemes, except multiplicity. 3) metaphors with systematic characteristics have ontological and orientation conceptual metaphors with image schemes, except identity and scale.
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Banerjee, Mithun. "A Psycholinguistic Study on Metaphor Comprehension of Bengali Native Speakers." Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics 7-8, no. 13-16 (2016): 51–68. https://doi.org/10.70438/dujl/781316/0004.
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The present study deals with the understanding of metaphors by Bengali speaker. Even though metaphor is widely studied in literature a number of areas of linguistics are also relevant in examining metaphors. Especially psycholinguistics and cognitive linguistics offer an epistemological basis to study metaphor understanding. This paper mainly explores some aspects of metaphor comprehension process from psycholinguistic perspective. Using metaphor is a part of language use. A certain culture reflects on the usage of metaphors. In the paper, we have followed the metaphor theory by Lakoff and Johnson (1980, 1999) and the primary metaphor inventory proposed by Grady (1997). Considering the difficulties of understanding literary metaphors by speakers, we seek to investigate the process and capacity of understanding linguistic metaphors and literary metaphors by native Bengali speakers.
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Maghfira, Hafsha Fadhla, and Hanafi Wibowo. "A Conceptual Metaphor Analysis of English Songs from Jeff Satur's Full Album 'Space Shuttle No.8’." Jurnal Penelitian Inovatif 5, no. 1 (2025): 405–12. https://doi.org/10.54082/jupin.1238.
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Metaphor is a figurative language that has an implicit meaning by comparing one thing to another which aims to refine the language and add aesthetics to a word. metaphors can be found in poetry, novels, and song lyrics. a sentence containing a metaphor does not directly convey the message contained in the writ-ing, for that the listener or reader must ascertain what message is actually conveyed in the sentence. In this research discusses the analysis of the conceptual type of metaphor based on the theory of lakoff and johnson and the meaning contained in the lyrics of English songs from jeff satur on the full album 'space shuttle no.8'. This research method uses a qualitative method with a qualitative descriptive approach that focuses on metaphor identification and interpretation. the data that has been obtained, is analyzed using conceptual metaphor analysis. The results show that there are 3 types of metaphors used based on Lakoff & Johnson theory in the English song lyrics, namely ontological metaphors, oriental metaphors, and structural metaphors. The researcher found that ontological metaphors were found the most with a per-centage of 50%, while oriental and structural metaphors had the same percentage with a percentage of 25%. The findings highlight how the role of metaphors in a sentence, especially in a song lyric, so that listeners get a deep impression and aesthetic value from a song lyric. This research contributes to linguis-tic research by showing the role of metaphor in a sentence, especially in a song lyric.
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Sørensen, Bent, Torkild Thellefsen, and Amalia Nurma Dewi. "Peirce, Aristotle, metaphor – and comments to Factor." Semiotica 2020, no. 235 (2020): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2018-0037.
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AbstractCharles Peirce provided a few, but interesting we believe, remarks about metaphor. Aristotle on the other hand developed a theory of metaphor that, to this day has been, and still is, influential (even though his theory, especially within recent years, also has been heavily criticized, e.g., by Lakoff, George & Mark Johnson. 1980. Metaphors we live by. Chicago: Chicago University Press). Factor, Lance R. 1996. Peirce’s definition of metaphor and its consequences. In Vincent Colapietro & Thomas Olshewsky (eds.), Peirce’s doctrine of signs: Theory, applications, and connections, 229–235. Berlin/New York: Mouton De Gruyter, as one of very few scholars, makes a comparison between Peirce and Aristotle. Factor claims that Peirce’s definition of metaphor and its consequences undermine and overturn Aristotle’s theory. We do not believe that Factor is right; and this is due to Factor’s misinterpretation of key elements within Aristotle’s theory. We rather believe that Peirce and Aristotle, in fact, have central ideas in common concerning metaphor; perhaps, in particular, when it comes to the function of metaphor. Hence, both see, for example, metaphor as a cognitive mechanism. The article tries to develop this argument.
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Bogetic, Ksenija. "The evaluative dimension of metaphor in discourse: Nn the possibilities of bringing together conceptual metaphor theory and appraisal theory." Juznoslovenski filolog 76, no. 1 (2020): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi2001123b.
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The mechanisms of metaphorical evaluation have to date been little explored in the study of evaluative language and the study of metaphor, despite some earlier attempts to place them more firmly on the linguistic science agenda. The founders of Conceptual Metaphor Theory have argued that metaphor structures thought by influencing not only our understanding of concepts, but also our ability of criticising, evaluating and stance taking (Lakoff, Johnson 1999: 2), which is sporadically mentioned in approaches to linguistic evaluation, but with no theoretical or practical interaction with existing analyses of metaphor in discourse. The present paper explores the nature of metaphorical evaluation, drawing on the example of metaphorical representations of language in newspaper discourse. The analysis of the discourse on language is used to discuss metaphorical evaluation, to empirically examine its prominence in the discourse, and its contribution to the construction of meaning, as well as to discuss the broader theoretical and methodological implications. The findings point to the importance of metaphor in the evaluative subsystem of graduation, seen in the interaction of metaphorical and hyperbolic meanings. More broadly, it is argued that bringing together conceptual metaphor analysis and Appraisal Theory analysis offers a rich theoretical apparatus for socio-cognitive discourse analysis.
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Risthavania Putri, Siva, Nadiya Yunianti, and Neneng Nurjanah. "METAFORA KONSEPTUAL PADA LIRIK LAGU KARYA FIERSA BESARI DAN FEBY PUTRI." Jurnal Ilmiah SEMANTIKA 5, no. 01 (2023): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.46772/semantika.v5i01.1146.
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This paper reviews cognitive semantics, especially the conceptual metaphors of Lakoff and Johnson's theory in the song lyrics by Fiersa Besari and Feby Putri. This study used a descriptive qualitative approach with note-taking techniques. The data sources that the authors studied were the lyrics of the song Runtuh by Fiersa Besari and Feby Putri, the lyrics of the song Komedi Tragis by Fiersa Besari, and the lyrics of the song Usik by Feby Putri. The purpose of this writing is to describe the conceptual metaphor in the lyrics of the song by Fiersa Besari and Feby Putri. The results of the discussion that the authors found in this study were 12 conceptual metaphors from Lakoff and Johnson's theory consisting of 6 structural metaphors, 1 orientational metaphors, and 5 ontological metaphors. Hopefully the results of the discussion that the author examines can help readers in studying the conceptual metaphors of Lakoff and Johnson's theory.
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Maruf, Nirwanto, and Rita Tanduk. "A Cognitive Linguistics Study to Reveal the Concept of Death of Indonesian Indigenous Tribe." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (2021): 2626–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v4i2.1969.
Full textAbstract:
Despite of many previous studies related to conceptual metaphor have been conducted since George Lakoff and Mark Johnson have introduced their work known as Metaphor We Live By in 1980, but none of them have analysed oral discourse as their corpus. This study aims to reveal the concept of death belonging to one of the Indonesian indigenous tribes located in Sulawesi Island called Kajang tribe. The Kajang tribe has an ancient oral discourse which delivers orally from generation to generation known as Pasang ri Kajang, and it is full of metaphorical expressions. This present study employs the conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) introduced by Lakoff and Johnson (1980, 2003), and the approach of conceptual metaphor analysis (CMA) by Charteris Black (2004) to reveal the concept of death found in Pasang ri Kajang. This qualitative research obtained the data through semi-structured interviews, field observation, recording, and note-taking. The conceptual metaphor techniques comprising three CMA stages, namely identification, interpretation, and explanation, were used for data analysis. The results of the study indicate that the concept of death as found in Pasang ri Kajang is DEATH IS A JOURNEY. This conceptual metaphor gives a detailed description of death as a journey of the soul to the hereafter. This research concludes that people of Kajang believes only good souls are rewarded with eternal life (Karakkang) and extraordinary wealth (Kalumannyang kaluppepeang) in the hereafter (ahera).
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Hong, Jisup. "Automatic metaphor detection using constructions and frames." Constructions and Frames 8, no. 2 (2016): 295–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.8.2.06hon.
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This paper presents MetaNet’s automatic metaphor detection system that applies theoretical principles from construction grammar, frame semantics, and recent developments in conceptual metaphor theory, including the theory of cascades (Lakoff 2014). The system has achieved relative success in identifying metaphorical expressions for a range of target domains from large corpora and holds promise as a useful tool for corpus-based study of metaphor. The detection system relies on MetaNet’s conceptual network of frames and metaphors as a computational resource for its functionality, and improves automatically as the representations stored in the network are built up. In addition, because of its theoretically principled design the system’s level of accuracy at identifying metaphorical expressions provides feedback to linguists about the accuracy of the frame and metaphor analyses in the network.