Academic literature on the topic 'Lamellar graphite cast iron'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Lamellar graphite cast iron.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Lamellar graphite cast iron"
1
Vdovin, Konstantin N., M. V. Shubina, and I. G. Shubin. "Investigation of Grey Cast Iron Microstructure Influence on its Heat Resistance." Solid State Phenomena 284 (October 2018): 332–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.284.332.
Full textAbstract:
Grey cast iron is one of the most common engineering materials used to make castings which work in thermal cycling. Under thermal cycling conditions, heat resistance is an important operational property of grey cast iron, which depends to the greatest extent on its structure – size and shape of the graphite inclusions, as well as the metal matrix composition. In this paper, the heat resistance of unalloyed grey cast iron with lamellar and compact graphite distributed in perlitic and perlitic-ferritic metal matrices was determined. The tests were carried out at temperatures of 500 – 800 °C. The results of the studies showed an insignificant difference of perlitic and perlitic-ferritic grey cast iron with lamellar graphite heat resistance. The heat resistance of perlitic ferritic grey cast iron with compact graphite is 16 – 48 % higher than the heat resistance of perlitic ferritic grey cast iron with lamellar graphite. Thus, when the shape of the graphite inclusions changed from lamellar to compact, a significant increase in the heat resistance of unalloyed grey cast iron occurred.
2
Stoian, Elena Valentina, Vasile Bratu, Cristiana Maria Enescu, and Dan Nicolae Ungureanu. "Researches Regarding the Influence of Alloying Elements on the Mechanical Properties of Lamellar Graphite Cast Iron." Scientific Bulletin of Valahia University - Materials and Mechanics 16, no. 15 (2018): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bsmm-2018-0012.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Aim of the study is to present the technological process of obtaining cast iron with lamellar graphite for use in the manufacture of cylinder liners, and to identify the main alloying elements and track their influence on the mechanical properties of cast iron with lamellar graphite. Also paper presents analysis of 20 batches of cast iron with lamellar graphite, which are made of cylinder liners, in terms of chemical composition and the mechanical properties. After the analysis of the 20 castings of cast iron Fc 250 it is observed that: the increase in the carbon content shows a decrease of the tensile strength and hardness of the gray cast iron; the increase in silicon content shows a decrease in hardness and tensile strength. Decreasing the amount of graphite and especially the alloy of silicon iron lead to hardness increase 1% Si increases hardness by 50 HB). A statistical analysis has been performed on the data obtained that accounts for changes in alloying additions. A modeling and optimization of mechanical properties (tensile strength and hardness) was performed according to the percentages of carbon, silicon and manganese. Mathematical modeling found that the hardness and traction resistance of the cast iron decreased with the increase in carbon, silicon and manganese content.
3
Danilov, V. N., and L. V. Voronkova. "INVESTIGATION OF THE POSSIBILITIES OF ULTRASONIC TESTING OF CAST IRON WITH LAMELLAR GRAPHITE USING STANDARD NORMAL PROBE." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 259 (2020): 4–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2020.01.pp.004-018.
Full textAbstract:
Computer simulation of acoustic paths for medium – cast iron with lamellar graphite for standard normal probe of several types was carried out in order to study the effect of such medium on the characteristics of transmitted and received signals during ultrasonic testing. In the course of studies to calculate the attenuation coefficient of longitudinal waves in cast iron with lamellar graphite, due to their Rayleigh and phase scattering by graphite inclusions, the previously developed model was used. Comparison of the results of calculations of spectra and pulses of the recorded signals for two samples of cast iron with lamellar graphite confirmed the possibility of using the developed calculation model for a description of real physical phenomena adequate for the practice of ultrasonic testing. The ratio of the recorded signal and structural noise levels for different models of transducers, reflectors and characteristics of the controlled cast iron is estimated. Shown that increased attenuation of the longitudinal wave in cast iron in comparison with steel as a result of scattering by inclusions leads to higher level of this noise and can greatly reduce the signal-to-noise ratio in the detection of the reflected from the defect signals.
4
Сканцев, Виталий, Vitaliy Skantsev, Денис Болдырев, et al. "Evolution of unregulated forms of graphite inclusions in graphitized structural cast iron." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2015, no. 4 (2015): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/17141.
Full textAbstract:
The evolution influence of the graphite form (from a platetype form to a globular one) upon structural cast iron properties was analyzed and grounded, there were also considered cast iron peculiarities and prospects of their commercial application is estimated. For castings production the expediency of rational application of unregulated graphitized cast iron with the intermediate transitional morphology of graphite inclusions instead of grey iron high grades with lamellar graphite (GI 30, GI 35) and malleable cast iron is shown. The appropriate use substantiation of mentioned cast iron types taking into account their peculi-arities is shown.
5
Salomonsson, Kent, and Anders E. W. Jarfors. "Three-Dimensional Microstructural Characterization of Cast Iron Alloys for Numerical Analyses." Materials Science Forum 925 (June 2018): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.925.427.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, we aim at characterizing three different cast iron alloys and their microstructural features, namely lamellar, compacted and nodular graphite iron. The characterization of microscopic features is essential for the development of methods to optimize the behavior of cast iron alloys; e.g. maximize thermal dissipation and/or maximize ductility while maintaining strength. The variation of these properties is commonly analyzed by metallography on two-dimensional representations of the alloy. However, more precise estimates of the morphologies and material characteristics is obtained by three-dimensional reconstruction of microstructures. The use of X-ray microtomography provides an excellent tool to generate high resolution three-dimensional microstructure images. The characteristics of the graphite constituent in the microstructure, including the size, shape and connectivity, were analyzed for the different cast iron alloys. It was observed that the lamellar and compacted graphite iron alloys have relatively large connected graphite morphologies, as opposed to ductile iron where the graphite is present as nodules. The results of the characterization for the different alloys were ultimately used to generate finite element models.
6
Usol’tsev, A. A., N. A. Kozyrev, S. V. Knyazev, A. I. Kutsenko, and A. R. Mikhno. "On a possibility of replacing grey cast iron for manufacturing cast elements of electrolyzer gas collecting bell." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 77, no. 9 (2021): 1063–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2021-9-1063-1070.
Full textAbstract:
The main process leading to the destruction of the cast elements of gas-collection bell of electrolyzer, made of grey cast iron, is the oxidation of iron by oxygen, SO2 gas and sulfur vapors to form magnetite, hematite and pyrrhotin. The simultaneous formation of iron oxides and sulfides does not prevent further corrosion, since scale is formed with a loose structure that does not have protective properties. Reducing the length of the interfacial boundaries inside the material of the cast enables to reduce the rate of corrosion destruction, which can be achieved by modifying the cast iron to change the shape of graphite inclusions, i.e. obtaining high-strength cast iron with a spherical shape of graphite inclusions. However, the obtaining spherical graphite in cast iron using magnesium modification does not exclude the access of aggressive gases to the surface of the products and the possibility of their diffusion along the grain boundaries. It was shown that alloying can be an alternative, which leads not only to the exclusion of lamellar secretions of graphite in the structure of cast iron, but also to the formation of surface oxide layers based on the alloying element preventing the corrosion. Alloying with chromium gives cast iron high abrasive resistance due to the presence of a carbide component in the structure, as well as corrosion resistance due to the alloying of the metal base, heat resistance due to increasing the electrochemical potential of the metal base and creating a strong neutral oxide film on the surface of the castings, heat resistance, etc. An experimental comparative analysis of the corrosion resistance of cast iron used for manufacturing of gas collecting bell of electrolyzers showed that chromic cast iron ЧХ3 has a higher corrosion resistance than high-strength cast iron with spherical graphite ВЧ50 and much higher than grey cast iron with lamellar graphite. However, chromic cast iron ЧХ3 has low casting properties, is very sensitive to the cooling rate and has a large heterogeneity in structure, which makes it difficult to use it for the manufacture of gas collecting bell of electrolyzers.
7
Holmgren, Daniel. "Modelling the Thermal Conductivity of Various Cast Irons." Key Engineering Materials 457 (December 2010): 318–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.457.318.
Full textAbstract:
The thermal conductivity of five predominately pearlitic grades of lamellar, compacted and spheroidal graphite iron have been modelled by means of existing models based on average field approximations. The model is based on the area fraction of different constituents and the width to length ratio of the graphite. The thermal conductivity of graphite in cast iron is derived by inverse modelling. These data are used in combination with experimental thermal conductivity values for a pearlitic matrix in order to model the thermal conductivity of various cast iron grades with good agreement. The calculations are executed for cast iron from room temperature up to 500°C.
8
Devecili, Ahmet Oktay, and Rifat Yakut. "The Effect of Nb Supplement on Material Characteristics of Iron with Lamellar Graphite." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/465947.
Full textAbstract:
In this experiment a cast iron alloy consisting of 0.019, 0.151, 0.431, and 0.646% niobium by weight was set and the microstructure solidification of iron with lamellar graphite was provided. These alloys were subjected to an abrasion test and chemical analyses of the microstructure were done by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). In addition to this, phase compositions were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Tests of mechanical strength, hardness, and tension were also applied to the alloys. The results of this experiment demonstrated that the addition of niobium to iron with lamellar graphite caused an increase in the abrasion resistance by 15%. This experiment shows that adding niobium improves the mechanical properties of grey cast iron.
9
Timofeeva, Larisa, Sergey Timofeev, Liudmyla Voloshyna, and Maksym Kolesnyk. "Increasing the tribological properties of the sur-face layer of cast iron by treatment in the envi-ronment of overheated steam of aqueous solution." Bulletin of Kharkov National Automobile and Highway University, no. 94 (December 16, 2021): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.30977/bul.2219-5548.2021.94.0.123.
Full textAbstract:
The formation of the surface layer of cast iron during the processing of cast iron in the environment of superheated steam of an aqueous solution of salts is considered. An ecologically cleaner method of chemical-thermal treatment is offered. The article considers the surface layer obtained in the environment of superheated steam of an aqueous solution of water-soluble salts of ammonium molybdic acid. The layer is formed on the surface of the matrix and around the graphite inclusions. The impact of temperature on the formation of a multilayer coating by increasing the temperature in contact with the metal surface is the dissociation of chemical compounds in solution, with the formation of atomic oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, molybdenum. The formation of the surface layer occurred not only on a metal base, but also on the boundaries of graphite, both lamellar and globular, coming to the surface of the metal without breaking the solid layer. It is established that as a result of interaction of technological parameters of temperature, holding time and concentration of saturated medium graphite in the surface layer changes its shape, becoming spherical, although in the matrix it had a lamellar shape. It is multiphase and contains soft and hard structural components. Comparative studies have shown that the wear rate of untreated cast iron is much higher than that of treated cast iron, and reaches 0.8 ∙ 10-4 μm/km at a load of 400 N. This increases the wear resistance of cast iron and at the same time improves the workability reducing the coefficient of friction. The effect of the coating on the workability show that the stabilization of the friction moment occurs faster in samples with a multilayer coating. Thus, for gray cast iron with lamellar graphite, the stabilization time of the friction moment in a multilayer coating is 0.6 h compared with 2 h for a single layer coating; in high-strength cast iron it is, respectively, 5.2 and 6.3 hours.
10
Sirenko, К. A., V. L. Mazur, and D. О. Derecha. "Dependence of hardness and other properties of gray iron on its carbon equivalent and degree of eutecticity." Metal and Casting of Ukraine 31, no. 2 (2023): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/steelcast2023.02.042.
Full textAbstract:
The chemical composition, carbon equivalent and properties of castings from unalloyed and low-alloyed gray irons with lamellar graphite of various grades from СЧ100 to СЧА400 were analyzed in accordance with DSTU 8833:2019. There is a reference to such cast iron in the technical conditions for brake pads made of composite materials (rubber mixtures), in particular, for the production of cast iron inserts. Other products for railway transport are also made from cast iron СЧ350, for example, the friction “Khanin wedge”. It is shown that in industrial batches of the “Khanin wedge”, cast from cast iron СЧ350, the hardness did not correlate either with the content of elements in the chemical composition of the cast iron, or with the carbon equivalent due to the narrow range of its values even within the cast iron of the same grade. According to DSTU 8833:2019, with an increase in the carbon equivalent in the possible regulated range of values (%) from 3.03 to 4.54, the Brinell hardness of HB monotonically decreases by approximately 1.54...1.57, and the coefficient of thermal conductivity increases by almost one and a half times. Reducing the sulfur content in the chemical composition from 0.20 to 0.05 % of CH350 cast iron significantly reduces the range of dispersion of the carbon equivalent. The parameters (mean values, mean square deviations and coefficients of variation) of the carbon equivalent and the degree of eutecticity of the chemical composition of cast irons with lamellar graphite of brands from СЧ100 to СЧА400 were determined by means of statistical tests using the Monte Carlo method. It is shown that due to the significant dispersion of the values of the carbon equivalent of the chemical composition, hardness, coefficient of thermal conductivity, strength, density, modulus of elasticity, linear shrinkage, heat capacity, coefficient of linear expansion of cast iron with lamellar graphite of grades from СЧ100 to СЧА400 according to DSTU 8833:2019, it is necessary from the specified list grades of cast iron to determine and regulate in the technical conditions for composite brake pads a specific grade of cast iron intended for the manufacture of inserts in such pads.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lamellar graphite cast iron"
1
Hellström, Kristina. "Density variations during solidification of lamellar graphite iron." Licentiate thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Material och tillverkning, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-37869.
Full text
2
Hernando, Juan Carlos. "Morphological characterization of primary austenite in cast iron." Licentiate thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Material och tillverkning, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-35585.
Full textAbstract:
Automotive industry products portfolio includes a wide variety of complex‐shaped cast iron products, such as truck engine components, that need to withstand a constant trend of higher demands, especially urged by stricter environmental regulations on emissions. Combined with this continued demand on properties improvement, cast iron industry faces a process problem related to the lack of understanding of solidification and mechanisms behind defect formation. Casting products are highly affected by the product design and the manufacturing method itself, which governs the final microstructure and hence the final mechanical properties. Wall thickness of the moulding material strongly influences the solidification time, varying the microstructural coarseness, resulting in a component with different properties depending on the local shape of the casting. The main objective of this work is the characterization of the primary austenite microstructure and its coarsening process, which has been poorly documented in cast iron literature, to allow the prediction and control of these microstructural features present in the casting. The microstructural evolution of the primary austenite in hypoeutectic lamellar graphite iron (LGI) is studied under isothermal coarsening conditions. The dendritic microstructure suffered major morphological changes that included dendrite fragmentation, globularization, and coalescence. Empirical relations based on morphological parameters are introduced to predict the microstructural evolution of primary austenite. A novel technique for colour‐etching and semi‐automatic image analysis for the characterization of quenched dendritic microstructures in cast iron is presented. A new experimental technique for production of graphitic iron with varying nodularity is presented as a solution to control the production of compacted (CGI) and spheroidal graphite iron (SGI) under laboratory conditions. The nodularity evolution is controlled as a function of the holding time and the residual Mg, allowing the study of the primary solidification and primary microstructures of hypoeutectic CGI and SGI in future investigations.
3
Freitas, De Abreu Marcio. "Experimental Study of Metallic Surfaces Exposed to Cavitation." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231937.
Full textAbstract:
Cylinder liners in heavy-duty truck engines are subjected to intense vibrations and may sustain damage from the cavitation of bubbles in the coolant liquid, with some risks of leakage and engine breakdown. An ultrasonic oscillating probe was used to simulate the pitting rates and behavior of samples extracted from cylinder liners, which are made of grey cast iron, with differences in surface roughness, glycol and inhibitor content in coolant, coolant temperature and graphite flake class; bainitic microstructures were also tested. Measurements consisted of mass losses under set intervals during experiments lasting 2.5 or 4 hours. Affected surfaces were later evaluated with scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. Results indicate higher cavitation damage with: lower concentrations of glycol and absence of corrosion/cavitation inhibitors in the coolant liquid, lower liquid temperatures between 76⁰C and 90⁰C, and presence of B-type graphite class in the microstructure. Results regarding surface roughness were inconclusive. A sequence of surface damage mechanisms has been proposed, with corresponding microscope observations, to explain the mass loss trends and the associated microstructural changes over time.
4
Ram, Gokul, and Vishnu Harikrishnan. "INFLUENCE OF CARBON CONTENT AND COOLING CONDITIONS ON THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND TENSILE STRENGTH OF HIGH SILICON LAMELLAR GRAPHITE IRON." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, JTH, Material och tillverkning, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-51152.
Full textAbstract:
Much study has been carried out to determine the properties of Lamellar Graphite Iron (LGI) or grey iron and their relations to factors such as the cooling rate, the dendrite morphology, the pouring temperature, and so on. However, there hasn’t been much comprehensive study on the properties of LGI outside the generally used and accepted composition, with 1 to 3% Silicon. The scope of this study is to measure and evaluate the thermal conductivity and tensile strength of LGI, for a higher concentration of Si and different carbon contents. The concentration of Si aimed for was 4% but the concentration obtained after spectroscopy was between 4.1% to 4.15%. There are two hypereutectic, one near-eutectic and three hypoeutectic samples considered and these six chemical compositions were cast under different cooling conditions . The cooling time has been varied by providing different molds of 30mm, 55mm, and 80mm diameter cylinders respectively, for all the six sample compositions. The microstructure analysis carried out studies the segregation of Si, the graphite morphology, primary austenite morphology. These factors are then compared to the thermal and tensile behavior measured in this study. It can be observed that the thermal conductivity studied in the present work has a direct correlation for a higher Si content and tends to be greater than the thermal conductivity values observed from other studies with lower content Of Si. However, the conductivity shows an inverse relation with the cooling rate and is maximum for the samples with the lowest cooling rate. The tensile strength, on the other hand, seems to have a lower value than that observed in previous studies for LGI with 1 to 3% Si, but shows a direct correlation with the cooling rate. The mean area fraction of dendrites obtained and the mean interdendritic hydraulic diameter is also measured and their influence on the properties are also studied. The addition of more Si has greatly favored the thermal behavior positively but has also reduced the tensile strength.
5
Sundaram, Dinesh. "The Effect of Solidification time and Cooling rate on the Ultimate tensile Strength of Grey Cast Iron." Thesis, KTH, Materialteknologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-238856.
Full textAbstract:
Tensile strength modelling is usually done to predict the mechanical properties of lamellargraphite iron considering microstructural features. This work attempts to create a simplifiedmodel incorporating cooling rate and solidification time without considering themicrostructural features. This model will save time and cost in industry with the presence of acommercially available software such as Magmasoft which simulates solidification time andcooling rate. A plate model was designed for this purpose as the test geometry to createvariation in solidification time and cooling rate. By altering fraction solid, thermalconductivity, specific heat capacity in Magmasoft, a good fit was created between simulatedcooling curve and experimental cooling curves. The experimental UTS data of samples fromthree moulds were investigated and a regression model was created using statistics toolMinitab. The effect of solidification time and alloying on the graphite length Lmax was studiedfor twelve samples from each mould. Quantification of the effect of cooling rate and alloyingon the pearlitic properties of grey iron like matrix microhardness, pearlite inter-lamellarspacing was also investigated in this work.The developed model has sixty three percent correlation and explains UTS well in terms ofsolidification time and cooling rate. Microhardness measurements show that there is an almostlinear relationship between the cooling rate and microhardness of the matrix structure.Microhardness data also provides an overview of the pearlite fineness/interlamellar spacing.Analysis of the outliers showed that the presence of free ferrite on a fully pearlitic structurereduces the UTS significantly. Comparison of the regression model obtained from this workwith previous work showed that, there is a reduction in the predicted strength with this model.The effort to identify the reason for this reduction was not successful and needs furtherinvestigation. Pearlite inter-lamellar spacing measurement was not accurate. The relationshipbetween pearlite interlamellar spacing and matrix microhardness needs to be investigated inthe future using a better technique for pearlite spacing measurement. This will be useful tounderstand the effect of cooling rate on pearlite spacing and consequently on the UTS of greycast iron.<br>Draghållfasthetsmodellering görs vanligtvis för att förutsäga de mekaniska egenskaperna av lamellärt grafitjärn. Detta arbete har försökt att skapa en förenklad modell som innehåller kylhastighet och stelningstid utan att överväga mikrostrukturella egenskaper. Modellen kommer att spara tid och kostnad i industrin tillsammans med kommersiellt tillgänglig mjukvara som Magmasoft som simulerar stelningstiden och kylningshastighet. En plattformig modell utformades för detta ändamål som testgeometrin för att skapa variation i stelningstid och kylningshastighet. Genom att ändra fraktion fast fas, termisk konduktivitet och specifik värmekapacitet i Magmasoft skapades en bra anpassning mellan simulerade och experimentella kylkurvor. Experimentella draghållfasthetsdata (UTS) för prover från tre gjutningar undersöktes och en regressionsmodell skapades med hjälp av statistikverktyg Minitab. Effekten av stelningstid och legeringshalt på grafitlängden Lmax studerades för tolv prover från varje form. Effekten av kylhastighet och legering på de perlitiska egenskaperna hos grått järn som matrismikrohårdhet och perlitlamellavstånd undersöktes också i detta arbete. Den utvecklade modellen har sextiotre procent korrelation och förklarar UTS väl med avseende på stelningstid och kylningshastighet. Mikrohårdhetsmätningar visar att det finns ett nästan linjärt förhållande mellan kylhastigheten och mikrohårdheten hos matrisstrukturen. Mikrohårdhetsdata ger också en översikt över perlitens finhet/interlamellära avstånd. Analys av outliers visade att närvaron av fri ferrit på en fullständigt perlitisk struktur minskar UTS betydligt. Jämförelse av regressionsmodellen erhållen från detta arbete med tidigare arbete visade det att det finns en minskning av den förutsagda styrkan med denna modell. Ansträngningen att identifiera orsaken till denna minskning var inte framgångsrik och behöver ytterligare undersökas. Perlit mellan lamellär avståndsmätning var inte korrekt. Förhållandet mellan perlitens interlamellära avstånd och matrismikrohet måste undersökas i framtiden med hjälp av en bättre teknik för perlit-avståndsmätning. Detta kommer att vara användbart att förstå effekten av kylhastighet på perlitavståndet och följaktligen på UTS av grå gjutjärn
6
Augustins, Louis. "Dimensionnement à la fatigue thermomécanique de disques de frein automobiles en fonte à graphite lamellaire." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066246/document.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse vise à développer une démarche de dimensionnement à la fatigue thermomécanique de disques de freins automobiles en fonte à graphite lamellaire. La première étape est la proposition d'une loi de comportement cyclique permettant de représenter les phénomènes non-linéaires ainsi que la forte dissymétrie de comportement entre traction et compression observés sur la fonte GL. Le modèle s'appuie sur l'introduction d'un tenseur d'endommagement d'ordre 2 induit par le chargement. A partir de l'analyse des mécanismes d'endommagement, on propose ensuite un critère de fatigue fondé sur la densité d'énergie dissipée par cycle, permettant de prédire l'amorçage de fissures dans les zones critiques. On s'intéresse enfin à l'étude de la formation d'un réseau de faïençage observé sur les pistes des disques de frein<br>This thesis aims at developing an approach for thermomechanical fatigue design of automotive brake discs made of flake graphite (grey) cast-iron. The first step of this work consists of modeling the nonlinear cyclic behavior and tension/compression strong dissymmetry of grey cast iron. The proposed model is based on the introduction of a second-order induced damage tensor. From the analysis of the damage mechanisms, a fatigue criterion based on the dissipated energy per cycle, allowing crack initiation in the critical areas to be defined, is proposed. Finally, the formation of crack networks on braking discs is studied
7
Westphal, Mark Emil. "Fracture toughness of coral graphite cast iron." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16892.
Full text
8
Castillo-Bozzo, Ricardo N. "A fracture mechanics study of flake graphite cast iron." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/37651.
Full text
9
Franklin, Steven E. "A study of graphite morphology control in cast iron." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1986. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/32998.
Full textAbstract:
The objectives of the research project were to gain a deeper understanding of the factors influencing the graphite morphology in cast iron; particularly the role of different solute elements in relation to the industrial manufacture of compacted graphite iron. A number of melt treatment processes were assessed for their abilities to produce low nodularity compacted graphite microstructures over a range of casting section thicknesses. In this respect, the magnesium-titanium method was found to be superior to treatment using cerium Mischmetall and calcium additives; and very promising results were obtained with methods using zirconium as a major constituent of the treatment alloy. Scanning electron microscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray microanalysis were used to study the structural characteristics of different cast iron microstructures and the elemental distributions of important solutes between the phases. This information was used to clarify the role of the main solute elements in graphite morphology control and to assess current graphite growth theories.
10
Tigane, Rafik. "Caractérisation des phénomènes de stiction d’un couple disque/garniture de friction." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2021. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03789653.
Full textAbstract:
Le phénomène de stiction se traduit à l’interface disque-patin de frein par l’adhésion du patin au disque lors d’un serrage suffisamment long du frein de parking. Les mécanismes à l’origine de ce phénomène sont, à ce jour, largement inexpliqués. Cependant, à partir d’observations effectuées sur des surfaces de couples disque-patin ayant subi une stiction, l’hypothèse selon laquelle les produits de corrosion du disque, en s’incrustant dans les pores du matériau de friction, seraient à l’origine de ce phénomène, a été privilégiée. Les travaux de cette thèse ont porté sur la compréhension du phénomène de stiction en s’articulant sur trois volets qui sont : (a) la caractérisation du comportement électrochimique de divers couples disque-patin à l’aide de mesures de suivi du potentiel de corrosion, de spectroscopie d’impédance électrochimique et de voltampérométrie, (b) l’étude mécanistique des phénomènes de corrosion à l’interface disque-patin et (c) l’étude de l’effet de la pression sur les phénomènes de corrosion du couple disque-patin. L’étude sans force de serrage nous a permis, d’une part, de mettre en évidence une réactivité exacerbée du disque en présence du patin et d’autre part d’établir un critère de sélection de couple disque-patin. Le suivi du déplacement du patin lors des mesures électrochimique sous presse a permis de mettre en évidence que les produits de corrosion, en s’accumulant à l’interface disque-patin, exerçaient une force sur le patin, confirmant l’hypothèse émise au cours de cette thèse pour expliquer le phénomène de stiction<br>The phenomenon of stiction occurs at the pad-brake disc interface by the adhesion of the pad to the disc when the parking brake is applied long enough. The mechanisms behind this phenomenon are, to date, largely unexplained. However, from observations made on surfaces of disc-pad pairs having undergone a stiction, the hypothesis according to which the corrosion products of the disc, by becoming encrusted in the pores of the friction material, would be at the origin of this phenomenon, was privileged. The work of this thesis focused on understanding the phenomenon of stiction by focusing on three components which are: (a) the characterization of the electrochemical behavior of various disc-pad couples using measurements to monitor the corrosion potential, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and voltammetry, (b) the mechanistic study of corrosion phenomena at the disc-pad interface and (c) the study of the pressure effect on corrosion phenomena of the disc-pad couple. The study without a clamping force allowed us, to demonstrate an exacerbated reactivity of the disc in the presence of the pad and to establish a selection criterion for the disc-pad torque. Monitoring the movement of the pad during electrochemical measurements with a clamping force revealed that corrosion products, accumulating at the disc-pad interface, exerted a force on the pad, confirming the hypothesis put forward during this thesis to explain the phenomenon of stiction
Books on the topic "Lamellar graphite cast iron"
1
Cochard, Valéry. Inoculation of spheroidal graphite cast iron. University of Birmingham, 1995.
Find full text
2
Rimmer, Arron Laurance. Austempering of an unalloyed compacted graphite cast iron. University of Manchester, 1993.
Find full text
3
Arifin, Ir Bustanul. The role of aluminium in inoculation of spheroidal graphite cast iron. University of Birmingham, 1987.
Find full text
5
Development of Creep Testing Machines for Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.
Find full text
6
Holtzer, Mariusz, Marcin Górny, and Rafal Dańko. Microstructure and Properties of Ductile Iron and Compacted Graphite Iron Castings: The Effects of Mold Sand/Metal Interface Phenomena. Springer, 2015.
Find full text
7
Dańko, Rafal, Mariusz Holtzer, and Marcin Górny. Microstructure and Properties of Ductile Iron and Compacted Graphite Iron Castings: The Effects of Mold Sand/Metal Interface Phenomena. Springer London, Limited, 2015.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Lamellar graphite cast iron"
1
Pero-Sanz Elorz, José Antonio, Daniel Fernández González, and Luis Felipe Verdeja. "Spheroidal Graphite Cast Irons (or Ductile Cast Iron)." In Physical Metallurgy of Cast Irons. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97313-5_7.
Full text
2
Mrvar, Primož, Mitja Petrič, and Milan Terčelj. "Thermal Fatigue of Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22524-6_37.
Full text
3
Muhmond, H. M., and H. Fredriksson. "Graphite Growth Morphologies in High Al Cast Iron." In Advances in the Science and Engineering of Casting Solidification. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119093367.ch38.
Full text
4
Muhmond, H. M., and H. Fredriksson. "Graphite Growth Morphologies in High Al Cast Iron." In Advances in the Science and Engineering of Casting Solidification. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48117-3_38.
Full text
5
Górny, Marcin. "General Characteristic of the Ductile and Compacted Graphite Cast Iron." In Microstructure and Properties of Ductile Iron and Compacted Graphite Iron Castings. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14583-9_6.
Full text
6
Rastegar, Vahid. "Characterization of the Microstructure of Compacted Graphite Cast Iron." In Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118371305.ch1.
Full text
7
Hara, Takamichi, Takahiro Kitagawa, Susumu Ikeno, Seiji Saikawa, Kiyoshi Terayama, and Kenji Matsuda. "TEM Observation of Spheroidal Graphite in Ductile Cast Iron." In PRICM. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118792148.ch428.
Full text
8
Takamichi, Hara, Kitagawa Takahiro, Ikeno Susumu, Saikawa Seiji, Terayama Kiyoshi, and Matsuda Kenji. "Tem Observation of Spheroidal Graphite in Ductile Cast Iron." In Proceedings of the 8th Pacific Rim International Congress on Advanced Materials and Processing. Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48764-9_428.
Full text
9
Matsumoto, Akikazu, and Naoyuki Kanetake. "Improvement of Magnetic Characteristic in Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron." In Materials Science Forum. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-462-6.1123.
Full text
10
Hernando, Juan Carlos, and Attila Diószegi. "An Overview of Isothermal Coarsening in Hypoeutectic Lamellar Cast Iron." In Advances in the Science and Engineering of Casting Solidification. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119093367.ch35.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Lamellar graphite cast iron"
1
Djupvik, Veronika, Cathrine Hartung, Atle H. Qvale, Roy Johnsen, and Ida Westermann. "The Susceptibility of Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron to Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking." In CONFERENCE 2022. AMPP, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2022-17796.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Due to its attractive combination of cost, mechanical properties and castability, use of Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron (SGCI) has lately, to some extent, replaced steel for use in structural and mechanical components in subsea applications. Subsea structures are typically protected by use of sacrificial anodes attached to the host structure. Under such conditions nascent hydrogen is generated on the surface of the protected material due to the cathode reaction, hence Hydrogen Induced Stress cracking (HISC) is a constant concern for subsea components subjected to tensile stress. In this work, the SGCI’s resistance to Hydrogen Embrittlement (HE) has been examined by use of Slow Strain Rate Test (SSRT) and Stepwise Constant Load (SCL) test. Since structural steel is the main competing candidate material for such subsea applications, two grades of SGCI have been compared to two structural steel grades with similar mechanical strength. The HISC tests have been supported by fractography characterization and microstructural examination by use of Optical Light Microscope (OLM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) in combination with use of Electron Back Scattering Diffraction (EBSD) for grain size distribution measurements.
2
Shang, W., J. Su, B. Zeng, et al. "Research on low breakdown jitter spherical graphite cast iron cathode based spark gas switch." In 2024 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icops58192.2024.10626478.
Full text
3
Kent, R. K., and T. F. Archbold. "Electrochemical Measurements and Analysis of Alloyed Ductile Cast Iron." In CORROSION 1987. NACE International, 1987. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1987-87268.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Corrosion failures of ductile cast iron pipe have been an increasing problem in recent years. This paper examines the corrosion of ferritic ductile cast iron and also presents a method of reducing the rate of corrosion in acidic water. Through microanalysis of pipe failures and scanning electron microscopy of corroded samples, the mode of corrosion was found to be a type of accelerated pitting by a galvanic process between the ferrite matrix and carbon nodules. During the corrosion process, the graphite does not form a low strength layer such as that observed with gray cast iron, but recombines with other nodules and can tunnel through the metal or fall away, depending on the orientation of the nodules to gravity or flushing action of water. To combat this form of corrosion, the anode (ferrite) can be alloyed with small amounts of nickel. Electrochemical tests were performed on several ductile cast iron alloys containing various amounts of nickel to determine the extent of increased corrosion resistance. It was found that the corrosion rate decreased significantly as the nickel content increased. The ferritic matrix was maintained in order to maintain the physical properties of common ductile cast iron.
4
Jennings, Chris D. "Comparison of the Structure and Consumption Rate for Centrifugally Cast Anodes with Die-cast Anodes." In CORROSION 2018. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-10954.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The silicon iron anodes used in impressed current cathodic protection are manufactured using three different casting methods: The centrifugal method, the die-cast method, and the sand-cast method. The sand-cast method is restricted to the production of stick anodes; therefore, for the purposes of this research, the centrifugal-cast method and die-cast method will be analysed and assessed. These two manufacturing methods results in anodes with differing microstructures of the casting that can lead to variations in the expected life of the anode. This paper will discuss, examine, and conclude on the metallurgical differences and effectiveness between the centrifugal-cast silicon iron tubular anode and Die-cast silicon iron tubular anode based on the research and testing performed and reported by Independent Laboratory Testing. Analysis of the microstructure and formation of the graphite structure will confirm that the centrifugal casting method results in a more superior structure of the anode matrix which results in a longer working life for the anode. The testing carried out to compare the centrifugally-cast and die-cast anodes include: relative density tests, accelerated corrosion tests in in 35% Hydrochloric acid solution, 10% nitric acid solution, and a 3% sodium chloride solution, and lastly Potentiodynamic testing to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) 59(1) standards.
5
Futas, Peter, Alena Pribulova, Jozef Petrik, Peter Peter Blasko, and Marcin Brzezinski. "IMPROVEMENT OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AUSTEMPERED DUCTILE IRON (ADI) BY MAGNETIC FIELD." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 24. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/1.1/s04.55.
Full textAbstract:
Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) is a promising material whose structure is obtained by isothermal processing, i.e. isothermal decomposition of austenite in the bainitic range. It is used in various industrial fields. It is characterized by an excellent combination of tensile strength and ductility, exceeding the properties of quenched and tempered steels in the strength range of 800 - 1500 MPa. Its production is problematic because the ferritic or ferritic-pearlitic ductile iron (SGI), which is the basis for the production of ADI cast iron, must meet demanding metallurgical properties. These are, above all, regular and uniformly distributed graphite spheres in the matrix. One of the ways to influence the metallurgical quality of ADI cast iron is the action of a magnetic field, which leads to the improvement of the metallurgical and mechanical properties of ADI cast iron. The article deals with the influence of a magnetic field on the mechanical properties of ADI in the process of isothermal hardening. In isothermal quenching, after austenitizing, the quench is first cooled to a lower temperature and then the temperature of the quenching medium is raised to a higher temperature. The entire process is carried out in the presence of a magnetic field. The mechanical properties and microstructure were compared with the conventional manufacturing process. In this way, an increase in the mechanical properties and a refinement of the cast iron structure was achieved.
6
Al-Hashem, Abdulhameed, and Nusrat Tanoli. "The Ultrasonically Induced Cavitation Erosion of Fiber Glass Reinforced Epoxy and Nodular Cast Iron (NCI) in Seawater." In CORROSION 2019. NACE International, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2019-13296.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract An investigation was carried out to study and compare the cavitation erosion behavior of a non-metallic fiber glass reinforced epoxy system and a metallic nodular cast iron (UNS F32800) alloy utilizing an ultrasonically induced cavitation facility in seawater. The cavitation tests were made at a frequency of 20 KHz as per ASTM-G30-90 and at a temperature of 25°C. the cavitation action increased the rate of mass loss of both the fiber glass reinforced epoxy and that of the UNS F32800 by several orders of magnitude with respect to stagnant conditions. Cavitation also made the surfaces of the fiber glass reinforced epoxy and UNS F32800 very rough, exhibiting large cavity pit in the region of the attacked area as revealed by the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The main mechanisms of failure for the fiber glass epoxy system was due to loss of adhesion of the matrix / fiber glass interface and subsequent removal of the resin as well as glass fibers by the mechanical action of cavitation. However, the failure of UNS F32800 was due to severe plastic deformation and the fragmentation of the graphite nodules. Mechanical factors and surface defects were determined to be the leading cause of resin and glass fiber loss for the epoxy system and micro-galvanic activities between the ferrite matrix and graphite nodules for the UNS F32800.
7
Kalifa, Mohamed, Andrew Starr, and Muhammad Khan. "Analyzing Frictional Noise for Wear Monitoring under Dry and Lubrication Condition: Experimental Modelling with Pin-on-Disc Tribometer." In The 12th International Conference on Fracture Fatigue and Wear. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-4mmtt5.
Full textAbstract:
In industrial settings, the use of frictional noise to improve wear monitoring is highly promising. It enables the identification of changes in friction and wear conditions, the assessment of different phases of wear, and the examination of the impact of wear on machine performance. By analysing acoustic signatures, it is conceivable to continuously monitor the wear characteristics and surface conditions. This helps in predicting wear and detecting aberrant wear regimes in real-time. The data demonstrate that in dry conditions, the aluminum disc has higher coefficients of friction relative to cast iron and mild steel, likely due to the absence of graphite flakes in aluminum. Under lubricated conditions, a layer of lube significantly decreases the coefficient of friction, with no apparent deviations across the materials, demonstrating that complete lubrication avoids direct metal contact. In lubrication-starved applications, oily depictions nevertheless help minimize friction, though less efficiently than complete lubrication. In dry conditions, frictional sound levels for mild steel are higher due to direct surface hits, while lubrication reduces noise by eliminating metal-on-metal contact. As a result, monitoring noise levels is a helpful indicator of lubrication difficulties, aiding in maintenance and repairs.
8
Trotsan, Anatoliy, Natalia Uskova, Aleftina Mamonova, and Galina Molchanovska. "Method for modifying cast iron with briquetted powder modifiers during casting by gasification models." In IXth INTERNATIONAL SAMSONOV CONFERENCE “MATERIALS SCIENCE OF REFRACTORY COMPOUNDS”. Frantsevich Ukrainian Materials Research Society, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62564/m4-at2301.
Full textAbstract:
At present, the most promising direction in the development of technology for the production of low-strength cast iron with spheroidal graphite is inoculation in a casting mold [1]. In this work, the parameters for obtaining castings from ductile iron during their processing with briquetted powder modifiers were developed. The structural and phase mechanism of the interaction of alloying elements (magnesium, silicon, manganese, rare earth metals, TiN2-TiC) on the structure and properties of cast iron intended for the manufacture of parts by casting on gasified models. Modifying briquettes containing 10%Mg, 50% ferrosilicon niobium, 2%CaF, 38%Fe with the addition of FS30REM 10% in one composition from the addition of 1% TiN2-TiC in the other were placed in a casting molds in an amount of 2% by weight of the metal being processed. Microstructural and X-ray phase studies of the alloy indicate their multiphase composition. The X-ray spectrum of unmodified cast iron is represented by the hardening carbide phases SiC, Fe3C, C and the α-Fe phase. The microstructure of original cast iron is pearlite and lamellar graphite. The phase composition of cast iron of modified composition of rare-earth metals is represented by the main phase α-Fe, carbides Fe3C, SiC. A characteristic feature of the alloy is the formation of the FeSiC phase. When 1% TiN2 –TiC is added to briquettes, along with the phases C, SiC, Fe3C, α-Fe, complex titanium carbides based on TiC are formed - C0.7N0.3Ti and C0.3N0.7Ti. The parameters of the fine structure of cast iron with a modified composition of REM and TiN2 –TiC testify to the high dispersion of the coherent scattering region equal to 26.7 nm. When studying the features of the morphology of the structure of alloys on a microanalyzer of modified cast iron of all compositions in thin-lamellar pearlite, partial spheroidization of the carbide phase occurs. Processing cast iron using this technology ensures good strength properties of castings.
9
RIEMSCHNEIDER, Eduard, Ilare BORDEAȘU, Ion MITELEA, Ion-Dragoș UȚU, and Cornelius Marius CRĂCIUNESCU. "The effect of plasma nitriding on cavitation erosion resistance of grAy cast iron with lamellar graphite, EN-GJL-200." In METAL 2021. TANGER Ltd., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37904/metal.2021.4137.
Full text
10
Arosio, Franco, and Ingo Lange. "Lifetime Protection of Iron Casted Brake Discs for Electric Vehicles through Advanced Heat Treatment Technology." In EuroBrake 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/1978791eb2021-mds-006.
Full textAbstract:
The rise of Electrical Vehicles (EVs) is unstoppable and EVs will become a key part of the mainstream automotive market. According to recent post-COVID-19 scenarios based on IHS data, EVs will surge up to 14% of global passenger car sales in 2027 and go up to 57% in 2040. The electrification of future mobility concepts is going along with new requirements also for the brake system. EVs with regenerative braking applications utilize the traditional friction brakes in fewer circumstances due to recuperation: therefore the risk of superficial corrosion increases. In case of an emergency brake situation the basic requirement is that the braking surface will be free of corrosion to have maximum brake power. Thus, the corrosion-free condition on the braking surface is a safety requirement at any time. The state of the art solution consists of paintings or “coatings”, such as ultraviolet (UV)-hardening paint, Zn or Zn/Al paints, which can perform well in new conditions (e.g. up to 120 hours in standard UNI ISO 9227 salt fog chamber). But these solutions will be easily abraded within approximately 20 standard-condition braking applications. The corrosion-free condition during the lifetime of the disc is not achieved yet in the current state of the art; rust or corrosion can seriously downgrade the braking performances. This paper is describing an innovative 2-step process to improve the corrosion and wear resistance of standard cast iron brake discs. In the first step, the amount of undesired graphite lamellae will be reduced from the surface with customized parameters, according to the individual types of grey cast iron material of the substrate. This pre-process is followed by a thermochemical diffusion process including controlled oxidation of the substrate resulting in high corrosion protection of the rotors. The authors will produce proof of corrosion resistance up to 300 hours in salt conditions according to UNI ISO 9277. In addition, bench tests and vehicle endurance tests have been performed in cooperation with Tier 1 and OEMs and have shown increased wear resistance even with non-electric cars and with standard ECE brake pads. The novel surface solution could be also applied to non-functional areas of the brake disc like cooling channels, bell and swan neck in order to substitute the current paintings. In summary, the new 2-step heat treatment process is a price competitive solution for corrosion protection of functional and non-functional areas of iron casted brake discs over the entire lifetime, especially on EVs with strong recuperation. But this solution also works for hybrid and conventional cars in preferably on the rear axis with low-abrasive brake pads (e.g. NAO pads). Finally, even when the vehicle fleet goes all-electric, dust emission from brakes and tyres will still pollute the environment. Addressing this topic, the authors will provide an outlook of the ongoing activities to reduce brake dust emissions with innovative surface solutions.
Reports on the topic "Lamellar graphite cast iron"
1
Brossia. L52119 Comparative Consumption Rates of Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Anodes. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010953.
Full textAbstract:
There is a variety of impressed current anode materials available for onshore applications, including High Silicon Cast Iron (HSCI), Mixed Metal Oxides (MMO), graphite, platinum (or platinum coated titanium), and conductive polymers. Many end users simply select the anode material that they have experience with. What is lacking is a clear, direct comparison of relative anode consumption rates conducted under identical conditions. The present study examined the behavior of the various anode types under different current loads and soil conditions in an effort to establish baseline consumption rates under controlled conditions. Variables that were examined included soil resistivity, the presence of coke backfill, current load, and soil type (sand or 50/50 clay/sand mix). The consumption rates of the anodes evaluated decreased in the order of: AnodeFlex, HSCI, Graphite, Pt, and MMO. A survey of field experiences yielded a slightly different order in terms of anode life with Graphite and HSCI lasting the longest. However, given the wide range of anode sizes used in the various field sites, it is difficult to directly link the field results to the consumption rates measured in the laboratory. Soil composition and resistivity were not observed to have a significant influence on anode consumption rates. The presence of coke, however, led to a decrease in consumption for all anodes in some cases by as much as a factor of nearly 70. Utilizing anode cost estimates and neglecting installation costs, the life-cycle material costs for MMO and Pt anodes are much lower than the other anode materials. Furthermore, AnodeFlex was noted to be the highest cost system from a materials perspective. This may be slightly misleading since installation and replacement costs are not factored in. Given that the installation of AnodeFlex is often much easier and less expensive than the other anode types, this may prove to be a viable financial decision when the other factors are considered. ����������� The primary implications of the present study are: Despite higher material costs, MMO and Pt anodes may offer significant long-term cost savings as compared to other anode types for many applications Use of coke backfill is critical to ensure lower anode consumption rates for AnodeFlex, Graphite, and to a lesser extent HSCI; coke does not appear necessary for MMO or Pt Soil composition (sand vs. clay/sand mix) and resistivity do not appear to significantly influence anode consumption rates, thus consideration of the soil environment (except groundwater chemistry) is not needed in selection of an appropriate anode Because the influence of groundwater chemistry (as part of the soil environment) was not examined, the effects of sulfate, chloride, and pH will need to be evaluated in detail to better aid in anode material selection Field use survey responses showed a wide range in observed anode lifespan, with graphite and HSCI experiencing the longest life and cable anodes the shortest The field survey also revealed that a significant cause of anode failures was connector and cable problems