Academic literature on the topic 'Laminate emergent mechanisms'
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Journal articles on the topic "Laminate emergent mechanisms"
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Ferreira Lizardo, Breno, Luciano Machado Gomes Vieira, Juan Carlos Campos Rubio, and Marcelo Araújo Câmara. "Influence of Machining Parameters of the Drilling Polymers UHMW-PE and PTFE." Advanced Materials Research 1120-1121 (July 2015): 1297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1120-1121.1297.
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Over the years, with the increasing development of engineering materials, the emergence of new composites, fiber metal laminated, biomaterials, metal alloys etc., and with demand for products less expensive, less polluting and more efficient, the manufacturing engineering also needs to develop to be able to process these new materials. Materials and tool geometries, intelligent mechanisms, modular machines, also follow this setting. To that end, this work comes to raise the main parameters that influence in the hole quality surface of finished product. Were used two polymeric materials, ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), two feed rates, three rotations and three tool geometries, allowing to identify which of these parameters have greater influence on the thrust force and the characteristics of the finished product and dimensional deviation.
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Evrard, Henry C. "Estrogen synthesis in the spinal dorsal horn: a new central mechanism for the hormonal regulation of pain." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 291, no. 2 (August 2006): R291—R299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00930.2005.
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The data summarized here suggest the existence of a new central pathway for the hormonal regulation of pain. These data mainly collected in quail, a useful model in neuroendocrinology, demonstrate that numerous neurons in the superficial laminae of the spinal cord express aromatase (estrogen-synthase). Chronic and systemic blockade of this enzyme in quail alters nociception within days, indicating that the slow genomic effects of sex steroids on nociception classically observed in mammals also occur in birds and require aromatization of androgens into estrogens. However, by contrast with these slow effects, acute intrathecal inhibition of aromatase in restricted spinal cord segments reveals that estrogens can also control nociception much faster, within 1 min, presumably through the activation of a nongenomic pathway and in a manner that depends on an immediate response to fast activation/deactivation of local aromatase activity. This emergent central and rapid paracrine mechanism might permit instantaneous and segment-specific changes in pain sensitivity; it draws new interesting perspectives for the study of the estrogenic control of pain, thus far limited to the classical view of slow genomic changes in pain, depending on peripheral estrogens. The expression of aromatase in the spinal cord in other species and in other central nociception-related areas is also briefly discussed.
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Schroeder, C. E., S. Seto, and P. E. Garraghty. "Emergence of Radial Nerve Dominance in Median Nerve Cortex After Median Nerve Transection in an Adult Squirrel Monkey." Journal of Neurophysiology 77, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 522–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.77.1.522.
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Schroeder, C. E., S. Seto, and P. E. Garraghty. Emergence of radial nerve dominance in median nerve cortex after median nerve transection in an adult squirrel monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 522–526, 1997. Throughout the glabrous representation in Area 3b, electrical stimulation of the dominant (median or ulnar) input produces robust, short-latency excitation, evident as a net extracellular “sink” in the Lamina 4 current source density (CSD) accompanied by action potentials. Stimulation of the collocated nondominant (radial nerve) input produces a subtle short-latency response in the Lamina 4 CSD unaccompanied by action potentials and followed by a clear excitatory response 12–15 ms later. Laminar response profiles for both inputs have a “feedforward” pattern, with initial activation in Lamina 4, followed by extragranular laminae. Such corepresentation of nondominant radial nerve inputs with the dominant (median or ulnar nerve) inputs in the glabrous hand surface representation provides a likely mechanism for reorganization after median nerve section in adult primates. To investigate this, we conducted repeated recordings using an implanted linear multi-electrode array straddling the cortical laminae at a site in “median nerve cortex” (i.e., at a site with a cutaneous receptive field on the volar surface of D2 and thus with its dominant afferent input conveyed by the median nerve) in an adult squirrel monkey. We characterized the baseline responses to median, radial, and ulnar nerve stimulation. We then cut the median nerve and semi-chronically monitored radial nerve, ulnar nerve and median nerve (proximal stump) evoked responses. The radial nerve response in median nerve cortex changed progressively during the weeks after median nerve transection, ultimately assuming the characteristics of the dominant nerve profile. During this time, median, and ulnar nerve profiles displayed little or no change.
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Lall, Pradeep, Amrit Abrol, Nakul Kothari, Benjamin Leever, and Scott Miller. "Process Capability of Aerosol-Jet Additive Processes for Long-Runs Up to 10-Hours." Journal of Electronic Packaging 142, no. 4 (October 12, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4048535.
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Abstract Traditionally, printed circuit assemblies have been fabricated through a combination of imaging and plating-based subtractive processes involving the use of photo-exposure followed by baths for plating and etching in order to form the necessary circuitry on rigid and flexible laminates. The emergence of a number of additive technologies presents an opportunity for the development of processes for manufacturing of flexible substrates by utilizing mainstream additive processes. Aerosol-jet printing is capable of printing lines and spaces below 10 μm in width. The aerosol-jet system also supports a wide variety of materials, including nanoparticle inks, screen-printing pastes, conductive polymers, insulators, adhesives, and biological matter. The adoption of additive manufacturing for high-volume commercial fabrication requires an understanding of the print consistency and electrical mechanical properties. Little literature that addresses the effect of varying sintering time and temperature on the shear strength and resistivity of the printed lines exists. In this study, the effect of process parameters on the resultant line consistency and mechanical and electrical properties has been studied. Print process parameters studied include sheath rate, mass flow rate, nozzle size, substrate temperature, and chiller temperature. Properties include resistance and shear load to failure of the printed electrical line as a function of varying sintering time and temperature. The aerosol-jet machine has been used to print interconnects. Printed samples have been exposed to different sintering times and temperatures. The resistance and shear load to failure of the printed lines have been measured. The underlying physics of the resultant trend was then investigated using elemental analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The effect of line consistency drift over prolonged runtimes has been measured for up to 10 h of runtime. The printing process efficiency has been gaged as a function of the process capability index (Cpk) and process capability ratio (Cp). Printed samples were studied offline utilizing optical profilometry in order to analyze the consistency within the line width, height, and resistance, and shear load to study the variance in electrical and mechanical properties over time.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Laminate emergent mechanisms"
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Ferrell, Devin Bradley. "Development of Criteria for Lamina Emergent Mechanism Flexures with Specific Application to Metals." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2010. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd3549.pdf.
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Jacobsen, Joseph O. "Fundamental Components for Lamina Emergent Mechanisms." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2008. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2277.pdf.
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Winder, Brian Geoffrey. "Achieving Complex Motion with Fundamental Components for Lamina Emergent Mechanisms." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2008. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2279.pdf.
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Wilding, Samuel E. "Expanding Lamina Emergent Mechanism (LEM) Capabilities: Spherical LEMs, LEM Joints, and LEM Applications." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2903.
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Lamina Emergent Mechanisms (LEMs) are a class of compliant mechanisms that can be manufactured from sheet goods and possess motion out of the plane of fabrication. LEMs can be designed to perform sophisticated motions. This thesis expands LEM understanding and increases the ability to utilize them in applications by introducing the fundamentals of spherical LEMs, creating joints suitable for LEMs, and providing an example of a LEM application. In this thesis, the fundamentals of spherical LEMs are developed. This includes classification of all possible spherical 4R LEMs and a discussion of the motion characteristics of the various mechanisms. The motion characteristics associated with spherical 4R LEMs are then used to predict the motion of spherical 6R LEMs and arrays of spherical LEMs. Multiple spherical LEM prototypes are shown and discussed. A common difficulty of working with compliant mechanisms, especially LEMs, is creating suitable joints. There is often a trade off between flexibility in the desired direction of deflection, and stiffness in directions of undesired deflection. For this thesis, LEM joints that possess higher off-axis stiffness, especially in tension and compression, than previous designs were developed: the I-LET, the T-LET, and the IT-LET. Joint geometries were optimized and then modeled in commercial finite element analysis (FEA) software capable of nonlinear analysis. These models were used to predict the bending of tensile/compressive stiffnesses of the joints. As a benchmark, lamina emergent torsional (LET) joints were modeled and optimized for maximum tension and compression loading while maintaining the same bending stiffness as the joint being compared. Mechanisms that utilized the new joints were created and are briefly discussed. The use of these joints allows for minimized parasitic motion under tension and compression loads and expands the capability of LEM joints. The Lens Lift™ was developed to demonstrate an application of LEMs. The Lens Lift™ is a LEM device that allows for easier and more sterile use of disposable contact lenses. It possesses a monolithic structure and can be fabricated using simple manufacturing processes. As the contact lens user opens the blister pack used to store the lens, the lens is lifted out of the pack and presented to the user. The user can then lift the lens with one touch and place it in the eye. A provisional patent has been filed for the device and the device currently being evaluated by a major contact lens manufacturer for further development.
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Zimmerman, Trent Karl. "A Definition and Demonstration of Developable Mechanisms." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7343.
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There is an increasing need for compact mechanical systems that can accomplish sophisticated tasks. Technologies like ortho-planar and lamina emergent mechanisms (LEMs) have been developed to satisfy needs like these by stowing in planar sheets from which they emerge to perform their function. They can be compact, lightweight, monolithic, scalable, and can withstand harsh environments. They are limited, however, by their base element---planar surfaces. Applications requiring these advantages often include curved surfaces, like aircraft wings, needles, and automotive bodies. In this research, developable mechanisms are presented as a solution to satisfy the need for mechanisms that can conform to or emerge from curved surfaces. Foundational principles which enable designers to leverage the advantages of developable mechanisms are described herein.Developable mechanisms result from the union of mechanisms and developable surfaces. Developable (flattenable) surfaces act as a fitting medium because of their particular advantages in manufacturability and how well they accompany four-link, revolute joint (4R) mechanisms. The definition, including specific qualifying criteria, for developable mechanisms is given. Certain types of mechanisms and classes of developable surfaces can be combined to satisy that criteria. Developable mechanism sub-classes are defined as planar, cylindrical, conical and tangent developable mechanisms. It is shown that planar and spherical mechanisms can be used to create cylindrical and conical developable mechanisms, respectively. The Bennett and other 7R mechanisms can be used for tangent developable mechanisms. Steps for developable mechanism creation are presented, and several physical prototypes are provided to demonstrate feasibility.The cylindrically curved Lamina Emergent Torsional (LET) joint is offered as an enabling technology for producing compliant developable mechanisms. A mathematical model predicting force-deflection and stress behavior is provided and verified. The relationship between stiffness and strain energy storage for curved sheet materials with incorporated LET joints is explored. Material shape factors are used to derive an effective modulus of elasticity and an effective modulus of resilience, which are compared with original values on an Ashby plot. While there is a decrease in the modulus of resilience, there is a much more significant decrease in the modulus of elasticity. A material performance index is provided as an example for determining suitable materials for a given stiffness-reduction application. It is shown that the cylindrically curved LET joint makes it possible to create highly flexible joints that maintain much of their energy storage capability in curved sheet materials.
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Greenberg, Holly. "The Application of Origami to the Design of Lamina Emergent Mechanisms (LEMs) with Extensions to Collapsible, Compliant and Flat-Folding Mechanisms." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3210.
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Lamina emergent mechanisms (LEMs) are a subset of compliant mechanisms which are fabricated from planar materials; use compliance, or flexibility of the material, to transfer energy; and have motion that emerges out of the fabrication plane. LEMs provide potential design advantages by reducing the number of parts, reducing cost, reducing weight, improving recyclability, increasing precision, and eliminating assembly, to name a few. However, there are inherent design and modeling challenges including complexities in large, non-linear deflections, singularities that exist when leaving the planar state, and the coupling of material properties and geometry in predicting mechanism behavior. This thesis examines the planar and spherical LEMs and their relation to origami. Origami, the art of paper folding, is used to better understand spherical LEMs and flat-folding mechanisms in general. All single-layer planar four-bar LEMs are given with their respective layouts. These are all change-point pinned mechanisms (i.e. no slider cranks). Graph representations are used to show the similarities between action origami and mechanisms. Origami principles of flat-folding are shown to be analogous to principles of mechanisms including rules for assembly and motion.
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Gollnick, Paul Shumway. "Design Principles and Preliminary Actuation Approaches for Novel Multiple-Layer Lamina Emergent Mechanisms." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2279.
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Multiple-layer Lamina Emergent Mechanisms (MLEMs) are mechanisms made from multiple sheets (lamina) of material with motion that emerges out of the fabrication plane. This study has shown that understanding how layers are used in existing products and in nature provides insight into how MLEMs can also use layers to achieve certain tasks. The multi-layered nature of MLEMs and the interactions between these layers are what enhance the capabilities of MLEMs and allow them to better meet design objectives. Layer separation is one objective for which MLEMs are well-suited. Layer separation can have a variety of applications and there are a number of different ways to design a MLEM to achieve this objective. Single-layer LEM and MLEM designs could greatly benefit from suitable actuation techniques; those that are consistent with the advantages of these mechanisms and could be incorporated into their design. This work presents shape memory alloys, piezoelectrics and dielectric elastomers as suitable ways of actuating LEMs and MLEMs. A number of novel MLEMs are presented throughout this thesis.
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Black, Justin Durant. "Evaluation and Development of Actuators for Lamina Emergent Mechanisms with Emphasis on Flat Solenoids." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3208.
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Lamina emergent mechanisms (LEMs) can provide a way to meet the demand for more compact and inexpensive mechanisms. Previous research has developed LEM designs and identified applications for them, but many applications would benefit from suitable actuation techniques. This thesis presents the design considerations and a variety of applicable methods for internal and external LEM actuation in the macro scale. Integrated LEM actuator possibilities have been identified, each with its advantages and disadvantages depending on the application. Shape memory alloys are especially compatible with LEMs. Traditional actuators have also been discussed as a way of actuating a LEM from the outside for cases in which space constraints allow it. The feasibility of new internal actuators using basic actuation principles, especially flat solenoids, has been explored. The magnetic field distribution along the axis of a high-aspect-ratio solenoid has been derived. Analytical and experimental results show that the output force of a high-aspect-ratio solenoid is suitable for LEMs. A pseudo-solenoid conceptual prototype was manufactured and evaluated, revealing challenges for which solutions have been recommended.
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Albrechtsen, Nathan Bryce. "Identifying Potential Applications for Lamina Emergent Mechanisms and Evaluating Their Suitability for Credit-Card-Sized Products." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2361.
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Lamina emergent mechanisms (LEMs) are a maturing technology that is prepared for commercial implementation into new products. LEMs are defined by three functional characteristics; they (1) are compliant, (2) are fabricated from planar materials, and (3) emerge from a flat initial state. Advantages, design challenges, and design tools are described for each of the functional characteristics. Opportunities for LEMs are discussed, namely disposable LEMs, novel arrays of LEMs, scaled LEMs, LEMs with surprising motion, shock absorbing LEMs, and deployable LEMs. Technology push product development processes were employed to select applications for LEMs. LEM technology was characterized. In a LEM workshop, eighteen industry professionals then helped identify over 200 potential applications for the technology. The applications were evaluated, and the most promising ideas that were identified for each LEM opportunity are described with graphics of possible product embodiments. Of the various product opportunities enabled by LEMs, deployable mechanisms – particularly in the credit card size – are among the most viable. The compactness and portability of credit-card-sized products create a strong motivation for their development. Expanding the capabilities of credit-card-sized mechanisms to include more sophisticated motions and a broader range of tasks may dramatically increase their market potential. A review of the current state-of-the-art in credit-card-sized mechanisms reveals two primary classes of mechanisms most commonly used in this form factor: rigid-body mechanisms and in-plane compliant mechanisms. The limitations of each and corresponding LEM advantages are described. Criteria for determining whether a product is a suitable candidate for using LEM technology to create or improve a credit-card-sized product are established. The advantages of LEMs in credit-card-sized products are illustrated through an example product: a compact lancing device that could be used as a main component for a highly portable epinephrine syringe.
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Olsen, Brian Mark. "A Design Framework that Employs a Classification Scheme and Library for Compliant Mechanism Design." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2298.
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Limited resources are currently available to assist engineers in implementing compliant members into mechanical designs. As a result, engineers often have little to no direction incorporating compliant mechanisms. This thesis develops a conceptual design framework and process that utilizes a proposed classification scheme and a library of mechanisms to help engineers incorporate compliant mechanisms into their applications. As the knowledge related to the synthesis and analysis of compliant mechanisms continues to grow and mature, and through the classification scheme established in this thesis, compliant mechanisms may become more extensively used in commercial mechanical designs. This thesis also demonstrates a design approach engineers can use to convert an existing rigid-body mechanism into a compliant mechanism by using the established classification scheme and a library of compliant mechanisms. This approach proposes two possible techniques that use rigid-body replacement synthesis in conjunction with a compliant mechanism classification scheme. One technique replaces rigid-body elements with a respective compliant element. The other technique replaces a complex rigid-body mechanism by decomposing the mechanism into simpler functions and then replacing a respective rigid-body mechanism with a compliant mechanism that has a similar functionality. These techniques are then demonstrated by developing and designing a competitive and feasible compliant road bicycle brake system.
Books on the topic "Laminate emergent mechanisms"
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Chimenti, Dale, Stanislav Rokhlin, and Peter Nagy. Physical Ultrasonics of Composites. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195079609.001.0001.
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Physical Ultrasonics of Composites is a rigorous introduction to the characterization of composite materials by means of ultrasonic waves. Composites are treated here not simply as uniform media, but as inhomogeneous layered anisotropic media with internal structure characteristic of composite laminates. The objective here is to concentrate on exposing the singular behavior of ultrasonic waves as they interact with layered, anisotropic materials, materials which incorporate those structural elements typical of composite laminates. This book provides a synergistic description of both modeling and experimental methods in addressing wave propagation phenomena and composite property measurements. After a brief review of basic composite mechanics, a thorough treatment of ultrasonics in anisotropic media is presented, along with composite characterization methods. The interaction of ultrasonic waves at interfaces of anisotropic materials is discussed, as are guided waves in composite plates and rods. Waves in layered media are developed from the standpoint of the "Stiffness Matrix", a major advance over the conventional, potentially unstable Transfer Matrix approach. Laminated plates are treated both with the stiffness matrix and using Floquet analysis. The important influence on the received electronic signals in ultrasonic materials characterization from transducer geometry and placement are carefully exposed in a dedicated chapter. Ultrasonic wave interactions are especially susceptible to such influences because ultrasonic transducers are seldom more than a dozen or so wavelengths in diameter. The book ends with a chapter devoted to the emerging field of air-coupled ultrasonics. This new technology has come of age with the development of purpose-built transducers and electronics and is finding ever wider applications, particularly in the characterization of composite laminates.
Conference papers on the topic "Laminate emergent mechanisms"
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Aukes, Daniel M., and Robert J. Wood. "Algorithms for Rapid Development of Inherently-Manufacturable Laminate Devices." In ASME 2014 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2014-7442.
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We present several algorithms suited for the generation and analysis of structures used in manufacturing laminate electro-mechanical devices. These devices may be fabricated by a family of related manufacturing processes such as printed-circuit MEMS (PC-MEMS) smart composite microstructures (SCM), or lamina emergent mechanisms (LEM), which, by utilizing multi-material laminate composites, enables kinematic motion, component embedding, and monolithic fabrication of high-precision millimeter-scale features. The presented algorithms enable rapid generation of manufacturing features such as support structures and cut files, while facilitating integration with the user’s design intent and available material removal processes. An exemplar device is presented, which, though simple in concept, could not be manufactured without the aid of an expert designer to produce the same features generated by these algorithms.
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Albrechtsen, Nathan B., Spencer P. Magleby, and Larry L. Howell. "Using Lamina Emergent Mechanisms to Develop Credit-Card-Sized Products." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48420.
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The compactness and portability of credit-card-sized products create a strong motivation for their development. This paper proposes that lamina emergent mechanisms (LEMs) provide a means for expanding the capabilities of credit-card-sized mechanisms. LEMs are a type of compliant mechanism that is fabricated from sheet goods with motion that emerges from the sheet. A review of the current state-of-the-art in credit-card-sized mechanisms reveals that there are two primary types of mechanisms most commonly used in this form factor: rigid-body mechanisms and in-plane compliant mechanisms. The challenges of each of these mechanism areas and the LEM advantage corresponding to each challenge are described. Criteria are developed for determining if a product is a suitable candidate for using LEM technology to create a credit-card-sized mechanism. The credit-card-sized LEM advantages and suitability criteria are illustrated through an example product—a compact lancing device that could be used as a main component for a more portable epinephrine syringe.
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Seymour, Kendall, Pietro Bilancia, Spencer Magleby, and Larry Howell. "Hinges and Curved Lamina Emergent Torsional Joints in Cylindrical Developable Mechanisms." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22049.
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Abstract Cylindrical developable mechanisms are devices that conform to and emerge from a cylindrical surface. These mechanisms can be formed or cut from the cylinder wall itself. This paper presents a study on adapting traditional hinge options to achieve revolute motion in these mechanisms. A brief overview of options is given, including classical pin hinges, small-length flexural pivots, initially curved beams, and an adaptation of the membrane thickness-accommodation technique. Curved Lamina Emergent Torsional (LET) joints are then evaluated in detail, and a thin-walled modeling assumption is checked analytically and empirically. A small-scale cylindrical developable mechanism is then evaluated with Nitinol curved LET joints.
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Gollnick, Paul S., Justin D. Black, Emily E. Savage, Landen A. Bowen, Lifang Qiu, Spencer P. Magleby, and Larry L. Howell. "A Preliminary Study of Actuation Approaches for Lamina Emergent Mechanisms." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48350.
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Lamina emergent mechanisms (LEMs) are made from sheet materials and have motion that emerges out of the fabrication plane. LEMs can be more compact, more cost effective, and more easily manufactured than many traditional mechanisms. Single-layer and multi-layer LEM designs could greatly benefit from suitable actuation techniques that are consistent with the advantages of these mechanisms. Bulky actuators may not be good choices for use with LEMs. This paper classifies forces and moments applicable to LEMs, shows how multi-layer LEMs can achieve emergent motion in simplified ways, and studies actuation methods for the macro scale. Shape memory alloys, piezo-electrics, and dielectric elastomers are explored as possible ways of setting LEMs into motion.
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Jacobsen, Joseph O., Larry L. Howell, and Spencer P. Magleby. "Components for the Design of Lamina Emergent Mechanisms." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42311.
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This paper presents components for lamina emergent mechanism (LEM) that can be used as building blocks to create mechanisms capable of more complex motion. As the name suggests, lamina emergent mechanisms are fabricated out of planar materials (the lamina) but their motion is out of that plane (emergent). Lamina emergent mechanisms can provide benefits that include reduced manufacturing costs and minimal volume when in the planar state. The compact initial state of LEMs is beneficial in reducing shipping costs, especially in volume critical applications. LEMs also exhibit the potential benefits of compliant mechanisms, namely increased precision, reduced weight, reduced wear, and part count reduction. Due to the deflection of their members, compliant mechanisms have the ability to store energy, and the resulting effect can be used to perform the function of springs. The LEM components presented in this paper include flexible segments, and mechanisms with behaviors similar to planar change-point four-bar and six-bar mechanisms, and spherical change-point mechanisms.
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Winder, Brian G., Spencer P. Magleby, and Larry L. Howell. "A Study of Joints Suitable for Lamina Emergent Mechanisms." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49914.
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One way to save space and reduce cost in a competitive environment is to use ortho-planar compliant mechanisms which can be made from sheets of material, or lamina emergent mechanisms (LEMs). One major challenge associated with LEM design, however, is creating joints with the desired motion characteristics, especially where complex spatial mechanism topologies are required. This paper presents some important considerations for designing joints for LEMs. A technique commonly used in robotics, using serial chains of revolute and prismatic joints to approximate the motion of complex joints, is presented for use in lamina emergent mechanisms. Important considerations such as linkage configuration and simple prototyping are also discussed.
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Albrechtsen, Nathan B., Spencer P. Magleby, and Larry L. Howell. "Identifying Potential Applications for Lamina Emergent Mechanisms Using Technology Push Product Development." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28531.
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The maturation of lamina emergent mechanism (LEM) technology allows for incorporation into new products. LEMs are defined by three basic, functional characteristics: they (1) are compliant; (2) are fabricated from planar materials; and (3) emerge from a flat initial state. The associated advantages, design challenges, and design tools of each of these characteristics are described. A discussion of opportunities for LEMs that are enabled by the advantages of the functional characteristics is also included. Technology push product development processes were employed in a LEM workshop where seventeen industry professionals helped identify over 200 potential applications for the technology. The most promising ideas are described for disposable LEMs, novel arrays of LEMs, scaled LEMs, LEMs with surprising motion, shock absorbing LEMs, and deployable LEMs.
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Klett, Yves. "PALEO: Plastically Annealed Lamina Emergent Origami." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-85983.
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Origami is usually folded from a flat sheet of material. Folding mostly works by introduction of plastic deformation into that sheet, resulting in a permanently altered region, viz., the crease. Lamina emergent mechanisms also start by definition from the flat state, but make use of compliant elements to provide mobility by elastic deformation. We introduce a combination of origami tessellations with LEM elements that are annealed in a (partially) collapsed state and retain this shape afterwards, while still offering the elastic deformation potential in the annealed shape. A number of such Plastically Annealed Lamina Emergent Origami structures or PALEOs have been successfully designed and tested.
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Zimmerman, Trent, Jared Butler, Dallin Frandsen, Dakota Burrow, David Fullwood, Spencer Magleby, and Larry Howell. "Modified Material Properties in Curved Panels Through Lamina Emergent Torsional Joints." In 2018 4th International Conference on Reconfigurable Mechanisms and Robots (ReMAR 2018). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/remar.2018.8449881.
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Hyatt, Lance P., Amanda Lytle, Spencer P. Magleby, and Larry L. Howell. "Designing Developable Mechanisms From Flat Patterns." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22445.
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Abstract This paper presents tools and methods to design cylindrical and conical developable mechanisms from flat, planar patterns. Equations are presented that relate the link lengths and link angles of planar and spherical mechanisms to the dimensions in a flat configuration. These flat patterns can then be formed into curved, developable mechanisms. Guidelines are established to determine if a mechanism described by a flat pattern can exhibit intramobile or extramobile behavior. A developable mechanism can only potentially exhibit intramobile or extramobile behavior if none of the links extend beyond half of the flat pattern. The behavior of a mechanism can change depending on the location of the cut of the flat pattern. Different joint designs are discussed including lamina emergent torsional (LET) joints. Physical examples are presented.