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Journal articles on the topic 'Laminated wood'
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1
Ashaari, Z., S. H. Lee, F. L. Nabil, E. S. Bakar, A. Ghani, and M. R. Rais. "Physico-mechanical properties of laminates made from Sematan bamboo and Sesenduk wood derived from Malaysia's secondary forest." International Forestry Review 19, no. 3 (December 1, 2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554817828562323.
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A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of laminated composite made from phenolic resin-treated wood and bamboo strips. Sesenduk (Endospermum diadenum) wood and Sematan bamboo (Gigantochloa scortechinii) strips were impregnated using 30% phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin and assembled in different configurations and orientations prior to compreg nation. The assembled samples were then compressed in a hot press at 150 ± 2 °C for 60 minutes. Dimensional stability, hardness, bending, shear and compression strength of the products were assessed. The results revealed that the properties of the compreg laminates were significantly affected by the treatment variables. Laminated compreg wood had inferior mechanical properties compared to laminated compreg bamboo and bamboo/wood hybrid. However, the dimensional stability of laminated compreg wood is the best among the three types of laminates. Samples assembled parallelly possessed better properties. Mixed application of wood and bamboo had imparted respective advantages to the compreg laminates.
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Karliati, Tati, Fauzi Febrianto, Wasrin Syafii, Imam Wahyudi, Ihak Sumardi, Seung Hwan Lee, and Nam Hun Kim. "Properties of laminated wood bonded with modified gutta-percha adhesive at various surface roughness profile of laminae." BioResources 14, no. 4 (August 29, 2019): 8241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.4.8241-8249.
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The properties of laminated wood prepared from sengon wood (Falcataria moluccana Miq. Barneby & Grimes) bonded with a modified gutta-percha (MGP) adhesive at various laminae surface roughness profiles were investigated. The wood laminae were sanded using sand papers of KAG grit designation of 80, 100, 150, 220, 300, and 400. A lower value of KAG grit designation with a lager particle size of sand resulted in a rougher surface of the bonded laminae; a rougher laminae surface profile resulted in a greater shear strength of the laminated wood. The shear strength was highest for laminated wood treated with sand paper of KAG 80 and smallest for laminated wood treated with KAG 400. In general, the bonding strength was enhanced with decreasing KAG grit designation. The adhesion performance, in terms of spread and adhesive penetration, improved after sanding, which widened the contact area on the wood surface.
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Liu, Jen-Chieh, Robert J. Moon, Alan Rudie, and Jeffrey P. Youngblood. "Mechanical performance of cellulose nanofibril film-wood flake laminate." Holzforschung 68, no. 3 (April 1, 2014): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2013-0071.
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Abstract Homogeneous and transparent CNF films, fabricated from the (2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl) oxyl (TEMPO)-modified CNF suspension, were laminated onto wood flakes (WF) based on phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin and the reinforcement potential of the material has been investigated. The focus was on the influence of CNF film lamination, relative humidity (RH), heat treatment, and anisotropic properties of WF on the CNF-WF laminate tensile properties (elastic modulus, ultimate tensile strength, strain to failure). Results demonstrated that CNF-WF laminates had improved mechanical performance as compared to the neat WF. In the WF transverse direction, there were gains of nearly 200% in Young’s modulus and 300% in ultimate tensile strength. However, in the WF axial direction, the reinforcement effect was minor after PF modification of the wood and the presence of the CNF layers. The effective elastic moduli of the CNF-WF laminates were calculated based on the laminated plate theory, and the calculation in both axial and transverse directions were in agreement with the experimental results.
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Purwanto, Djoko. "BALOK LAMINASI DARI KAYU KELAPA (Cocos nucifera L)." Jurnal Riset Industri Hasil Hutan 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24111/jrihh.v2i2.1147.
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Laminated beams of two, three and four layers of coconut wood the bottom, middle and top part with PVAc adhesive (Poly Vinyl Acetat). The purpose of this research is to make coconut wood laminate beams for structural building materials. The results showed that the laminated beam two, three and four layers are made of wood bottom and middle part produce strong mechanical strength class II and III, so that qualified for structural building materials (SNI.03-3527-94). laminated beams of two, three and four are made of wood mechanical strength of the top part produces a strong class IV and meet for structural building materials (SNI.03-3527-94). Keywords: laminated beams, coconut wood
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Kaya, Musa. "Physical and mechanical properties of laminated timbers used in the construction and furniture industry." BioResources 19, no. 3 (July 17, 2024): 6046–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.3.6046-6056.
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Some physical and mechanical properties of laminated timbers used in wooden construction and furniture industry were examined. Polyurethane (PU) glue was used in the production of laminates with 5 layers. The surface layers in each laminated timber (Glulam) were from the same wood type, and the core layers were from willow wood. The laminated timbers whose outer layers were made of willow (Salix alba L.), yellow pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), and ash (Fraxinus L.) wood had an air-dry density value of 0.60 g/cm3 in laminated timber with the highest ash wood surface. The pressure resistance parallel to the fibers was determined in the surface layer ash wood with 48.6 N/mm2. It was found that the static bending resistance was 91.1 N/mm2 in laminated timber with a surface layer of ash wood, and the modulus of elasticity value in bending was 10040 N/mm2 in laminated timber with the highest ash wood surface. Thus, it has been seen in the study that improvements in physical and mechanical properties were achieved, especially as a result of combining willow wood (having fast growth potential and low density) with high-density wood types. According to the results of the study, it is recommended to carry out the necessary studies to increase the physical and mechanical properties of low-density wood types by laminating them with high-density wood types.
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Puluhulawa, Indriyani. "Pengaruh Posisi, Jumlah Layer Dan Mutu Kayu Terhadap Balok Laminasi Kayu Mahang Dan Kayu Meranti." Jurnal Gradasi Teknik Sipil 2, no. 1 (July 23, 2018): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31961/gradasi.v2i1.560.
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Reduced forest products cause also reduced of large-dimensional wood that has high quality. One alternative to solve the problem is by doing laminate engineering by combining different quality wooden layers into specific sized beams as desired. The type of wood and the position of layer give effect to the laminate beam capacity. The aim of this research was to find out the flexural capacity (MOR) of Mahang and Meranti wood laminated beams which layers were varied which then the result of the laminated beam was compared with the solid beams. There were 3 types of laminate specimens made with dimension 5x7x76 cm3 which consisted of 7 layers; BL K1 beam consisted of 2 layers of Meranti wood at the top and bottom of the beam and 5 layers of Mahang in the middle; BL K2 beam consisted of 4 layers of Meranti wood at the top and bottom of the beam, and 3 layers of Mahang in the middle; and BL K3 beam consisted of 6 layers of Meranti wood at the top and bottom of the beam and 1 layer of Mahang in the middle. The test results showed that the use of wood of higher specific gravity at the outermost layer has increased the flexural capacity (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE), particularly in laminated beams (Meranti wood and Mahang wood) with the same numbers of layers. Moreover, in same number or greater layer proportion between Mahang and Meranti wood, the result showed the increased of MOR and MOE of laminated beams compared with solid beam that has low specific gravity (Mahang).
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Bakht, Baidar, and Tharmalingham Tharmabala. "Steel–wood composite bridges and their static load response." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 2 (April 1, 1987): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l87-028.
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The proposed steel–wood composite bridges incorporate longitudinal steel girders which are composite with wood deckings consisting of longitudinal laminates. The laminated decking is usually transversely prestressed. By orienting the laminates longitudinally, advantage can be taken in longitudinal bending of the dominant modulus of elasticity of wood. The paper shows that the load-carrying capacity of an existing slab-on-girder bridge with steel girders and deteriorated noncomposite concrete deck slab can be considerably enhanced by using the proposed system. The paper presents results of static load tests on two types of shear connector, some composite beams, and half-scale model of a bridge. Test data confirm the effectiveness of the composite system. Key words: bridges, composite bridges, steel–wood composite bridges, laminated wood decks, shear connectors, composites.
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Wulandari, Febriana Tri, and Radjali Amin. "The Effect of Felt Pressure and Adhesive Lath Weight on The Physical and Mechanical Properties of The Combination of Petung Bamboo and Sengon Laminated Boards." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 23, no. 2 (March 29, 2023): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v23i2.4735.
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Sengon wood as a construction material has several weaknesses, namely its specific gravity of 0.33 which is included in the light specific gravity (0.29-0.56) with a strong class III-IV. To increase the strength of sengon wood by making sengon wood into laminated boards combined with bamboo laminates. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of labur weight, compression pressure and their interactions on the physical and mechanical properties of the laminated boards of a combination of sengon wood and petung bamboo and to determine the strength class of the laminated boards based on their physical and mechanical properties. The research method used was the experimental method with a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) experiment with 2 factors with 4 treatments and 3 replications. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that labur weight, felt pressure and their interactions have no significant effect on the physical properties of the laminated board combination of sengon wood and petung bamboo while the mechanical properties have a significant effect. All tests of physical and mechanical properties comply with SNI 01-6240-2000 and JAS 234-2007 standards. Based on the results of testing the physical and mechanical properties, the laminated board combination of sengon wood and petung bamboo is included in the strength class III which can be used for protected heavy construction.
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Wulandari, Febriana Tri, Radjali Amin, and Raehanayati Raehanayati. "Karateristik Sifat Fisika dan Mekanika Papan Laminasi Kayu Sengon dan Kayu Bayur." Euler : Jurnal Ilmiah Matematika, Sains dan Teknologi 10, no. 1 (May 16, 2022): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.34312/euler.v10i1.13961.
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Currently, it is increasingly difficult to obtain large and quality sawn timber due to the diminishing supply of wood in natural forests. To overcome this problem, innovation is needed to utilize wood scrap waste as a board product. One form of innovation in the use of wood scrap as a board product is laminated boards. In this study, Sengon and Bayur woods were used which had strong grades III-IV and had specific gravity ranging from 0.29-0.70. Bayur and Sengon wood are suitable to be used as raw materials for laminated boards because they have a light density. The purpose of this research was to determine the physical and mechanical characteristics of laminated boards, the effect of Labur weight, wood species and their interactions. The method used in this study is an experimental method with a factorial completely randomized design (CRD). Characteristics of physical and mechanical properties of laminated boards of Sengon and clothes: density 0.412 gram/cm3; water content 12,459%; thick development 2.019%; thick shrinkage 3.183%; MoE 23031,922 kgf/cm²; MoR 357.208 kgf/cm². Laur weight, type of wood and their interactions have a significant effect on all physical and mechanical properties of Sengon and Bayur laminated boards. The interaction of pumpkin weight and wood species had no significant effect on the water content and MoR tests. Based on the wood strength class, Sengon and Bayur wood laminated boards are classified as class III which can be used as protected heavy construction materials.
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Aizat, G., A. Zaidon, S. H. Lee, S. B. Edi, and B. Paiman. "A comparison between the properties of low and medium molecular weight phenol formaldehyde resin-treated laminated compreg oil palm wood." International Forestry Review 19, no. 3 (December 1, 2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554817828562305.
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In order to improve the inherently poor properties of oil palm wood (OPW), this study examines the effects of resin molecular weight, diffusion time and compression ratio on the properties of laminated compreg OPW. Treating solutions used were medium molecular weight phenol formaldehyde (MmwPF) and low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde (LmwPF). OPW strips were soaked in the treating solutions for 24 h before wrapping in a plastic bag and leaving them for diffusion for 2, 4 and 6 days, respectively. Then, three-layer laminated compreg OPW were fabricated and compressed in hot press at 150°C for 20 minutes to achieve compression ratios of 55%, 70% and 80%. Results indicated that dimensional stability and mechanical properties of the phenolic resin treated laminated compreg OPW were significantly better than the untreated laminates. MmwPF-treated laminates exhibited inferior properties in comparison to that of LmwPF-treated laminates. Nevertheless, MmwPF-treated laminated compreg OPW emitted significantly lesser formaldehyde.
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Ramful, Raviduth. "EVALUATION OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BAMBUSA BAMBOO LAMINATES THROUGH DESTRUCTIVE TESTING." Journal of Green Building 13, no. 4 (September 2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.13.4.1.
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In this research study, Bambusa ssp, the utilized species of bamboo, was rendered into a more versatile construction material in the form of laminates. The laminated specimens were manufactured using simplified processing methods according to the ASTM D3039 and ASTM D143 standards. Polyvinyl acetate was the adhesive used between the 2-ply laminate. The mechanical properties of the specimens were evaluated through tensile, compressive and bending strength tests according to set standards on the Testometric M500-50AT Universal Testing Machine. The tensile strength of laminated bamboo was comparable to that of redwood, spruce, cedar and pine. The ratio of compressive strength of parallel to perpendicular fibers in compressive tests was in a close range to that of poplar, fir and pine. The correlation in compressive strength values between bamboo and wood confirmed the inherent anisotropic nature of both plant materials.
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Macedo Alquicira, I., J. R. Sotomayor Castellanos, and F. J. Castro Sánchez. "LAMINATED WOOD AND MULTIMATERIAL WOOD – ADHESIVE MESHAS REPLACEMENTS OF SOLID WOOD IN RESTORATION OF HISTORICAL BUILDINGS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W15 (August 23, 2019): 711–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w15-711-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Wooden structure restorationwork in historical buildings requires substitution and/or reparation of structural elements. The aim of this investigation is to compare the density, wave velocity, dynamic module, and quality factor intest pieces of solid wood, laminated wood and a multimaterial of <i>P. pseudostrobus</i>. The work hypothesis proposes that dynamic modules of laminated wood and multimaterial laminated wood reinforced with stainless steel mesh are, at least, equal to solid wood. Small dimension test pieces made of solid wood, laminated wood, and multimaterial wood elaborated with the species <i>P. pseudostrobus</i> were prepared. Humidity content and apparent density of wood were determined. Ultrasound tests in radial, tangential, and longitudinal direction were doneand wave velocity, dynamic module, and quality factor were determined. Empiric evidence indicates that wave velocity, dynamic module, and quality factors are different with the three kinds of test pieces. Laminated wood and multimaterial wood characteristics are similar to <i>P. pseudostrobus</i> solid wood; so that the two compound material have good expectations to substitute some pieces that work as resistance elements in wooden structures.</p>
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Wulandari, Febriana Tri, Diah Permata Sari, Rima Vera Ningsih, and Raehnayati Raehnayati. "Pengaruh Tekanan Kempa Papan Laminasi Kayu Sengon dan Bambu Petung." Empiricism Journal 4, no. 2 (December 18, 2023): 471–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.36312/ej.v4i2.1292.
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Dalam mengatasi keterbatasan jenis kayu berkualitas rendah, papan laminasi menjadi solusi dalam meningkatkan kualitas kayu. selain ukuran kayu yang dapat disesuaikan, tampilan dari papan laminasi ini dapat memberikan nilai dekoratif yang indah. Penelitian ini mengkombinasikan kayu solid dengan bambu untuk membuat papan laminasi. Jenis kayu yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kayu sengon dan bambu yang digunakan adalah bambu petung. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi papan laminasi adalah tekanan kempa. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, penelitian ini menguji bagaimana pengaruh tekanan kempa terhadap sifat fisis papan laminasi kayu sengon bambu petung dimana sifat fisis merupakan salah satu cara untuk mengetahui kualitas papan laminasi yang dihasilkan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen dengan rancangan percobaan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) non faktorial dengan dua perlakuan tekanan pengempaan (20 Nm dan 30 Nm). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, perlakuan dari tekanan kempa berpengaruh nyata terhadap sifat fisik papan laminasi kayu sengon bambu petung. Sehingga sifat fisik papan laminasi kayu sengon bambu petung termasuk dalam standar SNI 01-6240-2000 dan JAS 234-2007. Berdasarkan nilai uji sifat fisik tersebut, papan laminasi kayu sengon bambu petung termasuk dalam kelas kuat III yang dapat digunakan untuk keperluan konstruksi berat yang terlindung. Effect of Felt Pressure on Laminated Boards of Sengon Wood and Petung Bamboo Abstract In overcoming the limitations of low-quality wood species, laminated boards are a solution in improving wood quality. In addition to customizable wood sizes, the appearance of these laminated boards can provide beautiful decorative value. This research will try to combine solid wood with bamboo to make laminated boards. The types of wood used in the study were sengon wood and bamboo used by petung bamboo. One of the factors that affect the laminate board is the pressure of the felt. Based on this, this research wants to test how the effect of pressure on the physical properties of the bamboo petung sengon wood laminated boards where the physical properties are one way to determine the quality of the resulting laminated boards. The method used in this study used an experimental method with an experimental design using a non-factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two pressure pressure treatments (20 Nm and 30 Nm). Based on the results of the study, the treatment of felt pressure has a significant effect on the physical properties of sengon bamboo petung wood laminated board.. So that the physical properties of petung bamboo sengon wood laminated boards are included in the SNI 01-6240-2000 and JAS 234-2007 standards. Based on the physical properties test value, the petung bamboo sengon wood laminated boards are included in the strength class III which can be used for protected heavy construction purposes.
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Kureli, Ihsan, and Nihat Dongel. "Effect of the Layer Structure of Wooden Floorings on Dimensional Mobility under Different Relative Humidity and Water Retention Conditions." Forest Products Journal 70, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-19-00025.
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Abstract This study aimed to determine the effect of different wood flooring layer structures and surface features on water intake, shrinkage, and swelling rates under different relative humidity and water retention conditions. Nine wood flooring sample types were tested: solid wood beech (Fagus orientalis L.) flooring covered with polyurethane varnish, four engineered wood flooring types having different core-layers (solid-wood poplar (Populus nigra L.), 2× medium-density fiberboard, and plywood) covered with ultraviolet dried polyurethane varnish on beech veneer, and four laminated wood flooring types having different core layers (high-density fiberboard, medium-density fiberboard, particleboard, and plywood). The results showed the lowest water retention increase rates for 2 and 24 hours in the high-density fiberboard and medium-density fiberboard core-layered laminated wood floorings. The lowest thickness swelling rate occurred in the laminated wood flooring with a plywood core layer during exposure to high relative humidity, whereas the lowest swelling rate in the width dimension occurred for laminated wood flooring compared with other product types. The lowest thickness shrinkage rate was in the poplar core-layered engineered wood flooring, whereas the lowest shrinkage rate in the width direction was in the medium-density fiberboard core-layered engineered wood flooring and plywood core-layered laminated wood flooring at lower relative humidities. In conclusion, high-density fiberboard and medium-density fiberboard core-layered laminated wood floorings are advisable for flooring exposed to a humid environment. All laminated wood flooring types provided good resistance to swelling. The plywood core-layered laminated wood floorings, poplar, and medium-density fiberboard core-layered engineered wood flooring types performed the best for low-humidity environments.
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Hadi, Yusuf Sudo, Dede Hermawan, Imam Busyra Abdillah, Mahdi Mubarok, Wa Ode Muliastuty Arsyad, and Rohmah Pari. "Polystyrene-Impregnated Glulam Resistance to Subterranean Termite Attacks in a Laboratory Test." Polymers 14, no. 19 (September 24, 2022): 4003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14194003.
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This study aimed to enhance tropical fast-growing tree species’ resistance to subterranean termite (Coptotermes curvignathus) attacks through the manufacturing of polystyrene glued-laminated timber (glulam). Three young tropical wood species, namely manii (Maesopsis eminii), mangium (Acacia mangium), and rubber-wood (Hevea brasiliensis), were cut into laminae. After drying, the laminae were impregnated with styrene monomer, then polymerized using potassium peroxydisulfate as a catalyst and heat. The polystyrene-impregnated laminae were constructed using isocyanate glue and a cold press for three-layered glulam. Untreated or control glulam and solid wood specimens were also prepared. The specimens of each wood species and wood products (solid wood, control glulam, and polystyrene glulam) were exposed to the termite in a laboratory test according to Indonesian standards. The results showed that mangium wood had better resistance to the termite attack than manii and rubber-wood, with both of those woods performing the same. Among the wood products, the glulams were equal and had higher resistance to the termite attack than solid wood. To enhance the termite resistance of polystyrene glulam, we suggest that the polymer loading of polystyrene on each lamina should be increased. In our evaluation of the products’ order of priority, polystyrene glulam emerged as performing best towards subterranean termites attack.
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Mascia, Nilson Tadeu, and Raul Martini Mayer. "Analysis of Wood Laminated Beams Reinforced by Natural Fibres." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.553.
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This paper presents an analysis on the viability of the use of natural fibres, in particular sisal fibres, as a reinforcing material in wood laminate structures. The use of natural fibres associated to the manufacturing of beams, with wood from reforestation, is in accordance with the current economic interest and ecological appeal. Sisal fibres have attracted attention for presenting adequate mechanical characteristics for such application. The laminated beams used in this research were constituted byPinus spand were reinforced by sisal strips with a thickness of 2 mm glued by Epoxi adhesive on bottom of the beam on the tensile region. Each lamina had the following dimensions: width of 50 mm, height of 20 mm and the length of the beam is 1.5 m. For the theoretical analysis of wood laminate beams three models: stress functions, classical lamination theory and section transformed method are carried out. It was noted that the average differences between the theoretical results and experimental data are given by: 11% and 2 % for normal and shear stresses respectively, and around 8%, for displacements. As a conclusion, the strengthening of wood laminate beams with sisal fibres is effective in wood structural elements, in which the elastic modulus is at maximum equal to these fibres and also prevents fragile failure on critical tensile region.
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Supriadi, A., and D. R. Trisatya. "Engineered bamboo: The promising material for building and construction application in Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 886, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/886/1/012040.
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Abstract There is a rising gap between supply and demand of wood as building and construction materials. The search of alternative materials to fill in the gap is an urgent concern. Bamboo is one of locally abundant resources; 88 out of 135 species growth in Indonesia is an endemic. It is a renewably material and has comparable characteristics to wood. Notable efforts to reduce the variability of raw bamboo have led to the improved physical and mechanical properties of the engineered bamboo. Laminated bamboo and hybrid laminated bamboo-wood had superior wood strength in comparison to the raw materials. Laminated bamboo produced from andong (Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea (Steud.) Widjaja), mayan (Gigantochloa robusta Kurz), vertically laminated andong bamboo comparable to wood strength class I, I-II and II, respectively. Furthermore, hybrid laminated bamboo-wood andong-manii (Maesopsis eminii Engl.), andong-mayan-jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq.) comparable to wood strength class II and III, respectively. The properties improvement of engineered bamboo demonstrates the potential application of laminated bamboo as a substitution for building and construction material.
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Trisatya, D. R., M. Iqbal, and I. M. Sulastiningsih. "Enhancing the properties of damar (Agathis loranthifolia Salisb.) wood by making hybrid bamboo-wood composite." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 914, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/914/1/012066.
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Abstract This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of laminated bamboo and damar (Agathis loranthifolia Salisb.) wood as the core layer of the bamboo-damar hybrid composite beam. Andong bamboo (Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea (Steud.) Widjaja) and mayan bamboo (Gigantochloa robusta Kurz.) were used as the face and back layers of the beam, glued with isocyanate adhesive. Four types of composite beam were produced with various number of laminated bamboo layers. Results showed that the four layers (two layers for each face and back sides) laminated andong bamboo performed superior mechanical properties than others hybrid composite beam, while the four layers (two layers for each face and back sides) laminated mayan bamboo demonstrated the highest compression and bonding strength. The density, MOR, MOE and compression strength of the hybrid composite beam improved 31.3%, 25.95%, 37.81% and 25.12%, respectively, as the outcomes of the incorporation of laminated andong bamboo on the outer layers of the damar board. This paper proves that the number of laminated bamboo layers enhances the properties of the bamboo-damar hybrid composite beam. Furthermore, it shows promising result for complementing furniture and interior design materials as the bamboo-damar hybrid composite beam has remarkable properties.
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Handayani, Sri. "ANALISIS PENGUJIAN STRUKTUR BALOK LAMINASI KAYU SENGON DAN KAYU KELAPA." Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan 18, no. 1 (May 27, 2016): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jtsp.v18i1.6693.
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Wood Sengon (Sengon) is a type of timber that can quickly grow, accessible but its use as a construction material has not been optimized. The technology used to support the wood as a construction material is a laminate. Engineering experiments was done by making laminated beams of wood Sengon and wood coconut. The purpose of this study is to determine how much the increase in flexural strength for laminated wood Sengon beams and wood Coconut beams as a replacement of structural beam with a variety of adhesive and timber placement. The method used is an experimental method for flexural strength testing of laminated beams. The results showed an average flexural strength of the maximum obtained in laminated beams with variations EP-S (adhesive epoxy glue and placement position in the wood Sengon) amounted to 679 350 kg / cm2. An increase in the strength of 254 025 kg / cm2 (59.72%) are from wood Sengon bending strength 425 325 kg / cm2 (probe grade IV) to 679 350 kg / cm2 (strong class III). The use of technology should pay attention to the position of the bearing laminated wood. Wood with strong higher class should be put on the outside position to provide reinforcement for the wood with a powerful low grade placed in the position.Kayu Sengon (Sengon) termasuk dalam jenis kayu yang dapat dengan cepat tumbuh, mudah di dapat tetapi penggunaannya sebagai bahan konstruksi belum optimal. Teknologi yang digunakan guna mendukung kayu sebagai bahan konstruksi adalah dengan laminasi. Rekayasa eksperimen dilakukan dengan membuat balok laminasi dari kayu Sengon dan kayu Kelapa. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui seberapa besar peningkatan kuat lentur balok kayu dengan laminasi Sengon dan Kelapa sebagai pengganti balok struktur dengan variasi bahan perekat dan perletakan kayu. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen untuk pengujian kuat lentur balok laminasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kuat lentur rata-rata maksimum diperoleh pada balok laminasi dengan variasi EP-S (perekat lem epoksi dan perletakan posisi kayu Sengon didalam) sebesar 679.350 kg/cm2. Terjadi peningkatan kekuatan sebesar 254.025 kg/cm2 (59.72%) yaitu dari kuat lentur kayu Sengon 425.325 kg/cm2 (kelas kuar IV) menjadi 679.350 kg/cm2(kelas kuat III). Penggunaan teknologi laminasi hendaknya memperhatikan posisi perletakan kayu. Kayu dengan klas kuat lebih tinggi diletakkan pada posisi luar untuk memberikan perkuatan pada kayu dengan kelas kuat rendah yang terletak pada posisi dalam.
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Koutsianitis, Dimitrios, Konstantinos Ninikas, Andromachi Mitani, George Ntalos, Nikolakakos Miltiadis, Argyris Vasilios, Hamid R. Taghiyari, and Antonios N. Papadopoulos. "Thermal Transmittance, Dimensional Stability, and Mechanical Properties of a Three-Layer Laminated Wood Made from Fir and Meranti and Its Potential Application for Wood-Frame Windows." Coatings 11, no. 3 (March 7, 2021): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11030304.
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The aim of this paper was to investigate the physical (thermal transmittance and dimensional stability) and mechanical properties of two types of three layer laminated wood made from fir and meranti; fir in surface layers and meranti in core (FMF) and vice versa (MFM) and to examine its potential application for wood-frame windows. An additional objective was to compare the properties of the laminated wood with those of solid wood, namely meranti and fir. Both types of laminated wood had by far substantial lower bending properties than solid wood. MFM laminated wood performed better than the FMF as far as the physical and mechanical properties are concerned. Water absorption and thickness swelling of MFM laminated wood were substantially lower than those of the FMF type, and all the differences were statistically significant. Longitudinal width swelling, and bending properties of MFM laminated wood were higher than those of FMF but these differences were not statistically significant. The thermal transmittance (rate of the heat transferred) of the FMF window is 13.3% better (less) compared to the MFM window. The main reason for this is believed to be the lower overall density of the FMF window, which also makes it more competitive as a result of the reduced manufacturing cost since fir is less expensive compared tomeranti. It was concluded that wood-frame windows can be successfully made from these types of laminated wood, employing therefore easily renewable materials, with low environmental impact, recyclable and manageable in the medium term.
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Wulandari, Febriana Tri, and Sitti Latifah. "KARATERISTIK SIFAT FISIKA DAN MEKANIKA PAPAN LAMINASI KAYU BAYUR (Pterospermum diversifolium) SEBAGAI BAHAN SUBSTITUSI PAPAN SOLID." Wahana Forestra: Jurnal Kehutanan 17, no. 2 (July 30, 2022): 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/forestra.v17i2.9362.
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Bayur wood is included in strong class III with a specific gravity ranging from 0.30-0.70 (average 0.53) and has a slightly rough texture but generally has a smooth and shiny surface. This research will look at the characteristics of bayur wood laminated boards as a substitute for solid boards. To determine the quality of the laminated board produced, it is necessary to test the physical and mechanical properties of the resulting laminated board. The method used in this study used an experimental method with an experimental design using a non-factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Based on the results of the research on bayur wood laminated boards, it can be concluded that the value of the physical and mechanical properties of laminated boards has met the standards of SNI 03-2105-2006 and JAS JAS 234-2007 except for the thickness shrinkage and Modulus of Elasticity (MoE) tests. Laur weight treatment did not significantly affect all tests of physical and mechanical properties of Bajur wood laminated boards except for testing the moisture content and Modulus of Rupture (MoR). Based on the standard of wood strength class, laminated boards from Bayur wood are equivalent to wood with strength class III
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Wulandari, Febriana Tri, and I. Gde Dharma Atmaja. "Analisis Perbandingan Sifat Fisika dan Mekanika Papan Laminasi Kayu Jati Putih (Gmelina arborea. Roxb) dan Papan Lamninasi Bambu Petung (Dendrocalamus asper)." Daun: Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian dan Kehutanan 9, no. 2 (December 27, 2022): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/daun.v9i2.4186.
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This study of laminated boards wants to compare laminated boards made of wood and non-wood raw materials. For wood, use white teak (Gmelina arborea. Roxb) and non-wood using petung bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper). Teak wood is easy to work either by machine or by hand. It has an average fiber length of 1.32 mm with a diameter of 24.8 μm. Teak wood is included in durable class 1 and strong class II, has a fairly good nail resistance and can withstand rust with the age of an old tree. Petung bamboo has a diameter that can reach 20 cm with a wall thickness of 1-3 cm, making it suitable for use as laminated bamboo. To see the difference in strength of the two boards, it is necessary to test the physical and mechanical properties. The purpose of this study is to compare the strength of the physical and mechanical properties of laminated boards made of wood and non-wood so that they can provide recommendations according to their use. The test values for physical and mechanical properties of white teak laminated boards and petung bamboo laminated boards showed no significant difference. All tests of physical and mechanical properties have met the standard except for the thickness shrinkage test for white teak laminated boards which did not meet the standards. Based on the value of testing the physical and mechanical properties, the laminated boards of white teak and petung bamboo are included in the strong class III which can be used for indoor construction materials.
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Suardika, I. Made Anom Yudistira, I. Nyoman Suta Widnyana, and I. Wayan Artana. "BALOK LAMINASI KOMBINASI BAMBU PETUNG ( DENDROCLAMUS ASPER ) DAN BAMBU ATER ( GIGANTOCHLOA ATTER ) SEBAGAI BAHAN KONSTRUKSI ALTERNATIF." Widya Teknik 19, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32795/widyateknik.v19i1.4149.
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One form of innovation in the use of bamboo as a construction material to replace wood is laminated beams or what is known as glulam glued laminated timber, which is the manufacture of artificial boards/beams using a lamination method that uses adhesive for the process of joining bamboo. The aims of this study were: (1) to determine the compressive strength of laminated petung bamboo (Dendroclamus asper), ater bamboo (Gigantochloa atter) and the combined laminated petung and ater bamboo, (2) to determine the flexural strength of laminated petung bamboo (Dendroclamus asper), bamboo ater (Gigantochloa atter) and laminated combination of petung and ater bamboo, (3) to determine the equivalence of laminated beams with wood from the results of the flexural strength test, (4) to determine the equivalence of laminated beams with wood from the results of the compressive strength test. Based on the classification of wood in Indonesia according to the Indonesian Timber Construction Regulations (PPKI) 1961. The results of this study indicate that: (1) The average compressive strength of petung bamboo is 14.44 MPa, the average compressive strength for ater bamboo is 12.96 MPa, and the combined compressive strength results get an average of 13 .33 MPa. (2) The average value of flexural strength is 167.323 MPa for petung bamboo, the flexural strength results for ater bamboo get an average of 139.043 MPa, the combined beam flexural strength results get an average of 169.680 MPa. (3) Based on the results of the study, the flexural strength of petung bamboo laminated beams was equivalent to class I wood, ater bamboo was equivalent to strong class II wood, the combination of petung bamboo and ater bamboo was equivalent to class I wood. (4) Based on the results of the compressive strength study of bamboo lamisani beams petung is equivalent to class I wood, ater bamboo is equivalent to class II wood, the combination of petung and ater bamboo is classified as class I wood.
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Sahin Kol, Hamiyet, Günay Özbay, and Suat Altun. "Shear strength of heat-treated tali (Erythrophleum ivornese) and iroko (Chlorophora excelsa) woods, bonded with various adhesives." BioResources 4, no. 4 (October 2, 2009): 1545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.4.4.1545-1554.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of heat treatment on the shear strength of tali (Erythrophleum ivorense) and iroko (Chlorophora excelsa) woods, bonded with some structural adhesives. Shear strength of untreated and heat-treated woods bonded with phenol-formaldehyde (PF), melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF), melamine-formaldehyde (MF), and polyurethane (PUR) adhesives was studied. An industrial heat treatment method (ThermoWood) was used. The timbers were thermally modified for 2 hours at 180 ºC. Laminated samples having two sample sets were prepared from untreated and heat-treated wood for the shear strength test. The results of the tests showed that the heat treatment affected shear strength of laminated wood negatively. Although there was a considerable difference in adhesive bond shear strength between untreated and treated wood, both wood species bonded with the adhesives fulfilled the required value for shear strength of the adhesive bonds. PF, MUF, MF, and PUR adhesives performed in a rather similar way for both wood species.
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Yoga savalas, Tegar, and A. Basuki Widodo A Basuki Widodo. "Kekuatan Bending Pada Balok Laminasi Jati Putih Sebagai Material Pembuatan Kapal Kayu." Jurnal Jaring SainTek 4, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31599/jaringsaintek.v4i2.1457.
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Fishing boats are generally made of wood, but over time the availability of wood for shipbuilding began to become difficult to obtain, considering the increasingly expensive price for the type and quality of wood, such as teak. So that other wood alternatives are needed to replace teak, such as laminated white teak. White teak wood can be an option because it grows fast and is widely planted and has a texture that is almost the same as teak. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research to determine the strength value of white teak laminate through bending testing. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of the bending strength of laminated white teak (Gemelina arborea) and the comparison results with natural teak (Tectona grandis). This study uses five types of variations with the same size 2x2x36cm, namely KJ (Teak Wood), KJP (White Teak Wood), LKJP (White Teak Lamination) two, three, and five layers referring to the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS Z 2113). , 1963) to determine the value of the bending strength, then an analysis of the average value of the bending test results was carried out and compared with the bending value of teak (Tectona grandis). From the results of the tests carried out, the average value for KJ is 215.53 kg/cm2, KJP 173.35kg/cm2, LKJP 2 layers 176.75 kg/cm2, LKJP 3 180.15 kg/cm2, LKJP 5 149.56 kg/cm2. Based on this average value, Laminate white teak is still lower than the average value of natural teak.
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Niemz, Peter. "Einsatzmöglichkeiten von Holzwerkstoffen im Bauwesen | Possibilities of the use of wood-based materials in construction." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 154, no. 12 (December 1, 2003): 472–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2003.0472.
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Wood-based materials and wood products are becoming increasingly important in construction. Engineered wood products, especially, are being used as a substitute for solid wood. The use of thermally processed solid wood is also increasing. Following a general overview of materials (materials based on solid wood, or laminated, veneer and fibre products)we describe their composition and most important characteristics. Emphasis is given to new developments as, for example, laminated strand lumber (LSL), laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and parallel strand lumber (parallam). We conclude with an overview of the possibilities for the use of woodbased materials in construction.
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Gaff, Milan, Daniel Ruman, Tomáš Svoboda, Adam Sikora, Vladimír Záborský, and Carlos Rodriguez Vallejo. "Impact bending strength as a function of selected factors: 2 – Layered materials from densified lamellas." BioResources 12, no. 4 (August 21, 2017): 7311–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.12.4.7311-7324.
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This article examines the effect of selected factors (wood species, lamella combination, type of adhesive, number of loading cycles) on the impact bending strength (IBS) of laminated wood. The IBS was tested on specimens made from beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and aspen lamellas (Populus tremula L.). The laminated wood was densified by 10% and 20% of the original thickness. For bonding the wood, polyvinyl acetate (PVA) adhesive was used, and the product was compared with laminated wood bonded with polyurethane adhesive (PUR). The wood species and lamella combination had significant effects on IBS. The highest values of IBS were found for beech wood lamellas.
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Hartono, R., A. Rahmayani, J. Sutiawan, I. Sumardi, and M. N. Rofii. "Improvement of physical and mechanical properties of belangke bamboo (Gigantochloa pruriens) laminated boards using boric acid immersion." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1352, no. 1 (May 1, 2024): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1352/1/012033.
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Abstract A laminate board is a composite board formed from a combination of several laminates and glued together using adhesives in the parallel direction of the fibers. Belangke bamboo, as a substitute for wood, can be used as raw material for making laminated boards. Belangke bamboo has fairly good strength but has a weakness, namely, being vulnerable to attacks by destructive agents. Adding boric acid immersion treatment is one of the modifications to laminated boards to increase their strength and durability against attacks by destructive organisms. This study aims to analyze the physical and mechanical properties of laminated boards from striped bamboo with the effect of immersion treatment from 0 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours. The laminated board consists of 3 layers measuring 30 cm long, 15 cm wide, and 0.5 cm thick, which are glued using 280 g/m2 isocyanate adhesive and cold pressed for 24 hours with conditioning for ten days. The results of the physical properties test of this study obtained the average value in the weight percent gain (WPG) test ranged from 2.66-3.33%, density ranged from 0.79-0.97 g/cm3, moisture content ranged from 12.67%-13.40%, and delamination ranged from 2.37-7.77%. The results of mechanical properties testing showed the average value of modulus of elasticity (MOE) testing of 112383.20-127377.74 kg/cm2, modulus of rupture (MOR) of 371.69-578.95 kg/cm2, and shear strength ranged from 14.61–27.73 kg/cm2. From the analysis of variance, the best-laminated board is found in the 6-hour boric acid immersion time.
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Jaeger, Leslie G., and Baidar Bakht. "Effect of butt joints on the flexural stiffness of laminated timber bridges." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 17, no. 5 (October 1, 1990): 859–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l90-096.
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Prestressed and nailed laminated timber bridge decks are made from laminates which, because of their being usually shorter in length than the deck span, are butt-jointed at regular intervals. In calculating deflections of such decks, it is usual to ignore the reduction in flexural rigidity of the deck caused by the presence of the butt joint. The effect of butt joints on the flexural rigidity of the laminated deck is studied analytically, and it is shown that the deflections of a deck having such joints may be significantly larger than those of a deck without them. A simple method is presented to account conservatively for the presence of butt joints in the calculation of the deflections of a prestressed laminated timber deck. Key words: timber bridge, laminated deck, butt joint, prestressed wood deck.
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Chernykh, Aleksandr, Tatiana Belash, Viktor Tsyganovkin, and Anton Kovalevskiy. "ON THE POSSIBILITY OF USING TIMBER STRUCTURES IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS IN SEISMIC AREAS." Architecture and Engineering 8, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/2500-0055-2023-8-1-60-70.
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Introduction: Part of the territory of Russia is located in a seismically dangerous area. In recent years, glued laminated wood has been gaining popularity in private housing construction as well as other construction sectors. However, Russian standards lack design and structural requirements for buildings and structures made of glued laminated wood. Methods: The paper reviews the foreign experience in construction with the use of glued laminated wood and presents seismic design for a multi-story building made of wood and materials based on it. Results: We considered the seismic design of a multi-story timber building and reviewed foreign experience in the construction of buildings made of glued laminated wood. Besides, we analyzed how the choice of the material for individual load-bearing structures affects seismic resistance.
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Balogh, Jeno. "Laminated wood-concrete structural members." Pollack Periodica 8, no. 3 (December 2013): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/pollack.8.2013.3.8.
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Bakht, Baidar, and Leslie G. Jaeger. "On the use of springs in stress-laminated wood decks." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 23, no. 4 (August 1, 1996): 982–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l96-903.
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Transverse post-tensioning forces, essential for the structural integrity of stress-laminated wood decks, are subject to losses because of the time- and stress-dependent shrinkage of wood. Through physical testing conducted over the last 20 years, it has been found by a number of researchers that the prestress losses in these structures can be minimized by reducing the stiffness of the post-tensioning system and also by incorporating mechanical springs between the deck and the post-tensioning system. From this observation, it has been generally concluded by the investigators that the incorporation of springs in stress-laminated wood decks is equivalent to reducing the stiffness of the post-tensioning system. In this note, it is argued that this assumed equivalence is not true, but that the springs are nevertheless effective in reducing prestress losses in stress-laminated wood decks. Key words: post-tensioning, prestress losses, stress-laminated wood deck, wood bridge, wood deck.
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Park, Han-Min, Dong-Hyun Kang, Yoon-Eun Choi, Sang-Yeol Ahn, Hyun-Su Ryu, and Hee-Seop Byeon. "Bending Creep Performances of Hybrid Laminated Woods Composed of Wood-Wood Based Boards." Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 38, no. 1 (January 25, 2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5658/wood.2010.38.1.1.
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Karaman, Abdurrahman, Mehmet Nuri Yildirim, and Onder Tor. "BENDING CHARACTERISTICS OF LAMINATED WOOD COMPOSITES CONSTRUCTED WITH BLACK PINE WOOD AND ARAMID FIBER REINFORCED FABRIC." WOOD RESEARCH 66(2): 2021 66, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/66.2.309320.
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The aim of this study was to determine the 4-point bending strength and modulus of elasticity in bending of Black pine wood laminated materials reinforced with aramid fiber was bonded using epoxy or polyurethane glues separately. The samples were prepared in accordance with the TS 5497 EN 408 (2006). The results of the study determined that the highest value for static bending strength was found in the laminated wood samples (83.94 N.mm-2) that were prepared using inter-layer aramid fiber reinforced polymer (AFRP) and epoxy glue. The highest value of modulus of elasticity in bending was found in the samples prepared with inter-layer epoxy and AFRP (10311.62 N.mm-2). It was observed that the samples parallel to the glue line of the laminated material showed higher performance compared to those perpendicular to the glue line. The data obtained as a result of this study demonstrated that aramid fiber reinforced Black pine wood laminated materials can be used in the building industry as building materials.
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Dewi, Greitta Kusuma, Tibertius Agus Prayitno, and Ragil Widyorini. "The Effect of Wood Species and Laminae Composition on the Properties of Cross-Laminated Beam Made from Community Forest Wood." Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan 18, no. 1 (March 25, 2024): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jik.v18i1.6042.
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Community forests offer diverse wood species and quantities, potentially meeting the increasing demand for wood-building materials driven by the green building concept. The diverse species have varied specific gravity. Combining wood species and cross-lamination engineering could improve the strength and dimensional stability of low-density and medium-density wood from community forests. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the effect of wood species and laminae composition on the properties of 5-ply cross-laminated beams (CLB). The 5-ply CLB was made in 5 cm x 5 cm x 112 cm with 1 cm laminae thickness. The species used were sengon, jabon, and mahogany, with acacia as enforcement. This research also compared homogeneous and heterogeneous laminae composition. The results showed that wood species and laminae composition significantly affect the mechanical properties. Heterogeneous compositions had higher mechanical properties than homogeneous compositions. The delamination test revealed that the CLB had high water resistance on cold and hot immersion even though the beams used up to three wood species.
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Wulandari, Febriana Tri, and Dini Lestari. "Pemanfaatan Kayu Rajumas, Sengon dan Bambu Petung Sebagai Produk Papan Laminasi." Empiricism Journal 5, no. 1 (April 4, 2024): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36312/ej.v5i1.1822.
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Salah satu alternatif peningkatan nilai tambah kayu sengon dan rajumas dengan mengkombinasikan dengan bambu petung menjadi bentuk papan papan laminasi sebagai subtitusi material struktural. Bambu petung dapat dibuat papan laminasi karena memiliki dinding batang tebal (10 mm-30 mm), dinding batang yang tebal akan menghemat penggunaan perekat. Papan laminasi merupakan suatu produk yang dibentuk dari lamina-lamina kayu yang disatukan dengan perekat dengan proses pengempaan menjadi papan yang ukurannya bisa diatur sesuai keperluan. Kelebihan produk papan laminasi yaitu cacat kayu dapat dihilangkan, memiliki nilai estetika yang baik serta mudah dalam perawatannya. Persayaratan kayu untuk untuk penggunaan structural membutuhkan kekuatan yang tinggi dan memiliki dimensi yang besar. Teknologi papan laminasi memungkinkan kayu dengan sifat inferior dikonversi menjadi produk structural. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk melihat pengaruh berat labur, jenis kombinasi kayu dan non kayu serta interaksinya terhadap sifat fisika dan mekanika papan laminas serta menentukan kelas kuat papan laminasi berdasarkan sifat fisika dan mekanikanya. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian sifat fisika (kerapatan, pengembangan tebal dan penyusutan tebal) papan laminasi tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap berat labur, jenis kombinasi dan interaksinya kecuali pada pengujian kadar air berpengaruh nyata. Pengujian sifat mekanika (MoE dan MoR) berpengaruh nyata terhadap berat labur, jenis kombinasi dan interaksinya. Sifat fisika papan laminasi kombinasi kayu rajumas bambu petung dan sengon bambu petung sudah sesuai standar JAS 234-2007 namun pada pengujian sifat mekanika belum memenuhi standar. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian sifat fisika dan mekanika maka masuk dalam kelas kuat III yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan konstruksi ringan dengan pemakaian didalam ruangan. Utilization of Rajumas, Sengon and Petung Bamboo as Laminated Board Products Abstract One alternative to increase the added value of sengon and rajumas wood by combining with petung bamboo into a form of laminated board as a substitute for structural materials. Petung bamboo can be made into a laminated board because it has a thick stem wall (10 mm-30 mm), a thick stem wall will save the use of adhesive. Laminated board is a product formed from wood laminae that are joined together with adhesive by the process of forging into a board whose size can be adjusted as needed. The advantages of laminated board products are that wood defects can be eliminated, have good aesthetic value and are easy to maintain. Wood requirements for structural use require high strength and large dimensions. Laminated board technology allows wood with inferior properties to be converted into structural products. The purpose of this research is to see the effect of labor weight, type of wood and non-wood combination and their interaction on the physical and mechanical properties of laminated boards and determine the strength class of laminated boards based on their physical and mechanical properties. Based on the results of testing the physical properties (density, thickness development and thickness shrinkage) of laminated boards have no significant effect on the weight of the lumber, the type of combination and its interaction except in testing the water content has a real effect. Testing of mechanical properties (MoE and MoR) has a significant effect on the weight of labur, the type of combination and its interaction. The physical characteristics of the laminated board combination of rajumas bamboo petung and sengon bamboo petung wood are in accordance with the JAS 234-2007 standard, but the mechanical properties test has not met the standard. Based on the results of testing the physical and mechanical properties, it is included in strength class III which can be utilized as a lightweight construction material with indoor use.
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Wulandari, Febriana Tri, Radjali Amin, and Dini Lestari. "ANALISIS SIFAT FISIKA DAN MEKANIKA PAPAN LAMINASI KOMBINASI KAYU SENGON BAMBU PETUNG DAN KEMIRI BAMBU PETUNG." Jurnal Sylva Scienteae 6, no. 6 (December 2, 2023): 1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jss.v6i6.11109.
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Bamboo has various advantages such as relatively cheap price, fast growing, physical and mechanical properties comparable to wood, and suitable for application with existing processing technologies. A combination of wood and bamboo laminated boards is an attractive choice in wood and bamboo processing. Previous studies have shown that testing of physical and mechanical properties has been carried out on laminated boards made from wood or bamboo only. Information regarding laminated boards with a combination of wood and non-timber is still very limited. Laminate boards are made from a combination of sengon-petung bamboo and kemiri-petung wood. The selection of sengon and candlenut wood as raw materials because they have a light specific gravity of 0.4 and 0.33-0. Wood with a light to medium density is very suitable for use as a raw material for laminated boards due to easier penetration of the adhesive onto the wood surface. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a combination of petung bamboo sengon wood and petung bamboo candlenut wood on the physical and mechanical properties of laminated boards. The method used was an experimental method with a non-factorial design with 2 treatments and 3 replications. The combined type treatment had no significant effect on the density, thickness expansion, thickness shrinkage and MoR tests, while the MoE and moisture content tests had a significant effect. Testing the physical and mechanical properties, the laminated board combination of candlenut wood and petung bamboo (J2) has a higher value than the combination of sengon wood and petung bamboo (J1). Based on the test results, the combination of the combination of kemiri wood, bamboo petung and sengon wood, bamboo petung is included in the strength class III which can be used for protected heavy construction purposesBambu memiliki berbagai kelebihan seperti harga yang relative murah, cepat tumbuh, memiliki sifat fisika dan mekanika sebanding dengan kayu, dan cocok diaplikasikan dengan teknologi pengolahan yang telah ada. Papan laminasi kombinasi dari kayu dan bambu menjadi pilihan yang menarik dalam pengolahan kayu dan bambu. Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa pengujian sifat fisika dan mekanika telah dilakukan pada papan laminasi berbahan baku kayu atau atau bambu saja. Informasi mengenai papan laminasi dengan kombinasi kayu dan non kayu masih sangat terbatas. Papan laminasi dibuat dari kombinasi kayu sengon-bambu petung dan kayu kemiri-bambu petung. Pemilihan kayu sengon dan kemiri sebagai bahan baku karena memiliki berat jenis ringan yaitu 0,4 dan 0,33-0. Kayu dengan berat jenis ringan sampai sedang sangat cocok digunakan sebagai bahan baku papan laminasi terkait penetrasi perekat lebih mudah ke permukaan kayu. Penelitian bertujuan untuk pengaruh kombinasi kayu sengon bambu petung dan kayu kemiri bambu petung terhadap sifat fisika dan mekanika papan laminasi. Metode yang digunakan metode eksperimen dengan rancangan non faktorial dengan 2 perlakuan dan 3 kali ulangan. Perlakuan jenis kombinasi berpengaruh tidak nyata pada pengujian kerapatan, pengembangan tebal, penyusutan tebal dan MoR sedangkan pada pengujian MoE dan kadar air berpengaruh nyata. Pengujian sifat fisika dan mekanika maka papan laminasi kombinasi kayu kemiri dan bambu petung (J2) memiliki nilai yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan papan laminasi kombinasi kayu sengon dan bambu petung (J1). Berdasarkan hasil pengujian papan laminasi kombinasi kayu kemiri bambu petung dan kayu sengon bambu petung masuk dalam kelas kuat III yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk keperluan konstruksi berat yang terlindungi.
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Priyanto, Agus. "Laminasi Kayu Sengon Sebagai Salah Satu Solusi Ketersediaan Kayu Untuk Bahan Bangunan." TAMAN VOKASI 7, no. 2 (December 26, 2019): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.30738/jtv.v7i2.6307.
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Abstracts. The supply of wood that is quite durable and of high quality has not been able to meet the needs of building construction at the present time, especially in the future. Sengon wood (Paraserianthes falcataria) is a fast-growing type of plant that has a large increase (volume of wood per hectare per year) which is around 28 - 48 m3 / ha / year. To fulfill various human objectives, the majority of Sengon wood can be collected from the age of 6 years. With the use of lamination technology, wood remnants can be utilized to be made into wooden blocks of various sizes and various shapes. Lamination can make the strength of Sengon wood higher than solid wood beams.The test is carried out by physical and mechanical tests as well as the Sengon wood laminated sliding block test. In testing physical and mechanical properties based on ISO 1975 regulations. Testing of physical properties of Sengon wood includes wood density test and moisture content test. Testing the mechanical properties of Sengon wood includes fiber parallel compressive strength test, fiber perpendicular compressive strength test, tensile strength test, shear strength test and flexural strength test. Testing of Sengon wood laminated sliding blocks to determine the strength of lamination has a variation of 30 MDGL, 40 MDGL and 50 MDGL slurry adhesives with 3 replications of each shear test.The average density of Sengon wood is 0.315 t / m3 and the average moisture content of Sengon wood is 13.539%. The average compressive strength of fibers is 26.85 MPa and the compressive strength of fibers is 9.62 MPa. The average tensile strength of Sengon wood is 61.48 MPa and the average shear strength of Sengon wood is 5.31 MPa. In testing the flexural strength of Sengon wood an average of 43.18 MPa. Testing of Sengon wood laminate sliding block for 30 / MDGL obtained an average of 0.05 kg / mm2. In the shear block 40 / MDGL obtained an average shear strength of 0.02 kg / mm2. For the 50 / MDGL laminate shear block an average shear strength of 0.08 kg / mm2 was obtained.
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Wulandari, Febriana Tri, Siti Latifah, and Endah Wahyuningsih. "SIFAT FISIKA DAN MEKANIKA PAPAN LAMINASI KAYU SENGON DAN JATI PUTIH SEBAGAI SUBTITUSI KAYU SOLID." JURNAL HUTAN PULAU-PULAU KECIL 7, no. 2 (October 30, 2023): 134–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/jhppk.v7i2.10564.
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This study aims to determine the physical and mechanical properties of sengon and white teak laminated boards, the effect of the weight of the coating, the type of wood and their interactions and the strength class of the laminated board. The physical and mechanical properties of sengon and white teak laminated boards are as follows: moisture content of 12.535%, density of 0.402 gram/cm³, thickness expansion of 1.544%, thickness shrinkage of 3.182%, MoE of 19745,840 kgf/cm², MoR of 330.106 kgf/cm². Laur weight did not significantly affect all physical and mechanical properties of sengon and white teak laminated boards except for water content testing. The type of wood had a significant effect on all tests of physical and mechanical properties of sengon and white teak laminated boards except for the MoE test. The interaction of wood species and pumpkin weight had no significant effect on all physical and mechanical properties tests except for water content and MoR tests. Based on the standards of SNI 03-2105-2006 and JAS 234-2007, all tests of physical and mechanical properties of sengon and white teak laminated boards have complied with the standard except for thick shrinkage and MoE tests. Based on the strength class of the laminated board, the laminated board of sengon wood and white teak is included in the strong class III which can be used as indoor construction materials.
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Kajaks, Jānis, Karlis Kalnins, and Juris Matvejs. "Adhesion Investigations of Systems Based on Birch Plywood and Wood Plastic Composites." Key Engineering Materials 850 (June 2020): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.850.76.
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One type of birch plywood production by-product: plywood sanding dust (PSD) and virgin polypropylene (PP) composites adhesive activity was investigated. To improve of the WP (PP+40 wt.% PSD) composites sheets as overlay bonding strength against birch plywood surface and water resistance of these laminated systems the industrially produced WPC material was modified with maleated polypropylene wax (MAPP) additives. These studies showed possibility of the usage of presented by-product as an excellent reinforcement for PP based wood plastic composites and addition of the coupling agent (MAPP) gives the considerable increase of adhesive activity of the used WPC. Due to the presence of MAPP (up to 4%) significantly increases not only adhesive strength of the laminates but also water resistance of the laminated sandwich specimens. As the example adhesive bonding strength could reach 2,74 N/mm2 and increases up to 4 times to compare with unmodified WPC adhesives.
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Aisyah, Siti, Yusuf Sudo Hadi, Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis, Muhammad Iqbal Maulana, Rita Kartika Sari, and Wahyu Hidayat. "Influence of Puspa Wood and Coconut Trunk Combination on the Characteristics of Cross-Laminated Timber Bonded with Polyurethane Adhesive." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 11, no. 1 (January 25, 2023): 136–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl.v11i1.647.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristic of cross-laminated timber (CLT) made from puspa (Schima wallichii) wood, coconut (Cocos nucifera) trunk, and their combination using a polyurethane (PU) adhesive. The manufacturing of CLT begins with the characterization of the adhesive and wood materials used in this study. The CLT panels are made with dimensions of 100 cm × 30 cm × 3.6 cm. The laminate was organized into three layers with the face/core/back, namely puspa wood (PPP), coconut trunk (CCC), and their combination (PCP and CPC), perpendicular to each other using polyurethane adhesive with a glue spread of 160 g.m-2. The physical and mechanical properties of the CLT were assessed according to the JAS 3079 (2019) standard. The results showed that the polyurethane adhesive used in this study could cure optimally at a temperature of 30°C for 200 minutes. Puspa wood and coconut trunk had different physical and chemical properties but had similar wettability to polyurethane adhesives. The physical and mechanical characteristics of coconut CLT were better than puspa CLT. Based on the overall test results, the puspa hybrid CLT is better than the single wood species of the CLT. In contrast to coconut hybrid CLT, the single CLT of CCC was better than its hybrid CLT. Keywords: Coconut trunk, cross-laminated timber, layer combination, polyurethane adhesive, puspa wood
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Mufti, Aftab A., Baidar Bakht, Dagmar Svecova, and Vidyadhar Limaye. "Failure tests on full-scale models of grout laminated wood decks." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l03-088.
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Grout laminated wood decks (GLWDs), representing the third generation of stressed wood decks, comprise either laminates or logs trimmed to obtain two parallel faces. The logs or laminates, running along the span, are held together by means of transverse internal grout cylinders that may be in either compression or tension. Two full-scale models of GLWD were constructed at Dalhousie University, Halifax, one with grout cylinders in compression and the other with the cylinders in tension. Service load tests conducted in Halifax showed that the former deck had better load distribution characteristics. Two years after the tests in Halifax, the models were shipped to The University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, where they were tested to failure under a central patch load. Because of miscommunication with the supplier, the logs of the GLWD with grout cylinders in compression were also trimmed to the third face that was kept at the bottom of the deck. The failure tests showed that despite its superior load distribution characteristics, the deck with grout cylinders in compression failed at a significantly lower load than the GLWD with cylinders in tension. It is argued that a planar surface in the logs at the flexural tension face not only reduces their flexural stiffness but also brings the defects of wood to the surface with maximum stress. The deck with the flat bottom surface underwent tension failure of the most heavily loaded logs, whereas the deck with the intact round surface of the logs at both top and bottom failed by horizontal splitting of all the logs.Key words: articulated plate, bridge deck, grout laminated deck, orthotropic plate, timber.
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GALIH, Nurdiansyah Muhammad, Seung Min YANG, Seung Min YU, and Seog Goo KANG. "Study on the Mechanical Properties of Tropical Hybrid Cross Laminated Timber Using Bamboo Laminated Board as Core Layer." Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 48, no. 2 (March 2020): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5658/wood.2020.48.2.245.
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Taylor, Raymond J. "Field applications of prestressed laminated wood bridge decks." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 15, no. 3 (June 1, 1988): 477–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l88-064.
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The concept of prestressing laminated wood bridge decks was conceived in Ontario in 1976 as a method of upgrading existing deteriorated nailed laminated wood decks. The success of this technique as a method of rehabilitation prompted considerable research and development aimed at introducing it into new construction. This work led to the formation of a comprehensive set of design specifications, which have since been adapted into the Ontario highway bridge design code and were included in the 1983 edition.Since its inception in 1976, the prestressed wood concept has been used many times, and by 1985, more than 16 bridges incorporated the concept in various ways. The objective of this paper is to discuss a number of these field structures in order to demonstrate the flexibility of the prestressed wood deck system. In new construction, the system has been applied to both longitudinally and transversely laminated decks including on-site deck assembly as well as a preassembled deck panel system.The paper describes the applicability of the system, construction sequence, and field problems. In addition, construction costs for some of the applications, as derived from field data, are discussed. Key words: wood, bridges, prestressed wood decks, laminated decks, preassembled deck panels.
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Imah Luluk, K., I. Putu Arta Wibawa, Abdul Gafur, Eriek W. R. Widodo, W. Dianita, Nimatut Tamimah, Sumardiono, P. U. Agung, Kharis Abdullah, and U. Dhiya Anissa. "Analysis Adhesive Strength of Epoxy DGEBA on The Wooden Boat Hull." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1265, no. 1 (November 1, 2023): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1265/1/012021.
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Abstract Epoxy is a thermosetting material that is widely used as an adhesive. Epoxy has the advantages of good tensile strength, bending strength, and thermal stability. Epoxy is an adhesive that can bind various materials such as steel, copper, wood, iron, cement, plastic, and composites. Epoxy can be cured at room temperature with the addition of a hardener (curing agent). The curing agent affects the strength, hardness, durability, and adhesion strength of the epoxy. Along with the advancement of shipping technology, other alternatives were found in the construction of wooden ships, namely the laminate system. Wood lamination usually uses an epoxy resin material. Research on the strength of laminated materials for wooden hulls is an interesting scientific discussion to obtain new alternative materials that can be applied to wooden hulls. With this lamination method, it is very possible to replace wood because, with lamination, the material in addition to having better strength is also easy to obtain at a cheaper price than wood. Considering that this laminate material is still rarely used on ships, it is necessary to test the adhesive material. This research was conducted to see the mechanical characteristics and evaluate the use of laminated materials. The tests carried out included tensile test, and adhesive test which were carried out in the laboratory to obtain results to analyse the strength and durability of the wooden hull. The adhesive strength of DGEBA epoxy on teak wood has the highest adhesive strength on Epoxy-Amide with a paint coating of 4.43 MPa and tensile strength of 1.5 MPa. Meanwhile, the highest adhesive strength for Epoxy-Amine with paint coating is 4.76 MPa and tensile strength of 3.63 MPa which is applied to teak wood as a wooden ship hull material.
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Lestari, Dini, Rima Vera Ningsih, Fauzan Fahrussiam, and Sofia Mustamu. "Fortification of Bioadhesive with Phenol Formaldehyde: Caracteristics and its Application for Afrika Laminated Wood." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 23, no. 2 (March 28, 2023): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v23i2.4857.
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Nowadays, there is growing interested in development of environmentally friendly and nontoxic wood adhesives. The objective of this research was to determined the characteristics of starch, tannin, and cowhide adhesives by adding phenol formaldehyde as a fortifier. The quality of its bonding properties for afrika laminated wood was also investigated. Determination of characterization of bioadhesive was conducted based on SNI 06-4567-1998. The quality of bonding properties for laminated wood was conducted based on SNI 06-6049-1991 and all parameters values compare to JAS 1152-2007. Based on the research characteristic of bioadhesive values for visualization tes, viscosity tes fullfill SNI 06-4567-1998 requirement. For pH, solid content, and glatination time not all sampel fullfill requirement values. All parameters of physical properties of all of sample afrika laminated wood meet the JSA 1152-2007 requirement. For Afrika laminated wood made from starch and tannin adhesive have good value for delamination test. Moreover, for shear strength parameter test not fullfill JSA 1152-2007 requirement. All of sampel have only for interior purposes.
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GÁBORÍK, JOZEF, and JOZEF FEKIAČ. "Effect of structure of laminated wood on bending strength after cyclic loading." Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology 105 (June 6, 2019): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7705.
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Effect of structure of laminated wood on bending strength after cyclic loading. Laminated wood is particularly suitable for the production of seating and bedding furniture, for its suitable properties. The work is focused on the changes of the bending properties of laminated wood from beech and poplar veneers after its dynamic loading by cyclic bending. As we increase the number of cycles, we notice a decrease in flexural strength, a slight increase in flexural modulus, and a decrease in the number of cycles. Also the increase in the minimum bending radius as well as the flexural coefficient.
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Martynov, Vladislav, Mikhail Lisyatnikov, Anastasiya Lukina, and Svetlana Roshchina. "Manufacturing technology of glued wooden structures with the use of wood damaged by the fire impact of a forest fire." Forestry Engineering Journal 13, no. 4 (February 12, 2024): 158–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2023.4/10.
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Caring for natural resources is one of the most important components of the sustainable development of the
national economy of the Russian Federation. This is facilitated by the use of low-grade wood, including fire-damaged
wood, as a structural material, which will reduce the cost of producing laminated wood structures (GWB) through the use
of cheaper raw materials. Based on a systematic analysis of sources and our own empirical research, the features of a new
technology for manufacturing laminated wood beams with a span of 6.0 m using wood damaged by fire from a forest fire
are presented. This study is aimed at reducing the material intensity of laminated timber structures through the partial use
of low-grade wood without reducing the load-bearing capacity of the beams. It was found that when replacing 36% of the
middle lamellas in the cross-section with thermally damaged wood, the reduction in the load-bearing capacity of the beam
structure relative to a beam made entirely of grade I wood was 9.7%, and when replacing 62% of the wood – 16.06%.
The use of thermally damaged wood in the manufacture of laminated wood structures will significantly reduce the use of
high-grade lumber with some changes in the technological process that do not lead to an increase in its cost. Using the
positive experience of testing beam FDCs, it is planned to further study the use of thermally damaged wood in compression-bending structures.
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Segovia, Franz, Pierre Blanchet, Ben Amor, Costel Barbuta, and Robert Beauregard. "Life Cycle Assessment Contribution in the Product Development Process: Case Study of Wood Aluminum-Laminated Panel." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (April 15, 2019): 2258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082258.
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The benefits of aluminum lamination in improving the physical and mechanical properties of wood-based composites is now well documented. This paper shows the contribution of life cycle assessment (LCA) as a tool to assess and compare the environmental footprint in the development of laminated panels. SimaPro 9.0 software, using Ecoinvent database was used to analyze the environmental impacts associated with the manufacturing of wood aluminum-laminated (WAL) panels and aluminum honeycomb panel (AHP). The impact 2002+ method was used to estimate environmental impacts. The LCA results show that the WAL panels manufacturing had a lower environmental impact than AHP manufacturing. In term of product, wood-based composites were the best choice as a core in laminated panel manufacturing. Wood-based composite manufacturing showed environmental advantages in all damage categories except in ecosystem quality. Aluminum alloy sheets manufacturing played an important role in the generation of environmental impacts for laminated panel development.
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Bocquet, J. F., A. Pizzi, A. Despres, H. R. Mansouri, L. Resch, D. Michel, and F. Letort. "Wood joints and laminated wood beams assembled by mechanically-welded wood dowels." Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 21, no. 3-4 (January 2007): 301–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156856107780684585.
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