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1
Hilario, Poma Javier Alfredo. "Hiladora automática de fibra de lana de alpaca." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2016. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/6596.
Full textAbstract:
El presente trabajo tiene como finalidad el desarrollo de una máquina automática que facilite el proceso de hilado de lana, en especial el hilado de lana de alpaca, a las personas y artesanos de zonas rurales, cuyo trabajo está relacionado al comercio y producción de dicha fibra.
Con ayuda de este sistema mecatrónico, el artesano podrá ahorrar tiempo en el proceso de hilado y podrá invertirlo en otras actividades, como es el tejido o bordado. Además, gracias a este sistema, el hilo que se obtenga tendrá una mejor precisión con respecto al grosor de este, aumentando así su calidad; el usuario podrá seleccionar entre grosores de 1 mm, 2 mm o 3 mm de acuerdo al uso que él piense darle al hilo.
También, debido a que ya no se invertirá demasiado tiempo en el proceso de hilado, las personas que exportan fibra de lana de alpaca en bruto y sin ningún acabado, podrán generar un valor agregado a sus exportaciones de una forma sencilla mediante el hilado de la fibra que exportan.
En el capítulo 1 se plantea la problemática existente en el país con respecto al proceso del hilado y que el sistema mecatrónico debe resolver. En el capítulo 2 se mencionan los requerimientos y condiciones que el sistema mecatrónico debe cumplir, asimismo, se presenta el concepto de la solución que logrará cumplir tales requerimientos. En el capítulo 3 se explica detalladamente el funcionamiento del sistema, así como los elementos mecánicos y electrónicos que lo conforman, el detalle se muestra en los planos, esquemáticos y diagramas de flujo. En el capítulo 4 se hace el cálculo del presupuesto necesario para la implementación del sistema mecatrónico. Por último en el capítulo 5 se muestran las conclusiones a las que se llegaron al finalizar el presente trabajo.Tesis
2
Zegarra, Mendizabal Rolando Rody. "Producción y comercialización de las prendas de Alpaca, una alternativa para el desarrollo del Altiplano Boliviano." Universidad Mayor de San Andrs. Programa Cybertesis BOLIVIA, 2008. http://www.cybertesis.umsa.bo:8080/umsa/2008/zegarra_mr/html/index-frames.html.
Full textAbstract:
En el presente trabajo de investigación veremos como las prendas de alpaca son demandadas por casi todo el mundo, si esta demanda internacional se incrementara y se continua trabajando en mejorar la producción además de proyectar políticas de ESTADO que permitan al productor trabajar en mejores condiciones, la producción de prendas de vestir de alpaca se constituirá en una fuente importante de generación de recursos que servirán para disminuir los índices de pobreza en las regiones mas deprimidas del país. Dichas prendas son un bien muy apreciado por sus propiedades, al mismo tiempo nuestro país es después de Perú el segundo a nivel mundial en tener materia prima disponible que puede ser empleada en la producción y elaboración para su exportación, al presente existe una gran demanda por países como E.E.U.U., JAPÓN, CHINA, AUSTRALIA y el continente EUROPEO, por esta razón es muy importante el desarrollo de la industria en este sector a través de un alto nivel de producción , calidad, competitividad y una promoción exagerada de las exportaciones para el desarrollo de todas estas prendas y de las respectivas regiones que la producen. Por la existencia de una gran demanda es que se debe mejorar, incentivar y sobre todo fomentar la industria de este sector para el desarrollo del país, ya que las exportaciones de prendas de alpaca son muy cotizadas aun más que las prendas de cachemira y las prendas de piel de camello por su alto grado de termosidad.
3
Rivera, Rivera Emerson. "Modernización de una planta de tintorería en acrílico, lana, alpaca y mezclas." Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Programa Cybertesis PERÚ, 2010. http://cybertesis.uni.edu.pe/uni/2010/rivera_re/html/index-frames.html.
Full textAbstract:
La presente tesis tiene como objetivo instalar una moderna planta textil automatizada y flexible en la empresa NELAPSA para la tintura en conos y bobinas (tops) de hilados acrílicos, lana, alpaca y mezclas, cuya producción está orientada principalmente a la exportación, con tecnología de punta. El cambio tecnológico consista en: Modernizar las instalaciones con maquinaria de tintura, extractor y secador de última generación, procedimientos igualmente modernos con costos económicos y con el perfil ecológico del caso, La planta de tintorería actual presenta un alto costo operativo, su capacidad de producción promedio diario es de 6000 Kg., presenta un alto costo del proceso debido al consumo del agua, vapor y electricidad y también presenta una contaminación moderada de efluentes. La modernización de la planta de tintorería lanera consistirá en: Bajar costos operativos mejorando la productividad en planta, optimizando todos los rectores de la producción como son la mano de obra, tiempo, reduciendo los costos, mejorando la calidad de la tintura del material textil con un aumento en la capacidad de producción en más de 7000 Kg. promedio diario, y con una mínima contaminación de efluentes. Este proyecto de inversión es totalmente rentable y beneficioso en el ámbito de modernización de la plañía da tintorería, brindando un gran margen de ahorro anual en costos de 4.98% o su equivalente en $ 469878.70/año y con una recuperación de inversión con la venta de la maquinaria actual de US$ 576832.36.
4
Palomino, Flores Liliana. "Perfil competitivo del sector textil exportador de lana de alpaca - Junín, 2005-2014." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Continental, 2016. http://repositorio.continental.edu.pe/handle/continental/2839.
Full textAbstract:
La presente tesis titulada: “Perfil competitivo del sector textil
exportador de lana de alpaca-Junín, 2005 – 2014” se realizó con la finalidad de responder al problema, ¿en qué medida factores como la poca disponibilidad de trabajadores especializados en la región, la incapacidad de atender grandes pedidos, los mayores costos de producción, la falta de una adecuada tecnología por parte de las empresas textileras, los bajos costos de la mano de obra no calificada respecto a otros departamentos, el uso del Drawback y las facilidades de financiamiento influyeron en el desarrollo del sector; y sobre la base del planeamiento estratégico, proponer medidas para su crecimiento y competitividad en el departamento de Junín.
5
Rodríguez, Rodríguez Aldo, Gonzales Dean Valdivia, and Díaz José Velazco. "Planeamiento estratégico para la industria arequipeña textil de fibra de alpaca." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2018. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/11980.
Full textAbstract:
La industria arequipeña textil de fibra de alpaca es una de las actividades económicas
más importantes de nuestro país debido a que tiene una gran influencia sobre la economía de
nuestro país, ya que cuenta con productos de calidad sumamente reconocidos a nivel mundial.
Arequipa cuenta con empresas afianzadas y consolidadas económicamente que están
integradas horizontalmente, con procesos estandarizados y mercados desarrollados lo que se
traduce en una ventaja competitiva, a esto también le suma la disponibilidad de variedad de
fibras y lanas de diversos camélidos lo que la hace aún más competitiva en el mercado
mundial, pero esto no sería suficiente para mantenernos en el mercado ya que la industria
textil arequipeña de fibra de alpaca debe mantenerse en una búsqueda constante de
innovación y mejorar sus productos en base a la fibra de alpaca.
Es importante tener en cuenta que debemos de impulsar el crecimiento sostenible y
diversificar las exportaciones peruanas, la industria textil debe adaptarse al escenario
cambiante del mercado mundial, buscando adoptar medidas para mejorar la competitividad
del sector de fibra de alpaca, debido a que es uno de nuestros principales motores para la
economía de la región Arequipa.
Actualmente el 80% de las alpacas son de propiedad de comunidades campesinas y
productores de escasos recursos con un cuidado de tipo tradicional carente de innovación
tecnológica y el resto es de medianos productores y empresas asociativas, es por ello que la
industria textil debe enfocarse en generar alianzas estratégicas con sus proveedores para
generar un ganar-ganar en corto y largo plazo. Asimismo la fibra de alpaca tiene una
producción aproximada de 3,400 toneladas anuales aproximadamente, de las cuales el 85% es
destinado a la industria, la cual usualmente es para exportación, el 15% es para el uso en
artesanía o consumo propio.
El presente plan estratégico ayudara a identificar los principales factores que afectan
la industria textil de fibra de alpaca en Arequipa y como logrará mantenerse competitivos en
un mercado internacional cambiante, considerando que se cuenta con una evidente ventaja
comparativa como es la disponibilidad de materia prima y ventajas competitivas
desarrolladas, buscando tener un factor de desarrollo sostenible con aprovechamiento
racionalizado de nuestros recursos y generar una cadena de abastecimiento por medio de
alianzas entre productores, exportadores y clientesThe alpaca fiber textile sector is one of the most important industries of our country because it has a great influence on the economy of our country, since it is a market highly recognized worldwide. Arequipa has a good quality alpaca raw material at an economical price, which is the main comparative advantage in this sector compared to the rest of regions, to this is also added the variety of fibers and wool of various camelids what Makes it competitive in the world market, but this would not be enough to keep us in the market since Arequipa must be in a constant search to innovate and improve its products based on alpaca fiber. It is important to bear in mind that we must promote sustainable growth and diversify Peruvian exports, Arequipa must adapt to the changing scenario of the textile market, seeking to adopt measures to improve the competitiveness of the alpaca fiber sector, because it is one of our Main drivers for the economy of our region. Currently 80% of alpacas are owned by peasant communities and producers of scarce resources with a traditional type of care lacking technological innovation and the rest are medium producers and associative enterprises, which is why the textile sector should focus on generating Strategic alliances with its suppliers to generate a short-term and long-term winwin. In addition, alpaca fiber has an approximate production of 3,400 tons per year, of which 85% is destined for industry, which is usually for export, 15% is for use in handicrafts or own consumption. This strategic plan will help us to identify the main factors that affect the alpaca fiber textile industry in Arequipa and how to remain competitive in an international market, considering that we have an evident comparative advantage with the alpaca population, looking for a factor of Sustainable development with a rational use of our resources and generate a supply chain through alliances between producers, exporters and customers
Tesis
6
Loayza, Rodríguez Frich Frank, Rivera Lizbeth Marny Manrique, Agüero José Percy Mendieta, and Ramos Percy Gustavo Morales. "Planeamiento estratégico del sector textil de fibra de alpaca en la región Arequipa." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2018. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/12689.
Full textAbstract:
El planeamiento estratégico para el Sector Textil de Fibra de Alpaca en la Región
Arequipa, se preparó siguiendo la metodología del modelo secuencial del proceso estratégico
propuesto por el Dr. D’Alessio 2015; cuenta a la fecha con debilidades como falta de
liderazgo en las cooperativas que agrupan a los pequeños alpaqueros, falta de centros de
acopia e infraestructura vial, bajo nivel técnico de los pequeños productores de alpaca. Tiene
fortalezas que se confrontan a las debilidades como como la diversidad de fibras de alpaca,
disponibilidad de tierras alto andinas, diversidad de lugares turísticos, presencia de inversión
nacional y extranjera y una solidez económica, además, de su posición como primer
productor de cobre del Perú, constituyéndose en lo más representativo, complementados con
la producción de leche y el turismo.
La Región Arequipa puede desarrollar ventajas competitivas en función a la
conectividad que logre entre sus provincias, el desarrollo de clúster agropecuarios, su
diversidad de recursos animales, la disponibilidad de tierras y diversidad de lugares turísticos.
Existe una limitante para la toma de decisiones en algunas áreas de la región; como el manejo
y control del presupuesto de la región está limitado porque los proyectos grandes y empresas
como gran minería, mediana minería, industrias para exportación son manejados a través de
los Ministerios.
Por ello, el presente trabajo contempla tres objetivos de largo plazo que impulsarán el
desarrollo de la región hacia el año 2027, éstas serán llevados a cabo a través del desarrollo
de 14 estrategias retenidas y de contingencia y el cumplimiento y seguimiento de sus diez
objetivos a corto plazo. Con la aplicación del plan estratégico propuesto y del control a través
del tablero balance scorecard se podrá lograr grandes cambios en un periodo de diez años; el
incremento en el valor agregado bruto, con mayor exportación de textiles de fibra de alpaca,
el incremento en la producción y exportación de minerales y la generación de empleoThe strategic planning for the Textile Sector of Fibra de Alpaca in the Arequipa Region, was prepared following the methodology of the sequential model of the strategic process proposed by Dr. D'Alessio 2015; to date, there are weaknesses such as lack of leadership in the cooperatives that group the small alpaca farmers, lack of collection centers and road infrastructure, low technical level of the small producers of alpaca. It has strengths that confront weaknesses such as the diversity of alpaca fibers, availability of high Andean lands, diversity of tourist sites, presence of national and foreign investment and economic solidity, as well as its position as the leading copper producer in the region. Peru, constituting the most representative, complemented with milk production and tourism. The Arequipa Region can develop competitive advantages based on the connectivity it achieves between its provinces, the development of agricultural clusters, its diversity of animal resources, the availability of land and the diversity of tourist sites. There is a limitation for decision making in some areas of the region; as the management and control of the budget of the region is limited because large projects and companies such as large-scale mining, medium-scale mining, export industries are managed through the Ministries. Therefore, this work includes three long-term objectives that will drive the development of the region by the year 2027, these will be carried out through the development of 14 retained and contingency strategies and compliance and monitoring of its ten objectives short term. With the application of the proposed strategic plan and the control through the balance scorecard, great changes can be achieved in a period of ten years; the increase in gross added value, with greater exports of alpaca fiber textiles, the increase in the production and export of minerals and the generation of employment
Tesis
7
Díaz, Montalván Sarai Abigail. "Consulting report - Peruvian Traditions SAC." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/15221.
Full textAbstract:
Peruvian Traditions is a small family business dedicated to the manufacture and
export of alpaca garments. Currently, it has two brands White Label (Peruvian Traditions
itself) and Norgäte and is aiming to expand its export process to Europe. Within the process
of collecting information and analyzing the company, it was detected that the problem was
the lack of differentiation between one brand and another which leads them to be "stuck in
the middle". As a result, solutions were proposed for the problem determining that offering
new product line called Alpaca Basics based on pre-existing garments within the Norgäte
collection and on which it has been detected quite welcome, would be the best. The
framework for this product line is the lean start-up methodology that is characterized by the
formulation of a hypothesis and a testing process under continuous customer feedback that
allows reaching a desired market-fit.
Based on a previous analysis based on the segmentation, targeting and positioning
(STP) the Netherlands was identified as target market. For the success of the product line, a
4P marketing campaign is required: product, place, price and promotion, which highlights the
use and improvement of the current Peruvian Traditions website and a Google Ads campaign.
To measure the results, three indicators will be used: number of visits through the web,
conversion ratio and sales ratio. Subsequently, a scenario analysis is carried out taking into
account three perspectives: negative, neutral and positive. Taking the neutral perspective as a
reference, an increase in the number of visits is identified, from 1,460 to 4,380 visits per year.
Which could generate an increase in the number of customers from 13 to 63.Peruvian Traditions es una pequeña empresa familiar dedicada a la fabricación y exportación de prendas de alpaca. En la actualidad cuenta con dos marcas White Label (Peruvian Traditions) y Norgäte y se encuentra en la mira de expandir su proceso de exportación a Europa. Dentro del proceso de recopilación de información y análisis de la empresa se detectó que el problema era la falta de diferenciación entre una marca y otra lo cual los lleva a estar "stuck in the middle". A raíz de ello, se plantearon soluciones para la problemática, de ahí se determinó que la mejor solución sería lanzar una nueva línea de producto llamada Alpaca Basics basada en prendas preexistentes dentro de la colección de Norgäte. El marco para esta línea de producto es la metodología lean start-up que se caracteriza por la formulación de una hipótesis y un proceso de testeo bajo una continua retroalimentación del cliente que permite llegar a un anhelado market-fit. En base a un previo análisis, basado en la segmentación, focalización y posicionamiento (STP) se identificó que a Países Bajos como mercado objetivo. Para el éxito de la línea de producto se requiere de una campaña de marketing basada en las 4P: producto, plaza, precio y promoción, en donde destaca el uso y mejora de la actual web de Peruvian Traditions y una campaña de Google Ads que la respalda. Para medir los resultados se utilizaron tres indicadores: número de visitas a través de la web, ratio de conversión y ratio de ventas. Posteriormente se realiza un análisis de escenarios tomando en cuenta tres perspectivas: negativa, neutral y positiva. Tomando como referencia la perspectiva neutral, se identifica un incremento del número de visitas, pasando de 1,460 a 4,380 visitas por año.
Tesis
8
Canorio, Pariona Nadia Milagro. "Criocapacitación del espermatozoide de alpaca (Lama pacos)." Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2009. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/3175.
Full textAbstract:
El proceso de criopreservación de espermatozoides es ampliamente usado en los programas de reproducción asistida y de mejora genética de diversas especies. La alpaca es una especie doméstica de importancia económica en nuestro país. Existen diversas técnicas para el manejo de esta especie con la finalidad de realizar un programa de mejora genética. En el caso de la criopreservación de espermatozoides, se ha trabajado tanto con espermatozoides de semen y de epidídimo, siendo más factible para el presente trabajo el uso de espermatozoides del epidídimo.
Una característica que presentan los espermatozoides criopreservados en la mayoría de especies es una alteración a nivel de la membrana plasmática la cual conlleva a una reacción del acrosoma prematura, así como el descenso de la movilidad, provocando que el tiempo de vitalidad de estos espermatozoides sea muy reducido, todas estas alteraciones son producto de un tipo especial de capacitación llamada “Criocapacitación” que hasta la fecha, la posible causa, no ha sido definida. El objetivo de este estudio fue demostrar la presencia de un estado de Criocapacitación en espermatozoides criopreservados de alpaca, estudiando principalmente la movilidad, viabilidad, estabilidad de la membrana plasmática, el patrón de proteínas fosforiladas en residuos de tirosina, el estado del sistema Proacrosina-Acrosina y la capacidad de unión a zona pelúcida que tienen estos espermatozoides a diferencia de lo que presentan espermatozoides capacitados in vitro.
Los resultados indican que la criopreservación afecta directamente la movilidad, viabilidad e integridad de membrana acrosomal, mostrando que tanto espermatozoides capacitados y criopreservados ofrecen un mismo patrón de proteínas fosforiladas, y que los espermatozoides criopreservados presentan una mayor cantidad de enzima activa (Acrosina) en la región del acrosoma.-- The process of sperm cryopreservation is widely used in the programs of assisted reproduction and genetic improvement of many species. The alpaca is a domestic species of economic importance in our country. There are many techniques for managing this species in order to carry out a genetic improvement program. For the cryopreservation of sperm, samples of sperm from semen and epididymis have been used, being more feasible for the present study the use of sperm from the epididymis. One feature present in the cryopreserved sperm in most species is a disturbance at the plasma membrane which leads to a premature acrosome reaction, as well as declining mobility, making the lifetime of the sperm very small. All these changes are the result of a special type of process called "Cryocapacitation" that so far, the possible cause, has not been defined. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the presence of a state of cryocapacitation on Alapaca’s cryopreserved spermatozoa, studying mainly mobility, viability and stability of the plasma membrane, the pattern of proteins phosphorylated in tyrosine residues, the state of Proacrosin-Acrosin system and the ability of binding to pellucida zone that have these cryopreserved sperm and compare these results with those from capacitated in vitro sperm. The results indicate that cryopreservation directly affects mobility, viability and integrity of acrosomal membrane, showing that both capacitated in vitro and cryopreserved sperm offered the same pattern of proteins phosphorylated in tyrosine residues and that cryopreserved sperm has an increment of active enzyme (Acrosin) in the acrosome region.
Tesis
9
Guzmán, Masías Luis Alberto. "Caracterización molecular de una proteína similar a ZP3 en alpacas (Lama pacos)." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2009. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/966.
Full textAbstract:
En las zonas alto-andinas del Perú, donde la agricultura y ganadería común no son viables, la crianza de camélidos, como la alpaca, constituye el único medio de subsistencia y principal actividad económica de las familias campesinas. Por tanto, el estudio de la fisiología reproductiva de la alpaca es indispensable para el establecimiento de proyectos de mejoramiento genético y reproducción asistida.
Las proteínas que participan en la interacción de los gametos de las alpacas son desconocidas, es por ello que el presente trabajo planteó determinar la expresión proteica y la caracterización de una proteína de Zona Pelúcida (ZP) que induzca espontáneamente la reacción acrosómica (RA) en ovocitos de alpacas.
En la mayoría de mamíferos la ZP está conformada por tres glicoproteínas ZP1, ZP2 y ZP3. En el presente trabajo se demostró que en las alpacas existen también 3 glicoproteínas con pesos moleculares de 110 kDa, 75 kDa y 65 kDa correspondientes a ZP1a, ZP2a y ZP3a, respectivamente.
La ZP3 es el agonista natural de la RA en espermatozoides de la misma especie, sin embargo, los resultados obtenidos en el presente trabajo demuestran que ZP3a es capaz de inducir la RA tanto en espermatozoides de ratón como en los de su propia especie.
De esta manera, este estudio ayuda al mejor entendimiento de la naturaleza de las glicoproteínas de ZP en alpacas.--- In areas of high-Andean Peru, where agriculture and livestock are not viable, the breeding of camels, such as alpaca is the only means of livelihood and main economic activity of farm households. Therefore, the study of the reproductive physiology of alpacas is essential to the establishment of projects in assisted reproduction and genetic improvement. The proteins involved in the interaction of the alpaca’s gametes are unknown; therefore the present determined the protein expression and characterization of a zona pellucida (ZP), which induce the spontaneous acrosome reaction (AR) in oocytes of alpacas. In most mammals, the zona pellucida (ZP) is composed by three glycoproteins ZP1, ZP2 and ZP3. In this research demonstrated that in Alpacas there are also 3 glycoproteins with molecular weights of 110 kDa, 75 kDa and 65 kDa corresponding to aZP1, aZP2 and aZP3, respectively. ZP3 is the natural agonist of the acrosome reaction (AR) in spermatozoa of the same species, however, our results obtained in this research showed that aZP3 can also induce RA in mouse sperm and in their own species. Therefore, this study helps to better understand the nature of the zona pellucida glycoproteins in alpacas.
Tesis
10
López, López Lino Constancio. "Kuna kasta quranakasa allpaqanakaxa (Lama pacos) manqañtakixa ajlliritayna ukhamaraki Ulla Ulla uywa awatiña juqhu pampanakaxa kunja ch'amanchiritaynasa." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2004. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?/Benson,7272.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ing.)--Universidad Católica Boliviana "San Pablo". Unidad Acade̕mica Campesina Tiahuanaco, Carrera Ingeniería Zootécnica, 2004.Reproduced from copy at BYU's Benson Institute. Includes additional t.p. Includes bibliographical references.
11
Hogreve, Saskia Kristina. "Untersuchungen zum Hörvermögen von Neuweltkameliden unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Irispigmentierung." Wettenberg : VVB Laufersweiler, 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=969816049.
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Leisinger, Chelsey Audra. "Factors affecting in vitro maturation of alpaca (Lama paco) oocytes." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1373989536.
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Flores, Nakandakare Sergio Franciso. "Determinación del perfil bioquímico sanguíneo hepático y renal en alpacas (lama pacos) aparentemente normales." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2009. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/9929.
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Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autorEstablece el perfil bioquímico sanguíneo hepático y renal de los animales clínicamente sanos a través de los valores séricos de Bilirrubina Total (BT), Bilirrubina Indirecta (BI) y Bilirrubina Directa (BD), ALT, AST, Fosfatasa Alcalina, GGT, Proteína Total, Albúmina, Globulina, Urea y Creatinina. Se emplearon 60 animales (30 Adultos y 30 Tuis), procedentes de los poblados de Cochas y Pachacayo, provincia de Jauja, a una altitud de 3.370 m.s.n.m. aproximadamente. Los animales fueron capturados y llevados a un corral, se extrajo 8ml de sangre por punción de la vena yugular, colectadas en tubos estériles rotulados y sin anticoagulantes, para la obtención del suero. Los sueros fueron procesados en el Laboratorio de Patología Clínica de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, los valores encontrados (media ± D.E.) fueron: Bilirrubina Total: 0.62 ± 0.51 mg/dl (0.10 – 0.90); Bilirrubina Directa: 0.13 ± 0.09 mg/dl (0.05 – 0.50); Bilirrubina Indirecta: 0.51 ± 0.52 mg/dl (0.05 – 2.25); ALT 23.27 ± 13.11 UI/L (5.0 – 80.0); AST 197.2 ± 53.74 UI/L (94.0 – 419.0); Fosfatasa Alcalina 159.45 ± 76.6 UI/L (13 – 320.0); GGT 22.35 ± 10.63 (5.0 – 54.0); Proteínas Totales 7.73 ± 1.18 g/dl (6 – 12.2); Albúmina 3.63 ± 0.65g/dl (2.6 – 5.4); Globulina 4.10 ± 1.40 g/dl (1.2 – 9.4); Urea 39.1 ± 9.02 mg/dl (20 – 70) y Creatinina 2.21 ± 0.54 mg/dl (1.3 – 3.7). Se encontró diferencia estadística significativa (p<0.05) con respecto a la variable edad en los análisis estadísticos, para Bilirrubina Total, Indirecta y Fosfatasa Alcalina; pero no hubieron diferencias significativas (p<0.05) para los demás parámetros bioquímicos.
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Tataje, Lavanda Luis Alberto. "Expresión testicular de ciclina A1 (CCNA1) en alpacas (Lama pacos)." Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/4991.
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Evalúa a la ciclina A1 (CCNA1) cuya expresión ha sido reportada casi exclusivamente en testículos de otros animales incluyendo el hombre y se le atribuye una función crítica en el control del ciclo celular durante la espermatogénesis. Se evalua la expresión del mRNA de CCNA1, mediante RTqPCR, en testículos de alpacas provenientes del Camal Municipal de Huancavelica en edad fértil (n = 35). Estos resultados son correlacionados con parámetros fisiológicos evaluados in vitro. Se encuentra que la expresión de mRNA de CCNA1 en testículos de alpacas con regiones conservadas a nivel nucleotídico. A diferencia de lo que sucede en humanos y otros animales, el mRNA de CCNA1 mostró una baja, pero significativa asociación, con la concentración espermática (p<0.05).Tesis
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Sosa, Navarro Cecilia Milagros. "Determinación de receptores para prolactina en células epiteliales de folículos pilosos primarios y secundarios de piel de alpaca (Lama pacos) mediante inmunohistoquímica." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2006. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/721.
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La prolactina participa en la regulación de los ciclos de desarrollo del folículo piloso y puede modular directa o indirectamente los ciclos de su crecimiento, caída y muda en animales peludos. Los receptores de prolactina han sido localizados en queratinocitos epidermales y foliculares de rata por hibridación in situ (Ouhtit et al., 1993) y en queratinocitos foliculares y fibroblásticos de la papila dermal de la oveja con un ensayo de unión radioligando (Choy et al., 1995). Los lugares de unión de prolactina que exhiben gran afinidad por el ligando fueron identificados en preparaciones de la membrana de piel de visón, la más alta concentración de lugares de unión fue encontrado durante el ciclo de crecimiento del pelaje en invierno (Rose et al., 1995). La actividad de unión del receptor de prolactina y la expresión del gen del receptor de prolactina en piel de ovinos han sido definidos recientemente (Choy et al., 1997). La prolactina y la expresión del receptor de prolactina durante el ciclo piloso murino no estacional, el cual en contraste con la oveja en comparación con el cuero cabelludo del humano reportan que ambos, prolactina y receptor de prolactina son estrictamente restringidos al epitelio del folículo piloso y son fuertemente dependientes del ciclo del pelo (Foitzik et al., 2003). En ovejas los folículos pilosos productores de lana pueden ser inducidos a su crecimiento cíclico manipulando los niveles de prolactina circulante, la cual altera los patrones de expresión de genes relacionados a queratinas de la lana y además, esta prolactina es generada localmente en el folículo piloso y actúa directamente en forma autocrina y paracrina en las ovejas (Pearson et al., 1999).
Por lo tanto, el lugar o lugares de acción de la prolactina en la regulación del crecimiento estacional de la fibra permanecen como una pregunta abierta. Es posible que los efectos diferentes de la prolactina sobre los folículos telógenos y anágenos puedan ser ejercidos por medio de diferentes células blanco (Choy et al., 1997). Todos estos estudios nos indican que existe una regulación en el crecimiento del pelo o lana de tipo endocrino hormonal, y que también debe existir este control en el crecimiento de la fibra de la alpaca.
El presente trabajo tiene entonces por objetivo determinar mediante la técnica Inmunohistoquímica la presencia de receptores para prolactina (PRLRs) en células epiteliales de folículos pilosos primarios y secundarios de piel de alpaca (Lama pacos).Tesis
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Suxo, Blanco Macario. "Brucellosis in alpacas (Lama pacos) in communities of the city Ulla Ulla, Franz Tomayo province, department of La Paz." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2005. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5436.
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This investigation was performed in the Altiplano Altoandino sub-humid region in the Ulla Ulla district, Pelechuco township, Franz Tomayo province, department of La Paz, Bolivia. The objective of this study was to quantify and compare the presence of Brucellosis in male and female alpacas (Lama pacos) at ages 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 years. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein of 500 alpacas from the Hichucollo, Huacuchani, Ucha Ucha, and Ulla Ulla communities. The serum from each sample was separated and a serological diagnosis was performed by rapid agglutination with Rose Bengal chemical stain. In the Ulla Ulla district, 11.0% of alpacas were suspected of being infected. Of that 11.0%, 9.6% represented female alpacas while the remaining 1.4% represented male alpacas. By community, the overall results were 0.6%, 0.2%, 7.4%, and 2.8% for Hichucollo, Huacuchani, Ucha Ucha, and Ulla Ulla respectively. With regards to gender in each community, 1.4%, 1.6%, 13.3%, and 11.1% of female alpacas and 2.7%, 0.0%, 1.2%, and 1.9 % of male alpacas were suspected of being infected in Hichucollo, Huacuchani, Ucha Ucha, and Ulla Ulla, respectively. According to age, 0.8%, 2.6%, 3.8%, 2.0%, 11.8%, and 0.0% were suspected of Brucellosis in alpacas 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 years old, respectively in the Ulla Ulla district. The analysis of variance among the results does not present significant differences (p ≥ 0.05), failing to reject the given hypothesis. The final prevalence point found in the Ulla Ulla district was 11.0%. It was concluded that the prevalence of suspected cases of Brucellosis in alpacas is a consequence of the antigenic characteristics of each biotype. Furthermore, the results affirm that the poor management of livestock and livestock health lead to significant problems with alpaca health. It is therefore necessary to implement control strategies as well as disease monitoring in communities by following a detailed program of diagnostic tests for Brucellosis. Also, non-infected flocks must be protected against infection.
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López, López Lino Constancio. "Botanical and chemical composition of diets selected by alpacas (Lama pacos) pastured in the Ulla Ulla wetlands." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2004. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5382.
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This study was done in the subtropical high Andes of Ulla Ulla. Its objectives were to determine the botanical composition, nutritional value, and preferred forages in the wetlands (hydromorphic and mesico) diet, by season (dry and wet), and by botanical family (12 families). Three-hundred sixty samples were collected from 6 alpacas with esophageal fistulations, and from them nutritional value and botanical composition were determined; the latter was compared with the botanical composition of the wetlands to determine preference. The results are highly significant (p<0.01) for botanical families, interaction between season and family, interaction of wetland type and family, and interaction of the season with wetland type and family. Species from the family Juncaceae were the most consumed with 27.78%, followed by moderate consumption of Cyperaceae (21.03%), Gramineae (15.02%), and Rosaceae (12.39%). Lower consumption occurred with Umbeliferaceae and Asteraceae with 6.61% and 5.64%, respectively, and the lowest consumption was of Plantaginaceae, Scrophulariaceae, minor plants, Gentianiaceae, unidentified plants, and Ranunculaceae with 2.86%, 2.50%, 2.17%, 2.08%, 1.03%, and 0.89%, respectively. The botanical families with the greatest preference value (PV) were Gramineae (PV=6.48), Scrophulariaceae (PV=8.75), Gentianiaceae (PV=7.55), and Ranunculaceae (PV=8.16). Proportional preference was observed in Juncaceae (PV=1.49), Cyperaceae (PV= -1.72), Rosaceae (PV=1.82), and Umbeliferaceae (PV= -0.82). The Asteraceae family was classified as a forced preference (PV= -6.29). The average nutritional value of the diet shows high values: 14.69% of raw protein, 14.58% ash, 85.42% organic matter, 21.43% raw fiber, and 31.00% neutral detergent fiber. It was concluded that alpacas efficiently select their diet for nutritional value, however, consumption is not appropriate, which results in negative live weight gain, especially in the dry season. On the other hand, the plants' preference values correspond to the lowest and one of the highest is a forced preference, according to the botanical composition of the wetland, which suggests that the preferred plants are repeatedly consumed in current continual pastures, and that alpacas are forced to consume unpalatable plants. This reflects on bad CANAPAS wetlands management in Ulla Ulla. Consequently, reversing this situation implies changes in pasture management and a reduction of the animal load.
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Pérez, Gamarra Susan Karen. "Aislamiento, caracterización y análisis del ADN codificante de la glicoproteína de zona pelúcida de tipo 2 (aZP2) de alpaca (Lama pacos)." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2009. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/1220.
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La Zona Pelúcida es la matriz extracelular que rodea a los ovocitos de vertebrados, cumple roles trascendentales en la reproducción, incluyendo el reconocimiento y unión de gametos especie-específico, inducción de la reacción acrosómica (RA) del espermatozoide, el bloqueo de la poliespermia, mantiene la integridad del embrión temprano durante su transición por el oviducto; está constituida por tres glicoproteínas: ZP3 que induce RA; ZP1, estructural, que interconecta a ZP3 y ZP2. ZP2 es la molécula de unión secundaria, interactúa con los receptores espermáticos expuestos después de RA siendo necesaria para mantener la unión del espermatozoide al ovocito, su modificación proteolítica después de la fertilización permite el bloqueo de la poliespermia. ZP2 participa también en la organización, el desarrollo y maduración del ovocito, puesto que mantiene consistente la matriz y la interacción entre las células periféricas y la célula germinal.
Se caracterizó y analizó in silico la secuencia codificante parcial de la glicoproteína de Zona Pelúcida tipo 2 (aZP2) en alpacas, se determinó que esta proteína se expresa exclusivamente en los ovarios. Además está secuencia parcial analizada se encuentra conservada, constituyéndose un grupo monofilético entre los Cetarteodactyla.
La presente Tesis aporta conocimiento básico sobre la glicoproteína aZP2 en alpacas, proteína implícita en la fecundación, conocerla implícitamente beneficia el mejoramiento de las actuales técnicas biotecnológicas reproductivas tales como la maduración folicular-ovocitaria, criopreservación de gametos y embriones, fertilización in vitro e inyección intracitoplasmática del espermatozoide, técnicas que se intentan aplicar con muchas dificultades en camélidos.The zona pellucida is a extracellular matriz that surrounds vertebrate oocytes, and plays important roles in the recognition and interaction of gametes specie- specific, induction of Acrosome Reaction (AR) of the spermatozoa, block to polyspermy, keeps th integrity of the early embryo through its transicion by the oviduct; It is composed of three glycoproteins: ZP3 that induces RA; ZP1, structural, crosslink ZP3 and ZP2. ZP2 acts as a secondary sperm receptor that is necessary for the maintenance of sperm binding to the egg, its proteolytical modification after fertilization permits the block to polyspermy ZP2 participates also in the organization, development, maturation of the oocyte beacuse it keeps consistently the matrix and the interaction between peripherical cells with the germ cell. We isolated and analized in silico a partial coding secquence of the glycoprotein of type 2 (aZP2) in alpacas, we determined that this protein is express exclusively in the ovaries. Also this amalized partial secquence is conserved, constituting a monophyletic group between Cetarteodactyla. This thesis work provides basic knowledge on the glycoprotein a ZP2 in alpacas, a protein implicitly involved in fertilization, to know it benefits the improvement of existing reproductive biotechnology techniques such as the follicular-oocyte maturation, cryopreservation of gametes and embryos in vitro fertilization and injection of intracytoplasmic sperm, techniques that are trying to be implemented with many difficulties in camelids.
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Uruña, Tito Rolando Freddy. "Metabolic effect of three protein levels in the nutrition of alpacas (Lama pacus) in the experimental station of Brigham Young University." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2009. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5443.
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This study had the principal objective of evaluating the metabolic effect of three protein levels in the nutrition of Alpacas (Lama pacus) in the experimental stations of Brigham Young University, located in the city of Provo, Utah, U.S.A at an altitude of 13696 m.a.s.l., and geographically located at 40°12’ north latitude, and 111°43’ west longitude. The climatic characteristics of the state of Utah, particularly in the city of Provo, during the current season registered the following: 4°C of minimum average temperature, 11.4°C of an average mean temperature, and 19°C of maximum average temperature, 55% of relative humidity, and a mean annual precipitation of 353.1 mm; presenting an arid climate. With the principal objective in mind, the following specific objectives were established: verify the physical condition of the Alpaca through the gain or loss of Live Weight (LV) and the weight of the animal internal organs (heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, spleen, brain, and muscle); quantify the changes of the Blood Components (metabolites): Albumin, Total Plasma Protein (TTP), Creatinine, Fatty Acids, Glucose, and Plasma Urea Nitrogen (PUN); determine Nitrogen retention through laboratory analysis of feces and urine; and determine protein digestibility by calculating the percentage of Nitrogen digestibility. For that effect, two tests were performed, one in corrals and the other in metabolic cages, in order to complement the results.
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Rodríguez, Bailón Jorge Enrique. "Determinación de parentesco por medio del análisis de ADN microsatélite en alpacas (Lama pacos)." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2004. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/1527.
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Diez microsatélites para alpacas y llamas fueron usados para evaluar parentesco en 47 alpacas registradas de la Estación Experimental IVITA - Maranganí, provenientes de la provincia de Canchis (Cusco - Perú). El análisis se llevo a cabo utilizando dos metodologías: secuenciador automático (ABI 377 DNA sequencersâ) y técnica de tinción con nitrato de plata. Los microsatélites fueron amplificados en tres reacciones de PCR múltiple y diez reacciones de PCR simple. Los 10 microsatélites fueron polimórficos para ambas metodologías. El número de alelos vario entre 4 y 20, las frecuencias alélicas y probabilidad de exclusión (PE) fueron calculadas utilizando el software Cervus 2.0. Todos los loci, a excepción de dos, se encontraron dentro de los rangos publicados por Lang et al. (1996) y Penedo et al. (1998). La probabilidad de exclusión acumulada para los 10 loci de 0.9999. La probabilidad de exclusión acumulada para cada reacción de PCR múltiple fue mayor a 0.90. Ambas metodologías obtuvieron los mismos resultados. Los resultados confirmaron la paternidad en 17 casos, sin embargo, en más de un 22% de los casos, padres alternativos fueron identificados como padres comparando con los registros.Ten microsatellites for alpacas and llamas were used to evaluate paternity in 47 alpacas registered at IVITA Research Station Maranganí, Canchis Province (Cusco – Perú). Analysis was carried out using both methodologies: Automatic Sequencer (ABI 377 DNA sequencersâ) and silver staining techniques. Microsatellites were amplified in three multiplex reactions and ten single PCR reactions. They were polymorphic for all alpaca samples using both methodologies. The number of alleles varied between 4 and 20, the allelic frequencies and the exclusion probability were calculated using Cervus 2.0. All loci, except for two, were within the range published by Lang et al. (1996) and Penedo et al. (1998). The accumulated exclusion probability for the ten loci was 0.9999. For each multiplex reaction the accumulated exclusion probability was more than 0.90. Both methodologies yielded the same results. It was possible obtain the same results using both methodologies. The results confirmed paternity in 17 cases of parent-offspring pairs, however in a further 22% of cases alternative adults were identified as parents compared with the register.
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Ortiz, Alfaro Conrad. "Aplicación de la técnica del ADN polimorfico amplificado al azar (RAPD) en el estudio molecular de Lama pacos." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2004. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/2334.
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Se aplica la técnica del ADN polimorfico Amplificado al Azar (RAPD) se aplica al estudio molecular de Lama pacos (alpaca), esta metodología se propone debido a que las técnicas de microsatélites y ADN mitocondrial, que actualmente se utilizan, no tienen un uso práctico cuando se trata de analizar gran cantidad de muestras.
Para la estandarización del RAPD se utilizo ADN genómico a partir de sangre total y cebadores de 10 nucleotidos siguiendo los protocolos estandarizados modificando básicamente la concentración de MgCl2 a 2.5 mM permitiendo aumentar la intensidad de las bandas y una mejor visualización. Se prosiguió con la identificación de cebadores informativos, de 23 cebadores fueron seleccionados 7 (OPF-05, OPI-04, OPB-03, OPI-18, OPB-11, OPA-18 y OPI-14) por generar numerosas bandas por muestras analizadas. Estos cebadores permitieron obtener perfiles diferentes entre alpacas híbridas y puras; en la muestra poblacional estudiadas no se encontraron alpacas que tuvieran un perfil de bandas similares a los presentados por los animales puros, esto explicaría el grado de hibridación que existe debido a un inadecuado cuidado en el cruce, esto trae como consecuencia, por ejemplo, una baja calidad en la producción de fibra por las alpacas y llamas híbridas disminuyendo el ingreso económico para las familias campesinas. En 8 alpacas los cebadores OPB-03 y OPA-18 mostraron bandas polimorficas de 650 pb y 1000 pb respectivamente, este polimorfismo nos podría indicar alguna mutación o variabilidad intraespecífica, ya que estos animales no presentan diferencias fenotípicas evidentes.-- The Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) is applied on the molecular study of Lama pacos (Alpaca), this methodology is proposed because the microsatellites and DNA mitochondrial techniques, which are used commonly, don't have a practical utility when is necessary to analyze great quantity of samples. Genomic DNA obtained from total blood and primers of 10 nucleotides were used to standardize the RAPD technique following the standardized protocols, and concentration of MgCl2 was modified at 2.5 mM which allowed an increase at the intensity and a better visualization of the bands. After the standardization, the identification of informative primers was realized, beginning with 23 primers, selecting only 7 (OPF 05, OPI 04, OPB 03, OPI 18, OPB 11, OPA 18 and OPI 14), because the presence of several bands for the analyzed samples. These primers let obtain different profiles between hybrid and pure alapacas; in the sample were not found alpacas with a similar bands profiles to those presented by the pure animals, this would explain the hybridization grade that exists due to an inadequate care in the crossing, this results in, for example a low quality in the fiber production from the hybrid alpacas and llamas, diminishing the economic entrance for the rural families. In 8 alpacas the primers OPB-03 and OPA-18 showed polymorphic bands of 650 pb and 1000 pb respectively, this polymorphism could indicate some mutation or intraespecific variability, since these animals don't present evident phenotypic differences.
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Osorio, Vidal Jeannete Ivonne. "Aislamiento e identificación genómica de pestivirus obtenidos de alpacas (Lama pacos), llamas (Lama glama), y guanacos (Lama guanicoe) de la Regíon Metropolitana, Chile." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2012. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/131722.
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Memoria para optar al Titulo Profesional de Médico VeterinarioSe evalúa la hipótesis que camélidos sudamericanos (CS) introducidos en la Región Metropolitana de Chile estén infectados con pestivirus. Para realizar el aislamiento viral se tomaron muestras de 79 CS (42 alpacas vivas, 30 llamas vivas, una llama muerta, un feto de llama abortado, cuatro guanacos vivos y un guanaco muerto) procedentes de cinco rebaños sospechosos de estar infectados con pestivirus. Las muestras se inocularon en cultivos primarios de células de pulmón fetal bovino libre de virus diarrea viral bovina (VDVB) y se hicieron cinco pasajes antes de ser analizados por las pruebas de inmunofluorescencia directa e inmunoperoxidasa indirecta para detectar la presencia de antígenos de pestivirus. Para la caracterización molecular un fragmento de la región no traducida 5’ (5’- UTR) del ARN de cada aislado fue amplificado por transcripción reversa de reacción en cadena de las polimerasas (RT-PCR) y tratado con las enzimas de restricción Pst I, Bgl I y Xho I para identificar la especie de los virus Los resultados muestran que 37 CS (17 alpacas, 16 llamas y cuatro guanacos de los cinco rebaños) estaban infectados con pestivirus. Todos los aislados fueron no citopatogénicos. El VDVB genotipo 1 (VDVB-1) fue aislado de 6 alpacas y VDVB genotipo 2 (VDVB-2) fue aislado de 11 alpacas, 16 llamas y 4 guanacos. Los aislados virales fueron obtenidos de 14 alpacas sanas, 3 alpacas que abortaron, 13 llamas sanas, dos llamas con aborto, una llama muerta sin antecedentes clínicos y tres guanacos con enfermedad respiratoria y uno muerto con enfermedad respiratoria. Se concluye que alpacas, llamas y guanacos de la Región Metropolitana de Chile están infectados con VDVB-1 y VDVB-2
Proyecto Fondecyt 1981193
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剛貴, 田中, and Goki Tanaka. "Structural polymorphism of alpha-synuclein fibrils." Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13115616/?lang=0, 2019. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13115616/?lang=0.
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Pörhölä, Sofia. "Miljöberikning för domesticerade lamadjur i en djurpark : En studie om lama (Lama glama) och alpacka (Vicugna pacos) och deras beteenden." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-93396.
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The purpose of this study was to enrich the environment for llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Vicugna pacos) in a zoo. The zoo is located in northern Sweden (Umeå, Mickelträsk). The llama herd consists of three individuals of breed qara, two males and one female and the alpaca herd consists of six individuals of breed huacaya, one male, four females and one foal. The species lived in separate enclosures, they lived outside all year round and they had a shelter for wind and rain protection. They feed on pasture and were fed hay and pellet concentrate. A behavioral-study was carried out in April 2014, a five-day study where each of the species were observed 3 h a day, 1,5 h in morning and afternoon. The behavioral of llama and alpaca were observed individually and each behavior was observed in terms of duration and frequency. The study observed if the animals had a possibility to implement their natural behaviors in their enclosures and whether they showed any abnormal- or stereotypical behaviors that can occur in captivity. The questions I wanted to answer were: (1) what behaviors are occurring, (2) Is it possible to indicate from the behaviors if the animals are doing well or not, (3) Is there a difference in behaviors in the morning and afternoon? (4) Is there a difference between the sexes? (5) What actions should be undertaken to enrich and improve the habitat for llamas and alpacas in a zoo? The results from the study show that llamas and alpacas show many normal and natural behaviors, no abnormal-or stereotypical behaviors were visible. Some behaviors were more common in morning and some in afternoon and there were differences in behaviors between the sexes. Example for some environmental enrichment for the llamas and alpacas in the zoo was to add logs, trees, shrubs and sand piles to the enclosure.
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Poma, de la Cruz Edwin Cléver. "Seroprevalencia de toxoplasma gondii en alpacas (Lama pacos) de la Unidad de Producción de Cochas de la SAIS Tupac Amaru." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2003. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/755.
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El Toxoplasma gondii, agente causal de la toxoplasmosis, es un parásito importante en la salud animal, por ser una de las principales infecciones parasitarias que ocasiona problemas reproductivos, y también constituye una zoonosis muy importante alrededor del mundo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la seroprevalencia de Toxoplasma gondii en alpacas de la Unidad de Producción de Cochas de la SAIS Túpac Amaru, ubicada en el distrito de Canchayllo, Provincia de Jauja, Departamento de Junín. Para tal fin, se recolectaron sueros sanguíneos procedentes de 200 alpacas entre hembras y machos, en el mes de diciembre de año 2000, para la detección de anticuerpos mediante la técnica de Hemaglutinación Indirecta (HAI). Los resultados generales indicaron que el 21 ± 5.64 % (42/200) de las muestras de alpacas presentaron anticuerpos con títulos que variaron desde 1/16 hasta 1/1024. La seroprevalencia hallada en machos 26.47 10.49 % (18/68) fue mayor que en hembras 18.18 6.57 % (24/132), y por rangos de edad desde los 8 a 12 meses, de 12 hasta 36 meses y más de 36 meses las seroprevalencias fueron 33.33 16.08 %, 15.38 9.81, 20 7.31 respectivamente. Al realizar el análisis estadístico respectivo mediante la Prueba de regresión Logística no se encontró relación estadística significativa entre la presencia de anticuerpos contra T. gondii y el sexo de las alpacas, pero si entre la edad del animal y la infección por T. gondii, siendo las alpacas más jóvenes (8 a 12 meses) aproximadamente 2,9 veces más susceptibles que los otros dos grupos etéreos, este resultado podría deberse a la presencia de anticuerpos maternales, manejo de los animales, factores ambientales y frecuencia del hospedero definitivo. La prevalencia encontrada en el presente estudio fue moderada, por lo tanto, se hace necesario la realización de más estudios a fin de determinar el verdadero rol de este parásito en los problemas reproductivos de las alpacas.--- Toxoplasma gondii, causative agent of toxoplasmosis, is an important parasite in animal health because it is one of the major parasitic infections that produce reproductive problems, and also it is an important zoonosis worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in alpacas from the Unit of Production of Cochas of the SAIS Tupac Amaru, located in the district of Canchayllo, Province of Jauja, Departament of Junin, Perú. To this end, sera from 200 alpacas among females and male were gathered in the month of December of 2000, for the detection of antibodies by using the method of Indirect Hemaglutination (IHA). 21 5.64 % (42/200) of the samples showed antibodies, with titles ranging from 1/16 up to 1/1024. The seroprevalence found in males was 26.47 (10.47% (18/64), and it was greater than in females, 18.18 6.57 % (24/132), and for age groups, from the birth until 1 year old, more than 1 up to 2 years old and more than 3 years old; the seroprevalence found was 33.33 16.08%, 15.38 9.8, 20 7.31 respectively. The analysis by using The Logistic regression found that the genus did not represent a risk factor. The age did represent a risk factor, being younger alpacas (8 to 12 months) more susceptible than other age groups. These results are coherent with other studies obtained in different parts of world, however, it is observed that there are differences with recent studies obtained in Peru; this, this could be due to environmental factors, frequency of the definitive host. Prevalence found in the present study was moderate, should be done further studies to determine the real importance of T. gondii in the occurrence of abortion in alpacas.
Tesis
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早希, 吉永, and Saki Yoshinaga. "Preserved structural property after amplification of alpha-synuclein aggregates from brains of synucleinopathies." Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13127448/?lang=0, 2020. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13127448/?lang=0.
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神経変性疾患で蓄積する異常タンパク質の1つであるα-synは、PD、DLBおよびMSAの脳内に主に蓄積する。DLBやMSAの患者脳から解析可能な量のα-syn凝集体の増幅に成功した。増幅前後の凝集体のプロテイナーゼKコアのMS分析結果から、増幅による変化はないもののマウスとヒトのα-syn凝集体で切断パターンが異なることがわかった。これらの結果から、この方法が神経変性疾患の異常タンパク質研究の発展に貢献できることを示唆した。Pathological proteins related to neurodegenerative diseases are misfolded, aggregating to form amyloid fibrils. One of the pathological proteins, α-syn, accumulates in the brains of PD, DLB and MSA. We first performed amplification of α-syn aggregates. We successfully amplified enough α-syn aggregates derived from α-syncleinopathies. We found that the MS analysis results of proteinase K-resistant cores of the aggregates before and after the amplification differ between mouse and human α-syn aggregates. The results suggest that structural properties of amplified α-syn fibrils are preserved and these methods can be applicable in the study of pathological proteins of the neurodegenerative disorders.
博士(理学)
Doctor of Philosophy in Science
同志社大学
Doshisha University
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Descailleaux, Dulanto Ricardo Jaime. "Los cariotipos de las llamas (Lama glama) y alpacas (Vicugna pacos) de Junín y Huancavelica muestran al menos dos mutaciones estructurales." Doctoral thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/8405.
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Se reporta el resultado del análisis citogenético realizado en el Laboratorio de Genética Humana de la Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, en 21 llamas (Lama glama) y 26 alpacas, (Vicugna pacos) procedentes de Huari (Huancavelica) y Acopampa (Junín), con edades entre 4 - 8 años, aparentemente sanos y de ambos sexos. En las dos especies se encontró un número diploide de 74 cromosomas (2n = 74) y la misma morfología en todos los cromosomas, excepto en el par 35 que es metacéntrico en llamas y subtelocéntrico en alpacas y a la fecha es la diferencia cromosómica más notable reportada entre todas las especies de la familia Camelidae. Los cromosomas sexuales son metacéntricos, siendo el X el metacéntrico de mayor Longitud Relativa (LR) y constituye aproximadamente el 5% del genoma, mientras que el Y es el metacéntrico más pequeño del cariotipo y representa alrededor del 0.9% del genoma de llamas y alpacas. Para determinar la ubicación de cada par cromosómico en el cariotipo, estimamos la LR de cada uno en concordancia con Levan et al. (1964), mientras que la morfología fue determinada a partir del Índice Centromérico (IC). La distribución de la heterocromatina constitutiva es centromérica ó pericentromérica en casi todos los cromosomas, pero en algunos de los más pequeños se extiende hasta la región telomérica del brazo corto (p). Nuestros resultados sustentan una diferencia morfológica en el par 35 de llamas y alpacas, adicionalmente, encontramos un heteromorfismo en el p del cromosoma 1 de alpacas que determina 2 tipos de cromosomas 1: 1a y 1b, ampliamente distribuidos en las poblaciones de alpacas analizadas, pero no en las de llamas que son homomórficas para el cromosoma 1 del tipo b: (1b1b). Ambas variables podrían haberse originado a consecuencia de una inversión pericéntrica.Tesis
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Suvisaari, Janne. "7 a[alpha]-methyl-19-nortestosterone (MENT) : pharmacokinetics and antigonadotropic effects in men." Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2000. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/laa/biola/vk/suvisaari/.
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Gareis-Waldburg, Anneliese. "Feldstudien zum Vorkommen von Endoparasiten bei Neuweltkameliden in Ecuador." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-20081110-144106-3.
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Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Untersuchung des Parasitenstatus von Neuweltkameliden in Ecuador. In die Untersuchungen wurden 5855 Neuweltkameliden (13,1 % Lamas oder Huarizos, 86,7 % Alpakas und 0,2 % frei lebende Vikunjas), aufgeteilt auf fünf Untersuchungsregionen, einbezogen. Von diesen Tieren wurden insgesamt 543 Kotproben, davon 148 von Lamas oder Huarizos, 387 von Alpakas und acht Kotproben von Vikunjas, untersucht. Alle Kotproben wurden mittels Flotationsmethode, Sedimentationsmethode und Auswanderverfahren nach Baermann untersucht. Von allen 543 in Ecuador untersuchten Kotproben enthielten 285 Proben Kokzidienoozysten (52,5 %), 39 Proben E. macusaniensis (7,2 %), und zwei Proben E. ivitaensis (0,4 %). Eier vom Strongylidentyp fanden sich in 256 Kotproben (47,1 %) und von Spiculopteragia spp. in 36 Proben (6,6 %). Eier von Nematodirus spp. konnten in 65 Proben (12 %) nachgewiesen werden, von Marshallagia spp. in 54 (9,9 %). Trichuris spp. wurde in 59 Kotproben nachgewiesen (10,9 %) und Capillaria spp. in 36 (6,6 %). Zestodeneier ließen sich in 46 Proben (8,5 %) nachweisen. In 82 Kotproben (15,1 %) wurden Eier von Fasciola hepatica festgestellt. Lungenwurmlarven wurden im verfügbaren Probenmaterial nicht gefunden. Die Ergebnisse der Kotuntersuchungen wurden in Bezug auf Lama– Alpaka, auf die Höhenlage der Weidegebiete, der jedem einzelnen Tier zur Verfügung stehenden Weidefläche und der geografischen Lage (West– oder Ostkordilliere) untersucht. Dabei stellte sich heraus, dass Alpakas signifikant häufiger mit E. macusaniensis, Eiern vom Strongylidentyp, Spiculopteragia spp., Nematodirus spp., Marshallagia spp. und Trichuris spp. befallen waren. Die rassebedingten Einflüsse konnten allerdings nicht sicher bewertet werden, da Lamas und Alpakas in Ecuador im Allgemeinen in unterschiedlichen Regionen gehalten werden. In einer zweiten Untersuchung von November 2005 bis Oktober 2006 wurden in sieben Alpakabetrieben monatlich Sammelkotproben mit Hilfe der Flotationsmethode und Sedimentation untersucht. Diese Proben wurden nach Stuten, Crías und Hengsten getrennt untersucht. Dabei stellte sich heraus, dass Crías in allen Gruppen signifikant häufiger mit Kokzidien befallen waren, als adulte Tiere (Hengste: 51,0 %, Stuten: 48,0 %, Crías: 84 %) . Unterschiede im Parasitenbefall in Abhängigkeit vom Jahresverlauf konnten nicht festgestellt werden.
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謙太, 土居, and Kenta Doi. "Spectroscopy study of hydrogen particle reflection at helium-induced fuzzy tungsten surface." Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13071680/?lang=0, 2018. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13071680/?lang=0.
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本研究では、低粒子エネルギー領域における金属表面からの反射水素原子を水素原子バルマーアルファ（Hα）発光ドップラー分光計測によって検出する実験系を構築し、ヘリウムによるタングステン表面の微細構造化が水素粒子反射特性に与える影響を調査した。表面構造を持たないタングステンと比較して、Fuzz構造をもつタングステン試料では200 - 300 eVの入射粒子エネルギー領域にて粒子反射係数が1/2程度まで減少することが明らかになった。In this study, the author developed a measurement technique to detect hydrogen atoms reflected from a metal surface based upon the Doppler-spectroscopy of hydrogen Balmer-(Hα) emission. The developed measurement technique is a promising method to investigate the hydrogen particle reflection properties in low incident particle energy range, which has been considered difficult. The author applied the developed method into practice to clarify the effects of helium (He) induced tungsten (W) surface nanostructure upon the low energy hydrogen particle reflection. A W-fuzz sample was found to reduce the particle reflection coefficient by 1/2 of the flat reference W surface in low incident particle energy range of 200-300 eV.
博士(工学)
Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering
同志社大学
Doshisha University
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Fondevilla, Moreu Cristian. "A computacional model to predict land-use and cover changes in mountain landscapes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284853.
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Since the second half of the 20th century, an expansion of the forest in European mountain areas due to agricultural abandonment has been observed. The reduction of the agricultural intensity implies the disappearance of semi-natural alpine meadows and pastures of great ecological and aesthetic value. This thesis proposes a computational model, using P systems, to simulate the future agricultural landscape evolution in the Catalan Pyrenees and in the Stubai Valley, located in central Alps, for a period of 30 years. In these regions, three simulated scenarios have been established: (1) Continuation of the observed farming trends, or maintenance of the status quo, (2) significant and (3) strong stocking rate reductions. The results show how the traditional agricultural surfaces decrease in all simulated scenarios in both study areas. Therefore, it is important to apply new strategies to preserve these cultural surfaces and the multiple ecosystem services for future generations before they disappear definitively.D'ençà de la segona meitat del segle XX s'ha observat una expansió del bosc a les zones de muntanya europees, originada per l'abandonament de l'agricultura. La reducció de la intensitat agrícola comporta la desaparició de prats i pastures alpins seminaturals de gran valor ecològic i estètic. Aquesta tesi proposa un model computacional utilitzant P sistemes per simular l'evolució futura del paisatge agrícola als Pirineus catalans i a la Vall de Stubai, situada als Alps centrals, durant un període de 30 anys. En aquestes regions s'han establert tres escenaris a simular: (1) continuació de la tendència ramadera observada, o manteniment del statu quo, (2) reducció significativa i (3) molt forta de la càrrega ramadera. Els resultats obtinguts mostren com la superfície agrícola tradicional es redueix en tots els escenaris simulats en ambdues àrees d'estudi. Per tant, és important aplicar noves estratègies per preservar aquestes superfícies culturals i els múltiples serveis de l'ecosistema per a les futures generacions, abans que desapareguin definitivament.
Desde la segunda mitad del siglo XX se ha observado un expansión del bosque en las zonas de montaña europeas, originada por el abandono de la agricultura. La reducción de la intensidad agrícola implica la desaparición de prados y pastos alpinos seminaturales de gran valor ecológico y estético. Esta tesis propone un modelo computacional utilizando P sistemas para simular la evolución futura del paisaje agrícola en los Pirineos catalanes y en el Valle de Stubai, situado en los Alpes centrales, durante un periodo de 30 años. En estas regiones se han establecido tres escenarios a simular: (1) continuación de la tendencia ganadera observada, o mantenimiento del statu quo, (2) reducción significativa y (3) muy fuerte de la carga ganadera. Los resultados obtenidos muestran como la superficie agrícola tradicional se reduce en todos los escenarios simulados en las dos áreas de estudio. Por lo tanto, es importante aplicar nuevas estrategias para preservar estas superficies culturales y los múltiples servicios del ecosistema para las futuras generaciones, antes de que desaparezcan definitivamente.
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Coaquira, Arratia Karla. "Perfil metabólico ukata uywan ch'ama katutapata urqu qarwanakan (Lama glama) waña siwarampi, alpha alphampi, jupha kirimpi liwata." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?/Benson,6544.
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Thesis (Ing.)--Universidad Católica Boliviana "San Pablo", Unidad Académica Campesina Tiahuanaco, Carrera Ingeniería Zootécnica, 2005.Reproduced from copy at BYU's Benson Institute. Includes additional t.p. Includes bibliographical references.
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Sairanen, Tiina. "Mediators of inflammation in cerebral ischemia : roles of cytokine and cyclooxygenase-2 activation : expression of interleukin-1b[beta], tumor necrosis factor-a[alpha], their receptors, and cyclooxygenase-2 in experimental and clinical brain infarction." Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2001. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/laa/kliin/vk/sairanen/.
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Quezada, Parraguez Patricia Macarena. "Comparación antigénica de aislados del virus diarrea viral bovina obtenidos de alpacas (Lama pacos) y llamas (Lama glama) con aislados de virus diarrea viral bovina obtenidos de bovinos y cepas de referencia mediante reacción de neutralización recíproca." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2011. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/131401.
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Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Médico VeterinarioEl virus de la diarrea viral bovina (VDVB) pertenece al género Pestivirus de la familia Flaviviridae. Se encuentra ampliamente distribuido en la naturaleza infectando a animales silvestres y domésticos del orden Artiodactyla. Es el agente causal del complejo diarrea viral bovina/enfermedad de las mucosas, ocasiona enfermedad digestiva y respiratoria, es inmunosupresor y genera importantes pérdidas económicas asociadas a problemas reproductivos como pérdida embrionaria, abortos, mortinatos, defectos congénitos y el nacimiento de animales persistentemente infectados (PI). Presenta una gran variabilidad genómica; dos genotipos (VDVB-1 y VDVB-2), y varios subgrupos genómicos dentro de cada genotipo, han sido identificados. Existen dos biotipos, citopático (CP) y no citopático (NCP), y aunque no presentan serotipos, existen varias variantes antigénicas del virus. En esta memoria se buscó establecer si se manifiestan diferencias significativas a nivel antigénico entre cepas de referencia (NADL, Singer y Oregon) del subgrupo 1a del VDVB-1 y aislados virales de diferentes genotipos y subgrupos del VDVB (VDVB-1b, VDVB-1e y VDVB-2a) recolectados de 3 bovinos, 6 alpacas y 5 llamas de la Zona Central de Chile, y que provenían de rebaños sanos y de rebaños con antecedentes de signos clínicos atribuibles a la enfermedad (abortos, mortinatos, y muerte en adultos). Los aislados de alpacas y llamas corresponden a virus de los subgrupos 1b y 1e del genotipo 1 del VDVB (VDVB-1b y VDVB-1e), y al subgrupo 2a del genotipo 2 (VDVB-2a); mientras que los aislados de bovinos pertenecen a los subgrupos VDVB-1b y VDVB-1e. Para determinar el grado de similitud antigénica entre los aislados y cepas de los distintos subgrupos se realizaron pruebas de neutralización cruzada, empleando antisueros policlonales (elaborados en conejos). Mediante el cálculo del coeficiente de similitud antigénica (R) se pudo detectar la presencia de diferencias antigénicas significativas entre aislados de subgrupos distintos, mientras que los ubicados dentro de un mismo subgrupo mostraron valores de R indicativos de similitud antigénica en casi todos los casos, excepto en la combinación de un virus de alpaca y uno de bovino, ambos del subgrupo 1b, que mostraron diferencias antigénicas significativas
Proyecto Fondecyt 1080130
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Buse, Thorne Eduardo Walter. "Diseño de modelo de asociatividad de cadenas productivas de PYMES alpaqueras para elevar su nivel de competitividad en el mercado internacional." Doctoral thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/15885.
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Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autorPropone un modelo de asociatividad de cadenas productivas de PYMES alpaqueras para lograr desarrollar un modelo empresarial asociativo, para que los actores y las pymes de la cadena productiva y logística de la alpaca y de otros camélidos sudamericanos sea rentable, competitiva y equitativa a nivel internacional. Para ello se realiza una investigación en cinco áreas problemáticas que comprende el sistema de producción pecuario; la generación del máximo valor agregado de la fibra de los camélidos sudamericanos; la búsqueda de la asociatividad y la representatividad de los participantes de la cadena integral de los camélidos sudamericanos; el desarrollo de un sistema logístico eficaz y equitativo; y el desarrollo de la capacidad humana integral de los partícipes de la cadena productiva. Los resultados de la investigación reflejan que las variables “gestión pecuaria”, “gestión de valor agregado de la fibra” y “gestión para coadyuvar al desarrollo integral de las capacidades humanas”, son necesarias para que el centro poblado sea competitivo en el sector de fibra de camélidos sudamericanos a nivel internacional. Asimismo, las variables “gestión de la representatividad de la cadena productiva de camélidos sudamericanos” y “gestión de la cadena logística” son consideradas esenciales para lograr que las pymes en la cadena de camélidos sudamericanos sean competitivas. El estudio concluye que la asociatividad es indispensable para llegar a un nivel de representatividad de la cadena productiva de camélidos sudamericanos, que proporcione resultados a corto, mediano y largo plazo. Para ello se buscará aprobar la ejecución del proyecto en forma democrática y con los propios beneficiarios en una asamblea; hacer las coordinaciones, necesarias con el gobierno regional a fin de contar con su apoyo en la ejecución; implementar y reforzar institutos de enseñanza, relacionadas con la actividad alpaquera; y reforzar las relaciones con el Ministerio de Educación y el Ministerio de Salud, para garantizar el desarrollo de sus actividades en el centro poblado Huaycho.
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Tripathi, Hemant Gangaprasad. "Biodiversity of the African savanna woodlands : how does it change with land use?" Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28965.
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The savanna woodlands of Southern Africa, colloquially termed the miombo, are poorly described in terms of biodiversity compared to other biomes. They have therefore been underrepresented in the wider understanding of how land use intensification is shaping global biodiversity. Land use change is known to reduce biodiversity and disrupt intactness of ecological communities with consequences for ecosystem functioning, resilience, and services. Miombo woodlands are described as biodiversity hotspots due to a high endemism of species and the presence of megafauna. At the same time, they are also considered dynamic socio-ecological systems shaped by disturbances and the land use activities of people. The patterns of biodiversity change in these tropical ecosystems may, therefore, have their own unique contexts, understanding of which will be essential for biodiversity and land use management in these ecosystems. In this thesis, I identified the patterns of biodiversity change in response to the two major land use practices in the two dominant woodland types in southern African woodlands: the selective logging due to charcoal production in the mopane woodlands, and agricultural expansion in the miombo. I also examined the impact of two main disturbance agents, humans and elephants, on habitat structure and biodiversity in mopane woodlands. Across all chapters in this thesis, I investigated the effects of land use change and habitat modification on biodiversity empirically using chronosequences. To understand biodiversity change, I employed a hierarchical multilevel modelling approach making inferences at the three levels of ecological communities: species, community, and meta-community (set of ecological communities at different sites). I selected six villages in the charcoal production hotspot of southern Mozambique and carried out field surveys for three taxonomic groups: trees, mammals and ground beetles. I modelled the counts of trees and beetles and incidence of mammals using meta-community occurrence models in a Bayesian framework with the intensity class of the villages, above-ground biomass and land cover type as predictors. The results suggested that the species richness of trees and mammals declined by 12 and 8.5 % respectively while that of beetles increased by 3.5%, albeit non-significantly. In addition, the beta diversity of trees decreased while that of mammals increased. The results show that while both trees and mammals reduced in richness, they responded differently to charcoal production in terms of community organisation. The trees underwent subtractive homogenisation (decrease in alpha and beta diversities) primarily because of deterministic processes induced by selective harvesting of tree stems for charcoal. Mammal communities, on the other hand, showed subtractive heterogenization (decrease in alpha, but increase in beta diversity) mainly due to random extinctions. In the agriculture frontier of miombo-dominated northern Mozambique, I investigated the effects of fragmentation and habitat loss caused by agricultural expansion on diversity and composition of trees and mammals. I modelled the occurrences of trees and mammals using occupancy models with the fragmentation and quantity of woodland cover as predictors. The model showed that most tree species (n=10), mainly the timber and firewood species, linearly declined in population size as fragmentation increased. Mammals, on the other hand, showed a nonlinear response. Seven mammal species increased at the lower levels of fragmentation. However, at the higher levels, none of the mammal species increased while two declined. Similarly, the species richness of trees linearly declined, while that of mammals increased up to a fragmentation level of 55-65% and declined above this limit. The beta diversity of trees increased with fragmentation while that of mammals decreased. The results suggest that, although fragmentation reduces species richness of both trees and mammals, it affects their species compositions in different ways. Trees undergo subtractive heterogenization due to random species losses while mammals experience subtractive homogenisation mainly due to the combined effects of fragmentation-led habitat loss and intensified hunting. Finally, this study concludes that, above 75% fragmentation or below 26% habitat quantity, both taxonomic groups endure biodiversity loss. The threshold results here corroborate similar habitat quantity thresholds (20-30%) observed elsewhere in different ecosystems. However, they differ with the widespread notion that above 30% habitat quantity, the effect of fragmentation is non-existent. The results here emphasize that taxonomic groups respond differently, the diversity and population size of mammals reduced only after the habitat threshold, whereas, those of trees showed linear decrease with fragmentation most likely due to fragmentation-led habitat loss. Lastly, I examined the effects of disturbance by humans and elephants on habitat structure and bird diversity by conducting a space for time substitution comparison in the mopane woodlands of Zambia. To examine the woodland structure, I modelled the structural attributes of habitat (stem diameter, stand density, and basal area) using mixed models with the proportion of affected stems by humans and elephants as explanatory variables. I found that elephant disturbance was associated with higher stem diameters, low stand densities, but no change in basal area. Human disturbance, on the other hand, was related to reductions in stand density and basal area, but no change in the stem diameter. Further, I tested species and functional diversity of birds against the covariates of habitat structure and disturbance. I found that bird communities reduced in species richness in both, human as well as elephant disturbed areas. However, the functional diversity did not change with elephant disturbance. I concluded that human disturbance reduces woody biomass (basal area is correlated with woody biomass) of mopane woodlands and functional diversity of birds whilst elephants do not. In this thesis, I conclude that human driven land use change in the miombo woodlands erodes alpha diversity of all taxonomic groups. However, increases in beta diversity of mammals with charcoal land use and trees in agricultural land use may maintain their diversities at the meta-community level.
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Lavers, Christopher P. "Evaluation of habitat quality for the dunlin Calidris alpina schinzii (Brehm) in Caithness and Sutherland and an assessment of the impact of different land-uses on dunlin habitat." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283601.
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Rocher, Françoise. "Lutte chimique contre les champignons pathogènes des plantes : évaluation de la systémie phloémienne de nouvelles molécules à effet fongicide et d'activateurs de réactions de défense." Phd thesis, Université de Poitiers, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00138898.
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L'agriculture a besoin de fongicides ayant la propriété d'être transportés par le phloème pour contrôler des pathogènes vasculaires et racinaires. Jusqu'à présent, les tentatives de modulation structurale de fongicides pour les rendre phloème mobiles ont généralement eu comme conséquence une perte d'activité biologique.La première approche de notre travail reprend la stratégie utilisée avec succès pour le développement d'herbicides auxiniques. Nous avons choisi comme molécule modèle le fenpiclonil en raison de la possibilité d'ajouter un groupe acide carboxylique en divers sites de la molécule. L'un de ces dérivés, le N-(1-carboxyéthyl)-3-cyano-4-(2,3-dichlorophényl)pyrrole possède une mobilité phloémienne modérée et montre une activité fongicide contre une souche d'Eutypa lata comparable à celle du fenpiclonil.
La deuxième stratégie a consisté à synthétiser des propesticides mobiles dans le phloème en greffant un acide aminé à divers xénobiontes ou à des composés naturels impliqués dans la défense des plantes. Ces conjugués avec une fonction a-aminoacide sont manipulés par des perméases de la membrane plasmique et sont nettement phloème mobiles. Toutefois, les enzymes qui peuvent libérer le composé initial peuvent être plus spécifiques que le système de transport.
Enfin, la capacité du phloème de ricin à charger l'acide salicylique (AS) a été étudiée pour deux raisons : 1- l'AS est une molécule signal importante impliquée dans la résistance systémique acquise 2- dans les cellules animales, l'AS est manipulé par un système de transport qui manipule aussi des médicaments de taille importante. L'AS s'accumule fortement dans le phloème et est ambimobile. Quelques résultats conduisent à l'hypothèse de l'intervention d'un système de transporteurs dépendant du pH et contribuant au chargement phloémien de l'AS, outre le phénomène de piégeage d'acide.
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Lindgren, Jessica. "Small remnant habitats : Important structures in fragmented landscapes." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-148653.
Full textAbstract:
The world-wide intensification of agriculture has led to a decline in species richness due to land use change, isolation, and fragmentation of natural and semi-natural habitats in agricultural and forestry landscapes. As a consequence, there is a current landscape management focus on the importance of green infrastructure to mitigate biodiversity decline and preserve ecosystem functions e.g. pollination services and pest control. Even though intensification in agriculture has been ongoing for several hundreds of years, remnant habitats from earlier management practices may still be remaining with a surprisingly high plant richness. Preserving these habitats could help conserving plant species richness in agricultural landscapes, as well as other organisms that are dependent on plants for food and shelter. In this thesis I focus on two small remnant habitats; midfield islets and borders between managed forest and crop field in southeastern Sweden. In the past, both habitats were included in the grazing system and therefore often still have remnant population of grassland specialist species left today. I have used these two remnant habitats as model habitats to investigate the effect of landscape factors and local factors on species richness of plants, flower morphologies and plants with fleshy fruits. Additively, I analysed the effect of surrounding landscape and local openness on the functions; pollination success, biological pest control of aphids and seed predation on midfield islets. One of my studies showed that spatial distribution and size of the habitat affected plant species richness. Larger habitat size and higher connectivity between habitats increased species richness of plants in the habitats. Openness of the habitats was shown to be an important factor to increase species richness and richness of flower morphologies, both on midfield islets and in forest borders. Even though midfield islets had the highest species and morphology richness, both habitat types are needed for habitat complementary as forest borders have more plants with fleshy fruits and a higher richness of plant species that flowers in spring/early summer. It was also shown that a more complex forest border, not just with gaps in the canopy, but also with high variation in tree stem sizes increases plant species richness in the field layer. The conclusion is that by managing small remnant habitats to remain or become more semi-open and complex in their structure, would increase species richness of plants, grassland specialist species, and flower morphologies. It would also increase some ecosystem functions as seed predation and biologic pest control of aphids are more effective close to trees. If both midfield islets and forest borders would be managed to be semi-open, the area and connectivity of semi-open habitat would increase in the agricultural landscape, which may also improve pollination success as the connectivity between populations has a possibility to increase. Grassland specialist species are clearly abundant in the small remnant habitats. As the decline of semi-natural grasslands is causing a decline in grassland specialists’ species, not only plants, I recommend that small remnant habitats are included in conservation and management plans and strategies to improve habitat availability and connectivity for grassland species in agricultural landscapes.Research funder Ekoklim. Project:4339602.
At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript.
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KREJNÍKOVÁ, Sandra. "Chov lamy krotké v ČR." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-79957.
Full textAbstract:
During the past few years a development of breeding llamas and alpacas took place in Czech Republic. Increasing interest in those animals entails the need to determine how they respond to the conditions of our country. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the growth ability of crias, some of the physical dimensions (withers height) and bodyweight of adult llamas. The same indicators are to be evaluated for alpacas as well. The results are to be compared with the standard for llamas and alpacas. A total of 104 animals were measured and weighted, namely 44 llamas and 60 alpacas, and 280 pairs of weight and height data were obtained. Weighing and measuring of adult llamas and alpacas took place once a year around the end of August for two years (2009 and 2010). Young llamas were weighed and measured at approximately monthly intervals according to the possibilities of their breeders. Young alpacas were weighed at approximately weekly intervals. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part evaluates llamas. It was discovered that the average birth weight of llamas in the Czech Republic is 11 kg. Once mature, they reach an average live weight of 130.3 kg and average height of 110.2 cm. Average daily gains were observed as follows: from birth to 7 weeks 0.20 kg per day, from 7 weeks to 24 weeks 0.18 kg per day and from 24 to 72 weeks 0.13 kg per day. The second part of this thesis is devoted to alpacas, for which the same parameters as for the llamas were monitored. It was found that the average birth weight of alpacas in the Czech Republic is 6.5 kg. Once mature, they reach an average live weight of 65.6 kg and average height at 88.4 cm. Average daily gains are at the following levels: from birth to 7 weeks 0.1 kg per day, from 7 weeks to 24 weeks 0.09 kg per day and from 24 weeks to 72 weeks 0.08 kg per day. It was found that these two species reach final physical maturity later in the Czech Republic than stated by literature. Compared to the standard, most of the llamas and alpacas are up to their standards.
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Mamani, Fernández Julio Erick. "Evaluación de la Carga Parasitaria y su Interacción Madre-Cría, Desde el Nacimiento al Destete, en Alpacas (Vicugna pacos) y Llamas (Lama glama) en Cicas La Raya, Cusco." Thesis, 2013. http://tesis.unjbg.edu.pe:8080/handle/unjbg/260.
Full textAbstract:
Se evaluó la carga parasitaria y su interacción madre-cría, desde el nacimiento al destete en alpacas (Vicugna pacos) y llamas (Lama glama), en el Centro Investigaciones de Camélidos Sudamericanos CICAS “La Raya”, Cusco. Durante los meses de febrero a setiembre, se utilizaron 15 alpacas madres con sus respectivas crías al igual que en llamas con sus crías, en una ecología de alrededor de 4 000 m.s.n.m. y que no recibieron tratamiento antihelmíntico durante el lapso de estudio, el monitoreo fue desde el nacimiento, cada semana hasta el día del destete. Mediante la técnica de Mc master modificado utilizando una solución de flotación de nitrato de sodio. Se identificó a las siguientes especies de parásitos: Eimera lamae, E. alpacae, E. punoensis, E. macusaniensis y E. ivitaensis, además de los nematodos como Nematodirus spathiger, N. Lamae, Lamanema chavezi, Trichuris ssp, Capillaria ssp y huevos tipo Strongylus en crías y madres de alpaca y llama. Las mayores cargas parasitaria son: Eimeria ssp con 879, 11 716 y 3593 OPG en llama madre y cría y alpaca cría respectivamente, Nematodirus ssp con 21 HPG y 23 HPG en alpacas madre y cría respectivamente, Lamanema chavezi con 26 HPG en llamas madre, HTS con 24 HPG tanto alpaca y llama madre, además hay un significativo efecto de la carga parasitaria de la madre hacia su cría con valor desde 90,15% al 100% de relación en las principales especies parasitarias como son: Eimeria ssp, Nematodirus ssp, Lamanema chavezi y HTS en alpacas y llamas y un efecto menor en Trichuris ssp para alpacas. No se estableció la correlación entre los parásitos de madre y parásitos de su cría.
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Lanz, Stephan [Verfasser]. "Identifikation und Analyse genregulatorischer Elemente des hypoxieinduzierbaren Faktors 2α [2-Alpha] der Maus / vorgelegt von Stephan Lanz." 2003. http://d-nb.info/972870105/34.
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Roncoroni, Francesca. "Coltelli a lama serpeggiante della seconda età del ferro nelle regioni alpina e transpadana: arte rupestre e cultura materiale tipologia, diffusione, significati culturali." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10348/4952.
Full textAbstract:
Tese de Doutoramento em Quaternário, Materiais e CulturasNella presente ricerca è stata analizzata dal punto di vista tipologico una serie di coltelli appartenenti alla famiglia morfologico-funzionale dei coltelli a lama sinuosa o serpeggiante. Si tratta di coltelli in ferro, dotati di fodero in materiale composito (ferro e legno), noti in letteratura come coltelli tipo Introbio o tipo Lovere e caratteristici della tarda età del Ferro nell'Italia Settentrionale, con particolare riferimento all'area alpina e peri-alpina. Alcuni esemplari, citati da vari studiosi come pertinenti o assimilabili a questi due tipi, sono stati altresì presi in considerazione (coltelli di Peschiera del Garda, Sanzeno e Ortisei), per quanto mostrassero già ad una prima osservazione differenze sostanziali. Attraverso lo spoglio bibliografico sono stati identificati tutti i reperti utili (26), tra coltelli comprensivi del loro fodero, coltelli o foderi isolati, integri o frammentari. Due sono coltelli miniaturistici usati come pendagli ed uno è un altare funerario di I secolo a.C., con la raffigurazione di un coltello tipo Lovere. Si è poi proceduto al loro esame diretto e alla produzione di documentazione grafica e fotografica in tutti i casi in cui è stato consentito. Solo per i due coltelli della necropoli di Santa Maria di Zevio (VR) ci sono stati problemi di carattere logistico, che ne hanno impedito la visione. I reperti si trovano in luoghi di conservazione distanti tra loro, a Martigny e Zurigo in Svizzera, a Milano (MI), in Valle Camonica e in Val Sabbia (BS), a Trento (TN), a Ortisei (BZ) in Italia e a Innsbruck in Austria. Si è tentato inoltre di rintracciare due coltelli, quelli di Fontanella di Casalromano (MN) e quello di Peschiera del Garda (BS), noti da tempo solo per via documentaria. Purtroppo i contatti con varie istituzioni museali, italiane ed estere, non hanno dato risultati. Per ognuno di essi è stata realizzata una scheda RA (di reperto archeologico) contenente la descrizione e tutti gli elementi utili all'identificazione del reperto. L'utilizzo di fonti d'archivio e le analisi chimiche (XRF) e fisiche (radiografie) hanno permesso inoltre di comprendere aspetti non chiari dei reperti e hanno consentito di delineare in modo, a nostro parere, esaustivo gli elementi fondamentali per l'identificazione tipologica. Lo studio dei contesti di provenienza, delle associazioni e l'analisi critica delle pubblicazioni precedenti hanno infine chiarito gli areali e la cronologia di diffusione. Le analisi comparate dei reperti pertinenti ai due tipi hanno inoltre dimostrato l'effettiva derivazione del tipo Lovere dall'Introbio, al di là di semplici intuizioni o ipotesi proposte in passato. Ampio spazio è stato dato anche all'analisi delle incisioni rupestri della Valle Camonica, dove sono rappresentati gli stessi tipi di coltelli, prevalentemente il tipo Introbio, sporadicamente il Lovere, ma anche altri più antichi. La mancanza dei rivestimenti delle impugnature dei reperti archeologici, originariamente in materiale organico, ha indotto a concentrarci sulle incisioni proprio per poter definire anche questi aspetti. Si è proceduto quindi alla raccolta dei dati, ancora una volta dapprima attraverso lo spoglio bibliografico e la segnalazione diretta di colleghi che operano sul posto. Successivamente è stata realizzata, in tutti i luoghi raggiungibili e per i quali si è ottenuta autorizzazione allo studio, la documentazione, attraverso rilievi e fotografie. Il corpus delle incisioni è dunque costituito da 82 figure, organizzate in 81 schede IR (di incisione rupestre) concepite in modo analogo alle schede RA, ma adattate al tipo di evidenza. Le incisioni sono diffuse nella media Valcamonica in quattordici siti, e su un totale di 22 superfici rocciose, affioranti dal terreno o in parete, e 2 frammenti di piccole dimensioni conservati presso il Municipio di Piancogno. Alcune rocce non sono state osservate di persona, perché si trovano in proprietà private, sono state ricoperte dopo il loro studio per problemi conservativi (Berzo Demo – Loa), oppure sono in studio da parte di altri colleghi. Dall'analisi delle incisioni è stato possibile evidenziare l'aspetto zoomorfo delle impugnature e dei puntali dei foderi, fatto che ha permesso, in considerazione anche del contesto culturale, e delle associazioni tra coltelli ed altre figure, di procedere ad una serie di riflessioni sul loro significato e uso. Sono state infine proposte ipotesi sulle motivazioni che, al di là del gusto e delle mode, possono aver determinato il passaggio da un tipo all'altro, e, sui possibili modelli di derivazione tipologica. Oltre alla derivazione dai modelli paleoveneti, da cui vengono fatti discendere la maggioranza dei coltelli del Nord Italia cronologicamente posteriori (compresi quelli retici e probabilmente quelli leponti), si è ipotizzata una relazione di dipendenza anche da kopides italiche, che sulla base di alcuni indizi dovevano essere note in ambiente euganeo almeno dal VI-V secolo a.C.
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Kalema, Vettes Neckemiah. "Diversity, use and resiliance of woody species in a multiple land use equatorial African savanna, central Uganda." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/9163.
Full textAbstract:
Savanna woodlands are vitally important in providing ecological services (e.g. erosion protection,
micro-climate) and economic services (e.g. timber, food, fodder non-wood products, and wild-life
habitats) that sustain local livelihoods and national economies. Increasing demands and the need for
sustainable savanna woodland resource management requires that the ecological, economic, social
and cultural values of these resources be explored and brought to the attention of decision makers and
the general public. The identification and better understanding of the structure and dynamics of
woodland community types, patterns of species distribution and quantitative properties of their
diversity is important to the conservation and sustainable management of these woodlands. This study
seeks to contribute to a better understanding of Nakasongola woodland community types, species
diversity patterns and environment correlates, natural regeneration processes (i.e. sprouting and
seedling establishment) and identifying livelihood strategies adopted by households, woody species
utilised, and the contribution of charcoal production to household livelihoods. Data on vegetation and
environmental variables were collected using 75 rectangular 20 x 50 m (0.1 ha) plots. Data on land
use and land cover changes, and relevant associated socio-economic parameters were collected
through the analysis of multi-temporal satellite imagery and field observations, as well as interviews
of local households and key informants. The basic major livelihood activities for the rural households
in this savanna dryland are charcoal production, subsistence crop cultivation and livestock grazing.
However, it, sometimes, includes various combinations of activities, i.e. charcoal production and
subsistence crop cultivation for both food and cash, and livestock keeping for income generation
through selling the livestock products such as milk and, sometimes, the whole animal. At least 24
woody species, including fruit trees (Mangifera indica and Artocarpus heterophyllus), are frequently
harvested, including 16 species that are considered the most utilized for charcoal production. Charcoal
production, being the major source of income to the rural households, contributes on average US$ 259
± 46 (S.E.) per household annually. There were significant differences in charcoal production
(Kruskal-Wallis; H = 31.42, p < 0.0001), producer sale prices per bag of charcoal (H = 35.62, p <
0.0001), and annual incomes from charcoal production (H = 32.44, p < 0.0001) per households across
the 8 sub-counties. Most of the youth (≤ 20 years old) derive their livelihoods from charcoal
production, a small amount of trade, offering labour services, livestock keeping, fishing, bee keeping
and earth brick making. Charcoal production, livestock keeping and hunting are carried out
particularly by men, whereas, crop cultivation, and collection of fire wood, medicinal plants and fruits
are carried out, mainly, by women. However, men are also engaged in cultivation only during the
rainy seasons. There have been significant land cover changes in the area during the period 1984 to
2001, resulting in a 64% decrease in dense woodland cover, and an 80% increase in areas under
cultivation/settlements. These changes are attributed to significant spatial expansion in agriculture increased commercialisation of charcoal production, grazing and human population growth. A total of 44,195 (5,893 plants/ha) woody plants representing 99 species in 67 genera and 31 families
were recorded. The most species rich families were Mimosaceae (13), Rubiaceae (9), Moraceae (7),
Euphorbiaceae (7), Anacardiaceae (6), Combretaceae (5) and Verbenaceae (5). Density of woody
species differed significantly (F2, 72 = 6.3, P < 0.003) among land uses, being higher under charcoal
production (7,131 ± 755 plants/ha) and cultivation (6,612 ± 665) areas and significantly lower under
grazing lands (4,152 ± 525). Community species composition differed significantly (Global RANOSIM =
0.14, p = 0.001) among land use types. All measures of beta-diversity (spatial “turnover” in species
composition) showed consistently higher beta-diversity in the grazing land use (βW = 3.1; βT = 3.1),
followed by cultivation (βW = 2.8; βT = 3.0) and charcoal production (βW = 2.7; βT = 2.8), suggesting a
more heterogeneous spatial distribution of species in the grazing lands. This suggests that variations in
the composition and diversity of woody species are to a great extent influenced by land use type and
anthropogenic disturbances in this region. Basal area of woody species differed significantly (F2, 72 =
12.0, P < 0.0001) among land uses, being highest under cultivation and charcoal production and
significantly lower under grazing. Woody plant density differed (F2,72 = 6.3, P = 0.003) across landuses,
being highest under charcoal production and cultivation and significantly lower under grazing.
The species that contributed most to both basal area and density across all the land uses were
Combretum collinum and Combretum molle. However, different species contributed the next most i.e.
Piliostigma thonningii for grazing; Albizia zygia and Harrisonia abyssinica for cultivation and Vepris
nobilis for charcoal production areas. For both basal area and abundance of all woody species, the
total variance in species-environmental factor relations (for the combined first four canonical axes)
was higher than 50%, suggesting a relatively strong influence of the measured environment variables
on species composition and distributions. The CCA points to a significant influence of soil Ca2+ and
Mg2+ in association with grazing on gradients in the composition and structure of woody species in the
savanna woodland of Nakasongola.
Resprouting was generally common among the woody species. A total of 2,595 stumps, representing
74 species in 31 families were recorded from all plots. Of these, 98.3% resprouted and were identified
to species level. Density of both stumps and total resprout differed significantly (p < 0.05) among the
land uses, being higher in charcoal production areas than in grazing and cultivation land uses. For the
overall pooled data, resprouts per stump differed significantly among land uses (F2, 456 = 7.75, p =
0.0005), being highest in charcoal production (mean ± S.E.; 14 ± 1) and cultivation (13 ± 1) land uses
and lowest under grazing areas (10 ± 1). Generally, the mean number of resprouts per stump increased
with increasing stump basal diameter (BD), being highest for BD size class > 41 cm. In relation to
stump height, the highest mean resprouts/stump was found on stumps with heights ranging from 0.31-
0.40 m. Based on pooled species data, regression analyses showed weakly significant negative
relationships between BD of leading resprouts and number of resprouts/stump (r2 = 0.123, p < 0.0001)
and between height of leading resprouts and number of resprouts/stump (r2 = 0.068, p < 0.0001).
Density of seedlings of woody species differed significantly among land use types (ANOVA; F2, 72 =5.9, p = 0.004), being highest for cultivation (3,162 ± 440 individuals ha-1), followed by charcoal
production (2,416 ± 295 ha-1) and lowest for grazing (1,629 ± 205 ha-1). Composition of seedlings
differed significantly among land use types (Global RANOSIM = 0.119, p = 0.001). The distributions and
densities of some seedlings were explained by gradients in environmental variables, with edaphic
factors (i.e. Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and organic matter) and charcoal production being the most important.
The first two axes of the Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) explained 41.9% of the variance
in species – environmental relations and were a reflection of edaphic and charcoal production land use
gradients. All of the 16 highly utilized species were well represented in both the juvenile and adult
classes, with gradually declining number of individuals with increasing stem size-class. This indicates
that most of these species have high regeneration potential. Juvenile:adult tree ratios >1 and negative
DSCD slopes indicate good recruitment and probably successful regeneration for these species. The
study revealed land cover changes mainly in the dense and medium dense woodlands, reflected by the
increase in open woodland, grasslands and cultivation/settlements. These trends threaten the
livelihoods of local communities who are entirely dependent on these natural resources. Sustainable
management will require the establishment of suitable integrated community-based institutions and
management practices, with support from all key stakeholders (i.e. National Forest Authority (NFA))
and local communities. Maintenance of savanna woodland resources and other ecosystem services
essential for human well-being will require an effective legal framework to prevent over-exploitation
and give incentives for the protection of the fragile savanna woodland vegetation. An appropriate
savanna woodland management policy will be required to guide changes in land use that
accommodate the requirements of land users, aided by targeted conservation efforts to all woody
plants and particularly for the highly utilized species for charcoal production as well as the
multipurpose species. In addition, there is urgent need to build local capacity for improved harvesting
and utilization of these tree species. This can be achieved through equipping local users with up to date information as well as observing the existing skills.
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Abdussamad, Abdussamad Muhammad. "Attempts to promote the use of cryopreserved bovine semen: Effect of prostaglandin F2-alpha, sucrose and short-term dry ice storage." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-5DEE-1.
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Loiselle, Audréanne. "Impacts de l’urbanisation et de l’historique d’utilisation des sites sur la diversité taxonomique et fonctionnelle de la flore des milieux humides non-riverains." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21317.
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Mwavu, Edward Nector. "Human impact, plant communities, diversity and regeneration in Budongo Forest Reserve, Northwestern Uganda." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/4863.
Full textAbstract:
Budongo Forest Reserve (BFR) is a flagship reserve for primate conservation due to its abundant chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) population, and its current management policy for multiple economic, conservation and environmental benefits. The identification and better understanding of the structure and dynamics of the forest/plant community types, patterns of species distribution and quantitative properties of their diversity is important to the conservation and sustainable management of tropical rainforests. This study seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the BFR forest community types, species diversity patterns and environmental correlates, as well as natural regeneration processes (i.e. seedling establishment and sprouting). Data on vegetation and environmental variables were collected using rectangular 50 x 100m (0.5 ha) plots, sub-divided into five equal contiguous (20 x 50 m) 0.1 ha sub-plots. Data on land-use/cover changes, and relevant associated socio-economic parameters were collected through the analysis of multi-temporal satellite imagery and field observations, as well as interviews of local households and key informants. The study revealed significant land-use/cover changes, with the area under sugarcane cultivation increasing over 17-fold, from 690 ha in 1988 to 12729 ha in 2002, with a concomitant loss of about 4680 ha (8.2% loss) of forest/woodland, mainly in the southern part of BFR. These changes are attributed to agricultural expansion, a rapidly increasing human population, exacerbated by large influxes of refugees, lack of alternative sources of income, conflicts of interest and political interference in the management of BFR, and an unclear land tenure system. The need for more land for agricultural expansion and the loss of woodlands (a source of building materials and fuelwood for the local communities) is leading to the invasion of and encroachment on BFR, which threatens plant and wild animal conservation.
The study revealed that the vegetation of BFR is formed by a mosaic of plant communities, with the major forest types being; Pseudospondias microcarpa Swamp Forest, Funtumia elastica - Pouteria altissima, Lasiodiscus mildbraedi - Khaya anthotheca and Cynometra alexandri - Rinorea ilicifolia forest communities. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that soil nutrients (Si, Ca, N, Fe and Li) and anthropogenic disturbances are the main factors controlling forest community patterns. The variances explained as a proportion of total inertia were relatively high (0.53 and 0.56 for basal area and abundance, respectively), showing how well the measured variables explained species composition. These plant communities differed significantly in terms of woody species diversity and richness; being highest in the Pseudospondias microcarpa swamp and lowest in the Cynometra alexandri-Rinorea ilicifolia forest. However, about 48 species were shared between the forest community types. A total of 269 species representing 171 genera and 51 families was recorded. Fisher’s alpha-diversity ranged 4.45-30.59 and 3.07-29.7 for stem diameters ≥2.0 cm and ≥10 cm, respectively, being significantly higher for stem diameters ≥2.0 cm. The use of stem diameters ≥2.0 cm unveiled 53 more species (19.7%), with only 216 species recorded for the standard ≥10 cm dbh minimum size usually applied in tropical forests. A SHE analysis also showed greater richness (ln(S)) and H diversity for the >2.0 cm than the ≥10cm stem diameters. Hence, the study reaffirmed that the use of 10 cm as a minimum dbh in woody plant diversity studies in forests, where many tree species rarely exceed 10 cm stem diameter, is highly likely to underestimate diversity and richness, potentially biasing the understanding of diversity patterns. The most speciose families were Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Rubiaceae, Moraceae, Meliaceae, Rutaceae, Annonaceae, and Flacourtiaceae, accounting for 147 species. Families with the highest Familial Importance values (FIV) were; Fabaceae (17.5), followed by Euphorbiaceae (16.3), and Ulmaceae (8.35). The BFR exhibits characteristics intermediate between log-normal and log-series species-abundance distributions, indicating a community with a small number of abundant species and a relatively large proportion of rare species. Both Whittaker’s (βw) and the Morisita-Horn Index measures of β-diversity consistently showed higher β-diversity for logged and arboricide treated areas, followed by logged only, and then nature reserve historical management practice types. β-diversity was relatively high at the total forest community scale, but lower for stem diameter ≥2.0 cm than ≥10.0 cm data. Environmental variables significantly explained 66.5% and 61.9% of the variance in species composition for stem diameter ≥2.0 cm and ≥10.0 cm data, respectively. Hence, the variation in species composition of BFR is characterised by significant spatial patterns, and the patterns in β-diversity are to a great extent associated with environmental heterogeneity (i.e. soil nutrients, topographic and light gradients) and anthropogenic disturbances.
Investigation of natural regeneration showed that sprouting is generally common among the woody species, with both canopy and sub-canopy trees sprouting prolifically. Of the 122 species affected by ii
harvesting, and tree and branch fall disturbances, 199 (97.5%) from 31 families sprouted from the cut stumps, with only Caloncoba crepiniana (De Wild. & Th.Dur.) Gilg exhibiting both stem and root sprouting. Stump basal diameter, height, bark-thickness, and height of stump above the ground at which the first sprout emerged, were significant predictors of sprouting ability among individuals. Number of sprouts/stump differed significantly among families, species, and stump size-classes.
Of the 241 seedling species, representing 46 families, about 30.3% were rare (only 2-10 individuals); while 12% were very rare (only 1 individual each). Cynometra alexandri C.H. Wright and Lasiodiscus mildbraedii Engl. were the most abundant seedlings and also among the most widely distributed species in the forest. Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) revealed significant differences in seedling composition between transects, but not between topographic positions or historical management practice types. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) showed that the measured environmental variables significantly explained 59.4% of the variance in seedling species distributions, with the three most important variables being organic matter, titanium and leaf area index (LAI; an indicator of light availability below the canopy). Hence, the important mechanisms influencing regeneration via seedlings in BFR operate through the soil system, and the ground and canopy vegetation characteristics. Nine of the 15 intensively studied multiple-use species, namely L. mildbraedii, Celtis Mildbraedii Engl., Pouteria altissima (A. Chiev.) Aubrev. & Pellegr., Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don., C. alexandri, Diospyros abyssinica (Hiern) F. White, Funtumia elastica (Preuss) Stapf., Chrysophyllum perpulchrum Hutch. & Dalz, and Antiaris toxicaria (Pers.) Lesch. had highly negative size-class distribution (SCD) slopes and substantial seedling regeneration. While Alstonia boonei De Wild. and Cordia millenii Bak. had weakly negative SCD slopes and pulsed or sporadic regeneration patterns. The wide distribution of seedlings for a variety of species, and with most of the intensively studied species having population structures showing healthy regeneration patterns, suggests that BFR is currently experiencing a continuous regeneration phase. In conclusion, the gradients in the vegetation of BFR are a reflection not only of site conditions as shown by the edaphic and abiotic factors, but also the history of human interventions.