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Journal articles on the topic 'Lana (Alpaca)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Carcelén, Carlos Guillermo, and Luis Daniel Morán Ramos. "El ciclo de la lana: exportación, campesinos y conflicto social en Puno de 1850 a 1930." Revista revoluciones 3, no. 4 (June 25, 2021): 68–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35622/j.rr.2021.04.005.

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La exportación de lana fue por mucho tiempo, para el sur peruano la principal actividad, ya que, teniendo como objetivo a la exportación, se organizó la producción, el mercado y los mecanismos de comercialización de la lana, tanto de alpaca y oveja. Dando lugar con esto a la conformación de una sociedad en la cual la producción y comercialización de lana, creará y recreará las características propias de la vida y relaciones sociales en un espacio geográfico importante por su extensión. Esta actividad presentará diversos conflictos entre los productores directos que fueron las comunidades campesinas, los comercializadores y los terratenientes, tanto por la posesión de la tierra o el control de las redes comerciales regionales para abastecer a la demanda internacional.

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2

Palacios-Ochoa, Cecilia, María Elisa Guillén Serrano, and David Siddons. "Evaluación de la solidez del color en tejidos de lana y alpaca tinturados con biocolorantes extraídos de plantas y animales." Siembra 8, no. 2 (July 6, 2021): e2917. http://dx.doi.org/10.29166/siembra.v8i2.2917.

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Esta investigación consistió en evaluar la solidez del color de tejidos de lana y alpaca tinturados con colorantes extraídos de plantas nativas de la provincia del Azuay en el sur ecuatoriano. Las plantas tintóreas que se utilizaron fueron: Lomatia hirsuta (garau), Baccharis latifolia (chilca), Juglans neotropica (nogal), Brachyotum confertum (killuyuyo) y además se empleó el colorante de origen animal Dactilopius coccus (cochinilla). Se utilizó la metodología ancestral para el teñido de los hilos, con los que se prepararon muestras de tejido de punto que sirvieron para realizar las pruebas de solidez del color a la luz artificial, lavado manual con jabón neutro y alcalino, y la prueba de frote en húmedo y en seco. La evaluación de la pérdida de color de los tejidos se realizó mediante un colorímetro, se midió el color antes y después de las pruebas y se calculó la diferencia total de color (ΔE). Se encontró una mayor variación del color en el tratamiento de lavado de las muestras con jabón alcalino (el valor más alto fue 32) y en el resto de las pruebas se observó una mínima diferencia de color (1,4 en promedio). Haciendo la relación con la escala de grises los resultados corresponden a la calificación de satisfactorio para la mayor parte de muestras, por lo que se demostró que el color de los tejidos al utilizar garau, chilca, nogal, killuyuyo y cochinilla, es estable a la mayoría de los factores ensayados. Estos resultados son importantes porque sirven de base para la aplicación de algunos procesos para obtener una mayor resistencia del color en indumentaria elaborada con hilos teñidos con biocolorantes.

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Palacios-Ochoa, Cecilia, and Narcisa Ullauri. "Revalorización de métodos ancestrales de tinturado natural en las provincias de Loja y Azuay del sur de Ecuador." Siembra 7, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 050–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.29166/siembra.v7i1.1914.

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El objetivo de este estudio fue revalorizar las técnicas ancestrales de tinturado natural y contribuir a la viabilidad de este importante patrimonio cultural inmaterial. Para ello se identificaron los lugares en donde se los practica hasta hoy, se determinaron que algunas de las especies vegetales que se utilizan comúnmente. Se recuperan las técnicas y se optimizaron en función a factores como temperatura, tiempo, pH, clase de mordiente y cantidad de vegetal. Se realizaron 21 tratamientos basados en la metodología de los artesanos y 50 tratamientos con variación de los factores más influyentes. Los tintes se aplicaron a la fibra de alpaca y lana de oveja. Se obtuvieron 71 tonalidades que van desde el amarillo intenso pasando por los tonos rosa, carnesí, anaranjado hasta el marrón oscuro. Se calificaron como tonos interesantes por la intensidad aparente que presentaron, a los obtenidos de la aplicación del colorante extraído de Brachyotum confertum, Junglas neotrópica y Dactylopius coccus . Las pruebas de control de solidez del color a la luz, al lavado manual y al frote demostraron que el tinturado con la mayoría de especies utilizadas presentó resultados satisfactorios según la valoración de la escala de grises para medir el cambio de color.

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4

Ormachea Valdez, Edwin, Uberto Olarte D., Victor Zanabria H, Maximo Melo A., and Yecenia Masias G. "Composición de la leche de alpaca Huacaya (Vicugna pacos) y de llama (Lama glama)." Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú 32, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): e17800. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rivep.v32i1.17800.

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El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar las características fisicoquímicas de la leche en alpacas y llamas, considerando dos zonas agroecológicas para el caso de la alpaca. Se utilizaron 40 alpacas Huacaya y 20 llamas hembras que se encontraban entre los 40 y 45 días de lactación. El sistema de crianza de los animales fue extensivo. Se determinó la composición de sólidos totales (%), energía bruta (MJ/100 g), ceniza (%), grasa (%), sólidos no grasos (%), densidad (g/cm3), proteína (%), lactosa (%), sales (%), pH, punto de congelación (ºC) y recuento de células somáticas (células/ml x 1000). Se concluye la composición fisicoquímica de la leche es similar entre llamas y alpacas y que la zona agroecológica influye la composición de la leche en alpacas Huacaya.

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5

Schaefer, D. L., R. J. Bildfell, P. Long, and C. V. Löhr. "Characterization of the Microanatomy and Histopathology of Placentas From Aborted, Stillborn, and Normally Delivered Alpacas (Vicugna pacos) and Llamas (Lama glama)." Veterinary Pathology 49, no. 2 (May 6, 2011): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985811406889.

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From 2002 to 2007, 101 camelid abortions and stillbirths were submitted to the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at Oregon State University (84 alpacas [ Vicugna pacos], 13 llamas [ Lama glama], 4 unknown). For most cases ( n = 67), a cause was not determined by routine testing. Eighty-five submissions included placenta for microscopic examination, of which 55 were from abortions to unknown causes (idiopathic). Microscopic features of placentas from abortion/stillbirth were compared with those from 19 camelids delivered normally (6 alpacas, 12 llamas, 1 unknown) and with those from 4 alpaca fetuses of known gestational age collected during the dam’s necropsy. The most common microscopic findings in abortion/stillbirth placentas were mineralization ( n = 57) and mucinous edema ( n = 27) of the chorioallantoic stroma. One or more of these features were also observed in 22 of 23 placentas from normal pregnancies/deliveries and therefore interpreted as incidental findings. The comparison of alpaca placentas after matching for gestational parameters (crown–rump length, weight, days of gestation; n = 41) revealed hypoplasia of placental villi in 5 of 22 idiopathic abortions and in 1 abortion due to umbilical torsion; hypoplasia was further suspected in an additional 6 abortions of unknown cause and 2 abortions of known cause. The identified villous hypoplasia is assumed to have resulted in placental insufficiency. When placental insufficiency is included as cause, idiopathic abortions are reduced from 66.2 to 47.9% of alpaca cases with histopathologic examination of placenta and from 66.3 to 52.5% of alpaca and llama abortions overall. This study also permitted the generation of a linear regression curve correlating alpaca fetal crown–rump length with fetal age.

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6

Fernández Suárez, Alvaro Gonzalo, Gustavo Augusto Gutiérrez Reynoso, and Federico Abel Ponce de León Bravo. "Identificación bioinformática de Polimorfismos de Nucleótido Simple (PNSs) en genes candidatos para las características de la fibra en alpacas (Vicugna pacos)." Revista peruana de Biología 26, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 087–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v26i1.15911.

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El objetivo fue identificar y predecir la ubicación de polimorfismos de nucleótido simple (PNSs) en genes relacionados al crecimiento de la fibra. Se realizó el estudio con un total de 31 genes de queratina (KRT9, KRT12, KRT13, KRT14, KRT16, KRT18, KRT20, KRT25, KRT1, KRT3, KRT5, KRT6a, KRT6b, KRT6c, KRT7, KRT8, KRT71, KRT80, KRT31, KRT32, KIRT40, KRT81, KRT82, KRT10, KRT15, KRT17, KRT19, KRT2, KRT4, KRT79 y KRT83) asociados con las características de lana, fibra y pelo en ovinos, cabras y humanos respectivamente, cuyas secuencias fueron encontradas en la base de datos del National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Mediante el uso de bases de datos y herramientas bioinformáticas como el Conserved Domains Database, Spling, y MegaBlast se logró ubicar secuencias únicas para cada gen. Estas secuencias fueron comparadas con los genomas de referencia Vicugna_pacos-2.0.2 y Vi_pacos_V1.0. Se identificaron 48 PNSs ubicados en las regiones intrónicas y exónicas de 22 genes. No se localizaron PNSs en o alrededor de los genes KRT10, KRT15, KRT17, KRT19, KRT2, KRT4, KRT6b, KRT6c y KRT79. El análisis comparativo entre las cuatro especies estudiadas permitió observar que los genes KRT81, KRT6b y KRT6c no están presentes en los genomas de referencia de alpaca, los genes KRT31, KRT14, KRT81, KRT83, KRT6b y KRT6c no están presentes en el genoma de referencia de ovino y los genes KRT31, KRT13, KRT81, KRT83, KRT6b y KRT6c no están presentes en el genoma de referencia de cabra.

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7

Mendoza, Galy, Luisa Echevarría, Cielo Llerena, Alejandra Castro, María Domínguez, Susana Gómez, Marcelo Ghezzi, and Claudio Barbeito. "Comparación morfológica entre el útero fetal y el útero adulto de la alpaca (Vicugna pacos) y la llama (Lama glama)." Salud y Tecnología Veterinaria 1, no. 1 (May 13, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.20453/stv.v1i1.103.

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Objetivos: Comparar los aspectos morfológicos del tracto genital fetal y adulto de la alpaca y la llama. Material y métodos: se realizó el estudio anatómico del útero de cinco fetos de llama y cinco fetos de alpaca, ambos de tercer tercio de gestación, once úteros de alpacas adultas y cinco úteros de llamasadultas. Las muestras de útero se estudiaron por observación anatómica y morfometría. Resultados: Mediante los estudios morfométricos se pudo observar que existía diferencia significativa en el tamaño de ambos cuernos uterinosa favor del lado izquierdo. La relación existente entre el cuerno uterino derecho y el cuerno uterino izquierdo en la alpaca adulta es de 0,79 y en la llama adulta la razón de las medidas es mayor, 0,85 para la longitud y 0,87 para el ancho. En los úteros fetales tanto en llama como en alpaca, se observó que existía diferencia significativa entre el tamaño del cuerno uterino izquierdo y el cuerno uterino derecho a favor del lado izquierdo. Conclusiones:Se concluye que existe similitud entre la forma del útero en los fetos de llama y alpaca en relación al útero de la correspondiente hembra adulta.

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Perez G., Uri, Eloy Gonzáles G., María Apaza T., Yesenia Quispe B., and Manuel Pérez D. "Factores que afectan la transferencia de embriones de alpacas (Vicugna pacos) a llamas (Lama glama)." Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú 30, no. 4 (February 4, 2020): 1645–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rivep.v30i4.17276.

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El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar los factores que afectan la transferencia de embriones obtenidos a ovulación simple en alpacas y transferidos a alpacas y llamas. El estudio se realizó en condiciones del Altiplano peruano durante la época reproductiva (diciembre a marzo). Se seleccionaron 13 alpacas donadoras (Huacaya=6, Suri=7) y 80 receptoras (40 alpacas y 40 llamas) con al menos 15 días posparto. Las tasas de recuperación de embriones en los 93 lavados consecutivos fueron de 88.68% en alpacas Huacaya y de 80% en alpacas Suri, y las tasas de preñez fueron de 67.57 y 66.67% en alpacas y llamas, respectivamente sin diferencias significativas en ambos casos. Se evaluaron las variables tamaño y calidad del embrión, ubicación y área del del cuerpo lúteo (CL) en la receptora, especie de la receptora (llama, alpaca), raza de donadora (Huacaya, Suri), condición corporal (CC) de la receptora, profundidad del lugar de deposición del embrión (total, parcial), y cuerno uterino de deposición del embrión (derecho, izquierdo). La regresión logística indicó que los factores relacionados al mayor éxito de la preñez fueron la calidad del embrión (grado 1 y 2), la raza de la donadora (Huacaya) y la CC de la receptora (grado 2 y 3).

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DEL VALLE, IGNACIO, GABRIEL DE LA FUENTE, and MANUEL FONDEVILA. "Ciliate protozoa of the forestomach of llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna pacos) from the Bolivian Altiplano." Zootaxa 1703, no. 1 (February 13, 2008): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1703.1.4.

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Protozoal diversity in the forestomach of South American camelids (SAC) was studied in eight llamas and six alpacas from the Parque Natural Condoriri (3900 to 4100 m altitude, Departamento La Paz, Bolivia). Total protozoal concentrations were 3.6 times higher (P < 0.001) in the stomach contents of alpacas (39.6 x 10 4 ml -1 and 143.8 x 10 4 ml -1 in llamas and alpacas, respectively). Four to 11 species, all from the genus Entodinium, were observed in llamas, whereas from eight to nine species of Entodinium and minor proportions of Diplodinium (D. anisacanthum, D. dogieli, D. rangiferi), Eudiplodinium (E. bovis, E. maggii, E. neglectum) and Epidinium (E. ecaudatum) were observed in alpacas. The presence of Epidinium species in the alpaca is a new host record. The vestibuliferids, Dasytricha and Isotricha were absent from the forestomach of SAC, as well as other species such as Caloscolex genus, Diplodinium cameli and Entodinium ovumrajae, commonly found in Old World camelids.

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Quispe, E. C., T. C. Rodríguez, L. R. Iñiguez, and J. P. Mueller. "Producción de fibra de alpaca, llama, vicuña y guanaco en Sudamérica." Animal Genetic Resources Information 45 (October 2009): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233909990277.

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ResumenMás de un millón de pequeños productores de los Andes centrales de Sudamérica tienen alpacas (Vicugna pacos) y llamas (Lama glama) como principal medio de subsistencia. Los animales proveen carne, leche, fibra, energía de transporte y guano y, además, son un elemento importante de la identidad cultural de sus pueblos. Con 3,9 millones de llamas y 3,3 millones de alpacas la producción total de fibras de camélidos en la región supera los 5 millones de kg anuales. Cerca del 30% de la producción de fibra se transforma y es usada a nivel de predio o comunidad. Alrededor del 80% de la alpaca comercializada es de color blanco y el 12% tiene diámetros de fibra menores de 23 micrones. Las fibras de llama son de menor valor y más variables en colores y diámetros que las fibras de alpaca. Ambas especies tienen dos razas, cada una con características de calidad de fibra y adaptación específica. También existen en Sudamérica dos especies de camélidos silvestres, el guanaco (Lama guanicoe) y la vicuña (Vicugna vicugna). Ambas tienen vellones de valiosa fibra down. Poblaciones específicas de estos camélidos califican para ser capturadas, esquiladas y liberadas generando un ingreso adicional a las comunidades en que viven. El aumento de la producción de fibras y demás productos de los camélidos sudamericanos, a la vez de preservar un recurso genético animal crítico y los valores culturales asociados y mejorar la calidad de vida de muchos pequeños productores, debe ser parte de una estrategia global de inversión sostenida en investigación y desarrollo apropiados.

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Vivanco, H. W., E. Huaman, S. Leon, A. Gallegos, M. Asparrin, E. Alvarado, and G. Gamarra. "200 EVALUATION OF SUPEROVULATORY REGIMES FOR IN VIVO EMBRYO PRODUCTION IN ALPACAS (LAMA PACOS)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, no. 1 (2010): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv22n1ab200.

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The objective of the study was to evaluate 4 superovulatory regimes in terms of the quantity of transferable embryos recovered. A total of 48 female alpacas, 3 to 5 years of age and located at Malkini Alpacas Farm (4100 m elevation), were distributed into 4 treatments. In treatment 1, 13 female alpacas received on Day 0 an intravaginal device containing 0.78 mg of progesterone (Cue Mate®, Bioniche Animal Health, Belleville, Ontario, Canada) followed immediately by an i.m injection of estradiol (1 mg of estradiol benzoate) and an i.m. injection of PGF2α (Veyx®, 0.25 mg of cloprostenol). The intravaginal device was removed on Day 7, performing at removal time an i.m. injection of estradiol. From Days 8 to 16, the alpacas received an i.m injection twice per day and 12 hours apart of pFSH (FolltropinV®, Bioniche Animal Health) in decreasing doses totaling 420 mg of pFSH; on Day 16,300 IU of eCGi.m. (Pregnecol®, Bioniche Animal Health) was injected. In treatment 2, 13 alpacas received on Day 0 an intravaginal device of progesterone followed by an i.m. injection of PGF2; from Days 5 to 9, alpacas received injections twice per day of decreasing doses of pFSH (porcine FHS) totaling 320 mg; on Day 7, the intravaginal device was removed and 500 IU i.m. of eCG was injected. In treatment 3,13 alpacas received on Day 0 an intravaginal device of progesterone followed immediately by an i.m injection of GnRH (Conceptal®, 0.0042 mg of acetate of busereline); pFSH was injected i.m. from Days 5 to 9 in decreasing doses twice per day, totaling 440 mg; the intravaginal device was removed on Day 7. In treatment 4, 9 female alpacas received on Day 0 an i.m. injection of GnRH after verifying the presence of a preovulatory follicle (>8.0 mm diameter). On Day 2, the alpacas received 1000 IU i.m. of eCG followed on Day 7 by an i.m. injection of PGF2. In all cases, the donor alpacas were evaluated by ultrasonography. The matings for treatments 1, 2, and 3 were performed twice per donor alpaca at 12-hour intervals between Days 5 and 8 of the initiation of the pFSH treatments, whereas in treatment 4 the matings were made the following day after the application of the PGF2. In treatment 1, the donor alpacas received at time of first mating an i.m injection of 3.75 mg of LH (Lutropin®, Bioniche Animal Health); in treatments 2, 3, and 4, the donors received an i.m. injection of GnRH. In all treatments, embryo collection was performed by nonsurgical method 6.5 days after first mating. There were significant differences between treatments (P < 0.05) in the mean number of CL, with treatment 4 being the highest (4.7 ± 2.63, 4.1 ± 3.05, 1.8 ± 1.8, and 6.0 ± 3.16 for treatments 1 to 4, respectively). The total number of blastocysts recovered per treatment was 7, 16, 2, and 18 for treatments 1 to 4, respectively. The superovulatory strategy followed for treatment 4 showed to be the one resulting in the highest number of transferable embryos. Further comparative evaluations between FSH and eCG treatments are recommended. Research was partially funded by the contributions of Bioniche Animal Health.

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Gamarra, G., E. Huaman, S. León, M. Carpio, E. Alvarado, M. Asparrin, and H. W. Vivanco. "157 FIRST IN VITRO EMBRYO PRODUCTION IN ALPACAS (LAMA PACOS)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 1 (2009): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv21n1ab157.

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The objective was to produce alpaca embryos in laboratory due to its potential role for the multiplication of genetically superior animals and for conservation purposes. Ovaries were collected from an alpaca abattoir located in the Central Highlands of Peru and transported in a thermos flask with warm saline and antibiotics to the laboratory located 200 km away on the coast. Alpaca epididymal sperm to be used for fertilization was previously frozen by diluting in a TRIS-Fructose based extender with 10% glycerol and frozen as pellets in liquid nitrogen vapor. From 31 ovaries, 262 cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) were collected (mean of 8.5 COCs per ovary) which were matured in TCM-199 supplemented with 10% heat inactivated FCS plus epidermal growth factor (EGF), FSH, LH, estradiol, and cysteamine for 30 h incubation at 38.5°C, 5% CO2 and 90% humidity. The selected oocytes post-maturation were fertilized with the frozen/thawed sperm that was subjected post-thawing to Percoll gradient (90 and 45% Percoll), centrifugation and resuspension in TALP-IVF medium supplemented with 20 μm D-penicillamine, 10 μm hypotaurine, 1 μm epinephrine and 1.1 μg mL–1 of heparin. The oocytes were inseminated with a concentration of 10 × 106 spermatozoa per drop of 100 mL of fertilization medium containing 30 oocytes each and incubated for 24 h at 38.5°C, 5% CO2 and 90% humidity. The presumptive zygotes were transferred to 200 μL drops (30 zygotes per drop) of SOFaa media supplemented with 5% heat-inactivated FCS which was replaced by SOFaa plus 1% heat-inactivated FCS on day 5 after fertilization. The incubation period post-fertilization was up to day 7 at 38.5°C, 5% CO2 and 90% humidity, when the embryos were inspected and graded. The cleavage rate was evaluated at 72 h post-fertilization and embryo development was evaluated on day 5 and 7 post-fertilization. The cleavage rate was 27.1% (71/262) and the percentage of oocytes that reached the stage of morula and blastocyst was 8.0% (21/262). The percentage of blastocyst that hatched when incubated after day 7 was 14.28% (3/21). The in vitro embryo production in alpacas was successful and suggests the possibility for application in intensive reproduction for conservation of South American camelids and for genetic improvement. Research was partially funded by contributions of BIONICHE and SAIS TUPAC AMARU, Junin, Peru.

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Cuya, R., W. Huanca, G. Medina, R. Sanchez, and W. F. Huanca. "99 Effect of application of seminal plasma on Day 0, 5, or 7 postmating on pregnancy rate and embryonic survival in alpacas (Lama pacos)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 31, no. 1 (2019): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv31n1ab99.

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Alpacas, similar to other camelids, are classified as induced ovulators, as an external stimulus is required for the occurrence of ovulation. A protein identified as β-nerve growth factor, present in the seminal plasma (SP), has the capacity to induce ovulation and corpus luteum formation. Alpacas exhibit poor reproductive efficiency, with birth rates below 50% due in part to high embryo mortality before 35 days post-mating. A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of the application of SP on Day 0, 5, or 7 post-mating on pregnancy rate and embryo survival, defined as the difference in the numbers of pregnant females between Day 35 and 25. Nonpregnant adult alpaca females (n=124) between 5 to 6 years old were evaluated by transrectal ultrasonography to determine presence of a follicle ≥7mm, and then 2 days later to confirm permanence of the follicle. Alpacas were then bred by natural mating and assigned randomly to 1 of 4 treatments: 1mL of SP IM at mating; 1mL of SP IM Day 5 post-mating; 1mL of SP IM Day 7 post-mating; and control. Semen was collected from adults male and ejaculates were diluted 1:1 with PBS and then centrifuged for 30min at 3000 rpm. Supernatant was separated and a drop evaluated to determine absence of spermatozoa and SP-free sperm was stored at −20°C. Twenty adult males with optimal reproductive performance were used for mating with females assigned to the different treatments. Animals were evaluated by ultrasound with an Aloka SSD 500 (Aloka, Tokyo, Japan) and 5.0-MHz linear transducer on Day 25 and 35 to determine pregnancy rate and embryonic survival. Data were analysed by chi-square. Results are present in Table 1. The results differ from our initial hypothesis and a possible explanations may be that additional application of SP IM could saturate receptors and block the action of the seminal plasma present in the ejaculate of males. Table 1.Pregnancy rate and embryonic survival in alpacas with application of seminal plasma on Day 0, 5, or 7 Study was supported by project no. 405-PNICP-PIAP-UNMSM.

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Hill, F. I., and A. C. Johnstone. "Actinobacillosis in an alpaca (Lama pacos)." New Zealand Veterinary Journal 40, no. 1 (March 1992): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.1992.35694.

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JANMAAT, A., J. LOW CHOY, and BJ CURRIE. "Melioidosis in an alpaca (Lama pacos)." Australian Veterinary Journal 82, no. 10 (October 2004): 622–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2004.tb12607.x.

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Olivera, Luis, Douglas Zago, Rudolf Leiser, Carolyn Jones, and Estela Bevilacqua. "Placentation in the alpaca Lama pacos." Anatomy and Embryology 207, no. 1 (July 1, 2003): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-003-0328-3.

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17

Suedmeyer, WmKirk, and Fred Williams. "MULTIPLE TRICHOEPITHELIOMAS IN AN ALPACA (LAMA PACOS)." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 36, no. 4 (December 2005): 706–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/04115.1.

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Mouser, P., M. Lévy, J. E. Sojka, and J. A. Ramos-Vara. "Cerebellar Abiotrophy in an Alpaca (Lama pacos)." Veterinary Pathology 46, no. 6 (July 15, 2009): 1133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.09-vp-0011-m-cr.

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19

Dugdale, A. "Anaesthesia of a pregnant alpaca (Lama pacos)." Veterinary Record 149, no. 1 (July 7, 2001): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.149.1.28.

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20

Severo, L. C., J. C. Bohrer, G. R. Geyer, and L. Ferreiro. "Invasive aspergillosis in an alpaca (Lama pacos)." Medical Mycology 27, no. 3 (January 1989): 193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02681218980000261.

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21

Walter Bravo, P., and Mario H. Varela. "Prenatal development of the alpaca (Lama pacos)." Animal Reproduction Science 32, no. 3-4 (September 1993): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4320(93)90096-a.

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22

Cecchi, Teresa, Alessandro Valbonesi, Paolo Passamonti, Martin Gonzales, Marco Antonini, and Carlo Renieri. "Quantitative variation of melanins in alpaca (Lama pacosL.)." Italian Journal of Animal Science 10, no. 3 (January 2011): e30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2011.e30.

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23

Middleton, J. R., M. M. Moody, and S. M. Parish. "Diabetes mellitus in an adult alpaca (Lama pacos)." Veterinary Record 157, no. 17 (October 22, 2005): 520–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.157.17.520.

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24

McKenna, PB, FI Hill, and R. Gillett. "Sarcoptes scabiei infection on an alpaca (Lama pacos)." New Zealand Veterinary Journal 53, no. 3 (June 2005): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2005.36507.

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25

Barranco, I., I. García, J. Gómez-Laguna, I. M. Rodríguez-Gómez, A. Arenas, A. Peréa, and L. Carrasco. "Tuberculosis in an Alpaca (Lama Pacos): Pathological Findings." Journal of Comparative Pathology 141, no. 4 (November 2009): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.08.146.

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26

Johnson, J. W., M. A. Edmondson, P. H. Walz, M. S. D. Marley, and M. D. Givens. "Comparison of clinical, hematological, and virological findings in alpacas (Lama pacos) inoculated with bovine viral diarrhea virus isolates of alpaca or bovine origin." Small Ruminant Research 94, no. 1-3 (November 2010): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.07.002.

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27

PINARES-PATIÑO, C. S., M. J. ULYATT, G. C. WAGHORN, K. R. LASSEY, T. N. BARRY, C. W. HOLMES, and D. E. JOHNSON. "Methane emission by alpaca and sheep fed on lucerne hay or grazed on pastures of perennial ryegrass/white clover or birdsfoot trefoil." Journal of Agricultural Science 140, no. 2 (March 2003): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960300306x.

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Based on the knowledge that alpaca (Lama pacos) have a lower fractional outflow rate of feed particles (particulate FOR) from their forestomach than sheep (San Martin 1987), the current study measured methane (CH4) production and other digestion parameters in these species in three successive experiments (1, 2 and 3): Experiment 1, lucerne hay fed indoors; Experiment 2, grazed on perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture (PRG/WC); and Experiment 3, grazed on birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) pasture (Lotus). Six male alpaca and six castrated Romney sheep were simultaneously and successively fed on the forages either ad libitum or at generous herbage allowances (grazing). CH4 production (g/day) (using the sulphur hexafluoride tracer technique), voluntary feed intake (VFI), diet quality, and protozoa counts and volatile fatty acid concentrations in samples of forestomach contents were determined. In addition, feed digestibility, energy and nitrogen (N) balances and microbial N supply from the forestomach (using purine derivatives excretion) were measured in Experiment 1.Diets selected by alpaca were of lower quality than those selected by sheep, and the voluntary gross energy intakes (GEI, MJ) per kg of liveweight0·75 were consistently lower (P<0·001) for the alpaca than for the sheep (0·74 v. 1·36, 0·61 v. 1·32 and 0·77 v. 2·53 on lucerne hay, PRG/WC and Lotus, respectively). Alpaca and sheep did not differ (P>0·05) in their CH4 yields (% GEI) when fed on lucerne hay (5·1 v. 4·7), but alpaca had a higher CH4 yield when fed on PRG/WC (9·4 v. 7·5, P<0·05) and Lotus (6·4 v. 2·7, P<0·001). When grazing on Lotus, the sheep had very high protozoa counts in their forestomach contents, compared with those with the other forages and those in the alpaca. On lucerne hay and Lotus, but not on PRG/WC, the alpaca had higher (P<0·01) acetate/propionate ratio in their forestomach fluid than sheep. When fed on lucerne hay, alpaca and sheep did not differ (P>0·05) in diet N partition or microbial N yield, but alpaca had higher (P<0·05) neutral detergent fibre digestibility (0·478 v. 0·461) and lower (P<0·01) urinary energy losses (5·2 v. 5·8 % GEI) than sheep. It is suggested that differences between these species in forestomach particulate FOR might have been the underlying physiological mechanism responsible for the differences in CH4 yield, although the between-species differences in VFI and diet quality also had a major effect on it.

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Kutzler, Michelle A., Michelle Shoemaker, Beth A. Valentine, Robert J. Bildfell, and Susan J. Tornquist. "Bilateral Cystic Rete Testis in an Alpaca (Lama Pacos)." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 18, no. 3 (May 2006): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870601800315.

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29

de Souza, E., L. A. Aguilar, Z. Díaz-Cabiale, J. A. Narváez, and R. Coveñas. "Mapping of Neurotensin in the Alpaca (Lama pacos) Brainstem." Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 43, no. 4 (May 22, 2013): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ahe.12067.

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30

Morgan, K. "Ataxia and head tremor in an alpaca (Lama pacos)." Veterinary Record 131, no. 10 (September 5, 1992): 216–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.131.10.216.

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31

VAUGHAN, JL, RA LONSDALE, G. JACKSON, and DP RYAN. "Congenital caudal vertebral malformations in the alpaca (Lama pacos)." Australian Veterinary Journal 78, no. 6 (June 2000): 412–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2000.tb11831.x.

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32

de Souza, Eliana, Rafael Coveñas, Pedro Yi, Luís Angel Aguilar, Luís Lerma, Roy Andrade, Arturo Mangas, Zaida Díaz-Cabiale, and José Angel Narváez. "Mapping of CGRP in the alpaca (Lama pacos) brainstem." Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy 35, no. 4 (July 2008): 346–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2008.02.004.

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33

Jacobsen, B., D. Algermissen, D. Schaudien, M. Venner, S. Herzog, M. Hewicker-Trautwein, W. Baumgärtner, and C. Herden. "Borna Disease in an Adult Alpaca Stallion (Lama pacos)." Journal of Comparative Pathology 141, no. 4 (November 2009): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.08.054.

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34

Jacobsen, B., D. Algermissen, D. Schaudien, M. Venner, S. Herzog, E. Wentz, M. Hewicker-Trautwein, W. Baumgärtner, and C. Herden. "Borna Disease in an Adult Alpaca Stallion (Lama pacos)." Journal of Comparative Pathology 143, no. 2-3 (August 2010): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.01.009.

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35

Quispe Peña, Edgar Carlos, Diego Sacchero, and Max David Quispe Bonilla. "Potencial uso en la evaluación de lanas y fibras de animales de un novedoso caracterizador electrónico." Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú 29, no. 3 (September 6, 2018): 858. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rivep.v29i3.13677.

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Se desarrolló y validó un novedoso Caracterizador Electrónico de Fibras (CEF). En el desarrollo del CEF se utilizaron y ensamblaron componentes mecánicos, ópticos, electrónicos e informáticos. Para la calibración, validación y evaluación del potencial uso en fibras de animales se tomaron muestras de patrones de diámetros conocidos de tops de ovinos, mohair, alpacas, así como muestras de fragmentos de fibras de vicuñas y de alpacas, que fueron medidas antes y después de calibrar con el CEF, OFDA2000 en modo 100 y Laserscan. También se midieron 299 fragmentos de muestras de alpacas sin lavar en el OFDA 2000 y en el CEF bajo condiciones de campo. El CEF desarrollado permite procesar las imágenes de fibras obtenidas mediante tecnología de visión artificial, realizando más de 8000 mediciones por muestra en 30 segundos. Los resultados se muestran en una interfaz gráfica amigable que forma parte del software propietario elaborado para el CEF. La calibración para la conversión de pixeles a micras se ajustó a regresiones lineales con coeficientes de correlación muy cercanos a 1. Los resultados de la validación indican que el CEF tiene alta precisión y exactitud para la media de diámetro de fibra (MDF) con rangos de tolerancia ubicados dentro de los exigidos por IWTO y ASTM, para el caso de lana de ovino y fibra de mohair, aunque un poco bajos para el caso de fibras de vicuñas. De otro lado, se encontró una correlación cercana a 1 para mediciones obtenidas por el OFDA 2000 y el CEF respecto a fibras de alpacas para MDF y factor de confort, tanto en el caso de uso en laboratorio como en campo. Finalmente, en la evaluación de fibras de cachemira se encontró que los resultados son característicos de este tipo de fibras. Se concluye que el CEF puede utilizarse en la evaluación de lanas de ovinos y fibras de mohair y alpacas con gran precisión y exactitud, debiéndose realizar más evaluaciones para fibras de vicuñas y cachemira.

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36

Sponheimer, Matt, Todd Robinson, Linda Ayliffe, Ben Passey, Beverly Roeder, Lisa Shipley, Elvia Lopez, Thure Cerling, Denise Dearing, and Jim Ehleringer. "An experimental study of carbon-isotope fractionation between diet, hair, and feces of mammalian herbivores." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 871–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-066.

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The carbon-isotope composition of hair and feces offers a glimpse into the diets of mammalian herbivores. It is particularly useful for determining the relative consumption of browse and graze in tropical environments, as these foods have strongly divergent carbon-isotope compositions. Fecal δ13C values reflect the last few days consumption, whereas hair provides longer term dietary information. Previous studies have shown, however, that some fractionation occurs between dietary δ13C values and those of hair and feces. Accurate dietary reconstruction requires an understanding of these fractionations, but few controlled-feeding studies have been undertaken to investigate these fractionations in any mammalian taxa, fewer still in large mammalian herbivores. Here, we present data from the first study of carbon-isotope fractionation between diet, hair, and feces in multiple herbivore taxa. All taxa were fed pure alfalfa (Medicago sativa) diets for a minimum period of 6 months, at which point recently grown hair was shaved and analyzed for carbon isotopes. The mean observed diethair fractionation was +3.2, with a range of +2.7 to +3.5. We also examined dietfeces fractionation for herbivores on alfalfa and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) feeds. The mean dietfeces fractionation for both diets was 0.8, with less fractionation for alfalfa (0.6) than bermudagrass (1.0). Fecal carbon turnover also varies greatly between taxa. When diets were switched, horse (Equus caballus) feces reflected the new diet within 60 h, but alpaca (Lama pacos) feces did not equilibrate with the new diet for nearly 200 h. Thus, fecal carbon isotopes provide far greater dietary resolution for hindgut-fermenting horses than foregut-fermenting alpacas.

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37

Parraguez, Víctor H., Sandra Cortéz, Francisca J. Gazitúa, Germán Ferrando, Verónica MacNiven, and Luis A. Raggi. "Early pregnancy diagnosis in alpaca (Lama pacos) and llama (Lama glama) by ultrasound." Animal Reproduction Science 47, no. 1-2 (May 1997): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4320(96)01630-2.

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38

Cristofanelli, S., M. Antonini, D. Torres, P. Polidori, and C. Renieri. "Meat and carcass quality from Peruvian llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Lama pacos)." Meat Science 66, no. 3 (March 2004): 589–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0309-1740(03)00174-8.

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39

Baitchman, Eric J., Sean W. Aiken, and Paul P. Calle. "SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF ATLANTOOCCIPITAL LUXATION IN AN ALPACA (LAMA PACOS)." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 37, no. 1 (March 2006): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/05063.1.

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40

Braga, W., V. Leyva, and R. Cochran. "The effect of altitude on alpaca (Lama pacos) fiber production." Small Ruminant Research 68, no. 3 (April 2007): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.11.008.

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41

LENGHAUS, C., MG O'CALLAGHAN, and C. ROGERS. "Coccidiosis and sudden death in an adult alpaca (Lama pacos )." Australian Veterinary Journal 82, no. 11 (November 2004): 711–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2004.tb12166.x.

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42

Leisinger, CA, EA Coffman, MA Coutinho da Silva, BS Forshey, and CRF Pinto. "Factors affecting in vitro maturation of alpaca (Lama paco) oocytes." Animal Reproduction Science 150, no. 1-2 (November 2014): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.08.011.

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43

JUDSON, GJ, and A. FEAKES. "Vitamin D doses for alpacas (Lama pacos)." Australian Veterinary Journal 77, no. 5 (May 1999): 310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1999.tb10270.x.

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44

Ferasin, L., D. M. Ogden, S. J. Davies, R. J. Kirby, and G. L. D'Alterio. "Electrocardiographic parameters of normal alpacas (Lama pacos)." Veterinary Record 157, no. 12 (September 17, 2005): 341–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.157.12.341.

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45

Polidori, P., M. Antonini, D. Torres, D. Beghelli, and C. Renieri. "Tenderness evaluation and mineral levels of llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Lama pacos) meat." Meat Science 77, no. 4 (December 2007): 599–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.05.011.

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46

Rodriguez-Alvaro, Alfonso, Elisa M. Gonzalez-Alonso-Alegre, Maria Delclaux-Real del Asua, Eva Martinez-Nevado, and Covadonga Talavera-Cañete. "SURGICAL CORRECTION OF A CORNEAL PERFORATION IN AN ALPACA (LAMA PACOS)." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 36, no. 2 (June 2005): 336–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/04-031.1.

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47

Fan, Ruiwen, Gang Yang, and Changsheng Dong. "Study of Hair Melanins in Various Hair Color Alpaca (Lama Pacos)." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 23, no. 4 (February 22, 2010): 444–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2010.90333.

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48

Twomey, D. F., I. Aktan, J. D. Boon, R. J. Higgins, R. M. La Ragione, and G. D. Preston. "Streptococcus bovis biotype I meningoencephalitis in an alpaca (Lama pacos) cria." Veterinary Record 160, no. 10 (March 10, 2007): 337–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.160.10.337.

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49

Nuhsbaum, M. T., J. R. Gionfriddo, C. C. Powell, and M. L. Aubin. "Intraocular pressure in normal llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Lama pacos)." Veterinary Ophthalmology 3, no. 1 (March 2000): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1463-5224.2000.00103.x.

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50

RIDGE, SE, JT HARKIN, RT BADMAN, AM MELLOR, and JWA LARSEN. "Johne's disease in alpacas (Lama pacos) in Australia." Australian Veterinary Journal 72, no. 4 (April 1995): 150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1995.tb15040.x.

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