Journal articles on the topic 'Lancaster county (pa.), history'

Abstract A 1764 manuscript petition, a “humble Petition” from Lancaster County, differs substantially from the published Remonstrance that has been taken to represent the views of the Paxton Boys, who murdered 20 Native Americans in Lancaster County and attempted to destroy 140 more in the Philadelphia Barracks. The Remonstrance, which began with a Whiggish demand for increased legislative representation for frontier counties, has led historians to describe the Paxton Boys as frontier democrats who marched on Philadelphia to present grievances to the provincial government. The “humble Petition,” however, has little interest in legislative representation. It resembles the Declaration that defiantly defends the murders and threatens more. The “humble Petition,” then, enables us to reposition the Remonstrance as an expression of political elites—an early entry in the pamphlet war that followed the murders—who appropriated the Lancaster County murders to adjust power in Pennsylvania by means of the 1764 elections.

Abstract Eight black cutworm soil insecticide treatments were evaluated on a Dufiield silt loam soil in Lancaster County, Pa., during 1989. Six commercially available soil insecticides were used in the test. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications of 9 treatments was used. Granular treatments were applied at planting as a T-band application in 17.8 cm bands over the row using a John Deere Planter. Liquid formulations were applied using a backpack spray system. All treatments were applied on 1 Jun. The corn was planted on 1 Jun in 76.2 cm wide rows at 60,000 plants/ha. Stand counts and number of plants cut were evaluated on 7 and 23 Jun.

Abstract Trials were conducted in Landisville, Lancaster County, PA. ‘Roma’ tomatoes were transplanted on 15 May in rows 60 inches apart with 18-inch spacing between plants. Plots consisted of one 20-ft treatment row alternated with buffer rows planted to ‘Pick Red’ tomatoes spaced 36 inches apart. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates was used. Insecticides were applied on 18 Jun, 16 Jul, 6 Aug with a CO2 pressurized back-pack sprayer delivering 20 gal/acre at 20 psi. Five stems per plot were sampled throughout the growing season for all stages of CPB. Plant damage rated on a I to 5 scale based on leaf loss were 1 = 0-5% loss, 2-6-25% loss, 3 = 26-50% loss, 4 = 51-75% loss, and 5 = >75% loss.

The precise connection between “bastard feudalism,” the characteristic form of aristocratic social organization in later medieval England, and the disordered condition of English politics in the later Middle Ages has long been a subject for debate among historians. While earlier writers had no doubt that the emergence of magnate affinities—bands of men bound to a lord by an indenture of retainer and a money fee rather than by a heritable fief in land—in the early fourteenth century had destructive consequences for the quality of public order, their unfavorable judgments have now been largely replaced by a more sympathetic account of the workings of magnate lordship, which portrays the late medieval affinity as neither an aberration nor a degeneration from the arrangements of an earlier age, but, rather, the logical successor to them. The creation of this consensus represents, however, only the first stage in the effort to reach a proper understanding of the mechanics of lordship in later medieval England, for it raises a number of secondary questions that have yet to be resolved. How pervasive, for instance, was the network of clientage and patronage represented by the magnate affinity?One view holds that this network “formed the fabric of contemporary life”: a magnate could effectively control a county or counties by using his indentured retainers “to diffuse the lord's influence through the areas where his estates lay, into the wider affinity, and even among landowners outside the affinity, using above all the power they could wield as local administrators.”

Abstract Certified Class B ‘Katahdin’ seed potatoes were planted 29 Apr in a Hagerstown silt loam soil at Landisville, Lancaster County, PA. Plant spacing was 9 inches with 34 inches between rows. Plots were 6 rows x 20 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Treatments consisted of in-furrow applications of Temik 15G, Furadan 15G, Thimet 20G, or Oxamyl 15G, each applied at 3.0 lb (AI)/acre. Additional treatments consisted of: Temik at 1.0 lb (AI)/acre applied in-furrow (IF) plus 1.0 lb (AI)/acre applied as a side-dress at plant emergence (EM); and Temik at 2.0 lb (AI)/acre applied as a side-dress only (EM). Colorado potato beetle (CPB) was sampled weekly on 10 randomly selected plants in each plot. Damage index was assigned on a scale of: (1) 0-5% leaf loss to (5) > 75% leaf loss. On 29 Jul the entire field was sprayed with Pydrin 2.4EC (0.2 lb (AI)/acre) to reduce CPB pressure. Two rows per plot were harvested on 16 Sep and graded by size.

ABSTRACT In 1895 Pennsylvania passed the so-called “Garb Law” prohibiting public school teachers from wearing religiously distinctive clothing. Although aimed at Catholic nuns in western Pennsylvania, the law was first enforced in Lancaster County against plain-dressed Mennonite and Brethren school teachers. The 1908 prosecution of Mennonite Lillian Risser and the school board that hired her was the first case to test the law. Although the district court ruled in Risser’s favor, the Superior and Supreme Courts reversed that judgement and upheld the Garb Law, drawing on the precedents provided by John Banister Gibson, a prominent antebellum Pennsylvania Supreme Court justice whose legal legacy had produced a remarkably narrow view of religious free exercise. Risser’s legal challenge remains an important episode in the ongoing debate over the boundaries of religious liberty in Pennsylvania. It also recalls an early example of legal engagement on the part of Pennsylvania’s plain people.

Abstract Certified, Class B ‘Katahdin’ seed potatoes were planted on 29 Apr at Landisville, Lancaster County, PA. Plant spacing was 9 inch with 34 inch between rows. Plot size was 4 rows x 25 ft with 2 border rows and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Temik 15G (1.0 lb (AI)/acre) was applied in-furrow to all treatments including the control. Starting in Jun, Dithane M-45 was applied (1.5 lb (AI)/acre) on a 5- to 7-day schedule for potato late blight control. The foliar insecticides were applied 17 Jun, 10 and 29 Jul, and 12 Aug with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer set to deliver 30 gal per acre at 22 psi. Ten stems per plot were sampled weekly as well as before and after spraying for all stages of Colorado potato beetle (CPB). A subjective damage index was implemented: 1) indicating 0-5% leaf loss, to 5) indicating > 75% leaf loss. Two rows per plot were harvested on 16 Sep and graded by size. Average maximum and minimum daily temperatures (°F) were 79.3 and 51.4 for May, 85.3 and 56.8 for Jun, 87.0 and 62.3 for Jul, and 85.8 and 49.8 for Aug, respectively. Rainfall totalled 1.45 inches for May, 3.85 inches for Jun, 9.23 inches for Jul, and 3.76 inches for Aug.

The Dayton, Osgood, and Laurel Formations and the Euphemia, Springfield, and basal part of the Cedarville Dolomites near the axis of the Cincinnati Arch in northeast Preble County, Ohio, belong in the uppermost part of the Ozarkodina sagitta rhenana to lower part of the Ozarkodina? crassa Chronozone and are late early to middle Wenlockian in age. The Dayton–Cedarville succession on the eastern flank of the Cincinnati Arch in north-central Greene County, Ohio, belongs in the uppermost part of the Pterospathodus celloni to upper part of the Ancoradella ploeckensis Chronozone and is late Llandoverian to early middle Ludlovian in age.The sea transgressed across the exposed and eroded Brassfield Formation to begin deposition of the Dayton Formation on the eastern flank of the Cincinnati Arch in Greene County, Ohio, during the late Llandoverian and completely flooded all of west-central Ohio by the late early Wenlockian. The region remained covered by a sea of fluctuating depth during deposition of the Dayton Formation–Cedarville Dolomite succession from the Wenlockian through early middle Ludlovian.Kockelella walliseri (Helfrich) evolved from K. ranuliformis (Walliser) during the middle Wenlockian (upper part of Ozarkodina sagitta rhenana Chronozone) by development of a lateral process adjacent to the cusp on the Pa element and by minor modification of the Pb element and some of the ramiform elements. Specimens from upper Llandoverian and lower Wenlockian strata previously assigned to K. walliseri belong to a different species, Kockelella sp. A Fordham, 1991. The evolutionary trends in the K. walliseri lineage, progressive restriction of the basal cavity and increasing development of the length of the lateral processes in the Pa element, parallel the trends in the K. amsdeni–K. stauros–K. variabilis lineage and resulted in the divergence of Kockelella cf. K. stauros Bischoff, 1986, from the main lineage in the middle Wenlockian.

Abstract The fairway located in Lancaster County, PA, consisted primarily of perennial ryegrass (80%) and creeping bentgrass (50%). Treatment plots were 7 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 4 gal/1000 ft2. At the 1st treatment time (4 Jun), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 68° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 64° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 62° F; RH, 67%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inch; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 30.7% sand, 61.9% silt, 7.4% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 28.3%; organic matter, 5.6%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.1; time of treatment, mid-morning; and overcast skies. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water 3 fir after treatment. At the 2nd treatment time (15 Jul), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 78° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 74° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 75° F; RH, 75%; amount of thatch, 0.0625-0.125 inch; soil type; silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 30.7% sand, 61.9% silt, 7.4% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 37.7%; organic matter, 7.2%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.9; time of treatment, mid-morning; and cloudy skies. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water immediately after product dried. A the 3rd treatment time (12 Aug), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 65° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 69° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 69° F; RH, 90%; amount of thatch, 0.0625-0.125 inch; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 30.7% sand, 61.9% silt, 7.4% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 40.0%; organic matter, 5.7%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.5; time of treatment, early morning; and cloudy skies. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water immediately after product dried. Post-treatment counts were made on 29 Aug. The total number of green of June beetle larvae flushed to the surface following an application of Sevin SL over a 24-hr observation interval was recorded from each replicate.

Summary The Triangle "U" unit is located in Campbell County, Wyoming, in the Powder River basin. The field produces mainly from the Sussex A sandstone, with completions and limited production from the Sussex B. The flood recovered 12.8% original oil in place (OOIP) on primary before the waterflood, which began in March 1981. The Sussex A is relatively tight, with an average permeability of 15 md and porosity of 13.5%. The rock contains swelling and migrating clays, and the initial injection water source was fresh, leading to concerns about long-term injectivity. To stabilize clays, two different processes were applied. Earlier injection wells were treated with a combination of potassium chloride (KCl) and cationic polymer. Later injection wells were treated with potassium hydroxide (KOH). A recent comparison of long-term performance of the two groups of injection wells shows that the wells treated with KOH injected 476,437 bbls/porosity-ft more water than the wells treated with cationic polymer, in 1.4 years less time. This is an 83% increase in cumulative water injection. After KOH, all injection wells were put on a low concentration of imbibition agent to maximize in-depth penetration of water into low permeable rock. Cumulative oil recovery through March 1997 is 36.4% OOIP, compared to the original waterflood projection of 26.6% OOIP. A total of 37.7% pore volume (PV) water has been injected, and the water/oil ratio (WOR) is currently 0.71, for a fairly efficient flood in this tight, dirty sandstone. Introduction The Triangle "U" unit produced 12.8% OOIP on primary before initiation of a waterflood. Several methods of secondary recovery were considered for this reservoir. Gas injection was not feasible because of limited supplies, and micellar injection was too expensive and risky. Waterflood susceptibility testing in cores showed favorable displacement of oil by water, making this the most appropriate secondary recovery method. The waterflood was projected to recover an additional 13.8% OOIP. Polymer flooding was not considered, because the mobility ratio was favorable and the reservoir was relatively tight, with an average permeability of 15 md. There were two basic challenges to waterflooding. First, there was concern that clays would limit injectivity over time. Also, the rock exhibited a permeability variation of 0.65, which could lead to bypassing of recoverable oil as water tended to establish channels through more permeable rock. Clays can exacerbate channeling. SPE 53007 was revised for publication from paper SPE 39937, first presented at the 1998 SPE Rocky Mountain Regional/Low Permeability Reservoirs Symposium, Denver, Colorado, 5-8 April.

Invasive species pose a threat to native wildlife species worldwide. Through predation, competition, disturbance, hybridization, and disease transmission, invasive mammals interrupt natural ecosystem functions. Domestic dogs and cats affect wild populations of mammal, avian, and reptile species. Wildlife rehabilitation centers accept wild animals as patients for treatment after they have had contact with a domestic animal with the goal of releasing them back into the environment. The authors’ objective was to evaluate the impacts of domestic cats and dogs on small mammals and birds located in south central Pennsylvania. Wildlife rehabilitators rely on the public to bring them injured animals. Species bias exists among rescuers, as such, this study was not a comprehensive assessment of the problem in Pennsylvania. Survival of patients admitted to Raven Ridge Wildlife Center in Lancaster County, PA between July 2015 and June 2016 was analyzed based on species, reason for admission, location, and season. Survival of patients who had been attacked by cats was significantly lower than those admitted for any other reason. Cats and dogs impacted 23 species, including three rabies vector species. Eastern cottontails accounted for a majority of cat and dog attacks. Moreover, no admitted avian species survived a dog or cat attack on any occasion. Attacks by both dogs and cats increased during breeding season (March–August) for many species, with most attacks occurring in urban areas. Care for wildlife injured by dogs and cats cost Raven Ridge Wildlife Center an estimated $7,557.00 in one year. Wildlife rehabilitators should focus on reducing the likelihood of these attacks through public outreach. Both cat and dog attacks occurred near locations identified as important breeding habitat for threatened or endangered birds, making prevention of these events a priority.

In the winter of 1771, the colonial assembly of Pennsylvania received a petition from voters in Lancaster County asking for the construction of a turnpike from the Susquehanna River to Philadelphia. Supporters of the project believed that the new road would spur economic development, and in support of this claim they cited developments in England. England's turnpikes, they argued, had made long-distance travel efficient and safe, had contributed to an expansion of commerce and manufacturing, and had increased the value of agricultural land. Shortly after these claims were published in the Pennsylvania Gazette, John Woolman, a Quaker reformer in Mount Holly, New Jersey, began hearing troubling stories about the English roads. Woolman was best known as an opponent of slavery, but in his writings and travels he had voiced concerns on an array of other economic issues, including exploitative labor relations generally, and the overwork and abuse of animals. In 1772, Woolman was planning to travel in England, and thus he had reason to pay attention to reports about the English roads.One of the innovations of England's turnpike era was the “flying coach.” This was a carriage pulled by a team of six horses, and it achieved efficiency not so much by running fast as by starting early in the morning and going for long hours continuously. Woolman heard that flying coaches could cover one hundred miles in twenty-four hours, and that they “often run over foot people in the dark.”

Abstract The insecticide trials were conducted in Lancaster County, Landisville, Pa. Certified 'Katahdin' seed potatoes were planted on 3 May with 9 inch spacing between plants and 3 ft between rows. Plot size was 4 rows by 25 ft with 2 border rows arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Temik 15 G (1.0 lb [AI]/acre) was applied in furrow at planting for all treatments. The control received Temik at planting, however, no specific foliar insecticide was applied to the plot. The entire field was sprayed with 0.1 lb [AI]/acre permethrin on 8 and 15 Jun to protect the emerging plants from adult Colorado potato beetle (CPB). An application of Asana 0.0375 lb Al/acre was applied on 5 Jul to reduce the high density of CPB. Experimental treatments were applied on 30 Jun, 5, 22, 25 Jul, and 4 Aug. The entire field was sprayed again with Asana (0.0375 lb Al/acre) on 9 Aug. Border rows were sprayed with Pydrin (0.2 lb Al/acre) and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) (0.4 lb Al/acre). A George White boom sprayed delivering 30 gal/acre at 27 psi was used to spray the plants. A hand held COa pressurized spray was also used to apply the materials. Thirty gal of spray material was delivered/acre at 27 psi also with the hand sprayer. Sprays were applied by the tractor mounted sprayed at 3 mph; a Ty-18 type nozzle with 50 mesh screens were used. Five or 10 stems/plot were sampled before the spray was applied. Counts were taken 24-72 h following application with all stages of CPB being sampled. Average daily temperatures (°F) were 62.6° for May, 70.6° for Jun, 77.7° for Jul, and 75.2° for Aug. Departure from average was 8.8 degrees for this period. Rainfall totals were 5.99 inches in May, 1.16 inches in Jun, 7.97 inches in Jul, and 4.37 inches in Aug.

Abstract The trials were conducted in Lancaster County, Landisville, Pa. Certified class B 'Katahdin' seed potatoes were planted on 30 May with 9 inch spacing between plants and 34 inches between rows. Plot were 4 rows by 25 ft with 2 border rows arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Temik 15 G (1.0 lb [AI]/acre) was applied in furrow at planting for all treatments. The control received Temik at planting, however, no foliar treatment was applied to the plot. The foliar insecticides were applied on 24 Jun, 16, 30 Jul, and 11 Aug with a George White boom sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 27 psi. Border rows were sprayed with Asana (0.0735 lb [AI]/acre) on 26 Jun by hand, and with the boom sprayer on later dates. A Tx-18 type spray nozzle with a 50 mesh screen was used, with the tractor speed at 3 mph. Ten stems per plot were sampled immediately before and 24 h after spraying, with all stages of Colorado potato beetle being sampled. A subjective damage index was implemented beginning on 2 Jul: 1 indicating 0-5% leaf loss to 5 indicating >75% defoliation. Two 25 ft rows/plot were harvested on 25 Sep, and graded by size 2 weeks later. Average maximum and minimum daily temperatures (degree fahrenheit) were 76.2° and 49.3° for May, 89.6° and 59.1° for Jun, 89.0° and 63.5° for Jul, and 85.5° and 58.5° for Aug, respectively. Rainfall totals were 3.62 inches in May, 1.88 inches in Jun, 2.85 inches in Jul, and 1.99 inches in Aug. Precipitation for May was 0.04 inches above normal. Jun precipitation was 2.22 inches below normal. Jul precipitation was 1.52 inches below normal. Aug precipitation was 1.62 inches below normal. A factor affecting the trials was drought stress (precipitation for May through Aug was 5.32 inches below normal).

Abstract This commercial field test was conducted in cooperation with Ed and Jim Ranck of Noble Oak Farms near Nine Points, PA, in eastern Lancaster County. A conventionally-tilled 6-acre field, which was soybeans in 1984, was planted on 30-inch centers with ‘DK587’ field corn on 19 Apr ‘85 with no soil insecticide. When corn was at the 10-12 leaf stage (38-inch extended leaf height), scouting for first generation European corn borer “shot-hole” feeding damage (20 consecutive plants in each of 8 randomly selected areas of the field) indicated that 83% of the plants were infested. Larvae were first and second costar with an average 5.6 larvae/plant, determined by dissecting the last infested plant within each 20-consecutive-plant sample and counting larvae. On 7 Jun ‘85, Lorsban 15G at 6.5 lb/acre (1.0 lb (AI)/acre) was applied using a small-plot Gandy air-spred granular applicator (compliments of Gandy Corp) pulled behind a tractor. Granules were applied directly over the whorls with 4 rows treated the length of the field (about .25 mile) and replicated 6 times. Treated strips were separated by 4-row non-treated strips. On 10-11 Jul ‘85 the effectiveness of the treatments was evaluated by dissecting 5 consecutive plants from 4 random sample sites within each treated strip and 6 non-treated strips, and counting the no. of live corn borer larvae, pupae and empty tunnels caused by borer feeding. A yield evaluation was made on 26 Sep ‘85 by commercially harvesting, with the farmers‘ 4-row combine, about 520 ft of each 4-row treated and non-treated strip near one end of the field (for ease of harvesting and weighing). Grain from each strip was weighed separately (using a weigh wagon furnished by Dekalb-Pfizer Seed Co.), and % moisture was determined with a moisture tester at the field.

Abstract This commercial field test was conducted in cooperation with Marty Greenleaf of Green Acre Farms near Kirkwood, PA in southeastern Lancaster County. A 4-acre field, which was corn in 1984, was no-till planted on 30-inch centers with ‘Todd M75’ field corn on 26 Apr ‘85 with Counter 15G soil insecticide at 8 lb/acre When corn was at the 7 to 9-leaf stage (38-inch extended leaf height), scouting for first generation ECB “shot-hole” feeding damage (20 consecutive plants in each of 5 randomly selected areas of the field) indicated that 41% of the plants were infested. Larvae were first and second instar with an average 2.0 larvae/plant. In addition fresh egg masses were found on several plants. On 6 Jun ‘85 Lorsban 15G at 6.5 lb/acre (1.0 lb (AI)/acre) was applied using a small-plot Gandy air-spred granular applicator (compliments of Gandy Corp) pulled behind a tractor. Granules were applied directly over the whorls with 3 rows treated the length of the field and 3 adjacent rows treated in the return trip across the field. This exact procedure was replicated 3 times in the field (totalling about 0.7-0.8 treated acres). Treated strips were separated by 6-row non-treated strips. On 10-11 Jul ‘85 the treatments were evaluated by dissecting 10 plants (5 consecutive plants from each of 2 rows) from 3 random sample sites within each treated strip and 3 non-treated strips, and counting the no. of live corn borer larvae and empty tunnels caused by borer feeding. A yield evaluation was made on 25 Sep ‘85 by commercially harvesting, with the farmer‘s 6-row combine, the entire length of each treated strip and each adjacent non-treated “check” strip. Grain from each strip was weighed separately (using a weigh wagon furnished by Dow Chemical), and % moisture was determined with a moisture tester.

Abstract The insecticide trials were conducted in Lancaster County, Landi.sville, Pa. Certified 'Katahdin' seed potatoes were planted on 30 May with 9 inch spacing between plants and 3 ft between rows. Plots size was 4 rows by 25 ft with 2 border rows arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Temik 15 G (1.0 lb [AI]/acre) was applied in furrow at planting for all treatments. The control received the Temik application, however, no specific foliar insecticide was applied. The entire field was sprayed with 0.0375 lb (AI)/ acre esfenvalerate on 20 Jul to reduce the high density Colorado potato beetle (CPB). Experimental treatments were applied on 27 Jun, 11 Jul, and 2, 9, and 18 Aug. A George White boom sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 27 psi was used to spray the plants. A hand held CO2 pressurized spray was also used to apply the materials. Thirty gal of spray material was delivered/acre at 27 psi also with the hand sprayer. Sprays were applied by the tractor mounted sprayed at 3 mph; a Ty-18 type nozzle with 50 mesh screens were used. Five or ten stems/plot were sampled before the spray was applied. Counts were recorded 24-72 h after the sprays were applied with all stages being sampled. Two 25 ft rows/plot were harvested on 4 Oct, and graded by size two wk later. Average daily temperatures (degree Fahrenheit) were 72.2° for Jun, 74.6° for Jul, and 72.2° for Aug. Departure from average was 2.8 degrees for this period. Rainfall totals were 4.43 inches in Jun, 6.6 inches in Jul, and 1.58 inches in Aug. Total for the 3 mo was 12.61. Precipitation for Jun was 0.33 inches above normal. Jul precipitation was 2.24 inches above normal. Aug precipitation was 2.03 inches below normal. Rainfall following applications were 0.44 inches on 28 Jun.

Abstract This commercial field test was conducted in cooperation with Matt and Dave Young of Red Knob Farms near Little Britain, PA, in southern Lancaster County. Insecticide applications were made by these farmers with conventional ground equipment. In one 13-acre field a severe common stalk borer infestation had occurred in 1984, requiring replanting. Winter rye was sown in the fall 1984 and was cut for ryelage 25 Apr ‘85. On 9 May ‘85, ‘HP470’ field corn was no-till planted on 30-inch centers using a 4-row White 5400 no-till planter equipped with granular applicators. Furadan 15G was applied at 10 lb/acre (1.5 lb (AI)/acre) the entire length of the field in alternating strips, such that the first 14 rows (35 ft) were treated, then 28 rows not treated, followed by 14 rows treated. Four days later on 13 May ‘85, an herbicidal tank-mix application was made, including Bladex 4L (2.5 pt/acre), Atrazine 4L (2 pt/acre), Paraquat (.5 pt/acre), Dual 8E (1.25 pt/acre) and X-77 (1 pt/acre) in 25 gal water/acre, on the first and third 14-row strips (35 ft boom width). Pydrin 2.4EC at 8 oz/acre (.15 lb(AI)/acre) was then added to this tank-mix and applied to the second and fourth 14-row strips. This exact procedure sample sites each 50 ft long within the middle 2 rows of each of the 14-row treatments established. All plants at each of these sample sites were examined for common stalk borer feeding damage. A second evaluation was similarly conducted on 26 Jun ‘85, using 1 adjacent row on each side of the 2 middle rows of each treatment. All plants damaged by common stalk borer were removed and dissected, and the number of larvae recorded. Actual corn silage yields were determined 11 Sep ‘85 by commercially chopping corn from the middle 2 rows of each 14-row treatment, the entire length of the field. Silage was collected in trucks and weighed at a local scales, and % moisture was determined with the farmers’ moisture tester.

Abstract The incidence of liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer for Asian Americans is almost 2 times greater in comparison to Non-Hispanic white women and men. A major factor that contributes to liver cancer is hepatitis b (HBV) infection, which disproportionally affects Asian Americans, who represent 7% of the total US population but makes up around 58% of HBV-linked hepatocellular carcinoma cases. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the neighborhood environment, including neighborhood walkability, Asianicity, and neighborhood disadvantage on HBV monitoring related behavior such as doctors' visits and HBV blood testing among Asian HBV patients. A total of 160 study participants were recruited from March 2019 to March 2020 through combined recruitment approaches, including through medical record review by authorized staff from collaborating health clinics, pharmacies, or community health centers and community-based organizations including racial/ethnic based educational and community centers, religion-based organizations, and senior centers. Study measures included baseline assessment information including sociodemographics, HBV infection history, HBV monitoring behavior, and knowledge about HBV prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Neighborhood level measures included neighborhood disadvantage, Asianicity, and neighborhood walkability using census and online measures. Hierarchical generalized linear models (HGLM) were used to account for individual nested within neighborhoods for predicting factors associated with doctor’s visits and blood test. Greater neighborhood disadvantage (OR=0.97, 95% CI=0.95-0.99, p=0.0041) and Asianicity (OR=0.97, 95% CI=0.95-0.98, p=0.0003), and lower neighborhood walkability (OR=1.06, 95% CI=1.02-1.09, p=0.0039) were associated with a lower likelihood of doctor visits for CHB. Greater Asianicity (OR=0.97, 95% CI=0.96-0.99, p=0.0044) was associated with a lower likelihood of HBV blood testing in the past 6 months. Evident neighborhood environment effects suggest the need to incorporate these factors into interventions to enhance HBV self-monitoring behaviors and slow disease progression of chronic HBV. Citation Format: Aisha Bhimla, Wenyue Lu, Lin Zhu, Yin Tan, Di Zhu, Jade Truehart, Ming-Chin Yeh, Minhhuyen Nguyen, Grace X. Ma. Neighborhood influences on chronic hepatitis B monitoring behaviors among Asian Americans residing in Philadelphia county [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr C087.

Summary Recently measured data show that the absolute permeability of coal natural fracture is increasing significantly with continued gas production in the San Juan basin Fruitland formation. This phenomenon caused gas-production rates to be many times greater than expected from early production history. The phenomenon also caused producing bottomhole pressures to increase when gas rates were constant, opposite from that expected from conventional applications of Darcy's law. The increase in absolute permeability caused by gas desorption has been measured on cores, but, until recently, there was no verification that this phenomenon occurs in situ. Palmer and Mansoori (P&M) presented a new theory and showed how this theory matched gas- and water-production rates and estimated bottomhole-pressure data for a high-deliverability San Juan basin Fruitland formation coal-gas well. However, Palmer and Mansoori had no transient pressure data to support in-situ permeability changes. This paper documents data from drill stem tests (DST's) and shut-in tests with analyses there of and additional production-rate and pressure behaviors that support the P&M theory. The well-test data were measured in three wells completed in the San Juan basin Fruitland formation coal seams located under the Valencia Canyon (VC) area. These wells, VC 29-4, VC 32-1, and VC 32-4, are located in Sections 29 and 32, T33N, RllW, La Plata County, Colorado, and operated by EnerVest San Juan Operating LLC. In addition to the well-test data, EnerVest and the Gas Research Inst. (GRI) collected extensive formation-evaluation data and performed detailed analyses that allowed a thorough description of the area. Although there are other wells operated by EnerVest in the area, well-test data were not available from the other wells to determine the absolute permeability estimates; therefore, these wells are not discussed in this paper. The P&M theory was calibrated with well-test-derived absolute permeability estimates and published coal-shrinkage data. Reservoir simulation models, based on the calibrated theory, matched the unusual producing, bottomhole-pressure behavior. Without the P&M theory it was not possible to match pressure behavior or permeability estimates with reasonable variations of reservoir properties input into the reservoir-simulation models. The remainder of this paper summarizes the well-test analysis results from the three wells and, for brevity, one set of well-test data and one simulation study. The well-test data and simulation studies for the other wells were similar to the examples.

Purpose Glutaric acidemia type 1 (GA1), a rare hereditary metabolic disease caused by biallelic mutations of GCDH, can result in acute or insidious striatal degeneration within the first few years of life. We reviewed the orthopaedic sequelae and management of 114 neurologically injured patients with a confirmed molecular diagnosis of GA1. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review spanning 28 years identifying 114 GA1 patients, most from the Old Order Amish population of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, who were homozygous for a pathogenic founder variant of GCDH (c.1262C>T). We collected demographics, medical comorbidities, muscle tone patterns, Gross Motor Function Classification System level, gastrostomy tube status, seizure history, inpatient events, orthopaedic diagnoses and operative characteristics. Results Over an average follow-up of 4.7 ± 3.4 years, 24 (21%) of 114 patients had musculoskeletal problems requiring orthopaedic consultation. Scoliosis (n = 14), hip dislocation (n = 8/15 hips), hip subluxation (n = 2/three hips), and windswept hip deformity (n = 2) in the spine and hip joint were most common. In total, 35 orthopaedic surgeries were performed in 17 (71%) patients. The most common primary operations were one-stage procedures with proximal femoral varus derotation osteotomy and/or pelvic osteotomy (n = 8/14 hips) for subluxation or dislocation. In all, 11 patients had posterior spinal fusion for severe scoliosis. With the recommended metabolic management, there were no disease-specific complications in this cohort. Conclusions Children with GA1 who have static striatal lesions are at risk for musculoskeletal complications, especially scoliosis and hip dislocation, and appropriate operative management requires consultation with a metabolic specialist with specific considerations for fluid management and nutrition. Level of Evidence IV

Summary A microbial profile modification (MPM) process consisting of sequential injection of spores and nutrient was designed and tested for the first time in a carbonate reservoir. An 80-acre, inverted five-spot pattern located in Eunice Monument South Unit in Lea County, New Mexico, was chosen for the field trial. Injection profiles taken before and after the microbial treatment showed that the thief zones were plugged by the biofilm resulting in fluid diversion. Injection profiles also indicated that the biofilm which formed in the reservoir remained stable for more than 8 months. The results of the field trial proved the viability of the MPM technology. Introduction Field History and Geology. The Eunice Monument field is located on the northwestern edge of the Central Basin Platform in southeastern Lea County, New Mexico, approximately 15 miles southwest of the city of Hobbs. The field was discovered on March 21, 1929 with the majority of field development occurring from 1934 through 1937. The well development in the Eunice Monument South Unit (EMSU) was on 40-acre spacing. In May 1937, primary oil production peaked. The field was produced under primary means until unitization of the field occurred in February 1985. Oil was produced primarily from dolomites of the Permian (Guadalupian) -aged Grayburg Formation. A minor amount of production was also from the overlying lower Queen (Penrose) Formation. Underlying the Grayburg is the San Andres Formation, a waterdrive reservoir. The Grayburg is at an average depth of about 3,700 ft and averages 250 ft thick with a reservoir temperature of 90°F. It is subdivided into six zones based on relatively thin, generally impermeable sandstone. Porosity ranges up to approximately 20% with a fieldwide average of 9.4%. The permeability range is approximately 0.01 to 75 md with an average of 13 md. The reservoir is very heterogeneous with the DP coefficient of about 0.85. Waterflood pattern development of the unit was 80-acre five-spot, and the initial injection was started in November 1986 with full-scale injection underway by June 1988. The early water injection rate was limited to between 500 and 700 B/D per injector, and later the rates were increased from 500 to 2,500 B/D per well. The original oil in these formations was estimated to be 671.5 MMSTBO, and the cumulative recovery to date has been approximately 127 MMSTBO. The crude oil is light with a gravity of 32°APl, and the reservoir brine contains substantial amounts of calcium and magnesiums ions. The brine compositions are listed in Table 1. Microbial Profile Modification Process. In our previous papers,1,2 we presented the basic concept and some data on a microbial profile modification (MPM) process. The microbe used for this process is Salton-1, a gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium with a width of about 0.2 to 0.3 ?m and a length of 0.5 to 1.0 ?m. It closely resembles the species Bacillus licheniformis,3 and is a facultative anaerobic mesophile. More details of this process are given elsewhere.1 In this paper, the laboratory design and implementation of the MPM process in the EMSU field are presented. Experiment All tube and core tests were conducted at 90°F. To simulate reservoir environment, test tubes containing inoculum, were anaerobically incubated. For core tests, fired Berea cores with dimensions of 2.54 cm diam×30 were used. In some tests, reservoir plugs of 2.5 cm diam×5 to 6 cm length were used. The brine permeability of all Berea cores was about 1,000 md to mimic the thief zones. The specific values are noted in the figures. All nutrient media and spore suspensions prepared for the core and tube tests were made in injection water unless otherwise stated. We used a backpressure of 1,500 psi in the core tests to remove any spurious effect of the gas produced by the microbial activity on permeability reduction. The Berea cores had two pressure taps, equally spaced along the core. The Hassler type of core holder was used for the reservoir plugs. Generally, a 1-PV of 107 (colony forming unit per mL) of spore suspension was followed by an equal amount of nutrient solution, and the core containing inoculum was incubated or shut in for a specified period, followed by post-brineflush. The injection rate was 10 mL/h. Thereafter, some cores containing biofilm were further incubated for stability test. Any deviation from these procedures has been specified as appropriate. The fermented medium was microscopically examined to check the viability of the microbes and also the stage of their life cycle. In addition, viable counts or enumeration were done on agar plates. The stability of biofilm was assessed by hand shaking of the tube, and the biofilm was termed stable if it did not break upon shaking. Field water analysis was performed with an ion chromatography unit (IC). Eluants were made with de-gassed DI water and filtered through a 0.22 ?m filter. Helium gas was initially bubbled through the eluant and the eluant was kept under the helium blanket throughout the experiment. The injection and the produced water samples were passed through a cation exchange (SCX) column to remove cations prior to the chromatographic runs. Also, the guard and analytical columns were preconditioned prior to the sample runs to establish a stable baseline, and were tested with known samples for concentration and retention time. For anion analysis, a conductivity detector with AS4A-SC analytical and guard columns, as well as an anion membrane suppressor, was used. The eluant was a mixture of 1.8 mM of Na2CO3 and 1.7 mM of NaHCO3 . The membrane suppressor solution was 50 mN of H2SO4. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy was used for the cation analysis.

Summary Thirty-six thousand four hundred barrels of CO2 gelled foam were successfully placed via an injector well into the Rangely Weber Sand Unit in Colorado. The treatment objectives were (1) to improve volumetric conformance in this CO2 flood by reducing excessive CO2 breakthrough through fractures, and (2) to increase oil recovery from the associated producers. Local reservoir characteristics indicate the need for a large-volume treatment to achieve these goals. The required treatment volume is beyond the economic limits of standard gel systems. Foam gel technology is one way to economically achieve in-depth conformance improvement at Rangely by replacing 60 to 80% of the liquid phase by the less expensive CO2 phase. A gelled foam system was specifically designed for application to Rangely conformance problems. The field-tested surfactant/gel system was designed according to the following criteria:to produce strong and robust gelled foams under the harsh pH conditions of a CO2 flood,to provide enough gelation delay to achieve the injection of a large foam volume with manageable injectivity reduction, andto considerably reduce the unit cost of the treatment fluid relative to standard non-foamed gel systems. This paper describes the methodology used to design and test the optimum gelled foam system for Rangely. Laboratory results are presented to support the chemicals system selection, including gelation kinetics experiments, surfactant selection, and corefloods with supercritical CO2 at field conditions. The candidate well selection process is described, including injection profile surveys, offset well response, and bypassed reserves calculation. Data taken during the injection phase of the program, including injectivity history and on-site quality control monitoring of the chemical system behavior, are given. Finally a preliminary assessment of the impact of the treatment on CO2 cycling rates and incremental oil production is presented. Introduction Oil recovery efficiency in CO2 floods can be substantially reduced if premature CO2 breakthrough occurs at offset producers through fractures. Injector polymer gel treatments have successfully improved volumetric sweep in some CO2 field projects.1 CO2 diversion from the fracture network to the adjacent matrix rock resulted in the recovery of additional oil reserves. However, the volume of injector polymer gel treatments can be limited by cost, which in turn limits the potential impact on reservoir sweep. If there is significant crossflow between the thief zone and the remainder of the reservoir, larger treatment volumes impact sweep over a large volume of the reservoir, thereby improving incremental oil recovery.2 Gelled foam technology is one way to economically increase the treatment volume when reservoir characteristics dictate the need for in-depth conformance improvement. Fluid costs can be substantially reduced if 60 to 80% of the expensive aqueous phase can be replaced by a cheap, readily available phase such as CO2 The major difference between gelled foams and aqueous foams is that, after some time, the liquid phase of the gelled foam gels, thereby greatly enhancing the mechanical stability of the foam lamellae network. Ideally the liquid phase of the gelled foam system will not gel during the injection phase. Thus the system behaves like a foam during injection, and, after gelling, it behaves like a gel by forming a flow barrier. Thus the treatment volume can be cost-effectively increased if the foam can be generated/propagated in the fracture network, the gelation of the liquid phase of the foam can be delayed, and the gelled foam can provide sufficient flow resistance to divert reservoir drive fluids. An additional benefit of CO2 entrained in the gel volume is that the system will be less dense than "traditional" gel treatments. This reduced density will make it easier to place the gelled foam where the less dense CO2 travels in the reservoir, i.e., in the upper regions of fractures or thief zones. Mechanistic studies of gelled foam for waterflood diversion have been conducted in etched glass micromodels.3,4 It was found that, below a critical pressure gradient, gelled foam barriers efficiently render porous media impermeable to gas or liquid flow. Above the critical pressure gradient, the gelled lenses rupture, creating a conductive path for the injected fluid. Although the gelled foam lamellae rupture, some of the gel debris remains in pore throats and continues to provide a resistance to flow. The critical pressure gradient depends on foam quality, gel strength, and rock permeability. Based on these preliminary results, a study was undertaken to develop a gelled foam conformance control system for field application. Rangely field was selected as the first target to test this technology. A miscible CO2 flood was initiated in the Rangely Weber Sand Unit in 1986. The field-wide performance of the CO2 project has been successful. However, excessive CO2 cycling through fractures has resulted in inadequate volumetric sweep in some areas of the field. Large-volume injector gel treatments (10,000 to 15,000 bbl) have been conducted, which were successful at improving CO2 utilization.5 However, the magnitude of the CO2 breakthrough problem in specific field areas justifies the placement of even larger slugs to significantly impact volumetric sweep. The successful implementation of a large-volume gelled foam treatment could result in reduced operating costs (OPEX) and increased ultimate recovery. In this paper we report results on the laboratory development of a CO2 gelled foam conformance control system and its performance in a field trial conducted in one Rangely field injector well. Field and Well Selection The Rangely field is located in Rio Blanco County, Colorado, U.S.A. It is the largest field in the Rocky Mountain region in terms of daily and cumulative oil production.

Summary The Cambridge Minnelusa field alkaline-surfactant-polymer (ASP) flood was an economic and technical success, with ultimate incremental oil of 1,143,000 bbl at a cost of $2.42 per barrel. This success was due to an integrated approach of the application, including: reservoir engineering and geologic studies, laboratory chemical system design, numerical simulation, facilities design, and ongoing monitoring. This paper discusses how each of these was used in the design and evaluation of the Cambridge ASP project. Introduction The purpose of the alkaline-surfactant-polymer technology is to produce incremental oil by reducing the waterflood residual oil saturation. The technology combines interfacial tension-reducing chemicals (alkali and surfactant) with a mobility control chemical (polymer). The interfacial tension reducing chemicals minimize the capillary forces that trap waterflood residual oil while the mobility control chemical improves reservoir contact and flood efficiency. The first alkaline-surfactant-polymer project was performed in a nearby Minnelusa field.1,2 Other alkaline-surfactant-polymer projects include a pilot in an Oklahoma field,3 and three in People's Republic of China oil fields.4–9 Lessons learned from these projects and applied to the Cambridge alkaline-surfactant-polymer project are: good mobility control is essential for a successful project; a detailed study of the reservoir including geology, reservoir engineering, laboratory fluid design, and numerical simulation improve the probability of success; injection facilities must mix the injected solution according to the design parameters for a successful project; and attention to detail, including quality control of injected materials and scheduled maintenance of injection and mixing equipment, is important. The Cambridge field, located in Section 28 of Township 53N and Range 68W in Crook County, Wyoming, is operated by Plains Petroleum Operating Co., a subsidiary of Barrett Resources Corp. The field produces 31 cp, 20° API gravity crude oil from the Permian Minnelusa upper "B" sand at 2139 m [7,108 ft]. The reservoir temperature is 55.6°C [132°F] and the average thickness is 8.75 m [28.7 ft]. The crude oil formation volume factor is 1.03 with a bubblepoint of 586 kPa [85 psi]. The average porosity and permeability are 18% and 0.834 µm2 [845 md], respectively. Connate water saturation was 31.6% with an initial reservoir pressure of 12 355 kPa [1792 psi]. Field History The Cambridge field is defined as 1 131 500 m3 [7,117 Mbbl] pore volume with 795 000 STm3 [4,875 MSTB] of original oil in place. The field was discovered by McAdams, Roux, and Associates in 1989 with the MRA Federal 31-28. All subsequent drilling locations were based on three-dimensional (3D) seismic data. Peak primary oil production was 77.7 m3/d [489 BOPD]. Within a year, the production rate declined to 5.9 m3/d [37 BOPD], as is typical of Minnelusa reservoirs. The producing mechanism is fluid and rock expansion with the initial gas-oil ratio (GOR) being essentially zero. The Federal 21-28 and 32-28 began production in June 1990 with peak production of 11.0 and 46.4 m3/d [69 and 292 BOPD], respectively. Federal 23-28 started production in October 1990 with peak production occurring in November 1990 of 33.7 m3/d [212 BOPD] of oil and 2.9 m3/d [18 BWPD] of water. Primary production was 34 600 m3 [217.7 Mbbl] oil and 3800 m3 [23.3 Mbbl] water from December 1989 to January 1993. Water injection began in January 1993 with the conversion of the Federal 32-28. Alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution injection started one month later in February 1993. Therefore, the alkaline-surfactant-polymer process was applied as a secondary flood. As a result, operating costs are not duplicated by running a waterflood followed by an alkaline-surfactant-polymer flood. The polymer drive solution began injection in October 1996 with the final water drive beginning in May 2000. The chemical injection sequence was: 30.7% Vp of alkaline-surfactant-polymer solution followed by 29.7% Vp of polymer drive solution followed by water to the economic limit. Percent pore volume is based on swept area pore volume. Swept area is defined as the volume of reservoir contacted by the injected fluid and is approximately 82% of the total pore volume for the Cambridge field. Swept area injected volume and oil recovery calculations are more comparable to radial coreflood results than total field values. For reservoirs like the Minnelusa in which well placement is limited by reservoir geometry, comparison of total field calculations can be misleading. Differences in total field calculations are often dictated by reservoir contact inefficiency and not process efficiency. When this condition exists, swept area calculation is a better comparison to delineate accurately the economic injected chemical volumes and oil recovery. 10 The calculated swept area pore volume is 926 400 m 3 [5,827 Mbbl] and the original oil in place is 647 300 m3 [4,071.8 Mbbl]. Interpretation of 3D seismic data resulted in the drilling of the Federal 41A-28 in November 1994 and the Federal 33-28 in February 1996. Federal 41A-28 was produced through March 1996 and Federal 33-28 was produced through October 1998. Geologic Description The Cambridge field is on the eastern flank of the Powder River basin and produces oil from the Permian Minnelusa upper B sandstone. The Minnelusa formation is unconformably overlain in this area by the Opeche siltstone member of the Permian Goose Egg formation, which in turn is overlain by the regional Minnekahta limestone, also a member of the Goose Egg formation. The Minnelusa vertical sequence consists of alternating carbonates and sandstones. The Minnelusa upper B reservoir is a friable, Eolian sandstone with modest amounts of dolomite and anhydrite cement and is a preserved remnant of a highly dissected coastal dune complex. Dolomite and anhydrite cement are the main chemical adsorbing sites of the Cambridge sand. Fig. 1 depicts the field's net-pay isopach. The reservoir dips approximately 1.7° to the southwest. A water-oil contact controls the field's producing limit on the southwest. Dystra-Parsons is 0.57. Preferential flow of injected fluids follows an axis along Wells 41A-28 and 21-28. The 3D seismic indicates the sand thins between Wells 33-28 and 23-28.

Abstract Few studies have described the association between lifetime smoking exposures and young-onset breast cancer (YOBC) risk by BC subtypes including the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) subtype. This study explored associations between lifetime cumulative cigarette smoking exposure from both secondhand smoke (SHS) and personal smoking exposures and YOBC risk, overall and by BC subtype. Data are from the Young Women’s Health History Study, a population-based, case-control study of BC in non-Hispanic Black and White women 20-49 years of age. Invasive BC cases were identified in the Los Angeles County and Metropolitan Detroit Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry areas, 2010-2015 (n=1,812). Controls were identified through area-based sampling and frequency matched to cases by study site, race and age (n=1,381). Lifetime cumulative cigarette exposure (LCCE) was categorized as no personal or SHS exposure, only SHS exposure in childhood, only SHS exposure in adulthood, SHS exposure in childhood & adulthood, and ever personally smoked (with or without SHS exposure). BC subtypes were defined as Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2-type, and triple negative (TN) BC. We conducted multivariable adjusted sample-weighted logistic regression analysis to estimate the association between LCCE and YOBC risk among all participants and then among women who never personally smoked by duration of SHS exposure (<15 and ≥15 years). We also conducted adjusted polytomous logistic regression analyses and the Wald test to assess heterogeneity by BC subtype. Lifetime cumulative SHS exposure only was reported by 42% of participants, and an additional 37% reported personally smoking. In adjusted models, compared to no SHS, LCCE was not significantly associated with overall YOBC risk. Suggestive differences in YOBC risk by BC subtype were observed, however (P heterogeneity=0.04), with a suggestive increased odds of HER2-type BC with ever smoking (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.91, 2.86). Among participants who never smoked, duration of childhood SHS exposure was associated with differences in YOBC risk by subtype (P heterogeneity=0.01); childhood SHS exposure of ≥15 years compared to no childhood SHS was associated with a significantly decreased odds of HER2-type BC (aOR 0.31; 95% CI 0.12, 0.83) and a suggestive increased odds of TNBC (aOR 1.43; 95% CI 0.95, 2.16) while childhood SHS exposure of <15 years compared to no childhood SHS was associated with a suggestive decreased odds of Luminal A BC (aOR 0.74; 95% CI 0.54, 1.03); the latter two findings did not reach statistical significance. Our results suggest that LCCE is associated with differences in risk of YOBC by BC subtype where personal cigarette smoking may be associated with an increased risk for HER2 type YOBC while childhood SHS exposure for ≥15 years may be associated with a decreased risk of HER2 type YOBC and an increased risk of TN YOBC. These findings warrant further examination. Citation Format: Ugonna Ihenacho, Ann S. Hamilton, Wendy J. Mack, Anna H. Wu, Jennifer B. Unger, Dorothy R. Pathak, Kelly A. Hirko, Richard T. Houang, Michael F. Press, Kendra L. Schwartz, Lydia R. Marcus, Ellen M. Velie. Lifetime cumulative cigarette exposure and young-onset breast cancer risk by subtype in the Young Women’s Health History Study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr C129.

Summary Gas production from the Frontier formation at 18,300-ft depth in the Frewen Deep #4 well, eastern Green River basin (Wyoming), was uneconomic despite the presence of three sets of numerous, partially open, vertical natural fractures. Production dropped from 360 Mcf/D to 140 Mcf/D during a 10-day production test, and the well was abandoned. Examination of the fractures in the core suggests several possible reasons for this poor production. One factor is the presence of mineralization in the fractures. Another more important factor is that the remnant porosity left in the fractures by partial mineralization is commonly plugged with an overmature hydrocarbon residue (pyrobitumen). Reorientation of the in-situ horizontal compressive stress to a trend normal to the main fractures, which now acts to close fracture apertures during reservoir drawdown, is also an important factor. Introduction The Frewen Deep #4 well is located in Sweetwater county, southwestern Wyoming (Section 13 of Township 19 North, Range 95 West). The target of the well was natural gas from sandstones of the Frontier formation (Fig. 1) at a depth of approximately 18,300 ft. The Frontier formation consists of Cretaceous-age sandstones and shales. The main reservoir sandstone is about 40-ft thick at this location, with thick over- and underlying shales. Amoco Production Co. formed the Frewen Deep Unit in 1988. Its purpose was to evaluate the hydrocarbon potential of the Cretaceous sedimentary section in a 16 sq miles area on the south flank of the Wamsutter Arch. This arch trends WNW-ESE and divides the eastern Green River basin into two subbasins, the Great Divide basin to the north and the Washakie basin to the south (Fig. 2A). The Cretaceous sedimentary section is commonly productive in stratigraphic traps along the crestal portion of the Wamsutter Arch, as in the Echo Springs-Standard Draw and Wamsutter fields. The Frewen Deep Unit was formed to explore for deeper production in the Lakota formation. The initial unit well, the Frewen Deep #1, was drilled to a total depth of 19,299 ft on a southward-plunging, fault-related anticline. It was completed in the Lakota formation, but extended production tests from this zone indicated noncommercial rates. Shows had been observed while drilling through the Frontier formation to the deeper horizon, and this zone was targeted for testing. Unfortunately, the wellbore became mechanically unusable during the course of moving uphole to test the Frontier. Mechanical problems associated with the great depth, problems with the completion fluids, as well as problems with the casing integrity in this well were grounds for the decision to evaluate the formation in a completely new well. The Frewen Deep #4 well was drilled as a replacement, offset 600 ft from the #1 well (Fig. 2B). Much of the Frontier formation in the #4 well was cored with good recovery (86 ft), even though the core contains numerous partially mineralized vertical natural fractures. The fractures have obvious open porosity at depth (Fig. 3), with bridgings of mineralization holding open apertures locally up to 5 mm wide. Four fracture sets, based on character and strike, were differentiated in the core. These included three sets of irregular but numerous natural fractures, designated F1, F2, and F3 in order of their formation (based on observed cross-cutting relationships). The 86 ft of core had been slabbed and extensively sampled before our study, and the fractures themselves are commonly multistranded. Both of these factors make exact fracture counts difficult to obtain. Pervasive fracturing of the core suggests that the reservoir must be highly fractured, although the actual data set consists of approximately 10 F1 fractures, eight F2 fractures, and two F3 fractures. Fracture heights along the vertical axis of the core range from a maximum of about 4 ft for the F1 fractures down to several inches for F3 fractures. A fourth set of fractures consists of 30 regularly spaced, coring-induced1 petal fractures striking parallel to each other and to the F3 fractures. Gas in the drilling mud and the presence of open fractures seemed to promise significant gas production, but the initial production rate was not high and declined precipitously to an uneconomic level. We analyzed the natural and coring-induced fractures in the Frewen core during this study to assess the possible reasons for the low and declining production despite the presence of significant natural fracturing in the reservoir. This paper documents the conclusions from the core study and also offers an interpretation for the origin of these unusual fractures. Well History and Reservoir Properties. The Frewen Deep #4 well was spudded on 18 October 1990 and reached a total depth of 18,600 ft on 3 March 1991. Three separate conventional cores (totaling 86 ft recovered) were taken through the Frontier formation. Horizontal Dean Stark air permeabilities were measured at each foot in the sandstone core; 61 measurements yielded an average permeability of 0.007 md (range 0 to 1.23 md), an average porosity of 3.7% (range 0.8 to 7.1%), and a flow capacity of 1.7 md-ft. Geophysical logs were collected over the objective interval, including induction and neutron/density suites. Mud weight at total depth was in excess of 15 ppg, indicating a pressure of approximately 14,489 psi (minimum) at the reservoir level. Shows of gas requiring the use of a gas buster to de-gas the mud began at 18,225 ft and continued during coring operations. Shows periodically supported 10- to 20-ft (estimated) flares. Below 18,380 ft, the mud did not require de-gassing to remain manageable and control the well. Multiple sets of casing were set in anticipation of high pressures: we set 13 3/8-in. surface casing at 2,358 ft, 9 5/8-in. intermediate casing at 10,835 ft, and 51/2-in. casing at 18,114 ft before initiating coring operations. A 5-in. liner set from 18,114 to 18,593 ft completed the casing of the well. Each of the casing and liner strings was cemented in place and an acceptable bond was achieved. Completion operations began on 23 April 1991 when the well was perforated from 18,316 to 18,344 ft with 6 shots per foot, 6,000 psi underbalanced. The well did not flow. Swabbing was required to achieve a 15 to 20 Mcf/D flow rate for 7 days. Subsequently, we performed a CO2 breakdown, with 110 tons CO2 pumped at 8.5 bbl/min into 14,400 psi tubing pressure. The well flowed back CO2 and gas at a rate of 500 Mcf/D (>25% CO2) and was shut in preparatory to flow testing and bottomhole pressure buildup.

Abstract Background: Mobile cancer screening vans (MCSV) are a promising approach to providing preventive cancer screenings to those in need. In 2021, the Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center (SKCC) at Jefferson launched an MCSV to cover its 7-county catchment area. The primary focus of the screening van is to provide breast cancer screenings, although other cancer screenings as well as connections to resources are periodically offered. Community organizations agree to host the MCSV at their site; up to 14 women can be screened for breast cancer at each event. Screening registration information as well as clinical outcomes from the mammogram are captured in the electronic health record (EMR). Here, we describe the impact of the MCSV during its first 8 months of operation. Methods: Data was pulled from the EMR for all women who received breast cancer screening on the MCSV between September 30, 2021 and May 31, 2022. Patient demographic information included age, gender, race and ethnicity, primary language spoken, insurance status, zip code of residence and breast cancer screening history. Clinical outcomes included screening result, need for follow-up and diagnosis of cancer, if relevant. Means and frequencies were calculated for each variable. Bivariate analyses investigated associations between patient demographics and previous screening history or screening exam results. Results: In partnership with community organizations, we have held 47 screening events and screened a total of 377 women in the previous 8 months. Of the 377 women screened, 175 (46%) were African American, 90 (24%) were Caucasian, and 61 (16%) were Hispanic. 279 (74%) of the women had health insurance while 98 (26%) were uninsured. Seventy (19%) women needed additional imaging or follow-up and one woman has been diagnosed with stage 1b invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. The only significant difference among those screened was that those without health insurance were less likely to have a previous mammogram (X2 =4.002, p,.05).Conclusion: The SKCC MCSV is reaching a diverse population, based on race and ethnicity, and a population in need, based on insurance status. While we did not observe racial nor ethnic differences among those screened on the van in relation to screening results or previous screening, those without insurance are more likely to receive their first screening with the MCSV, another important marker that the van is reaching those in need. Citation Format: Christina L. Yurick, Nicola Cianci, Katie Bradley, Khaldoun Hamade, Christine Bonaccorso, Amy Leader. Providing breast cancer screening in vulnerable communities: The impact of a mobile cancer screening van [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A123.

Abstract Purpose: Early-onset colorectal cancer (CRC diagnosed before age 50) has risen worldwide, with an increasing number of survivors of reproductive age. We aimed to investigate the risk of adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes among early-onset CRC survivors. Methods: We conducted a nationwide case-control study of 207 births in women with early-onset CRC and 1019 births in women without CRC from the general Swedish population (1992-2019), matched on age, calendar year of birth, parity, and county of residence. To control for genetic susceptibility and shared childhood exposures, we additionally identified 146 births in female siblings of the CRC survivors. Early-onset CRC cases were identified through the Swedish Cancer Register (1969-2019), and siblings were identified through the Swedish Multi-generation Register. Maternal characteristics and neonatal outcomes were retrieved from the Swedish Medical Birth Register and National Patient Register. Using conditional logistic regression, we estimated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Compared to women without prior CRC, early-onset CRC survivors who gave birth had increased risk of pre-eclampsia (aOR 2.52, 95% CI 1.25 to 5.08), induced labor (aOR 1.64, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.46) and emergency Cesarean section (aOR 1.79, 95% CI 1.17 to 2.75), after adjustment for maternal education level, country of birth, body mass index and smoking in early pregnancy, and comorbidities. Sibling analyses showed similar trends, especially for higher risk of induced labor (aOR 2.58, 95% CI 1.03 to 6.49). Maternal history of early-onset CRC was also associated with offspring preterm birth (aOR 2.31, 95% CI 1.34 to 3.99) and low birth weight (aOR 2.95, 95% CI 1.40 to 6.21), and risks were particularly pronounced for medically indicated preterm birth (aOR 4.48, 95% CI 2.05 to 9.79). No significant associations were found for small for gestational age birth, low Apgar score, and congenital malformations. Conclusion: In this population-based study, history of early-onset CRC was associated with increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including pre-eclampsia, induction of labor, and emergency Cesarean section. Offspring to mothers with early-onset CRC also had increased risk of medically indicated preterm birth and neonatal low birth weight. Citation Format: Yin Cao, Stephanie Zhao, Tomas S. Bexelius, Jonas Söderling, Mengyao Shi, Bjorn Roelstraete, Barbara B. Warner, Olof Stephansson, Jonas F. Ludvigsson. Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes among early-onset colorectal cancer survivors: a nationwide case-control study. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Precision Prevention, Early Detection, and Interception of Cancer; 2022 Nov 17-19; Austin, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2023;16(1 Suppl): Abstract nr P074.

Anthony Esler. The Human Venture. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1986. Volume I: The Great Enterprise, a World History to 1500. Pp. xii, 340. Volume II: The Globe Encompassed, A World History since 1500. Pp. xii, 399. Paper, $20.95 each. Review by Teddy J. Uldricks of the University of North Carolina at Asheville. H. Stuart Hughes and James Wilkinson. Contemporary Europe: A History. Englewood Clifffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1987. Sixth edition. Pp. xiii, 615. Cloth, $35.33. Review by Harry E. Wade of East Texas State University. Ellen K. Rothman. Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 1987. Pp. xi, 370. Paper, $8.95. Review by Mary Jane Capozzoli of Warren County Community College. Bernard Lewis, ed. Islam: from the Prophet Muhammad to the Capture of Constantinople. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. Volume I: Politics and War. Pp.xxxvii, 226. Paper, $9.95. Volume II: Religion and Society. Pp. xxxix, 310. Paper, $10.95. Review by Calvin H. Allen, Jr. of The School of the Ozarks. Michael Stanford. The Nature of Historical Knowledge. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1986. Pp. vii, 196. Cloth, $45.00; paper, $14.95. Review by Michael J. Salevouris of Webster University. David Stricklin and Rebecca Sharpless, eds. The Past Meets The Present: Essays On Oral History. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1988. Pp. 151. Paper, $11.50. Review by Jacob L. Susskind of The Pennsylvania State University. Peter N. Stearns. World History: Patterns of Change and Continuity. New York: Harper and row, 1987. Pp. viii, 598. Paper, $27.00; Theodore H. Von Laue. The World Revolution of Westernization: The Twentieth Century in Global Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. Pp. xx, 396. Cloth, $24.95. Review by Jayme A. Sokolow of the National Endowment for the Humanities. Marilyn J. Boxer and Jean R Quataert, eds. Connecting Spheres: Women in the Western World, 1500 to the Present. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987. Pp. xvii, 281. Cloth, $29.95; Paper, $10.95. Review by Samuel E. Dicks of Emporia State University. Dietrich Orlow. A History of Modern Germany: 1870 to Present. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1987. Pp. xi, 371. Paper, $24.33. Review by Gordon R. Mork of Purdue University. Gail Braybon and Penny Summerfield. Out of the Cage: Women's Experiences in Two World Wars. Pandora: London and New York, 1987. Pp. xiii, 330. Paper, $14.95. Review by Paul E. Fuller of Transylvania University. Moshe Lewin. The Gorbachev Phenomenon: A Historical Interpretation. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988. Pp. xii, 176. Cloth, $16.95; David A. Dyker, ed. The Soviet Union Under Gorbachev: Prospects for Reform. London & New York: Croom Helm, 1987. Pp. 227. Cloth, $35.00. Review by Elizabeth J. Wilcoxson of Northern Essex Community College. Charles D. Smith, Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988. Pp. viii, 308. Cloth, $35.00. Review by Arthur Q. Larson of Westmar College. Stephen G. Rabe. Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism. Chapel Hill & London: The University of North Carolina Press, 1988. Pp. 237. Cloth $29.95; paper, $9.95. Review by Donald J. Mabry of Mississippi State University. Earl Black and Merle Black. Politics and Society in the South. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 1987. Pp. ix, 363. Cloth, $25.00. Review by Donn C. Neal of the Society of American Archivists. The Lessons of the Vietnam War: A Modular Textbook. Pittsburgh: Center for Social Studies Education, 1988. Teacher edition (includes 64-page Teacher's Manual and twelve curricular units of 31-32 pages each), $39.95; student edition, $34.95; individual units, $3.00 each. Order from Center for Social Studies Education, 115 Mayfair Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15228. Review by Stephen S. Gosch of the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire. Media Reviews Carol Kammen. On Doing Local History. Videotape (VIIS). 45 minutes. Presented at SUNY-Brockport's Institute of Local Studies First Annual Symposium, September 1987. $29.95 prepaid. (Order from: Dr. Ronald W. Herlan, Director, Institute of Local Studies, Room 180, Faculty Office Bldg., SUNY-Brockport. Brockport. NY 14420.) Review by Herbert Janick of Western Connecticut State University.

Abstract Hispanic women with newly diagnosed breast cancer who qualify for genetic testing based on national guidelines are often not referred to genetic counseling at the same rate as non-Hispanics patients. The reasons for the lower referral and testing rate are not currently well understood. Often patients in a minority population face diverse barriers to accessing care, particularly care that requires specialized training, is expensive, and may not be completely covered by insurance. In our study, we sought to explore the rate of referral and testing of newly diagnosed breast cancer patients in a predominantly Hispanic population at UT Health Mays Cancer Center in San Antonio where more than 60% of patients are Hispanic. Included in this study were 153 sequential new patient referrals to the breast medical oncology clinic with the diagnosis of invasive carcinoma or ductal carcinoma in situ. Current NCCN guidelines for genetic testing were utilized. Data collected included age of diagnosis, current age, gender, race, ethnicity, preferred language, stage, family history of breast, ovarian, pancreatic, or prostate cancer. It was then determined if patients met criteria, if they were referred to genetic counselors, if they attended their appointment, and if they received genetic testing. The prevalence of Hispanic women meeting criteria for genetic testing was 63.9% compared with 61.7% of non-Hispanic women. Of the Hispanic women meeting criteria for genetic testing only 71.8% received testing. Our cancer center has many processes in place that would be expected to increase the rate of genetic testing for Hispanic patients. These include having Spanish speaking staff, a robust genetic counseling team, telemedicine visits, county programs that allow unfunded patients to access care at our cancer center, and grant funding from the state of Texas to cover the additional cost of testing for unfunded patients. Despite this, about 30% of Hispanic patients that met criteria go without testing. Based on review of this data set, the two most common reasons for not completing testing was failure to recognizing that the patients meet criteria and failure to complete the extra clinic visit with the genetic counselor after referral.This study shows that Hispanic patients meet criteria for genetic testing at a slightly higher rate than Non-Hispanic patients and are at risk for not completing genetic testing even in a specialized clinic. Additional patients continue to be added to this dataset, but initial potential interventions include same time genetic counselling and testing when appropriate at the initial consultation with medical oncology or the offering of universal testing to this high-risk population. Citation Format: Allysa Lynn Garcia, Niklesh Akula, Daniel Kade Derrick, Christopher M Worrell, Simren Lakhotia, Shwetha Menon, Kate Lathrop. Optimizing genetic testing in Hispanic women with breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-09-12.

Abstract MBL is a common pre-malignant condition characterized by circulating clonal B-cells with an absolute B-cell count <5x109/L and no lymphadenopathy, organomegaly, or cytopenias. MBL is the precursor to CLL. The incidence of cutaneous SCC in CLL is significantly higher compared to controls. The incidence of SCC in MBLs has not yet been determined. Study participants from the Mayo Clinic Biobank who had no prior history of hematologic malignancy, were 40 years or older, and were Olmsted County residents completed a health questionnaire and provided blood samples between 7/2009 and 12/2020. Stored peripheral blood mononuclear cells were screened for MBL using flow cytometry. We defined three MBL immunophenotypes: CLL-like MBL (CD5+, CD20dim), atypical MBL (CD5+, CD20+), and non-CLL-like MBL (CD5-, CD20+). MBL individuals were also classified by cell count into low-count MBL (LC-MBL) and high-count MBL (HC-MBL), with HC-MBL having a percent clonal B-cell count ≥85%. Data on newly diagnosed SCC was abstracted from the medical records, and prior history of skin cancer before sample collection was ascertained from patient questionnaires. Individuals were followed from sample date to the earliest of SCC, death, loss to follow-up, progression, or 12/31/2020. Cumulative SCC incidence was adjusted for competing risk of death. Cox regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusted for age and sex. A total of 5,470 participants were screened for MBL and included 949 (17%) with LC-MBL, 63 (1%) with HC-MBL, and 4,458 (81%) controls (negative for MBL). Individuals with HC-MBL (median age 75 years) or LC-MBL (median age 73 years) were significantly older (P<0.001) than controls (median age 66 years). There were 41 (65%) males among HC-MBL, 447 (47%) among LC-MBL, and 1,551 (35%) among controls. Prior skin cancer history was highest among HC-MBLs (N=17, 27%) or LC-MBLs (N=236, 25%) compared to controls (N=767, 17%). After a median follow-up of 18 months (range 0-138), 154 of the 5,470 individuals were identified to have incident SCC following MBL screening. At least one SCC was observed in 3 individuals with HC-MBL, 33 individuals with LC-MBL, and 118 controls. The 5- and 10-year cumulative incidence of SCC in individuals with MBLs was 7% and 16%, respectively; control estimates were 4% and 8%, respectively. However, after adjusting for age and sex, we observed no evidence of an association between MBL and risk of incident SCC (HR=0.95, CI=0.65-1.40, P=0.80), nor when we stratified individuals by age or by sex (all P>0.05). In the largest MBL screening cohort to date, individuals with MBL do not have an increased risk of incident SCC compared to controls. In contrast to individuals with CLL, these individuals with screening MBL do not need increased dermatologic examination for skin cancer, which is important given the high prevalence of MBL (18% of the population above age 40). Citation Format: Ahmed Nadeem Ansari, Sara J. Achenbach, Sameer A. Parikh, Geffen Kleinstern, Aaron D. Norman, Kari G. Rabe, Connie E. Lesnick, Timothy G. Call, Janet E. Olson, James R. Cerhan, Neil E. Kay, Celine M. Vachon, Esteban Braggio, Curtis A. Hanson, Tait D. Shanafelt, Christian L. Baum, Susan L. Slager. Incidence of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in a large screening cohort of monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 5256.

Abstract Background Recent advances in technology have made it possible to conduct remote clinical trials that allow individuals to participate from home with comfort, privacy, and ease. Despite these advances, challenges persist in running remote trials, such as survey question redundancies, lack of patient-initiated data-sharing tools, and unclear patient communication around critical enrollment steps. The Women Informed to Screen Depending on Measures of risk (WISDOM) Study is a pragmatic, preference-tolerant randomized control breast cancer screening trial comparing personalized risk-based screening to traditional, annual screening. The study population includes women ages 40-74 without a history of breast cancer or DCIS. Since 2016, study enrollment has been available to all women in the U.S. who meet study eligibility criteria. Since October 2020, WISDOM has implemented multiple strategies to improve participant experience: participant-initiated data-sharing tools and clear participant messaging. This abstract presents the efficacy of these interventions as they relate to increasing patient enrollment in remote, pragmatic clinical trials. Methods The WISDOM Study online enrollment process includes registration, participant study arm selection or randomization, online consent, and enrollment (submission of multiple study surveys over a secure, online platform). Barriers to online enrollment were uncovered through an internally-conducted needs assessment of participants who enrolled between 2019-2020, and participant feedback obtained through phone interviews conducted by WISDOM’s embedded ethics study. Improvements to our online enrollment procedures were executed in October 2020 and included: improving the clarity of study arm selection options, streamlining data collection surveys, and enacting a secure, patient-initiated online data-sharing tool and an online portal feature with auto-launch of critical information. Study metrics were obtained through Google Analytics and Salesforce. Results Prior to the end of 2020, only 62% of the 30,046 participants who registered for the WISDOM Study completed study enrollment. After improving the enrollment process, of the 5,334 participants registered for the study between Jan-June 2021, 69% completed the enrollment process finishing both the online consent and survey forms. Conversion from consent to enrollment went from 78% in January 2020 to 93% in June 2021. Currently, 56% participants complete enrollment in one day. Streamlining online patient questionnaires led to an increase in completion rates, with 75% of participants completing their yearly surveys, compared to 59% prior to April 2021. A secure patient upload feature for data sharing led to 1,054 participants successfully sharing their mammogram reports with WISDOM between March - June 2021. Previously, mammogram reports were missing for 20% of enrolled participants. This feature has enabled WISDOM to process 300 additional mammogram reports per month. Integration of an auto-launch feature in the participant’s portal in Feb 2021 has led to a 17% increase in participants viewing their screening recommendations in Yr 1. Prior to auto-launch, only 59% (n=6328) of Yr 1 screening recommendations and 61% (n=3681) of genetic testing reports were viewed by participants. Since implementation, the numbers increased to 78% (n=8406) and 85% (n=5160), respectively. Conclusions. Streamlining data to the most essential elements, and minimizing the steps required to share clinical documents, complete questionnaires and open key study notification is essential to improving enrollment rates in virtual, pragmatic trials. Patient-initiated data-sharing tools such as the ability for participants to share documents through secure, online portals is one example of success. Citation Format: Patricia Choy, Tomiyuri Lewis, Stephanie Flores, Leah Sabacan, Halle Thannickal, Steffanie Goodman, Yiwey Shieh, Lisa Madlensky, Jeffrey A. Tice, Elad Ziv, Martin Eklund, Amie Blanco, Barry Tong, Deborah Goodman, Nancy Anderson, Heather Harvey, Steele Fors, Hannah Lui Park, Antonia Petruse, Skye Stewart, Samrrah Raouf, Janet Wernisch, Barbara Koenig, Celia Kaplan, Robert Hiatt, Neil Wenger, Vivian Lee, Diane Heditsian, Susie Brain, Dolores Moorehead, Barbara A Parker, Alexander Borowsky, Hoda Anton-Culver, Arash Naeim, Andrea Kaster, Laura van 't Veer, Andrea Z LaCroix, Olufunmilayo I. Olopade, Deepa Sheth, Agustin Garcia, Rachel Lancaster, Jennifer James, Galen Joseph, Wisdom Study, Athena Breast Health Network Investigators and Advocates, Allison Stover Fiscallini, Laura Esserman. The impact of streamlined processes and patient-directed messaging to improve enrollment in a remote, pragmatic clinical trial [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-19-01.

Abstract Background:The WISDOM Study is a preference-tolerant pragmatic study, comparing annual mammograms to a risk-based screening. Eligibility includes women ages 40-74 years with no history of breast cancer or DCIS. Participants are enrolled to one study arm: annual screening or risk-based screening (includes genetic testing). Pragmatic trials often involve gathering real-time data over multiple time points. Collecting real-time data sequentially can limit enrollment, delay study assignments, and reduce participant engagement. The WISDOM Study has identified such bottlenecks and has implemented parallel workflows, reducing the overall wait time for participants to complete required study steps. These data highlight how moving participants through the study more efficiently can improve enrollment and retention and inform other pragmatic trials. Methods: WISDOM participants have the option to either choose their study arm or be randomized into one as part of the preference tolerant randomized trial design. Participants then complete breast health questionnaires and genetic testing (if in the risk-based arm). This information is analyzed by the WISDOM breast cancer risk assessment algorithm, the result of which is then communicated to the participant through a screening assignment letter (SAL). Specific data elements, such as breast density found participants’ mammogram reports and genetic testing results are required for study randomization process and risk assessment calculations, respectively. The WISDOM randomization algorithm is stratified by several factors, including breast cancer risk estimated using the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium (BCSC) model, which uses mammographic density as a key input variable. The study team changed the workflow to allow participants to proceed to randomization without specific information by imputing both density and risk. Additionally, a parallel workflow improvement process was implemented to obtain mammogram reports while genetic testing was being completed. Results: Before the weighted BCSC and imputed density algorithms were introduced, it took an average of 47 days to randomize participants after completion of the baseline enrollment questionnaires. Now, participants are randomized immediately which has reduced delays by 100%. Prior to implementing the parallel workflow for genetic testing and mammogram ascertainment, genetic testing kits were sent only after mammogram reports were collected and validated. The expected turnaround time for genetic testing results was 30-60 days and on average, results were returned to participants in 42 days. Streamlining the study design to obtain mammogram reports while participants complete their genetic testing has shortened the time for participants to receive their screening assignment letters (SALs) from an average of 160 days to 78 days, a reduction by 49%. In comparison, participants in the annual arm of the study who do not complete genetic testing, receive their SALs after an average of 38 days from enrollment. This is due to long wait times to obtain mammographic densities from outside medical facilities. Conclusions: Creating parallel data ascertainment workflows and reducing sequential steps in the study process has increased completion of individual enrollment activities. Participants now are randomized immediately upon joining the study and have access to their SALs and genetic results more rapidly. This approach eliminated randomization wait times and improved efficiency of the early in the enrollment process. We are evaluating the impact on participant retention going forward. Workflow efficiency is critical to improve the patient experience, and our learnings can inform future trial design, particularly for studies requiring data from outside sources. Citation Format: Tomiyuri Lewis, Stephanie Flores, Leah Sabacan, Patricia Choy, Halle Thannickal, Yiwey Shieh, Jeffrey Tice, Elad Ziv, Lisa Madlensky, Martin Eklund, Christina Yau, Amie Blanco, Barry Tong, Deborah Goodman, Nancy Anderson, Heather Harvey, Steele Fors, Hannah L Park, Samrrah Raouf, Skye Stewart, Janet Wernisch, Barbara Koenig, Celia Kaplan, Robert Hiatt, Neil Wenger, Vivian Lee, Diane Heditsian, Susie Brain, Dolores Moorehead, Barbara A Parker, Alexander Borowsky, Hoda Anton-Culver, Arash Naeim, Andrea Kaster, Laura van ‘t Veer, Andrea Z LaCroix, Olufunmilayo I Olopade, Deepa Sheth, Agustin Garcia, Rachel Lancaster, Michael Plaza, Wisdom Study, Athena Breast Health Network Investigators, Advocate Partners, Allison S Fiscalini, Laura Esserman. The WISDOM study: Reducing sequential steps and implementing parallel workflows in pragmatic trials [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-19-04.

Abstract Background: Highly penetrant pathogenic variants causing hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome occur among patients of racial/ethnic minorities at least as frequently as they do among non-Ashkenazi Jewish, non-Hispanic White patients. However, studies suggest that disparities persist in genetic counseling and testing in these populations. It is critical that we reduce the testing gap to better understand genetic susceptibility in minority patients and identify individuals who may benefit from preventive and therapeutic interventions. We explore genetic counseling and testing outcomes in a safety net system with significant support from financial assistance programs that minimizes typical financial and insurance barriers. Methods: This is a retrospective study of adult patients evaluated by a genetic counselor for hereditary breast/ovarian cancer syndrome between October 1, 2009 and September 30, 2019 in Smith Clinic, which is part of a large, county hospital system serving predominantly racial/ethnic minority and uninsured or under-insured patients, and affiliated with the Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center. All patients between October 1, 2009 and February 28, 2013 underwent genetic testing, whereas all patients after March 1, 2013 were evaluated by a genetic counselor but may not have completed testing. Patient clinical data was summarized using descriptive statistics. Results: 1,682 patients (mean age at time of counseling/testing 48.2 years) were evaluated by a genetic counselor. Patient-reported race/ethnicity was 58.7% Hispanic, 25.2% non-Hispanic Black (NHB), 8.8% non-Hispanic White (NHW), 4.6% Asian, and 2.7% other with 2.6% having some Native American and 0.6% having any Ashkenazi Jewish genealogic ancestry. Among the 1,397 patients who completed genetic testing, 76.2% received financial assistance. The majority were tested with a multigene panel (70.4%) with the remaining primarily undergoing BRCA sequencing or BRCA large rearrangement test (multigene panels not available until April 2014). More than three-quarters of patients who did not complete testing (n=285, 20.6% of those evaluated after March 1, 2013) did not meet guideline-based criteria or had a relative who was a more appropriate candidate for testing. Only 10.2% declined testing with rates of decline highest among NHB patients. A pathogenic mutation was found in 15.4% of individuals tested: BRCA1 (n=108), BRCA2 (n=57), PALB2 (n=26), ATM (n=8), other (n=18). Rates of pathogenic mutations were higher among NHW and Hispanic patients (NHW 14.9%, Hispanic 17.4%, NHB 11.3%, Asian 9.0%, Other 17.1%). The relatively high percentages of identified pathogenic mutations was likely related to the fact that 84.1% of patients were referred for a personal history of breast and/or ovarian cancer with 6.1% of NHW and 5.7% of Hispanic patients referred for a relative with or personal history of a known pathogenic mutation. Among those with BRCA1/2 or PALB2 mutations, risk-reducing procedures were frequent among all races except those classified as other (mastectomies: NHW 50%, NHB 45.5%, Hispanic 51.9%, Asian 40%, other 16.7%; salpingo-oophorectomies or salpingectomies: NHW 35.7%, NHB 45.5%, Hispanic 56.4%, Asian 60%, other 16.7%). Conclusions: In a racially/ethnically diverse, low-income population, genetic testing uptake is high when supported by financial assistance programs and an on-site genetic counselor. Regardless, reasons for declining testing warrant further exploration, particularly among non-Hispanic Black patients, to further reduce disparities in testing. Prompt referral of patients who meet testing guidelines for genetic evaluation is also critical since pathogenic mutations were frequently identified in all racial/ethnic subgroups and nearly half underwent a risk-reducing procedure. Citation Format: Nicole Higashiyama, Shaun Bulsara, Susan Hilsenbeck, Tiffaney Tran, Ria Brown, Mary Fang, Cathy Sullivan, Georgiann Garza, Maryam Nemati Shafaee, C. Kent Osborne, Mothaffar Rimawi, Julie Nangia. Genetic assessment of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer in the Smith Clinic: A 10-year, single center experience [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-09-09.

Abstract Background: The impact of financial toxicity (FT) on cancer patients is significant in terms of lost productivity and poor quality of life (QoL). Past studies have reported negative influence of high FT on patients actively undergoing treatment for breast cancer. However, existing data largely comes from quaternary referral centers, and the populations surveyed may not be generalizable in terms of income and insurance status across the United States. There is also limited understanding regarding the relationship between FT measured throughout the continuum of cancer care, demographics, disease factors, and QoL indicators in breast cancer survivors, particularly those from underserved communities. Methods: Breast cancer survivors who received treatment between 2015 and 2019 at Loma Linda University Cancer Center located in San Bernardino County, CA were invited to complete an anonymous online survey assessing demographics, disease history, FT, and QoL. A modified version of the Comprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity (COST) survey was used to assess FT at baseline and after treatment. The patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) survey was used to assess QoL. Demographic data were summarized using descriptive statistics. Associations between disease factors and FT measured at baseline and after treatment were analyzed using multivariable linear regression. Positive COST score coefficients indicate lower FT, while negative COST score coefficients indicate higher FT. Correlations between FT and QoL were evaluated using the Pearson correlation. Results: A total of 407 surveys were sent to breast cancer survivors who met study criteria, of whom 16% responded. Amongst 65 patients included in this analysis, the median age was 64 (IQR 56, 70), 68% were white (n = 44), 18% were unemployed, 13% had a high school or lower level of education, and 16% had an annual income < $30,000. Mean COST score at baseline and after treatment were 21.6 ± 9.6 and 12.9 ± 7.8, respectively. During treatment, 21% of patients turned down or skipped treatment, 23% quit their job, and 15% reported family members quit their job. At baseline, lower FT was significantly associated with age > 80 (6.2 95% CI: 4.1 to 8.3), presence of a college (4.5 95% CI: 1.4 to 10.4) or graduate degree (5.2 95% CI: 4.7 to 6.2), current employment (2.7 95% CI: 2.0 to 3.4), retiree status (6.7 95% CI: 0.4 to 13.0), and household income > $30,000 (5.9 95% CI: 2.7 to 9.1) (p < 0.05), while higher FT was significantly associated with Hispanic ethnicity (-4.1 95% CI: -6.7 to -1.5), Medicare (-1.6 95% CI: -5.2 to -2.0), and Medicaid insurance (-6.9 95% CI: -12.5 to -1.2) (p < 0.05). After treatment, higher FT was significantly associated with receiving 3 or more combined modality treatments (-5.6 95% CI: -9.7 to -1.5) and having 5 or more treatment-related side effects (-6.0 95% CI: -10.4 to -1.6) (p < 0.05). Finally, FT after treatment overall correlated positively with physical and mental health (Pearson coefficient 0.63 and 0.60 respectively, p < 0.01). Conclusions: These findings suggest a significant association between FT, baseline demographics, treatment modalities, side effects, and quality of life in an underserved population of breast cancer survivors. In the future, FT should be assessed at baseline and throughout the continuum of breast cancer care to provide individualized assistance to patients facing financial strain, as it affects compliance to treatment which in turn can adversely affect cancer-related outcomes and QoL. Additional policies are needed to address the increasing cost of breast cancer care. Citation Format: Akhil Mehta, Jukes Namm, Ellen D'Errico, Eric Lau, Sharon Lum, Gayathri Nagaraj. Burden of financial toxicity in an underserved population of breast cancer survivors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-11-25.

Abstract The 1746 Ephrata Codex, a 972-page music manuscript in the Library of Congress, is the central document of this study, which locates and identifies several eighteenth-century composers who were solitary sisters and brothers of the Ephrata Cloister in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Ephrata was an insular, mainly celibate, Pietist, Sabbatarian, ascetic community, which, at its height in the 1740s and 1750s, was home to approximately 300 individuals. Like many German diaspora societies in colonial Pennsylvania, it produced devotional prints and manuscripts. Ephrata is unique because most of its spiritual texts and music were written by and for its inhabitants. More than 130 extant Ephrata music manuscripts in libraries, archives, and collections in the United States and United Kingdom comprise a corpus of over 1,500 hymns, composed according to rules mandated in an original music theory treatise. The concept of authorship at Ephrata was complicated: Communal creative activity frequently existed alongside calls for individual recognition, evidenced by name attributions found in printed hymnals and music manuscripts. The solitary sisters’ agency and creative activity at Ephrata brings an added nuance to the discussion of authorship and credit, drawing attention to the contributions of women as creators, a notable exception to the male-dominated sieve of music history. The 2020 release of Voices in the Wilderness, an album of new Ephrata hymn transcriptions, is connected to this article. Recorded in the Ephrata Meetinghouse, or “Saal,” the room for which the music was composed, it provides a new perspective on Ephrata's composers, compositional methods, and performance practice.

Sweetbox (Sarcococca hookeriana) are high value ornamental shrubs susceptible to disease caused by Calonectria pseudonaviculata (Cps) and Coccinonectria pachysandricola (Cpa) (Malapi-Wight et al. 2016; Salgado-Salazar et al. 2019). In July 2018, 18-month old sweetbox with leaf spots and defoliation were observed in a residential landscape in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Small tan leaf spots grew to cover half of the leaf, developing a concentric banding with dark brown rings and a yellow halo (Sup. Doc. 1: Sup. Fig. 1). The symptoms agreed with those of Cpa disease of sweetbox reported from Washington D.C. (Salgado-Salazar et al. 2019). Diseased plants were located ~1.5 m from Buxus sempervirens with boxwood blight. Morphological and genetic characterization of isolated fungi and pathogenicity tests followed Salgado-Salazar et al. (2019) (Sup. Doc. 2). White to salmon pink spore masses developed on the abaxial leaf surface after humid chamber incubation. Two distinct fungal cultures were recovered (JAC 18-61, JAC 18-79) on potato dextrose agar (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburg, PA). JAC 18-61 presented cultural and morphological characteristics as described for Cps (Crous et al. 2002). JAC 18-79 produced flat, filamentous, light salmon colonies with tan centers and white filiform borders containing pale pink sporodochia, verticillate and simple conidiophores (x̄: 61.8 ± 20.12 µm, N = 20) with lateral, cylindrical phialides (x̄ = 18.1 ± 5.83 x 2.4 ± 0.7 µm, N = 20), and ellipsoid, hyaline conidia without septa (x̄ = 15.2 ± 1.9 x 3.3 ± 0.7 µm, N = 20). Sexual structures and chlamydospores were not observed. The characteristics of JAC 18-79 agree with those reported for Cpa (Salgado-Salazar et al. 2019). Bidirectional sequencing of the ITS, beta-TUB, and RPB1 and RPB2 regions was performed as described (Salgado-Salazar et al. 2019). BLASTn comparisons against NCBI GenBank revealed JAC 18-61 sequences (MT318150 and MT328399) shared 100% identity with Cps sequences (JX535321 and JX535307 from isolate CB002). Sequences from JAC 18-79 (MT318151, MT341237 to MT341239) were 100% identical to Cpa sequences (MH892596, MH936775, MH936703 from isolate JAC 16-20 and JF832909, isolate CBS 128674). The genome of JAC 18-79 was sequenced and yielded an assembly of 26.3 Mb (204 contigs > 1000 bases, N50 = 264.3 kb, 92x coverage, JABAHV0000000000) that contained the MAT1-2 mating-type idiomorph and shared 98.9% similarity with Cpa BPI910731. Isolate JAC 18-61 (Cps) caused lesions on wounded and unwounded sweetbox and boxwood leaves (Sup. Table 1). In general, JAC 18-79 (Cpa) infected only wounded leaves of both hosts; however, in one trial, one unwounded sweetbox and two unwounded boxwood plants developed lesions, possibly due to the presence of natural wounds. Control plants did not develop symptoms. These results diverge to some degree from previous reports of Cpa infecting unwounded sweetbox and not infecting wounded boxwood (Salgado-Salazar et al. 2019). These results indicate that virulence variation among Cpa isolates might occur. Plating of symptomatic tissue and examination of spores fulfilled Koch’s postulates for both pathogens. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Cpa blight on sweetbox in Pennsylvania, and the second U.S. report of the disease. This is also the first report of co-infection of Cpa and Cps on diseased sweetbox foliage. Given the capacity of Cpa to infect both sweetbox and boxwood, inspection for Cpa on both hosts is advisable.

ObjectiveTo examine specific drugs present based on postmortem toxicology for prescription opioid, heroin, and fentanyl overdoses classified based on ICD-10 coding. To compare drugs identified from postmortem toxicology with those listed on the death certificate for opioid overdoses.IntroductionUsing death certificates alone to identify contributing substances in drug overdose deaths may result in misclassification and underestimation of the burden of illicit and prescription opioids and other drugs in drug-related deaths. To enable timely and targeted prevention in Tennessee (TN), the identification and monitoring of new drugs and trends in use should utilize toxicology and medicolegal death investigation data directly, as recommended by others 1-3. These data can inform mortality outcome definitions for improved surveillance and risk factor identification 4-7. To our knowledge, this is the first analysis to use statewide linked toxicology and death certificate data in TN.MethodsWe identified 615 opioid involved overdose deaths in TN of unintentional (underlying ICD-10 codes: X40-X44) or undetermined (underlying ICD-10 codes: Y10-Y14) intent during June 1st to December 31st 2017. Utilizing the Interim Medical Examiner Database (I-MED), we identified postmortem toxicology reports for 454 cases, which were from one of three national laboratories used by a state Regional Forensic Center. Toxicology data were abstracted and independently verified by two co-authors and linked to the TN death statistical file that included cause of death information (literal text and ICD-10 codes) and demographics. The analysis focuses on cases with an available toxicology report.ResultsWe identified 171 prescription opioid overdoses, 221 fentanyl overdoses, and 113 heroin overdoses. Table 1 displays postmortem toxicology profiles for major drugs/classes. For prescription opioid deaths (excluding fentanyl and heroin), positive toxicology results for prescription opioids were as follows: methadone (11%), buprenorphine (14%), hydrocodone (14%), oxycodone (36%) and oxymorphone (also a metabolite, 47%). Benzodiazepines were present in close to 58% of prescription opioid overdoses; stimulants (cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamines) in about 25%. For fentanyl and heroin deaths, prescription opioids were detected in about 26% and 34%, respectively; stimulants in about 57.9% and 52.2%, respectively, and benzodiazepines 36-37%. Fentanyl was present on toxicology in about half of heroin overdoses, and 6–monoacetylmorphine in 72.6%.ConclusionsUsing medical examiners’ data, including toxicology data, improves estimation of contributing drugs involved in opioid deaths. This analysis provides jurisdiction-specific data on drugs that can help with monitoring trends and informs risk factor identification. Future work includes adding information on prescribed opioid and benzodiazepines using TN’s Prescription Drug Monitoring Database and evaluating demographic variation in contributing drugs between toxicology and DC data to identify susceptible populations.References1. Slavova S, O'Brien DB, Creppage K, Dao D, Fondario A, Haile E, Hume B, Largo TW, Nguyen C, Sabel JC, Wright D, Council of S, Territorial Epidemiologists Overdose S. Drug Overdose Deaths: Let's Get Specific. Public Health Rep.2. Horon IL, Singal P, Fowler DR, Sharfstein JM. Standard Death Certificates Versus Enhanced Surveillance to Identify Heroin Overdose-Related Deaths. Am J Public Health. 2018;108(6):777-81.3. Mertz KJ, Janssen JK, Williams KE. Underrepresentation of heroin involvement in unintentional drug overdose deaths in Allegheny County, PA. J Forensic Sci. 2014;59(6):1583-5.4. Landen MG, Castle S, Nolte KB, Gonzales M, Escobedo LG, Chatterjee BF, Johnson K, Sewell CM. Methodological issues in the surveillance of poisoning, illicit drug overdose, and heroin overdose deaths in new Mexico. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157(3):273-8.5. Davis GG, National Association of Medical E, American College of Medical Toxicology Expert Panel on E, Reporting Opioid D. Complete republication: National Association of Medical Examiners position paper: Recommendations for the investigation, diagnosis, and certification of deaths related to opioid drugs. J Med Toxicol. 2014;10(1):100-6.6. Slavova S, Bunn TL, Hargrove SL, Corey T. Linking Death Certificates, Postmortem Toxicology, and Prescription History Data for Better Identification of Populations at Increased Risk for Drug Intoxication Deaths. Pharmaceutical Medicine. 2017;31(3):155-65.7. Hurstak E, Rowe C, Turner C, Behar E, Cabugao R, Lemos NP, Burke C, Coffin P. Using medical examiner case narratives to improve opioid overdose surveillance. Int J Drug Policy. 2018;54:35-42.

At a time when almost every human transgression, illness, profession and other personal aspect of life has been chronicled in autobiographical writing (Rak)—in 1998 Zinsser called ours “the age of memoir” (3)—writing about fat is one of the most recent subjects to be addressed in this way. This article surveys a range of contemporary autobiographical texts that are titled with, or revolve around, that powerful and most evocative word, “fat”. Following a number of cultural studies of fat in society (Critser; Gilman, Fat Boys; Fat: A Cultural History; Stearns), this discussion views fat in socio-cultural terms, following Lupton in understanding fat as both “a cultural artefact: a bodily substance or body shape that is given meaning by complex and shifting systems of ideas, practices, emotions, material objects and interpersonal relationships” (i). Using a case study approach (Gerring; Verschuren), this examination focuses on a range of texts from autobiographical cookbooks and memoirs to novel-length graphic works in order to develop a preliminary taxonomy of these works. In this way, a small sample of work, each of which (described below) explores an aspect (or aspects) of the form is, following Merriam, useful as it allows a richer picture of an under-examined phenomenon to be constructed, and offers “a means of investigating complex social units consisting of multiple variables of potential importance in understanding the phenomenon” (Merriam 50). Although the sample size does not offer generalisable results, the case study method is especially suitable in this context, where the aim is to open up discussion of this form of writing for future research for, as Merriam states, “much can be learned from […] an encounter with the case through the researcher’s narrative description” and “what we learn in a particular case can be transferred to similar situations” (51). Pro-Fat Autobiographical WritingAlongside the many hundreds of reduced, low- and no-fat cookbooks and weight loss guides currently in print that offer recipes, meal plans, ingredient replacements and strategies to reduce fat in the diet, there are a handful that promote the consumption of fats, and these all have an autobiographical component. The publication of Jennifer McLagan’s Fat: An Appreciation of a Misunderstood Ingredient, with Recipes in 2008 by Ten Speed Press—publisher of Mollie Katzen’s groundbreaking and influential vegetarian Moosewood Cookbook in 1974 and an imprint now known for its quality cookbooks (Thelin)—unequivocably addressed that line in the sand often drawn between fat and all things healthy. The four chapter titles of this cookbook— “Butter,” subtitled “Worth It,” “Pork Fat: The King,” “Poultry Fat: Versatile and Good For You,” and, “Beef and Lamb Fats: Overlooked But Tasty”—neatly summarise McLagan’s organising argument: that animal fats not only add an unreplaceable and delicious flavour to foods but are fundamental to our health. Fat polarised readers and critics; it was positively reviewed in prominent publications (Morris; Bhide) and won influential food writing awards, including 2009 James Beard Awards for Single Subject Cookbook and Cookbook of the Year but, due to its rejection of low-fat diets and the research underpinning them, was soon also vehemently criticised, to the point where the book was often described in the media as “controversial” (see Smith). McLagan’s text, while including historical, scientific and gastronomic data and detail, is also an outspokenly personal treatise, chronicling her sensual and emotional responses to this ingredient. “I love fat,” she begins, continuing, “Whether it’s a slice of foie gras terrine, its layer of yellow fat melting at the edges […] hot bacon fat […] wilting a plate of pungent greens into submission […] or a piece of crunchy pork crackling […] I love the way it feels in my mouth, and I love its many tastes” (1). Her text is, indeed, memoir as gastronomy / gastronomy as memoir, and this cookbook, therefore, an example of the “memoir with recipes” subgenre (Brien et al.). It appears to be this aspect – her highly personal and, therein, persuasive (Weitin) plea for the value of fats – that galvanised critics and readers.Molly Chester and Sandy Schrecengost’s Back to Butter: A Traditional Foods Cookbook – Nourishing Recipes Inspired by Our Ancestors begins with its authors’ memoirs (illness, undertaking culinary school training, buying and running a farm) to lend weight to their argument to utilise fats widely in cookery. Its first chapter, “Fats and Oils,” features the familiar butter, which it describes as “the friendly fat” (22), then moves to the more reviled pork lard “Grandma’s superfood” (22) and, nowadays quite rarely described as an ingredient, beef tallow. Grit Magazine’s Lard: The Lost Art of Cooking with Your Grandmother’s Secret Ingredient utilises the rhetoric that fat, and in this case, lard, is a traditional and therefore foundational ingredient in good cookery. This text draws on its publisher’s, Grit Magazine (published since 1882 in various formats), long history of including auto/biographical “inspirational stories” (Teller) to lend persuasive power to its argument. One of the most polarising of fats in health and current media discourse is butter, as was seen recently in debate over what was seen as its excessive use in the MasterChef Australia television series (see, Heart Foundation; Phillipov). It is perhaps not surprising, then, that butter is the single fat inspiring the most autobiographical writing in this mode. Rosie Daykin’s Butter Baked Goods: Nostalgic Recipes from a Little Neighborhood Bakery is, for example, typical of a small number of cookbooks that extend the link between baking and nostalgia to argue that butter is the superlative ingredient for baking. There are also entire cookbooks dedicated to making flavoured butters (Vaserfirer) and a number that offer guides to making butter and other (fat-based) dairy products at home (Farrell-Kingsley; Hill; Linford).Gabrielle Hamilton’s Blood, Bones and Butter: The Inadvertent Education of a Reluctant Chef is typical among chef’s memoirs in using butter prominently although rare in mentioning fat in its title. In this text and other such memoirs, butter is often used as shorthand for describing a food that is rich but also wholesomely delicious. Hamilton relates childhood memories of “all butter shortcakes” (10), and her mother and sister “cutting butter into flour and sugar” for scones (15), radishes eaten with butter (21), sautéing sage in butter to dress homemade ravoli (253), and eggs fried in browned butter (245). Some of Hamilton’s most telling references to butter present it as an staple, natural food as, for instance, when she describes “sliced bread with butter and granulated sugar” (37) as one of her family’s favourite desserts, and lists butter among the everyday foodstuffs that taste superior when stored at room temperature instead of refrigerated—thereby moving butter from taboo (Gwynne describes a similar process of the normalisation of sexual “perversion” in erotic memoir).Like this text, memoirs that could be described as arguing “for” fat as a substance are largely by chefs or other food writers who extol, like McLagan and Hamilton, the value of fat as both food and flavouring, and propose that it has a key role in both ordinary/family and gourmet cookery. In this context, despite plant-based fats such as coconut oil being much lauded in nutritional and other health-related discourse, the fat written about in these texts is usually animal-based. An exception to this is olive oil, although this is never described in the book’s title as a “fat” (see, for instance, Drinkwater’s series of memoirs about life on an olive farm in France) and is, therefore, out of the scope of this discussion.Memoirs of Being FatThe majority of the other memoirs with the word “fat” in their titles are about being fat. Narratives on this topic, and their authors’ feelings about this, began to be published as a sub-set of autobiographical memoir in the 2000s. The first decade of the new millennium saw a number of such memoirs by female writers including Judith Moore’s Fat Girl (published in 2005), Jen Lancaster’s Such a Pretty Fat: One Narcissist’s Quest to Discover If Her Life Makes Her Ass Look Big, or Why Pie Is Not the Answer, and Stephanie Klein’s Moose: A Memoir (both published in 2008) and Jennifer Joyne’s Designated Fat Girl in 2010. These were followed into the new decade by texts such as Celia Rivenbark’s bestselling 2011 You Don’t Sweat Much for a Fat Girl, and all attracted significant mainstream readerships. Journalist Vicki Allan pulled no punches when she labelled these works the “fat memoir” and, although Sidonie Smith and Julia Watson’s influential categorisation of 60 genres of life writing does not include this description, they do recognise eating disorder and weight-loss narratives. Some scholarly interest followed (Linder; Halloran), with Mitchell linking this production to feminism’s promotion of the power of the micro-narrative and the recognition that the autobiographical narrative was “a way of situating the self politically” (65).aken together, these memoirs all identify “excess” weight, although the response to this differs. They can be grouped as: narratives of losing weight (see Kuffel; Alley; and many others), struggling to lose weight (most of these books), and/or deciding not to try to lose weight (the smallest number of works overall). Some of these texts display a deeply troubled relationship with food—Moore’s Fat Girl, for instance, could also be characterised as an eating disorder memoir (Brien), detailing her addiction to eating and her extremely poor body image as well as her mother’s unrelenting pressure to lose weight. Elena Levy-Navarro describes the tone of these narratives as “compelled confession” (340), mobilising both the conventional understanding of confession of the narrator “speaking directly and colloquially” to the reader of their sins, failures or foibles (Gill 7), and what she reads as an element of societal coercion in their production. Some of these texts do focus on confessing what can be read as disgusting and wretched behavior (gorging and vomiting, for instance)—Halloran’s “gustatory abject” (27)—which is a feature of the contemporary conceptualisation of confession after Rousseau (Brooks). This is certainly a prominent aspect of current memoir writing that is, simultaneously, condemned by critics (see, for example, Jordan) and popular with readers (O’Neill). Read in this way, the majority of memoirs about being fat are about being miserable until a slimming regime of some kind has been undertaken and successful. Some of these texts are, indeed, triumphal in tone. Lisa Delaney’s Secrets of a Former Fat Girl is, for instance, clear in the message of its subtitle, How to Lose Two, Four (or More!) Dress Sizes—And Find Yourself Along the Way, that she was “lost” until she became slim. Linden has argued that “female memoir writers frequently describe their fat bodies as diseased and contaminated” (219) and “powerless” (226). Many of these confessional memoirs are moving narratives of shame and self loathing where the memoirist’s sense of self, character, and identity remain somewhat confused and unresolved, whether they lose weight or not, and despite attestations to the contrary.A sub-set of these memoirs of weight loss are by male authors. While having aspects in common with those by female writers, these can be identified as a sub-set of these memoirs for two reasons. One is the tone of their narratives, which is largely humourous and often ribaldly comic. There is also a sense of the heroic in these works, with male memoirsts frequently mobilising images of battles and adversity. Texts that can be categorised in this way include Toshio Okada’s Sayonara Mr. Fatty: A Geek’s Diet Memoir, Gregg McBride and Joy Bauer’s bestselling Weightless: My Life as a Fat Man and How I Escaped, Fred Anderson’s From Chunk to Hunk: Diary of a Fat Man. As can be seen in their titles, these texts also promise to relate the stratgies, regimes, plans, and secrets that others can follow to, similarly, lose weight. Allen Zadoff’s title makes this explicit: Lessons Learned on the Journey from Fat to Thin. Many of these male memoirists are prompted by a health-related crisis, diagnosis, or realisation. Male body image—a relatively recent topic of enquiry in the eating disorder, psychology, and fashion literature (see, for instance, Bradley et al.)—is also often a surprising motif in these texts, and a theme in common with weight loss memoirs by female authors. Edward Ugel, for instance, opens his memoir, I’m with Fatty: Losing Fifty Pounds in Fifty Miserable Weeks, with “I’m haunted by mirrors … the last thing I want to do is see myself in a mirror or a photograph” (1).Ugel, as that prominent “miserable” in his subtitle suggests, provides a subtle but revealing variation on this theme of successful weight loss. Ugel (as are all these male memoirists) succeeds in the quest be sets out on but, apparently, despondent almost every moment. While the overall tone of his writing is light and humorous, he laments every missed meal, snack, and mouthful of food he foregoes, explaining that he loves eating, “Food makes me happy … I live to eat. I love to eat at restaurants. I love to cook. I love the social component of eating … I can’t be happy without being a social eater” (3). Like many of these books by male authors, Ugel’s descriptions of the food he loves are mouthwatering—and most especially when describing what he identifies as the fattening foods he loves: Reuben sandwiches dripping with juicy grease, crispy deep friend Chinese snacks, buttery Danish pastries and creamy, rich ice cream. This believable sense of regret is not, however, restricted to male authors. It is also apparent in how Jen Lancaster begins her memoir: “I’m standing in the kitchen folding a softened stick of butter, a cup of warmed sour cream, and a mound of fresh-shaved Parmesan into my world-famous mashed potatoes […] There’s a maple-glazed pot roast browning nicely in the oven and white-chocolate-chip macadamia cookies cooling on a rack farther down the counter. I’ve already sautéed the almonds and am waiting for the green beans to blanch so I can toss the whole lot with yet more butter before serving the meal” (5). In the above memoirs, both male and female writers recount similar (and expected) strategies: diets, fasts and other weight loss regimes and interventions (calorie counting, colonics, and gastric-banding and -bypass surgery for instance, recur); consulting dieting/health magazines for information and strategies; keeping a food journal; employing expert help in the form of nutritionists, dieticians, and personal trainers; and, joining health clubs/gyms, and taking up various sports.Alongside these works sit a small number of texts that can be characterised as “non-weight loss memoirs.” These can be read as part of the emerging, and burgeoning, academic field of Fat Studies, which gathers together an extensive literature critical of, and oppositional to, dominant discourses about obesity (Cooper; Rothblum and Solovay; Tomrley and Naylor), and which include works that focus on information backed up with memoir such as self-described “fat activist” (Wann, website) Marilyn Wann’s Fat! So?: Because You Don’t Have to Apologise, which—when published in 1998—followed a print ’zine and a website of the same title. Although certainly in the minority in terms of numbers, these narratives have been very popular with readers and are growing as a sub-genre, with well-known actress Camryn Manheim’s New York Times-bestselling memoir, Wake Up, I'm Fat! (published in 1999) a good example. This memoir chronicles Manheim’s journey from the overweight and teased teenager who finds it a struggle to find friends (a common trope in many weight loss memoirs) to an extremely successful actress.Like most other types of memoir, there are also niche sub-genres of the “fat memoir.” Cheryl Peck’s Fat Girls and Lawn Chairs recounts a series of stories about her life in the American Midwest as a lesbian “woman of size” (xiv) and could thus be described as a memoir on the subjects of – and is, indeed, catalogued in the Library of Congress as: “Overweight women,” “Lesbians,” and “Three Rivers (Mich[igan]) – Social life and customs”.Carol Lay’s graphic memoir, The Big Skinny: How I Changed My Fattitude, has a simple diet message – she lost weight by counting calories and exercising every day – and makes a dual claim for value of being based on both her own story and a range of data and tools including: “the latest research on obesity […] psychological tips, nutrition basics, and many useful tools like simplified calorie charts, sample recipes, and menu plans” (qtd. in Lorah). The Big Skinny could, therefore, be characterised with the weight loss memoirs above as a self-help book, but Lay herself describes choosing the graphic form in order to increase its narrative power: to “wrap much of the information in stories […] combining illustrations and story for a double dose of retention in the brain” (qtd. in Lorah). Like many of these books that can fit into multiple categories, she notes that “booksellers don’t know where to file the book – in graphic novels, memoirs, or in the diet section” (qtd. in O’Shea).Jude Milner’s Fat Free: The Amazing All-True Adventures of Supersize Woman! is another example of how a single memoir (graphic, in this case) can be a hybrid of the categories herein discussed, indicating how difficult it is to neatly categorise human experience. Recounting the author’s numerous struggles with her weight and journey to self-acceptance, Milner at first feels guilty and undertakes a series of diets and regimes, before becoming a “Fat Is Beautiful” activist and, finally, undergoing gastric bypass surgery. Here the narrative trajectory is of empowerment rather than physical transformation, as a thinner (although, importantly, not thin) Milner “exudes confidence and radiates strength” (Story). ConclusionWhile the above has identified a number of ways of attempting to classify autobiographical writing about fat/s, its ultimate aim is, after G. Thomas Couser’s work in relation to other sub-genres of memoir, an attempt to open up life writing for further discussion, rather than set in placed fixed and inflexible categories. Constructing such a preliminary taxonomy aspires to encourage more nuanced discussion of how writers, publishers, critics and readers understand “fat” conceptually as well as more practically and personally. 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