Journal articles: 'Land Army'

1

Diersing, Victor E., Robert B. Shaw, and David J. Tazik. "US army land condition-trend analysis (LCTA) program." Environmental Management 16, no. 3 (May 1992): 405–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02400080.

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PARSONS, TIMOTHY H. "MAU MAU'S ARMY OF CLERKS: COLONIAL MILITARY SERVICE AND THE KENYA LAND FREEDOM ARMY IN KENYA'S NATIONAL IMAGINATION." Journal of African History 58, no. 2 (June 7, 2017): 285–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853717000044.

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AbstractScholarly and popular histories of Kenya largely agree that African Second World War veterans played a central role in the Kenya Land Freedom Army. Former African members of the colonial security forces have reinforced these assumptions by claiming to have been covert Mau Mau supporters, either after their discharge, or as serving soldiers. In reality, few Mau Mau generals had actual combat experience. Those who served in the colonial military usually did so in labor units or support arms. It therefore warrants asking why so many Kenyans accept that combat veterans played such a central role in the KLFA and in Kenyan history. Understanding how veterans of the colonial army have become national heroes, both for their wartime service and their supposed leadership of Mau Mau, reveals the capacity of popular history to create more useful and inclusive forms of African nationalism.

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Flörsheimer, Florian. "Die Bundeswehr als „modernes“ Wirtschaftsunternehmen." PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 41, no. 162 (March 1, 2011): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v41i162.364.

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The German Army is in a process of transformation for about two decades now, these concerning mainly two processes: first, the transformation from a Cold War land-defence army to an intervention army deployed worldwide; second, the outsourcing of many formerly state-army-owned services to the private sector via different forms of cooperation. The article argues that the latest ongoing “structural reform” of the German Army enforced by the conservative-liberal government has pushed the door open for the army to become a private corporation by itself.

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Davis, J. R., S. M. Cuddy, P. Laut, M. J. Goodspeed, and P. A. Whigham. "Testing of Soil Moisture Prediction Model for Army Land Managers." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 117, no. 4 (July 1991): 476–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(1991)117:4(476).

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Peri, Yoram. "Land versus State: Israel and its Army after the Disengagement." Dissent 53, no. 1 (2006): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dss.2006.0044.

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Klein, Hildegard. "Lilies on the Land – The Forgotten Women’s Land Army of World War II – A Documentary Play." Gender Studies 11, no. 1 (December 1, 2012): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10320-012-0039-0.

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Abstract This paper centres on a play directed by Sonia Ritter and produced by the Lions part that portrays an extraordinary event in Britain’s recent history - the Women’s Land Army of World War II. It is based on real evidence given in hundreds of letters and interviews with former Land Girls. The anecdotes of their shared experience and strenuous work are presented by a female quartet - Margie, Peggy, Poppy and Vera - in a sparkling, captivating and emotional way.

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Fedina, Irina Mikhailovna. "Normative legal regulation of land relations of Kuban Cossacks in the XIX century." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 6 (June 2020): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2020.6.34258.

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The subject of this research is the land relations of Kuban Cossacks viewed through the prism of normative legal institutionalization. Special attention is given to the problem of land use of kuren and stanitsa farm settlements. The author examines the peculiarities of land use of Black Sea and Line Cossacks, questions of population and development of Kuban in the XIX century. Methodological platform is comprised of the general scientific principles of historicism, objectivity, alternativeness and systematicity, which gives a comprehensive perspective upon the problem of land use of Cossack settlements and reconstructs a holistic historical picture of research. Self-containment of land relations of Kuban Cossacks remained a phenomenon of local history for a long time, and is yet to be examined in modern Russian historiography. The following conclusions were made: 1) free use of land in Kuban in the late XVIII – early XIX centuries was gradually replaced by more restrictive measures for normative regulation of land relations; 2) practice of permissive type of legal regulation developed into the replotting system of land distribution in Kuban Cossack Army chronologically define reallotment of land; 3) initial restrictions in multiple Cossack communities with regards to  the use of wild lands spread onto the use of any land, and crop lands became the first category in allocation of lands in Kuban.

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Westley, Alexandra, Nicholas De Meglio, Rebecca Hager, Jorge Wu Mok, Linda Shanahan, and Surajit Sen. "Study of simple land battles using agent-based modeling: Strategy and emergent phenomena." International Journal of Modern Physics B 31, no. 10 (April 20, 2017): 1742002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979217420024.

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In this paper, we expand upon our recent studies of an agent-based model of a battle between an intelligent army and an insurgent army to explore the role of modifying strategy according to the state of the battle (adaptive strategy) on battle outcomes. This model leads to surprising complexity and rich possibilities in battle outcomes, especially in battles between two well-matched sides. We contend that the use of adaptive strategies may be effective in winning battles.

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Flippen, J. B. "Cultivating Victory: The Women's Land Army and the Victory Garden Movement." Environmental History 19, no. 2 (February 25, 2014): 368–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/envhis/emu006.

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Wesner, Ashton Bree. "Contested Sonic Space: Settler Territoriality and Sonographic Visualization at Celilo Falls." Catalyst: Feminism, Theory, Technoscience 4, no. 2 (October 16, 2018): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.28968/cftt.v4i2.29909.

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In this article, I argue that “seeing with sound" is a fraught political process with the potential to both obfuscate and assist Indigenous claims to land. I do so by analyzing the Portland District U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ 2007 sonar images of Celilo Falls on the Columbia River. I take up feminist materialist analytics developed by Native American and Indigenous Studies scholarship on cartography and refusal, and place them in conversation with the sonic geographies of Columbia River Indigenous writers. Namely, I use Elizabeth Woody’s poem Waterways Endeavor to Translate Silence from Currents (1994) to investigate how overlapping and conflicting deployments of sonic imaging play a major cultural, political, and material role in the (re)mapping of Celilo Falls. First, I present a theoretical framework that considers the role of what I call sonic knowledges in unsettling colonial visual cartographies. I use archival Army Corps’ maps and critical sonar studies literature to show how the Army Crops’ 2007 riverbed sonograms emerge from a longer context of US settler practices of enclosing land with maps and surveying water with sound. I then turn to a close reading of newspaper articles and state legislation to analyze how the sonograms take on a present political life in ways that repackage ocularcentrism and assuage settler guilt, thus authorizing ongoing US enclosure of Indigenous lands. Yet, I also bring to bear Indigenous sonic knowledges that position imaging processes as potentially antithetical to addressing questions of access to land and self-determination. Through examining newspaper interviews, public testimonies, and Elizabeth Woody’s poem, I elucidate deployments of sonic knowledge that can help us think about what anti-colonial (re)mapping practices demand of contemporary cartographic imaging processes. Attending to sonic knowledges under conditions of settler-ocularcentrism, I suggest, might assist anti-colonial feminist science studies engagements with processes of imag(in)ing Indigenous space.

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Dorwart, Jeffery, Donald A. Wells, and Charles R. Shrader. "The Laws of Land Warfare: A Guide to the U.S. Army Manuals." Journal of American History 81, no. 4 (March 1995): 1897. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2081903.

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White, Bonnie J. "Remembrance, Retrospection, and the Women’s Land Army in World War I Britain." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 22, no. 2 (May 1, 2012): 162–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1008981ar.

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This paper explores the methodological challenges posed by interviews with former members of the Women’s Land Army held in Britain’s Imperial War Museum. These interviews were conducted approximately 60 years after the First World War as part of the Women’s War Work Collection that was created in an effort to capture the role of women in the wars of the twentieth century. These documents are certainly of value to the historian, although the decades that passed between event and recollection highlight the problematic relationship between history and memory. The author argues that due to this temporal gap and the continuation of lived experience that shaped both identity and memory in the intervening years, the interviews lose their evidentiary primacy and must be approached as secondary sources, albeit ones grounded in personal experience. This challenge is exacerbated by problems with the interview process itself that guided how the Land Girls’ narratives were reconstructed by the interviewees. This paper works toward a re-evaluation of the usefulness of these oral interviews.

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Schubert, Frank N., and Jerold E. Brown. "Where Eagles Land: Planning and Development of U.S. Army Airfields, 1910-1941." Technology and Culture 32, no. 3 (July 1991): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3106135.

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Seipp, Adam R. "“This Land Remains German”: Requisitioning, Society, and the US Army, 1945–1956." Central European History 52, no. 03 (September 2019): 476–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000893891900075x.

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AbstractThis article examines debates over the requisitioning of real estate by the US Army during the decade after the end of World War II. Requisitioning quickly emerged as one of the most contentious issues in the relationship between German civilians and the American occupation. American policy changed several times as the physical presence of the occupiers shrank during the postwar period then expanded again after the outbreak of the Korean War. I show that requisitioning became a key site of contestation during the early years of the Federal Republic. The right to assert authority over real property served as a visible reminder of the persistent limits of German sovereignty. By pushing back against American requisitioning policy, Germans articulated an increasingly assertive claim to sovereign rights.

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Doucet, Marie-Michèle. "The Women’s Land Army in First World War Britain par Bonnie White." Histoire sociale/Social history 48, no. 97 (2015): 592–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/his.2015.0033.

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Nodes, Daniel. "Savvas Neocleous, Heretics, Schismatics, or Catholics? Latin Attitudes to the Greeks in the Long Twelfth Century. Studies and Texts, 216. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2019, 291 pp." Mediaevistik 32, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med.2019.01.97.

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In April 1204, a Western crusading army on its way to the Holy Land attacked and occupied the Eastern Roman capital of Constantinople in the notorious debacle of the Fourth Crusade. Pope Innocent III had adamantly forbidden the detour but lost control over the army. After the siege was successful, he seems to have wanted at least to use the conquest to effect a forced reunion of the churches East and West. In this frame of mind Innocent later explained to Theodore Laskaris, Emperor of Nicaea, who had complained that an army commissioned to aid the Holy Land had instead turned their crusading swords against fellow Christians, that the conquest was the result of inscrutable divine providence of just judgment. Greek insubordination to Rome was an evil, as he explained, that met the evil of the crusaders’ greed and deception (Registrum, ed. Hageneder, vol. 11, 63). Innocent was not allowed to remain complacent, however; for when the reunion failed to happen and even citizens and soldiers began moving from Jerusalem to the conquered Eastern Roman capital, the pope again reproached the aggressors.

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Vikhram, Rajaa, Jamili Sundeep, N. Teja, K. Raghu Sai Nadh Reddy, and J. Sundeep. "WAR Field Spying Robot." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.6 (July 4, 2018): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.6.14954.

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On aiming to increase the safety because by using this robot we can know their activities by keeping some safe distance from the enemy, the flexibility of attacking will be increased because we can know their activities and there will be a laser that will lock the position of the enemy and guides the missal, this is also contain the metal detector that will helpful in detecting the land mains which will lead to death, and control of this robot will be very easily done because it is controlled wirelessly and by connecting to Bluetooth of any android mobile. We have done this project for our army to detect the land mains safely and for the safety of our soldiers and to attack them without keeping our army soldiers life on the line.

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Grebenkin, Igor. "Armia czasów wojny w procesie politycznym w Rosji w 1917 roku." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 10, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.4504.

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The article is devoted to the Russian army position in the political process during the revolution of 1917 in Russia. The war period army identity as a social phenomenon, the conditions of its transformation into country political life subject are discussed. The character and the causes of the social political climate of different military men categories on the eve of the revolution are determined. The role of military contingents, institutes, central military figures in the main political events of 1917, such as February and October revolutions, July political crisis, General L. G. Kornilov’s march-off is represented. The main regulatory acts of the new government concerning the army, such as Order 1 of Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies and “Declaration of a Soldier and Citizen Rights”, and their influence on the development of the inside situation in the army are considered. The special focus is on the main courses of the army life politization and the political military men’s activity, that are the work of army offices, military social organizations, volunteer campaigns in the front line and the back land. The stages and the particular characteristics of the political leaders and military command authority cooperation are specified.

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Coelho, Joanna Pereira, and Ganesha Somayaji. "Fatherland or Livelihood: Value Orientations Among Tibetan Soldiers in the Indian Army." Journal of Human Values 27, no. 3 (March 24, 2021): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971685821989116.

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The recruitment to military in modern nation states, by and large, is voluntary. Although it is commonly assumed that a soldiers’ job in the army is to fight against the enemies of their motherland, the Indian Army has a regiment of Tibetan soldiers who are not Indians as per the law of the land. Known as Special Frontier Force (SFF), this regiment was until recently a secret wing of the Indian Army. Joining the Indian Army during the heydays of their diasporic dispersal due to the Chinese territorial aggrandizement and Sino-Indian war of 1962, with a hope of direct encounter with their enemies, Tibetans continue to be voluntarily recruited to the now non-secret SFF. As part of the Indian Army, they should be ready to fight the enemies of their host country. In fact, over the decades, they have been requested by India to take part in several military exercises. In the changed international geopolitics, Tibetans in exile may not get another opportunity to fight against their own enemies. The trajectory of the value orientations of the Tibetan soldiers in the Indian Army constitutes the axial concern of this article.

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Sayer, Karen. "Cultivating Victory: the Women's Land Army and the victory garden movementCECILIA GOWDY-WYGANT." Women's History Review 23, no. 6 (April 14, 2014): 1032–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09612025.2014.906227.

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Bara, Xavier. "The Kishū Army and the Setting of the Prussian Model in Feudal Japan, 1860–1871." War in History 19, no. 2 (April 2012): 153–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344511432980.

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In 1860–1 the Tokugawa bakufu established diplomatic relations with the kingdom of Prussia. The fascination for the Prussian military system rapidly spread in Japan, a land that was destabilized by political struggles between principalities and engaged in a military modernization. As a consequence of the Austro-Prussian War and the Second Chōshū War in 1866, the principality of Kishū was the first Japanese state to apply the Prussian system to its army. This was the root of the crucial Prussian influence on the Imperial Japanese Army from the late nineteenth century.

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Mares, Jaromir. "The Proposal to Create Provisions of Land Military Equipment in The Army of The Czech Republic." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 23, no. 2 (June 25, 2017): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2017-0092.

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Abstract The paper deals with the proposed method of creating the reserves of land military equipment in the Army of the Czech Republic. The aim is to propose the classification of spare parts categories and their consumption quantities in a calendar year. The reserves optimization criteria and the Pareto ABC analysis have been employed, besides basic methods, in the submitted paper. The proposal is based on the purpose and delivery time of spare parts. The cost indicator is related to the operation of land military equipment within its life cycle, including the supply of spare parts. Under the above mentioned conditions the method was determined to create the reserves of spare parts for land military equipment necessary to ensure the ACR operability in peacetime.

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Andersson, Anthony. "Green Guerrillas and Counterinsurgent Environmentalists in the Petén, Guatemala." Global Environment 14, no. 1 (February 17, 2021): 15–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/ge.2021.140102.

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At the peak of Guatemala?s 36-year civil war (1960?1996), fought between a right- wing authoritarian regime and leftist guerrillas, the army massacred tens of thousands of Maya peasants in a genocidal counterinsurgency. The scorched earth campaign halted the insurgency?s momentum, but the army was unable to secure political or military control in the large area of northern lowlands called El Pete?n. This essay examines how, at this critical juncture, the insurgents and the army embraced distinct environmentalist platforms and land-use policies in order to gain a strategic advantage. It argues that the army won a discursive battle, with assistance from big international conservation NGOs, to claim itself as the only legitimate ?defender of the forests?. This enabled the military to consolidate its position against the insurgents in the northern lowlands, contributing to its de facto victory in the war, as well as fuelling ongoing violence in the postwar.

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Kim, B. J., and E. D. Smith. "Evaluation of sludge dewatering reed beds: a niche for small systems." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 6 (March 1, 1997): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0239.

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The U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories (USACERL) has been developing and adopting improved sludge dewatering systems for U.S. Army wastewater treatment plants. USACERL selected reed beds as the best alternative for future Army sludge dewatering systems based on the system's economical and technical feasibility and on a demonstration of the technology at Fort Campbell, KY, USA. This paper compares the Army's options for upgrading Fort Campbell's sand-drying beds, analyzes costs, discusses sludge hydraulic and solids loading rate data from existing reed bed operations in the United States, and presents 5 years' operational data from Fort Campbell. Options considered for comparison included: land application of sludge at training fields, wedgewater beds, vacuum-assisted beds, wedgewater beds and composting, mechanical dewatering systems, and a “no change” option in which sand-drying beds would have been retained. In conclusion, this paper summarizes advantages and limitations of reed bed sludge dewatering. Advantages of reed beds may include: low investment especially when sand-drying beds are converted to reed beds, savings of sludge removal costs, and the benefits inherent to using a simple and economical technology. Limitations may include: large land requirements and little scientific understanding of this empirical technology. The challenge will be to further develop appropriate disposal technologies to meet new U.S. sludge regulations.

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Sondhaus, Lawrence. "The Austro-Hungarian Naval Officer Corps, 1867–1918." Austrian History Yearbook 24 (January 1993): 51–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800005257.

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Two Decades Ago, Holger Herwig's The German Naval Officer Corps: A Social and Political History, 1890–1918 (1973) chronicled the story of the new military elite that rose to prominence when imperial Germany went to sea: a corps that sought to emulate the traditions of the Prussian army, its middle-class officers eager to embrace the values and attitudes of the more aristocratic army officer corps.1 Recently Istvan Deak's excellent work Beyond Nationalism: A Social and Political History of the Habsburg Officer Corps, 1848–1918 (1990) has provided a comprehensive picture of the officer corps of the Habsburg army.2 Like imperial Germany, Austria-Hungary was a central European land power with few long-standing traditions at sea, but differences in social composition, training, and outlook distinguished the Austro-Hungarian naval officer corps from its German counterpart. Within the Dual Monarchy the navy had to deal with the nationality question and other challenges that also faced the army, but in many respects its officer corps reflected the diversity of the empire more than the Habsburg army officer corps did, contributing to the navy's relatively more successful record as a multinational institution.

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Fijałkowska, Sylwia. "Implications of the Level of Dogmatism and Selected Psychosocial Conditions for a Propensity for Risky Behaviour among the Soldiers of the Polish Army Land Forces." Journal for Perspectives of Economic Political and Social Integration 16, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2010): 155–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10241-012-0006-6.

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Implications of the Level of Dogmatism and Selected Psychosocial Conditions for a Propensity for Risky Behaviour among the Soldiers of the Polish Army Land Forces The article presents the results of a study concerning a propensity for risky behaviour, conducted on regular soldiers of the Polish Army Land Forces. Its aim was to verify whether a level of dogmatism and selected psychosocial (socio-professional) conditions were related to a propensity for risky behaviour among the soldiers. The research partially confirmed the hypothesis of psychosocial determinants of a propensity for such behaviour. Young and shortserving soldiers appeared to be more inclined to undertake risky behaviour than older and long-serving ones. A tendency to avoid risky behaviour was displayed by soldiers from small towns (up to 20 000 inhabitants) as compared to groups of respondents from larger towns. The results of the research did not indicate a significant relationship between the propensity for risky behaviour and the level of dogmatism, education, personal corps, professional position.

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Cruickshanks, Eveline. "Walpole's Tax On Catholics." Recusant History 28, no. 1 (May 2006): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034193200011079.

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General Cadogan, who had succeeded the Duke of Marlborough as commander-in-chief of the Army asked for an increase of 10,000 men in the armed forces, after the discovery of the Atterbury Plot in 1722. Robert Walpole knew that additional taxation for the standing army was unpopular in Parliament and in the country at large. He, therefore, decided to impose a tax of £100,000 on Catholics to pay for it. This was over and above the double land tax which Catholics and Protestant Nonjurors had paid since 1689. The land tax at the time stood at 4s in the pound. The Atterbury Plot was a Tory Anglican plot, not a Catholic plot, as Walpole well knew. Walpole suspected, probably rightly, that Catholics were generous in sending money to the Stuart Court in Rome. He could not prove it and neither can we for the receipts of money in the Stuart papers in Windsor Castle do not reveal the names of the donors.

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Petty, Ross D. "Alexander Thom (1775–1845): From Army Surgeon to Settlement Founder." Journal of Medical Biography 28, no. 1 (October 3, 2017): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967772017729327.

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This paper examines the life of a 19th century medical practitioner and the impact he had on both people and society. Alexander Thom had a distinguished career as a surgeon in the British Army Medical Service before retiring to become one of the founding settlers and leaders of Perth, Ontario. There his half-pay retirement, land grants from being in the military and his medical practice enabled him to become a successful businessman-mill owner, justice of the peace, local politician and eventually district court judge. Like many doctors of his or any era, his contributions to society extended beyond his medical practice.

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Piotrowski, Andrzej, Ole Boe, Samir Rawat, and Abhijit P. Deshpande. "Organizational climate, organizational support and citizenship behavior in the army." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 197, no. 3 (September 11, 2020): 698–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3964.

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The main aim of this study is to determine how citizenship behaviors may be shaped in the Armed Forces. The presented study is by far the first that thoroughly examines connections between all aspects of organizational climate (OC), perceived organizational support (POS), and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) in the Polish Army. Research hypotheses were examined using data collected from a sample of 139 military officers from the Polish Land Forces. Results showed that some of the OC parameters and POS, especially those coming from other soldiers were positively connected with OCB. Implications of OCBs and practical management are discussed, and directions for future research are suggested.

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Pilkevych, A. "MARIAN REFORMS IN THE POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE LATE ROMAN REPUBLIC." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 132 (2017): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2017.132.1.09.

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The article deals with transformation processes in social and economic organization of the Roman army in the II century B.C. The author analyses the main preconditions of the crisis in the traditional "census" military organization. The article is devoted to the implementation of new solutions and improvement of social structure of the Roman army. The author thoroughly examines the transformational processes in social and economic organization of the Roman army within the period in I century B.C. In the research the author identifies and analyses the main reasons for the crisis in the traditional "census" military organization. The researcher reveals the essence of Gaius Marius' reforms and observes their influence on the further development of Roman armed forces. Also, the author characterizes the implementation of a new system of army recruitment and updating its social structure. The author determines the place and role of veterans in the structure of Roman society. The researcher suggests a new vision of the extension of land ensuring for veterans in the I century B.C. and its evolution.

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Damousi, Joy. "Thanks girls and goodbye: The story of the Australian Women's Land Army 1942–45." Women's Studies International Forum 19, no. 3 (May 1996): 347–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-5395(96)89634-8.

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Niewiński, Andrzej. "Las Siete Partidas Alfonsa X jako źródło do dziejów historii wojskowości. Wybrane zagadnienia." Roczniki Humanistyczne 67, no. 2 (July 24, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rh.2019.67.2-4.

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In his Siete Partidas Alfonso the Learned discusses in detail various military matters, such as military obligations, waging war on land, defence of castles, battles and sieges, war at sea, qualifications of the leaders, maintenance of military discipline, arms, supplies etc. This pragmatic approach mirrors the situation in the Iberian Peninsula, with its society immersed in a permanent conflict during the Reconquista. The present article primarily focuses on the regulations concerning people’s obligation to protect the king and his castles, obligation to defend the country, to join the army whenever the king needs assistance, as well as the laws concerning knights, and naval warfare. It has also been pointed out that the Castilian king’s imperial aspirations had probably influenced his legal work.

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Delacroix, Sylvie. "Drafting a Constitution for a “Country of words”." Middle East Law and Governance 4, no. 2-3 (2012): 306–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763375-00403001.

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Can words – rather than a State (or army) – constitute a country? It may be made of land, rivers, forests or deserts – yet, without its inhabitants’ words, there would be no map to draw, no tale to sing, no country to speak of. Palestinian tales abound. They speak of departed lands, vanished homes, forfeited livelihoods. They lament internal wrangling, squeal occupational anger, seek to whisper away those quotidian checkpoint humiliations. Yet, they also speak of hope. If there ever were such a thing as “authoritative hope”, the ongoing Palestinian constitution drafting process may be it. But hope cannot be formalized, let alone authorized. And there is some danger in pretending otherwise.

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Karyoto, Karyoto. "PARIWISATA CAGAR BUDAYA BENTENG PENDEM NGAWI." Jurnal Aktual Justice 4, no. 2 (December 14, 2019): 177–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.47329/aktualjustice.v4i2.547.

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This research was conducted on the basis of existing facts, in the area of the Regional Government of Ngawi Regency, East Java Province, there is one plot of land covering an area of: 158,798 M2 on which there is a building that was a legacy of the Dutch Knil Army, when the Dutch colonized Indonesia, namely Fort Pendem Ngawi.Pendem Ngawi Fortress by the Dutch, used as the headquarters of the Dutch Knil Army, to maintain colonial power in Indonesia, the location of the fort is located in Pelem Village, Ngawi District, Ngawi Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia.At the time of this research, the location of the land and buildings of the Pendem Ngawi Fortress, since Indonesian Independence on August 17, 1945, changed the ownership status from the Dutch Colonial to become the State assets / State Property of the Republic of Indonesia, in the past it was used for the Armed Para Ngawi Battalion, now it is Tourism locations for the public.Building Pandem Ngawi Fortress, in 1950 the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia carried out mapping and drawing of land plans and buildings together with the Office of the National Land Agency (BPN) of Ngawi Regency, formerly known as the Head of the Land Registration Office (KKP) - Ngawi Agrarian Office.The ownership of the Pendem Ngawi Fort building becomes the State asset / wealth of the Republic of Indonesia, based on the Perpu No. 23 of 1959 concerning the Repeal of Law No. 74 year 1957 and set the State of Danger.The problems that will be studied are: Pendem Ngawi Fort becomes a public tourism and cultural heritage place.

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Nogaj, Adam. "Evaluation of the correctness of the German military intelligence’s findings concerning armament and equipment of the Polish Army in 1939. Part II. Aviation, Navy, radio communication, means of transport and logistics of the Polish Army." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 197, no. 3 (September 11, 2020): 600–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3955.

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The presented article constitutes the second part of the publication and is devoted to the current knowledge of the German military intelligence concerning the armament and equipment of land forces, Navy, radio communication, means of transport and logistics of the Polish Army in 1939. The article also attempts to assess the correctness of these findings. The presented article is one of several articles written by the author to present the knowledge of German military intelligence about the Polish Army in 1939, together with the assessment of the correctness of these findings. The article is based on archival materials of the 12th Foreign Armies East Intelligence Section of the General Staff of the High Command of the Land Forces of 1939, which developed synthetic elaborations for the top military commanders of the German army, based on the analysis and collective materials from the individual Abwehstelle. For years, the documents analysed were classified and delivered exclusively to the top commanders of the German army and Hitler’s Chancellery. At present, they are entirely non-confidential and available to researchers at the Bundesarchiv-Militaerarchiv in Freiburg. Copies of parts of these documents, in the form of microfilms, can be found, among others, in the Archive of New Files in Warsaw. According to the author, working out both – the Polish aviation and fleet – was carried out at a high and correct level. Nevertheless, it does not mean that no mistakes were made, even very serious – for example as regards the assessment of the number of submarines. The greatest negligence of the German Military Intelligence’s findings on armament and equipment of the Polish Army concerns the equipment of signal corps. As the German Intelligence overlooked modernisation of communication equipment which took place in the years 1937-1939, there was no knowledge of, among the other things, the “N” type radio stations, which were used in almost every regiment. Scarcity of the Polish Army equipment as regards mechanical means of transport was well known. The shortages in the above scope were enormous. What is interesting, is the fact that logistics of the Polish Army was completely overlooked by the German Intelligence. It should be assumed that the German Military Intelligence’s figuring out of armament and equipment of the Polish Army was carried out on a high and correct level. Nevertheless, it does not mean that all the findings were appropriate and true. The accuracy of the correctness of the German Military Intelligence’s findings concerning figuring out of organisation and composition of the Polish Army, and dislocation of the Polish units in time of peace, should also be highly assessed. Nevertheless, the Intelligence’s findings, as regards signal mobilization process, figuring out the mobilization and operational plans of the Polish Army and organisation and the composition of the Polish Army during war should be evaluated differently. It results from the fact that the German Intelligence was not aware of, among the other things: number of divisions Poland would engage at war, names and composition of the Polish military units, very strong reserve of the High Commander, as well as it was not able to localize the Polish divisions developed over the borders just before the outbreak of war. Knowledge of the Polish economy was also on a very basic level. Therefore, the aforementioned negligence in the German Military Intelligence’s findings on the Polish Army and Poland itself during the period directly preceding the war, should be regarded as major. Taking the above into consideration, the conclusion is that the German agency did not exist among the people holding high positions in the Polish Army; in the Central Staff, General Inspector of Training, Corps District Commands. Nevertheless, the overall view of the Polish Army recorded by the German Military Intelligence was correct. It was noticed that the army is weak, poorly equipped and badly managed and it would not be able to fight the enemy. It was a correct assessment.

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Shadrina, A. V. "Co-Believers in the Don Army Land in the Early 20th Century: Numbers and Localization." IZVESTIYA VUZOV SEVERO-KAVKAZSKII REGION SOCIAL SCIENCE, no. 2 (206) (July 6, 2020): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2687-0770-2020-2-80-86.

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This article considers the results of the formation of Common Faith in the Don Army Land, as a way to overcome the Old Believers’ Schism. In the 18th century, the numerous Old Believers living in the Don area interacted and cooperated with the official Orthodox Church’s parish priests who had been authorized by the eparchial bishops to practise rites in accordance with the old books published in Russia before the 18th centu-ry and used by the Old Believers. Despite the repeated cooperation facts, there were few Cossacks who joined the Russian Church after the establishment of the Common Faith regulations in 1800. The Common Faith development started in the Don area in the 1860s and was associated with the emergence of the Hierarchy of Be-laya Krinitsa, with the establishment of missionary movement within the Russian Church, and with the activities of Archbishop Platon (Gorodetsky). Over the ten-year period when he was the head of the Don and Novo-cherkassk Diocese, he initiated the series of measures which drew the Cossacks’ attention to the possibility of joining the Church without having to reject the old rites. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were 30 active Common Faith churches in the Don Army Land: 27 with their independent parishes and 3 with at-tached ones. Analyzing the quantitative composition of the Common Faith churches’ parishes, which was pro-vided in the clergy registers of the Don and Novocherkassk Diocesan churches, resulted in the conclusion that by the beginning of the 20th century, Common Faith had grown to a noticeable movement uniting 11,836 co-believers. They made 22.4 % of the Old Believers who were members of the Common Faith parishes and 0.5 % of the Orthodox believers registered in the Don Army Land’s statistics of the 1897 First General Census of the population of the Russian Empire. The co-believers were localized across the territories which had been the Old Believers’ settlement area since the early 18th century.

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Darmayani, Uciek, Rr Lilik Ekowati, and Viv Djanat Prasita. "THE ROLE OF CENTRAL AND REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS IN THE RESOLUTION OF LAND PROBLEMS OF THE INDONESIAN NAVY AS A MILITARY TRAINING AREA IN GRATI PASURUAN." JOURNAL ASRO 12, no. 01 (January 18, 2021): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37875/asro.v12i01.378.

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ABSTRACT The Indonesian Navy owns land assets of State Property (BMN) in Grati, Pasuruan Regency covering an area of 36,763,350 m2 (3,676.34 Ha). In accordance with Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 68 of 2014 concerning State Defense Territory Arrangement. There are 1,033 locations of Indonesian Forces lands that are included in the Territory The defense consists of the Indonesian Army as many as 583 locations, the Indonesian Navy as many as 93 locations and the Indonesian Air Force in 357 locations. The Defense Area consists of military bases or soldiers, military training areas, military installations, equipment testing areas, storage areas for other explosive and dangerous goods, areas for disposal of ammunition and other dangerous defense equipment, strategic national vital objects and air defense interests. the land of the Indonesian Navy BMN in Grati, Pasuruan Regency cannot be used optimally for the Indonesian Forces training area because many residents inhabit the Indonesian Navy land for agricultural land and housing so that the participation of the central and regional governments is needed in resolving these problems so that the Indonesian Navy can use the land as a training area in accordance with the Main Duties and Main Functions of the Indonesian Navy. And This research used descriptive qualitative methods and analysis is carried out based on the findings of the data that has been collected. Keywords: Policy evaluation, military training area, community relocation, team formation combined

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Ryblova, Marina, and Olga Rvacheva. "Systems of cossack administration on the land of the Don Army: history and contemporary state." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 1 (February 2010): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2010.1.23.

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Bush, Elizabeth. "Doing Her Bit: A Story about the Woman’s Land Army of America by Erin Hagar." Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books 70, no. 3 (2016): 128–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bcc.2016.0884.

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Saunders, Kay. "Not for them battle fatigues: The Australian women's land army in the second world war." Journal of Australian Studies 21, no. 52 (January 1997): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14443059709387299.

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Sachro, Sri Sangkawati, Sutarto Edhisono, Pranoto Samto Atmodjo, and Wahyu Prasetyo. "Korelasi Klasifikasi Penutup Lahan dengan Debit Puncak di Daerah Aliran Sungai." MEDIA KOMUNIKASI TEKNIK SIPIL 23, no. 2 (December 29, 2017): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mkts.v23i2.16687.

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Many studies have shown that land use changes in watersheds such as forests that convert to settlements, industrial and estates, have an impact on flooding. So it is important to know the correlation between the various land use changes to the discharge within a watershed. This study is a preliminary study in an attempt to assess the correlation between land cover index and peak discharge, with case studies in the Beringin River Basin.The peak discharge with the return period of 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 years are computed with HEC-HMS software, developed by Hydrologic Engineering Centre (HEC) and US Army Corps of Engineers which computes the runoff discharge from the precipitation. As for land covered index (LCI), it is defined as the sum of the land-use index (LUI). The result of the case study shows the strong correlation between the land covered index with the the runoff discharge with such relation : Q100 = -22.42LCI2 + 214.30LCI - 10.62, Q50 = -18.33LCI2 + 181.87LCI - 20.19, Q20 = -14.30LCI2 + 145.27LCI - 15.61, Q10 = -11.36LCI2 + 118.41LCI - 12.29, Q5 = -8.42LCI2 + 91.27LCI - 8.9 and Q2 = -4.44LCI2 + 53.54LCI - 4.5.

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Kim, Inhan. "Land Reform in South Korea under the U.S. Military Occupation, 1945–1948." Journal of Cold War Studies 18, no. 2 (April 2016): 97–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00639.

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The conventional wisdom regarding land reform in South Korea implemented by the United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK) is that it was a partial and short-term palliative driven by the exigent Communist threat and the free-land program adopted in North Korea. This article offers a new interpretation of the motives, process, and impact of the land reform program under the U.S. military occupation, highlighting three points. First, the United States was serious about conducting a land-to-tiller program because of its desire to stop Communism and pave the way for democracy in South Korea. Both goals were important. Second, the partial reform in March 1948 is explained by volatile political circumstances in South Korea: strong Communist activity at the beginning of the occupation and the rise of intransigent conservatives at the end. Third, the U.S.-sponsored land reform catalyzed further reform by the new South Korean government by setting a precedent and establishing guidelines for land redistribution parcel sizes, prices, and payment schedules.

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Fikri, Haidar. "CONFLICT RESOLUTION: THE DYNAMICS OF AGRARIAN CONFLICT SOLUTION BETWEEN HARJOKUNCARAN VILLAGERS AND TNI-AD (ARMY) IN MALANG." Diponegoro Law Review 3, no. 2 (October 30, 2018): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/dilrev.3.2.2018.223-242.

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Indonesia as state law has several problems which related to the various sector. Land is a sector where the conflict often occurs, so this problem had a very close relationship with the law. The land problems in Harjokuncaran village is not apart with farmer community life who fight for their land right.One form of resistance in Harjokuncaran village was the agrarian conflict that causing physical violence between TNI-AD (Army) and Harjokuncaran villagers. This study using social movement theory and conflict resolution, this theory was chosen to review about how to form farmers movement stage until its conflict resolution. The method used is a qualitative descriptive method as the data analysis form obtained in the field. The process to collect the data using: observation, literature study, interview, and documentation. The result showed that how the most important potential to bring up the movement as the result of complaint and disappointment faced by Harjokuncaran villagers. After the social movement occurred through this resistance, their existence had been recognized by Magelang Regency Government, therefore the government had tried as much as possible to give the best solution in order to create a peaceful life. In another word, there is a conflict resolution for this problem.

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Yue, Bingru. "From Wetlands to Farmlands: A Campaign Against Nature on China's Chongming Island, 1960-1962." Global Environment 14, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 564–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/ge.2021.140306.

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To confront food insufficiency caused by the Great Leap Forward, China's central government promoted a national policy of 'agriculture as the priority'. The Shanghai municipal government launched a campaign to expand cultivated land within its jurisdiction by transforming wetlands on Chongming Island through a military-style campaign. Tens of thousands of urban workers were drafted into a Land Reclamation Army to meet national and municipal food self-sufficiency goals. Their campaign featured both attacks on nature and interpersonal abuse. In accordance with the central directives, wetlands totalling 8,000 hectares were drained for conversion into farmland. This conversion proved to be costly, as land with low fertility was created through the permanent destruction of the wetland ecosystem and reclamation workers suffered physical and psychological mistreatment. Although the transformation of wetlands was completed quickly, food production fell far short of targets. Furthermore, the land reclamation campaign imposed irrevocable costs on the island's established communitiesotivations in authoritarian regimes operating diverse political and economic agendas.

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Mukherjee, Jenia, Raphaël Morera, Joana Guerrin, and René Véron. "Histories of Urban Deltascapes: A Comparison of Arles and Kolkata." Global Environment 14, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 505–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/ge.2021.140304.

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To confront food insufficiency caused by the Great Leap Forward, China's central government promoted a national policy of 'agriculture as the priority'. The Shanghai municipal government launched a campaign to expand cultivated land within its jurisdiction by transforming wetlands on Chongming Island through a military-style campaign. Tens of thousands of urban workers were drafted into a Land Reclamation Army to meet national and municipal food self-sufficiency goals. Their campaign featured both attacks on nature and interpersonal abuse. In accordance with the central directives, wetlands totalling 8,000 hectares were drained for conversion into farmland. This conversion proved to be costly, as land with low fertility was created through the permanent destruction of the wetland ecosystem and reclamation workers suffered physical and psychological mistreatment. Although the transformation of wetlands was completed quickly, food production fell far short of targets. Furthermore, the land reclamation campaign imposed irrevocable costs on the island's established communities.

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Elak, Leszek. "Determinants of Army Structures Development in the Context of Middle Sized Country Experiences in Contemporary Tactical Operations." Journal on Baltic Security 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 129–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jobs-2016-0034.

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Abstract Although a military organization is a special form of institution, grouping people and resources for the special purposes of defence and fighting in general, it is influenced by the same rules and conditions that other organizations are. Considering the problems of land forces organizational structures in tactical operations it is important to refer to the theory of organization and management which may constitute a point of reference to properly devise and forming up of land forces structures assuming that such forces make up an organization - since this is a team of soldiers including their resources, shaped into an adequate structure and predestined to perform a definite task. The article is an attempt to reveal multiple mutual relations of tactical, technical and economical inventions inflicting structural transformation of the army in the context of the reality of a middle-sized country today.

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Yakhshiyan, O. Yu. "PEASANTS AND LANDLORDS IN THE SYSTEM OF SERFDOM RELATIONS IN PRE-PETRINE RUSSIA." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 8 (September 24, 2020): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2020-8-182-187.

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The evolution of landowners ‘ ownership rights to land and peasants in Russia of the XVII century has been considered. Throughout the century, there has been a tendency to strengthen local land ownership in Russia, which was expressed in the legal and actual merger of the patrimony and the estate, in the attachment of peasants to the owner and the introduction of an indefinite search and return of fugitive peasants. At the same time, the mandatory life-long service of the nobility remained an unshakeable condition for strengthening local land ownership. The rights of landlords in relation to the peasants were strengthened, but their relatively legitimate basis remained service in the army. Meanwhile, in the second half of the century, the modernization of the armed forces gradually unfolded, pushing the noble cavalry and transferring the service to a monetary salary.

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Veldi, Martti, and Simon Bell. "A landscape of lies: Soviet maps in Estonia." SHS Web of Conferences 63 (2019): 08002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196308002.

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Maps have long been used as ways of understanding the land as a means of defining borders, land ownership, resources, estimating tax-gathering potential and for defensive purposes. Many of the national mapping agencies originated as arms of the military. When a new regime takes over a country it may decide to prepare its own set of maps – not least for defensive purposes – and to restrict who has access to these maps. When the Soviet Union occupied the Baltic States in 1945 – and these became front-line areas during the Cold War, with large areas devoted to military installations and border zones – a whole new set of maps were created. We took a sample of maps of Estonia from the inter-war years and from the period of political and military occupation from 1945-1991. The Soviet army maps became freely available in the post-Soviet period and studying them and comparing them with the older maps reveals the way the land was perceived. Military maps were produced using different projections and scales, especially regarding the topography and other features relevant for military operations. The maps included deliberate mistakes and if publicly available they contained many blank spaces to hide sensitive areas and to pretend they did not exist. We also found that maps played a key role in planning future landscapes – kolkhoz maps showed how Estonia was foreseen as a complete planned system covering the whole country outside urban areas.

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Irwin, Julia F. "Elaine F. Weiss, Fruits of victory: the Woman's Land Army of America in the Great War." First World War Studies 1, no. 1 (March 2010): 74–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19475021003621176.

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Verdon, Nicola. "Cecilia Gowdy-Wygant, Cultivating History: The Women's Land Army and the Victory Garden Movement." Environment and History 21, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 168–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096734015x14183179970023.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Land Army'

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